Prasanna

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions Chapter 4 Sorting Materials into Groups

Sorting Materials into Groups Textbook Exercises

Question 1.
Name five objects which can be made from wood?
Answer:
The five objects which can be made from wood:

1. Chair
2. Table
3. Door
4. Bullock cart
5. Plough.

Question 2.
Select those objects from the following which shine: Glass bowl, plastic toy, steel spoon, cotton shirt?
Answer:
Glass bowl, steel spoon.

Question 3.
Match the objects given below with the materials from which they could be made. Remember, an object could be made from more than one material and a given material could be used for making many objects?

Answer:
Book – Paper; Tumbler – glass; Chair – wood; Toy – plas – tics; Shoes – leather.

Question 4.
State whether the statements given below are True or False.

1. Stone is transparent, while glass is opaque.
2. A notebook has lustre while eraser does not.
3. Chalk dissolves in water.
4. A piece of wood floats on water.
5. Sugar does not dissolve in water.
6. Oil mixes with water.
7. Sand settles down in water.
8. Vinegar dissolves in water.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False
7. True
8. True.

Question 5.
Given below are the names of some objects and materials:
Water, basket ball, orange, sugar, globe, kpple and earthen pitcher,
Group them as:

1. Round shaped and other shapes.
2. Eatables and non – eatables.

Answer:

1. Round shaped and other shapes: Basket ball, orange, globe, apple, earthen pitcher.
2. Eatables and non – eatables: Water, sugar.

Question 6.
List all items known to you that float on water? Check and see if they will float on an oil or kerosene?
Answer:
Paper, ice, oil, wax and dried leaves. All of these items floats on water and they sink in oil and float on kerosene.

Question 7.
Find the odd one out from the following:

1. Chair, Bed, Table, Baby, Cupboard.
2. Rose, Jasmine, Boat, Marigold, Lotus.
3. Aluminium, Iron, Copper, Silver, Sand.
4. Sugar, Salt, Sand, Copper sulphate.

Answer:

1. Baby
2. Boat
3. Sand
4. Copper sulphate.

Projects and Activities

Activity 1.
Given on experiment to show that glycerin or lime juice is soluble in water but not edible oil?
Answer:
Necessary materials – Glycerin or like juice, water, edible oil, two test tubes. Take two test – tubes half filled with water on test – tube stand. In one of the test tube add 5 to 6 drops of glycerin or lime juice and in second test tube add little edible oil. Shake them well and then let them remain on stand for about 5 minutes.

After 5 minutes, it is observed that glycerin dissolves in water. But in other test tube two distinct layers are seen, upper layer is that of the edible oil and lower one is of water. This shows that glycerin is soluble in water but edible oil is insoluble in water.

Activity 2.
List some materials each of which can be used to make different kinds of object:
Answer:

Activity 3.
List five objects each of which is made different kinds of materials?
Answer:

Activity 4.
Give an experiment to show that sugar is soluble in water but not chalk powder?
Answer:
Take two test – tubes containing water. Take a teaspoonful of sugar and chalk powder. Add the two in separate test – tubes. Shake the test – tubes and observe. In first test – tube sugar dissolves completely with no left over at the bottom. In second test – tube chalk powder does not dissolve but settled at the bottom (Fig.). This shows that sugar is soluble in water but not chalk powder.

Activity 5.
Make a table to show that mixing of different solid materials in water?
Answer:

Activity 6.
Make a table to show that solubility of some common liquids in water?
Answer:
Solubility of some common liquids in water:

Sorting Materials into Groups Intex Questions:

Question 1.
Boojho wants to know, whether we found some materials that were used for making more than one type of an object?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 2.
Boojho suggests that we also check if the liquids that we used in Activity 6 mix well with some liquid other than water? Peheli is curious to known whether gases also dissolve in water?
Answer:
Some gases are soluble in water whereas others are not. For example, oxygen gas dissolved in water is very important for the survival of animals and plants that live in water.

Sorting Materials into Groups Additional Important Questions

Sorting Materials into Groups Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question (a)
All things are made of:
(a) Materials
(b) Things
(c) Both of these
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Materials

Question (b)
Wax and plastics are in water?
(a) Soluble
(b) Insoluble
(c) Miscible
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Insoluble

Question (c)
Chalk powder is in water?
(a) Soluble
(b) Insoluble
(c) Miscible
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Insoluble

Question (d)
A liquid containing a dissolved material is called:
(a) Soluble
(b) Solubility
(c) Solution
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Solution

Question (e)
Common salt is ……………………… in water?
(a) Soluble
(b) Insoluble
(c) Miscible
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Soluble

Question 2.
Fill in the Blanks:

1. A sugar syrup is a ……………………
2. Sand is …………………. in water.
3. Lemon juice is ………………….. in water.
4. Materials which can be compressed or scratched easily are called ……………………….
5. Materials which are difficult to compress are called ………………………..
6. Iron, copper, aluminium and gold are examples of …………………………
7. Those substances or materials, through with things can be seen are called ………………………….
8. The materials through which objects can be seen, but not clearly, are known as ………………………..

Answer:

1. Solution
2. Insoluble
3. Soluble
4. Shoft
5. Hard
6. Metals
7. Translucent
8. Transparent.

Question 3.
State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. Metals are good conductors of heat.
2. Water is a bad conductor of electricity but if salt is dissolved in water, it becomes good conductor.
3. Disprine tablet is insoluble in water.
4. Iron is a magnetic material.
5. Glass and air are transparent materials.
6. Sands are soluble in water.
7. Wax floats in water.
8. Mustard oil is not miscible with water.
9. Iron nails float in water.
10. Gases are soluble in water.
11. Coconut oil is not miscible with water.
12. Stone is opaque while glass is transparent.
13. Wood and plastics are good conductor of heat.
14. We are able to see through opaque substances.
15. Sand settles down in water.
16. All metals are good conductors of heat.
17. All gases are good conductors of heat.
18. A substance which allows the heat to pass is conductor.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. True
9. False
10. True
11. True
12. True
13. False
14. False
15. True
16. True
17. False
18. True.

Question 4.
Match the items in Column A with items in Column B:

Answer:

(i) – (b)
(ii) – (e)
(iii) – (a)
(iv) – (c)
(v) – (d)

Question 5.
In the given below group of words one is odd and rest are similar. Write down the odd qualities of them?

1. Bus, motor cycle, cycle, bullock – cart.
2. Pen, chalk, pencil, paper.
3. Lemon, banana, ma ngo, ‘gulab jamun’.
4. Hen, lizard, pigeon, crow.
5. Tumbler, jug, mug, spoon.

Answer:

1. Bullock – cart
2. Paper
3. Gulab jamun
4. Lizard
5. Spoon.

Question 6.
Answer the riddle:
Sometimes I am hard and chill  Sometimes I run down the hill But I am always present in air Who am I?
Answer:
Water.

Sorting Materials into Groups Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is matter?
Answer:
Any thing which has mass and occupies space is called matter.

Question 2.
Write the definition of classification?
Answer:
The process of grouping and sorting objects is called classification.

Question 3.
Write down the names of two natural substances which are used to make cloth?
Answer:
Cotton and silk.

Question 4.
Name five things made up of plastic?
Answer:

1. Chair
2. Table
3. Bucket
4. Comb
5. Toys.

Question 5.
List five things which are made up of same material?
Answer:
Shirt, towel, curtain, bed – sheet and trousers are made up of same material i.e., cotton.

Question 6.
Classify the following into natural and man-made substances: cotton, plastic, rubber, soil, petrol, diesel.
Answer:
Natural substance: Cotton, rubber, soil.
Man – made substances: Plastic, petrol, diesel.

Question 7.
Plastic is a man – made material. Give five more examples of man – made materials?
Answer:
Glass, steel, ceramic, thermocole and polythene.

Question 8.
Coal is a naturally occurring material. Write the names of five naturally occurring materials?
Answer:
Wood, cotton, jute, rubber and leather.

Question 9.
Name any four materials that can be used to make the school bag?
Answer:
School bag can be made from cotton (natural), nylon (man-made), leather (natural), jute (natural).

Question 10.
Name three material from which following things could be made:

1. Table
2. Bucket
3. Glass
4. Toys

Answer:

1. Table: Wood, steel, aluminium, silver and glass.
2. Bucket: Plastic, steel.
3. Glass: Ceramic, bone china, steel, plastic and silver.
4. Bowl: Steel, ceramic, bone china and brass.
5. Chair: Wood, steel, aluminium silver and glass.

Question 11.
Give one example of solids which have the properties listed:

1. Solids which are hard.
2. Solids which are soft.
3. Solids which are soluble in water.
4. Solids which are insoluble in water.
5. Solids which have colour.
6. Solids which are colourless.
7. Solids whose shape can easily changed.
8. Solids which have smell.
9. Solids which break easily.
10. Solids which sink in water.
11. Solids which float on water.
12. Solids through which we can see.
13. Solids through which we cannot see.

Answer:

1. Stone, wood
2. Butter
3. Sugar, salt
4. Chalk, sand
5. Clothes
6. Ice, colourless glass
7. Clay, plastercin.
8. Flowers, camphour.
9. Glass
10. Stone
11. Wood piece.
12. Glass
13. Wall.

Question 2.
Name the liquids which have following properties:

1. A colourless liquid.
2. A liquid which has smell.
3. A liquid in which sugar dissolves.
4. A flammable liquid.
5. A non – flammable liquid.
6. Apair of liquids which are unmixable with each other
7. A pair of liquids which are mixable with each other.
8. A liquid that floats on water.
9. A liquid that sinks in water.
10. A liquid which has some colour.

Answer:

1. Water
2. Kerosene
3. Water, milk
4. Petrol
5. Water
6. Mustard oil and water
7. Water and milk
8. Petrol
9. Mercury
10. Mustard oil is yellow in colour.

Question 13.
Write the names of different things made by ghee, water, sugar?
Answer:
Ghee. It is used for sweets and different products of eating. Water. It is used for drinking, bathing, harvesting, etc. Sugar. It is used to sweeten milk, tea, sweets, etc.

Question 14.
Write names of four different things made from cotton?
Answer:
The different things made from cotton are shirt, towel, curtain, bed sheets, etc.

Question 15.
Divide the following items according to their solubility in water:

1. Sugar
2. Glass
3. Particles of wood
4. Salt
5. Honey
6. Rubber
7. Soap
8. Caustic soda
9. Chalk
10. Urea.

Answer:

Solubility in water:

1. Sugar
2. Salt
3. Honey
4. Soap
5. Caustic soda
6. Chalk
7. Urea.

Question 16.
Does coconut oil get dissolved in kerosene oil?
Answer:
No.

Question 17.
List five opaque and five transparent materials?
Answer:
Opaque materials:
Cardboard, wooden piece, metal sheet and wall.

Transparent materials:
Glass, air, water, thin polythene, cellophane paper.

Question 18.
List five objects which are made from transparent material?
Answer:
Substances made from transparent material are

1. Glass tumbler, cellophane sheet, ballons (coloured or colourless), car window, mask of transparent plastic sheet.

Question 19.
List five liquids that are transparent?
Answer:

1. Water
2. Alcohol
3. Kerosene
4. Purified mustard oil
5. Glycerine.

Question 20.
List five objects made from opaque material?
Answer:

1. Wooden chair
2. Leather bag
3. Plastic handle
4. Iron almirah
5. Cardboard box.

Question 21.
Why does wood float on water but stone sink?
Answer:
Wood floats on water because it is lighter than water whereas a piece of stone sinks in water. It is heavier than water.

Sorting Materials into Groups Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
If you have objects similar in all respects, can you classify them in different groups?
Answer:
No, it is not possible to classify similar objects. Classification can only be done when objects have some similar and some dissimilar properties in them.

Question 2.
Why do we need to classify objects?
Answer:
There are millions of objects around us. These are of different size, shape and different in any ways. It is not easy to study each of them. Thus for easy and better understanding, we need to classify them.

Question 3.
A bag can be made from jute, a naturally occurring material or from nylon, a man-made material. List five more things that can be made from natural as well as man – made material?
Answer:

1. Tumbler – Copper and glass.
2. Suitcase – Iron and plastic (P.V.C.)
3. String – Cotton/jute and nylon.
4. Pen – Aluminium and plastic.
5. Shoes – Cloth/leather and plastic.

Question 4.
What is a solution?
Answer:
The matter which dissolves is called solute. A liquid in which solute gets dissolved is called solvent. When solute and solvent mix together it is called solution.

Question 5.
What is transparency? Find out the transparent and opaque substances from the following: Glass, plastic, wood, oil, paper, water, iron.
Answer:
The materials through which we can see the outside view are called transparent material. For example, water, glass. This property of such materials is called transparency.

Transparent substances:
Glass, water.

Opaque substances:
Plastic, wood, iron.

Question 6.
Mention three materials which are soluble and three which are insoluble in water?
Answer:
Materials soluble in water are:

1. Salt
2. Sugar
3. Washing soda.

Materials insoluble in water are :

1. Sand
2. Chalk powder
3. Coconut oil.

Question 7.
On what basis are the various objects grouped?
Answer:
The various objects can be grouped on the basis of their properties like:

1. Colour
2. Size
3. Hardness or softness
4. Natural or man – made,
5. Solid, liquid or gas,
6. Living or non – living
7. Plant or animal
8. Material they have made up of
9. Simple substance or mixture of many substances.

Sorting Materials into Groups Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are transparent, translucent and opaque objects?
Answer:
Transparent objects are those objects through which light passes across completely. We can see across them in figure. For example, glass, water, cellophane paper etc. Translucent objects are those objects which allow only a part of light falling on them to pass while they reflect the rest of the light.

We can see only faintly across them. For example, grinded glass, butter paper, turbid water, etc. Opaque objects are those objects which do not allow the light to pass through them. They reflect all the light falling on them. For example, card – board, an iron sheet, aluminium foil, etc.

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Hindi Navneet Solutions पद्य Chapter 7 सामाजिक समरसता

सामाजिक समरसता अभ्यास

बोध प्रश्न

सामाजिक समरसता अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न 

प्रश्न 1.
लोहा किसकी श्वांस से भस्म हो जाता है?
उत्तर:
लोहा मरे हुए जानवर की खाल से बनी हुई मसक की श्वांस (हवा) से भस्म हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
भक्ति किस प्रकार के प्राणियों से नहीं हो सकती?
उत्तर:
कामी, क्रोधी और लालची प्रकृति के प्राणियों से भक्ति नहीं हो सकती।

प्रश्न 3.
गुण लाख रुपये में कब बिकता है?
उत्तर:
गुण लाख रुपये में तब बिकता है जब उसे गुण का ग्राहक मिल जाता है।

प्रश्न 4.
संसार में विद्यमान सचर-अचर प्राणी क्या कर रहे हैं?
उत्तर:
संसार में विद्यमान जितने भी सचर या अचर प्राणी हैं, वे सभी अपने-अपने कर्मों में लगे हुए हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
दयामयी माता के तुल्य किसे माना गया है?
उत्तर:
दयामयी माता के तुल्य पृथ्वी को माना गया है।

प्रश्न 6.
जीवन को सफल बनाने के लिए कवि क्या निर्देश देते हैं?
उत्तर:
जीवन को सफल बनाने के लिए कवि ने मनुष्यों को अपने-अपने उद्देश्य में लगे रहने का निर्देश दिया है।

सामाजिक समरसता लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
कबीर ईश्वर से क्या माँगते हैं?
उत्तर:
कबीर ईश्वर से यह माँगते हैं कि हे भगवान तुम कृपा करके मुझे इतना दे देना जिससे मैं अपने परिवार को पाल लूँ, मैं खुद भी भूखा न रहूँ और कोई साधु भी मेरे घर से खाली हाथ न जाये।

प्रश्न 2.
कवि के अनुसार किस प्रकार के वृक्ष के नीचे विश्राम करना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
कवि के अनुसार उस वृक्ष के नीचे विश्राम करना चाहिए जिसमें बारह महीने फल लगते हों, जिसमें शीतल छाया हो और घने फल हों तथा जिस पर पक्षी गण क्रीड़ा करते हों।

प्रश्न 3.
साधु से किस प्रकार के प्रश्न नहीं करने चाहिए?
उत्तर:
साधु से उसकी जाति नहीं पूछनी चाहिए, उससे तो केवल ज्ञान की बातें पूछनी चाहिए।

प्रश्न 4.
‘लोक कल्याण कामना’ से कवि का क्या आशय है?
उत्तर:
लोक कल्याण कामना से कवि का आशय है कि हमें संसार में रहकर ऐसे कार्य करने चाहिए जिनसे अधिक-से-अधिक लोगों का कल्याण हो। स्वार्थ के लिए हमें कार्य नहीं करने चाहिए।

प्रश्न 5.
कवि जग की विषम आँधियों के सम्मुख किस प्रकार के स्वभाव की अपेक्षा कर रहा है?
उत्तर:
कवि जग की विषम आँधियों के सम्मुख हिम्मत से डटे रहने के स्वभाव की अपेक्षा कर रहा है।

प्रश्न 6.
कर्मच्युत होने से क्या परिणाम होगा?
उत्तर:
कर्मच्युत होने से यह परिणाम निकलेगा कि तुम धोखे में पड़कर इस अलभ्य (अनमोल) अवसर से हाथ धो बैठोगे।

सामाजिक समरसता दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
दुर्बल को सताने का क्या दुष्परिणाम होता है?
उत्तर:
दुर्बल व्यक्ति को सताने का यह परिणाम होता है कि उसकी मोटी आहों से कोई बच नहीं पायेगा।

प्रश्न 2.
अवगुण का निवास कहाँ है?
उत्तर:
अवगुण का निवास मनुष्यों के हृदय में होता है।

प्रश्न 3.
किन विशेषताओं को खोकर भक्ति की जा सकती है?
उत्तर:
जाति एवं वर्ण जैसी विशेषताओं को खोकर ही भक्ति की जा सकती है।

प्रश्न 4.
मनुष्य किन-किन शक्तियों से सम्पन्न है? संसार में जीने का उद्देश्य लिखिए।
उत्तर:
मनुष्य अमित बुद्धि एवं बल से युक्त है, अतः उसका संसार में जीने का भी निश्चित उद्देश्य है; और वह है जीवन में प्रतिक्षण अपने उद्देश्य को पाने के लिए कर्म में जुटे रहना।

प्रश्न 5.
‘जीवन सन्देश’ कविता का केन्द्रीय भाव लिखिए।
उत्तर:
‘जीवन सन्देश’ कविता में कवि ने स्पष्ट किया है कि मनुष्य एक कर्त्तव्यपरायण व्यक्ति है, किन्तु कभी-कभी वह कर्तव्य से विमुख होकर भी काम करने लगता है और जीवन के उच्च उद्देश्यों से भटक जाता है। इस प्रकार के कार्यों से वह समाज की कोई भलाई नहीं कर सकता। अपने समाज और अपनी जन्म-भूमि के प्रति भी मनुष्य में कर्त्तव्य भावना होनी चाहिए, तभी उसकी जीवन यात्रा सार्थक है।

प्रश्न 6.
संसार मनुष्य के लिए एक परीक्षा स्थल है, ऐसा कवि ने क्यों कहा है ?
उत्तर:
संसार में अनेकानेक विषम परिस्थितियाँ और विपदाएँ आती रहती हैं, इसलिए कवि ने संसार को एक परीक्षा स्थल कहा है। इन विषम परिस्थितियों और आपदाओं से मनुष्य को घबड़ाना नहीं चाहिए बल्कि उनका डटकर सामना करना। चाहिए तथा अपने उद्देश्य को पाने के लिए निरन्तर संघर्ष करते रहना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 7.
निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या कीजिए
(क) ऊँचै कुल का ………. निंद्या सोई॥
उत्तर:
कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि ऊँचे कुल में जन्म लेने भर से कोई व्यक्ति ऊँचा नहीं हो जाता। यदि उसके कार्य ऊँचे नहीं हैं, तो वह कभी ऊँचा नहीं हो सकता है। ऊँचे अर्थात् श्रेष्ठ कार्य करने वाला व्यक्ति ही.ऊँचा होता है। वे उदाहरण देते हुए कहते हैं कि यदि सोने के कलश में मदिरा भरी हुई है, तो साधु लोग उस कलश की प्रशंसा न करके निन्दा ही करेंगे।

(ख) जब गुण ………… बदलै जाइ॥
उत्तर:
कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि जब गुण के ग्राहक मिल जाते हैं तो गुण लाख रुपये में बिकता है और यदि गुण के ग्राहक न मिलें तो वह गुण कौड़ियों में बिक जाता है।

(ग) तुम मनुष्य हो ………….. निज जीवन में?
उत्तर:
कविवर त्रिपाठी जी कहते हैं कि तुम मनुष्य हो और तुम्हारा जन्म इस संसार में अत्यधिक बुद्धि एवं बल से युक्त है। ऐसी दशा में क्या तुमने अपने मन में कभी इस बात पर विचार किया है कि तुम्हारा जीवन क्या उद्देश्य रहित है? अर्थात् नहीं। कवि पुनः कहता है कि हे मनुष्यो! तुम बुरा मत मानना। तुम अपने मन में एक बार सोचो तो कि क्या तुमने अपने जीवन के सभी कर्त्तव्य पूरे कर लिये हैं अर्थात् अभी नहीं किये हैं।

सामाजिक समरसता काव्य सौन्दर्य

प्रश्न 1.
करुण रस को उदाहरण सहित समझाइए।
उत्तर:
करुण रस-किसी प्रिय वस्तु अथवा व्यक्ति की अनिष्ट की आशंका या विनाश से हृदय में उत्पन्न क्षोभ या दुःख को करुण रस कहते हैं। इसका स्थायी भाव शोक’ है।

उदाहरण :
अभी तो मुकुट बँधा था माथ हुए कल ही हल्दी के हाथ।
खुले भी न थे लाज के बोल, खिले भी चुंबन शून्य कपोल। हाय रुक गया यहीं संसार,बना सिन्दूर अंगार।
बातहत लतिका वह सुकुमार पड़ी है छिन्न धार।
स्पष्टीकरण स्थायी भाव-शोक।
विभाव :
(क) आलम्बन विनष्ट पति।
(ख) आश्रय-पत्नी।
(ग) उद्दीपन-मुकुट का बाँधना, हल्दी के हाथ होना,लाज के बोल न खलना।
अनुभाव :
वातहत लतिका के समान नायिका का बेहाल पड़े रहना। संचारी भाव-जड़ता,स्मृति, दैन्य और विषाद आदि।

प्रश्न 2.
गीतिका छन्द को अन्य उदाहरण सहित समझाइए।
उत्तर:
गीतिका छन्द में 26 मात्रा, 14-12 पर यति तथा प्रत्येक चरण के अन्त में ‘लघु-गुरु’ (15) होता है।

उदाहरण :
हे प्रभो! आनन्ददाता, ज्ञान हमको दीजिए।
शीघ्र सारे दुर्गुणों कों दूर हमसे कीजिए।
लीजिए हमको शरण में, हम सदाचारी बनें।
ब्रह्मचारी धर्मरक्षक, वीर व्रत धारी बनें।।

प्रश्न 3.
हरिगीतिका छन्द के लक्षण देते हुए एक अन्य उदाहरण लिखिए।
उत्तर:
हरिगीतिका सममात्रिक छन्द है। इसमें चार चरण होते हैं। प्रत्येक चरण में 16 एवं 12 पर यति के साथ कुल 28 मात्राएँ होती हैं। चरण के अन्त में लघु-गुरु होता है।

उदाहरण :
‘गाते प्रियाओं के सहित रस राग यक्ष जहाँ तहाँ। प्रत्यक्ष दो उत्तर दिशा की दीखती लक्ष्मी यहाँ। कहते हुए यों पार्श्व में सहसा उदासी छा गई। उत्तर दिशा से याद सहसा उत्तरा की आ गई।’

सामाजिक समरसता महत्त्वपूर्ण वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

सामाजिक समरसता बहु-विकल्पीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
लोहा किसकी श्वांस से भस्म हो जाता है?
(क) कोयले की
(ख) सोने की
(ग) लकड़ी की
(घ) मरी हुई खाल की।
उत्तर:
(ग) लकड़ी की

प्रश्न 2.
दयामयी माता के तुल्य किसे माना गया है?
(क) माँ
(ख) भारत की धरती को
(ग) भारत
(घ) प्रान्त को।
उत्तर:
(ख) भारत की धरती को

प्रश्न 3.
कवि के अनुसार किस प्रकार के वृक्ष के नीचे विश्राम करना चाहिए?
(क) छायादार
(ख) घना
(ग) फलयुक्त
(घ) उपर्युक्त सभी।
उत्तर:
(घ) उपर्युक्त सभी।

प्रश्न 4.
सज्जन व्यक्ति से क्या पूछना चाहिए? (2009)
(क) जाति
(ख) नाम
(ग) ज्ञान
(घ) काम।
उत्तर:
(ग) ज्ञान

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति

1. जाति न पूछो साधु की पूछि लीजिए ………..
2. कबीर ने बाह्य आडम्बरों तथा ………… का व मूर्तिपूजा का विरोध किया।
3. ऊँचे कुल में जन्म लिया हो पर करनी ऊँची न हो, ऐसा व्यक्ति ……….. स्वर्ण कलश के समान है।
4. लोक कल्याण की कामना ही सच्ची ……….. है।

उत्तर:

1. ज्ञान
2. अन्ध विश्वास
3. मदिरा से भरे
4. लोक सेवा।

सत्य/असत्य

1. कबीर की भाषा को खिचड़ी या सधुक्कड़ी भाषा कहा जाता है।
2. कबीर ने बाहरी आडम्बरों का समर्थन किया। (2009)
3. ‘सबसे अधिक अवगुण औरों में ही होते हैं’ कबीर का यह कथन है।
4. रामनरेश त्रिपाठी स्वच्छन्दतावादी काव्यधारा के प्रतिष्ठित कवि हैं। इन्होंने स्वच्छन्दतावादी परम्परा को बढ़ाया।

उत्तर:

1. सत्य
2. असत्य
3. असत्य
4. सत्य।

सही जोड़ी मिलाइए

उत्तर:
1. → (घ)
2. → (ग)
3. → (क)
4. → (ख)

एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर

1. कबीर सच्चे अर्थों में कवि होते हुए भी क्या थे?
2. साधु से क्या नहीं पूछना चाहिए? (2012)
3. कवि ने जीवन सन्देश में अपने कर्म में कैसी तत्परता बतायी है?
4. अटल निश्चय व भय रहित संसार में कौन है?
5. जीवन संदेश कविता का मूल स्वर क्या है? (2012)
6. गुण कब लाख रुपये में बिकता है? (2018)

उत्तर:

1. समाज सुधारक
2. जाति
3. तुच्छ पत्र जैसी
4. ध्रुव जैसा
5. कर्म में रत रहना
6. जब गुणों को समझने वाला ग्राहक मिलता है।

कबीर की साखियाँ भाव सारांश

कबीर ने अपनी साखियों में जीवन से सम्बन्धित अनेक उपयोगी सीखें दी हैं। मानव को भगवान से उतनी ही याचना करनी चाहिए जितनी आवश्यकता हो। दुर्बल को सताना अपने लिए काँटे बोना है। साधु की जाति नहीं पूछनी चाहिए अपितु उसके गुणों पर दृष्टिपात करना चाहिए। भक्ति के मार्ग में काम,क्रोध तथा लोभ बाधक हैं, अत: इनका त्याज्य अनिवार्य है। उच्च कुल में जन्म लेने वाले मानव का आचरण भी पवित्र होना आवश्यक है। फलदायी वृक्ष का आश्रय सुखद होता है। गुणी मानव हीं गुणों की परख कर सकता है। हीरा की परख जौहरी ही जानता है। भगवान गुणों के अक्षय कोष हैं, अवगुण तो हमारे मन-मानस में पल्लवित हैं। कबीर की साखियों में उच्चादर्शों से सम्बन्धित उत्कृष्ट काव्य सृष्टि है।

कबीर की साखियाँ संदर्भ-प्रसंगसहित व्याख्या

साईं इतना दीजिए, जामैं कुटुम समाय।
मैं भी भूखा न रहूँ, साधु न भूखा जाय॥ (1)

शब्दार्थ :
साईं = स्वामी, भगवान। कुटुम = कुटुम्ब। समाय = भरण-पोषण हो जाए। साधु = अतिथि।

सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत साखी कबीरदास द्वारा रचित ‘कबीर की साखियाँ’ शीर्षक से ली गयी है।

प्रसंग :
इसमें कवि ने भगवान से प्रार्थना की है कि हे भगवान! हमें इतना दे दो कि हमारा भली-भाँति गुजारा हो जाए।

व्याख्या :
कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि हे भगवान! आप हमें इतना भर दे दें जिसमें हमारे कुटुम्ब का भली-भाँति भरण-पोषण हो जाए। मैं भी भूखा न रहूँ और मेरे घर पर जो भी साधु-संन्यासी आएँ, वे भी खाली हाथ न लौटें।

विशेष :

1. कवि ने मात्र कुटुम्ब भरण तक की सुविधा ही भगवान से माँगी है।
2. दोहा छन्द।

दुर्बल को न सताइए, जाकी मोटी हाय।
मरी चाम की स्वांस से, लौह भसम है जाय॥ (2)

शब्दार्थ :
दुर्बल = कमजोर व्यक्ति। चाम = चमड़े।

सदर्भ :
पूर्ववत।

प्रसंग :
कबीर ने दुर्बल व्यक्ति को न सताने का उपदेश दिया है।

व्याख्या :
कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि दुर्बल व्यक्तियों को मत सताओ। इनकी आहे बड़ी मोटी अर्थात् भारी होती हैं। एक उदाहरण देकर वे कहते हैं कि जब मरे हुए चमड़े से बनाई गई मसक की श्वांस से लोहा भी भस्म हो जाता है तो जीवित व्यक्ति की आहों से कितना अहित हो जायेगा, इसे अच्छी तरह सोच लो और दुर्बलों को मत सताओ।

विशेष :

1. कवि ने दुर्बलों को न सताने का उपदेश दिया।
2. दोहा छन्द।

जाति न पूछो साधु की, पूछि लीजिए ज्ञान।
मोल करो तलवार का, पड़ा रहन दो म्यान॥ (3)

शब्दार्थ :
मोल = मोल-भाव।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कबीरदास जी साधु संन्यासी की जाति न पूछने और ज्ञान जानने की बात कहते हैं।

व्याख्या :
कबीरदास जी संसारी मनुष्यों से कहते हैं कि हे मनुष्यो! तुम कभी भी किसी साधु-संन्यासी की जाति के बारे में मत पूछो। यदि तुम्हें पूछना ही है तो उससे उसके ज्ञान के बारे में जानकारी लो। एक उदाहरण देकर कबीर बताते हैं कि मोल-भाव तो तलवार का किया जाता है, म्यान को कौन पूछता है।

विशेष :

1. गुणों को जानना चाहिए, जाति को नहीं।
2. दोहा छन्द।

जाति हमारी आतमा, प्रान हमारा नाम।
अलख हमारा इष्ट है, गगन हमारा ग्राम॥ (4)

शब्दार्थ :
अलख = अदृश्य। इष्ट = भगवान। गगन = आकाश।

सन्दर्भ ;
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
इस साखी में कबीरदास जी अपना परिचय देते हुए कह रहे हैं।

व्याख्या :
कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि हमारी आत्मा ही हमारी जाति है, हमारा नाम ही हमारे प्राण हैं। अदृश्य अर्थात् न दिखाई देने वाला निर्गुण निराकार ईश्वर ही हमारा इष्ट है और आकाश हमारा ग्राम है।
विशेष :

1. कवि ने अपनी व्यापकता का परिचय दिया है।
2. दोहा छन्द है।

कामी क्रोधी लालची, इन पै भक्ति न होय।
भक्ति करै कोई शूरमाँ, जाति वरण कुल खोय॥ (5)

शब्दार्थ :
कामी = काम वासना में रत रहने वाला। जाति = जाति, कुल। वर्ण = वर्ण व्यवस्था। खोय = खोकर।

सन्दर्भ-:
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
इस छन्द में कबीरदास जी ने बताया है कि कामी-क्रोधी व्यक्तियों से ईश्वर की भक्ति नहीं हो सकती है।

व्याख्या :
कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि कामी, क्रोधी और लालची स्वभाव के व्यक्तियों से भगवान की भक्ति नहीं हो सकती है जो व्यक्ति जाति एवं वर्ण भूल जाता है, वही शूरमाँ होता है और वही भगवान की भक्ति कर सकता है।

विशेष :

1. विषय-वासनाओं से मुक्त होकर ही भक्ति की जा सकती है।
2. दोहा छन्द।

ऊँचै कुल का जनमियाँ, जे करणी ऊँच न होइ।।
सोवन कलस सुरै भऱ्या, साधू निंद्या सोई॥ (6)

शब्दार्थ :
जनमियाँ = जन्म लेने वाला। करणी = कार्य। सोवन = सोने के। सुरै = मदिरा। भऱ्या = भरी हुई है। निंद्या = निंदा करता है। सोइ = उसकी।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि ऊँचे कुल में जन्म लेने से कोई व्यक्ति ऊँचा नहीं होता है।

व्याख्या :
कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि ऊँचे कुल में जन्म लेने भर से कोई व्यक्ति ऊँचा नहीं हो जाता। यदि उसके कार्य ऊँचे नहीं हैं, तो वह कभी ऊँचा नहीं हो सकता है। ऊँचे अर्थात् श्रेष्ठ कार्य करने वाला व्यक्ति ही.ऊँचा होता है। वे उदाहरण देते हुए कहते हैं कि यदि सोने के कलश में मदिरा भरी हुई है, तो साधु लोग उस कलश की प्रशंसा न करके निन्दा ही करेंगे।

विशेष :

1. व्यक्ति अच्छे कामों से ऊँचा होता है, ऊँचे कुल में जन्म लेने से नहीं।
2. दोहा छन्द।

तरवर तास बिलंबिए, बारह मास फलंत।
सीतल छाया गहर फल, पंधी केलि करत॥ (7)

शब्दार्थ :
तरवर = श्रेष्ठ वृक्ष। तास = उसी का। बिलंबिए = सहारा लीजिए। फलंत = फलता है। गहर = घने। पंषी = पक्षी। केलि = क्रीड़ाएँ।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कबीरदास जी ने ऐसे व्यक्ति का आश्रय लेने का उपदेश दिया है, जिससे हर व्यक्ति सुखी हो।

व्याख्या :
कबीरदास जी तरुवर के माध्यम से उस श्रेष्ठ व्यक्ति का आश्रयं ग्रहण करने का उपदेश देते हैं कि उसी श्रेष्ठ वृक्ष का आश्रय लेना चाहिए जो बारह महीने फल देता हो, जिसकी छाया शीतल हो, जिसमें घने फल लगते हों और जिस पर बैठकर पक्षीगण अपनी क्रीड़ाएँ करते हों।

विशेष :

1. सज्जन लोगों का आश्रय लेने की बात कही है।
2. दोहा छन्द।

जब गुण कँगाहक मिलै, तब गुण लाख बिकाइ।
जब गुण कौं गाहक नहीं, कौड़ी बदले जाइ॥ (8)

शब्दार्थ :
गाहक = ग्रहण करने वाला, जानकार।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि कहता है कि गुणों का महत्त्व तभी तक है जब तक उसके ग्राहक मिलते हैं।

व्याख्या :
कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि जब गुण के ग्राहक मिल जाते हैं तो गुण लाख रुपये में बिकता है और यदि गुण के ग्राहक न मिलें तो वह गुण कौड़ियों में बिक जाता है।

विशेष :

1. गुण के ग्राहक का महत्व है।
2. दोहा छन्द।

सरपहि दूध पिलाइये, दूधैं विष है जाइ।
ऐसा कोई नां मिलै, सौं सरपैं विष खाइ॥ (9)

शब्दार्थ :
सरपहि = साँप को। लै जाइ = हो जायेगा।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि कहता है कि सर्प को दूध पिलाने से कोई लाभ नहीं है, क्योंकि वह दूध भी विष बन जायेगा।

व्याख्या :
कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि सर्प को दूध पिलाने से कोई लाभ नहीं है क्योंकि सर्प के गले में जाकर दूध भी विष बन जायेगा। कबीर कहते हैं कि मुझे आज तक ऐसा कोई व्यक्ति नहीं मिला, जो सर्प के विष को खा जाये।

विशेष :

1. साँप से आशय दुष्ट लोग हैं।
2. दोहा छन्द।

करता करे बहुत गुण, आगुण कोई नांहि।
जे दिल खोजौं आपणौं, तो सब औगुण मुझ माहि॥ (10)

शब्दार्थ :
करता = कर्ता, सृष्टि का निर्माणकर्ता। केरे = तेरे। आगुण = अवगुण। आपणौ = अपना। मांहि = अन्दर।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कर्ता (भगवान) में गुण ही गुण होते हैं, अवगुण नहीं।

व्याख्या :
कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि कर्ता अर्थात् भगवान में केवल गुण ही गुण हैं, उनमें कोई भी अवगुण नहीं है। कबीर दास जी कहते हैं कि जब मैंने अपना दिल खोजा तो मैंने पाया कि सभी अवगुण मेरे अन्दर हैं।

विशेष :

1. ईश्वर (कर्ता) की महत्ता का वर्णन तथा अपने अवगुणों का वर्णन कवि ने किया है।
2. दोहा छन्द।

जीवन संदेश भाव सारांश

प्रस्तुत कविता ‘जीवन संदेश’ में श्री रामनरेश त्रिपाठी ने मानव को कर्म में रत रहने का संदेश दिया है। संसार में जड़,चेतन सभी पदार्थ अपने-अपने कर्म में लगे रहते हैं। सूर्य संसार में नवीन शोभा विकीर्ण करता है। चन्द्रमा रात्रि में अमृत की वर्षा करता है।

तुच्छ तिनका भी कर्म में रत रहकर अपना सर्वस्व न्योछावर कर देता है। कवि मनुष्य को सचेत करता हुआ कहता है कि तुम मनुष्य हो, तुम्हारे पास बुद्धि,बल है। तुम्हें भी सोद्देश्य जीवन बिताना चाहिए।

मातृभूमि के प्रति भी अपने कर्तव्य का दृढ़ता से पालन करना चाहिए। जीवन में लोक कल्याण व लोक सेवा आवश्यक है। संसार में मानव को विषम परिस्थितियों का दृढ़ता से सामना करना चाहए, चाहे कितनी ही विषम आँधियाँ आयें। व्यक्ति को चन्द्रमा सा शान्त व ध्रुव तारे की भाँति अचल भावना रखनी चाहिए।

यह संसार ईश्वर के द्वारा निर्मित है। उसी के द्वारा समस्त सृष्टि का संचालन होता है। अतः कवि का कथन है कि जिस भूमि पर तुमने जन्म लिया है उसके प्रति अपने कर्तव्य का पालन अन्तिम श्वांस तक करना चाहिए। यही मानव का परम धर्म है।

जीवन संदेश संदर्भ-प्रसंगसहित व्याख्या

(1) जग में सचर अचर जितने हैं सारे कर्म निरत हैं।
धुन है एक न एक सभी को सबके निश्चित व्रत हैं।
जीवनभर आतप सह वसुधा पर छाया करता है।
तुच्छ पत्र की भी स्वकर्म में कैसी तत्परता है।

शब्दार्थ :
सचर = चलने-फिरने वाले प्राणी। अचर = न चलने-फिरने वाली जड़ वस्तुएँ। कर्म निरत हैं अपने-अपने आप में लगे हुए हैं। व्रत = उद्देश्य, निश्चय। आतप = धूप। वसुधा = पृथ्वी। पत्र = पत्ता। स्वकर्म= अपने काम में। तत्परता = लगन।

सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत छन्द ‘जीवन सन्देश’ शीर्षक कविता से लिया गया है। इसके रचयिता श्री रामनरेश त्रिपाठी हैं।

प्रसंग :
कवि ने यहाँ बताने का प्रयास किया है कि संसार में जड़ एवं चेतन सभी अपने-अपने काम में लगे हुए हैं।

व्याख्या :
श्री रामनरेश त्रिपाठी कहते हैं कि इस संसार। में जितने भी जड़ और चेतन हैं, वे सभी अपने-अपने कामों में लगे हुए हैं। सभी को कोई-न-कोई धुन होती है और उनका कोई-न-कोई व्रत (उद्देश्य) होता है। कवि पत्ते का उदाहरण देते हुए कहता है कि वह तुच्छ पत्ता जीवन भर धूप को सहता हुआ पृथ्वी पर छाया करता रहता है। देखिए उस तुच्छ पत्ते की भी अपने काम में कितनी तत्परता है।

विशेष :

1. कवि का मानना है कि जड़ और चेतन सभी अपने कामों में लगे हुए हैं।
2. अनुप्रास की छटा।

(2) रवि जग में शोभा सरसाता सोम सुधा बरसाता।
सब हैं लगे कर्म में कोई निष्क्रिय दृष्टि न आता॥
हैं उद्देश्य नितान्त तुच्छ तृण के भी लघु जीवन का।
उसी पूर्ति में वह करता है अन्त कर्ममय तन का॥

शब्दार्थ :
रवि = सूर्य। सोम = चन्द्रमा। सुधा = अमृत। निष्क्रिय = बिना काम के। नितान्त = पूरी तरह से। तुच्छ = छोटे। तृण = घास। कर्ममय = काम में लगते हुए।

सन्दर्भ-:
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि का कथन है कि सूर्य, चन्द्रमा आदि सभी अपने-अपने कर्म में लगे हुए हैं।

व्याख्या :
कविवर त्रिपाठी जी कहते हैं कि सूर्य संसार में शोभा का विस्तार करता है तो चन्द्रमा पृथ्वी पर अमृत बरसाता है। इस संसार में सभी जड़, चेतन अपने-अपने कामों में लगे हुए हैं। कोई भी व्यक्ति हमें बिना काम के नजर नहीं आता है। तुच्छ तिनके के लघु जीवन का भी उद्देश्य है और उसी उद्देश्य की पूर्ति हेतु वह अपने शरीर का अन्त कर देता है।

विशेष :

1. सभी संसार में कार्यरत हैं, बिना काम के कोई नहीं है।
2. अनुप्रास की छटा।

(3) तुम मनुष्य हो, अमित बुद्धिबल-विलसित जन्म तुम्हारा।
क्या उद्देश्य रहित है जग में तुमने कभी विचारा?
बुरा न मानो, एक बार सोचो तुम अपने मन में।
क्या कर्त्तव्य समाप्त कर लिए तुमने निज जीवन में॥

शब्दार्थ :
अमित = अत्यधिक। बुद्धि-बल विलसित = बुद्धि और बल से सुशोभित।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि मनुष्यों को सचेत करते हुए कहता है कि तुम्हें भी अपने जीवन को काम करते हुए सार्थक बनाना है।

व्याख्या :
कविवर त्रिपाठी जी कहते हैं कि तुम मनुष्य हो और तुम्हारा जन्म इस संसार में अत्यधिक बुद्धि एवं बल से युक्त है। ऐसी दशा में क्या तुमने अपने मन में कभी इस बात पर विचार किया है कि तुम्हारा जीवन क्या उद्देश्य रहित है? अर्थात् नहीं।

कवि पुनः कहता है कि हे मनुष्यो ! तुम बुरा मत मानना। तुम अपने मन में एक बार सोचो तो कि क्या तुमने अपने जीवन के सभी कर्त्तव्य पूरे कर लिये हैं अर्थात् अभी नहीं किये हैं।

विशेष :

1. कवि मनुष्य का कर्म क्षेत्र में निरन्तर लगे रहने की प्रेरणा देता है।
2. अनुप्रास की छटा।

(4) वह सनेह की मूर्ति दयामयि माता-तुल्य मही है।
उसके प्रति कर्त्तव्य तुम्हारा क्या कुछ शेष नहीं है।
हाथ पकड़कर प्रथम जिन्होंने चलना तुम्हें सिखाया।
भाषा सिखा हृदय का अद्भुत रूप स्वरूप दिखाया।

शब्दार्थ :
सनेह = स्नेह, प्रेम। दयामयि = दया करने वाली। मही = पृथ्वी।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि कहता है कि तुमने जन्म तो ले लिया पर जन्म देने वालों के प्रति तुम्हारे जो कर्त्तव्य हैं, उन्हें पूरा करो।

व्याख्या :
कविवर त्रिपाठी कहते हैं कि वह प्रेम की मूर्ति। और दयामयी पृथ्वी माता के समान है। क्या उसके प्रति तुम्हारा। कोई कर्त्तव्य नहीं है? अर्थात् निश्चय ही उसके प्रति हमारा कर्तव्य है? हाथ पकड़कर जिन्होंने सर्वप्रथम तुम्हें पृथ्वी पर चलना सिखाया है, बाद में भाषा का ज्ञान देकर हृदय के अद्भुत रूप। एवं स्वरूप को दिखाया है; क्या उनके प्रति तुम्हारा कर्त्तव्य नहीं? हाँ अवश्य है।

विशेष :

1. कवि का सन्देश है कि जिन्होंने हमारे साथ कुछ भी उपकार किया है, उनके प्रति हमें कर्त्तव्य पूरा करना चाहिए।
2. अनुप्रास की छटा।

(5) जिनकी कठिन कमाई का फल खाकर बड़े हुए हो।
दीर्घ देह की बाधाओं में निर्भय खड़े हुए हो॥
जिनके पैदा किए, बुने वस्त्रों से देह ढके हो।
आतप-वर्षा-शीत-काल में पीडित हो न सके हो॥

शब्दार्थ :
बाधाओं = रुकावटों। निर्भय = निडर।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि कहता है कि पृथ्वी ने तुम्हें जो विभिन्न उपहार। प्रदान किये हैं उनके प्रति तुम्हें पूर्ण रूप से समर्पित होना चाहिए।

व्याख्या :
कविवर त्रिपाठी कहते हैं कि जिन माता-पिता की कमाई खाकर तुम बड़े हुए हो और अनेकानेक शारीरिक कष्टों से तुम्हें उबार कर जिन्होंने निर्भय बनाकर तुम्हें खड़ा कर दिया है। जिनके पैदा किए हुए तथा बुने हुए वस्त्रों से तुम अपना शरीर ढके हुए हो तथा जिनकी कृपा से धूप, वर्षा, शीत आदि की मुसीबतों से बचे रहे हो, क्या उनके प्रति तुम्हारा कोई कर्त्तव्य नहीं है? भाव यह है कि उनके प्रति तुम्हारा पूर्ण समर्पण होना चाहिए।

विशेष :

1. कवि ने मनुष्यों को अपने कर्तव्य के प्रति सचेत करना चाहा है।
2. अनुप्रास की छटा।

(6) क्या उनका उपकार-भार तुम पर लवलेश नहीं है।
उनके प्रति कर्तव्य तुम्हारा क्या कुछ शेष नहीं है।
सतत् ज्वलित दुःख दावानल में जग केदारुण रन में।
छोड़ उन्हें कायर बनकर तुम भाग बसे निर्जन में।

शब्दार्थ :
उपकार = कृपा। लवलेश = जरा भी। सतत् = निरन्तर। ज्वलित = जलते हुए। दावानल = जंगल की आग। दारुण = भयंकर। निर्जन = एकान्त।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि उन लोगों को फटकार लगाता है, जो संसारिक मुसीबतों से घबड़ाकर जंगल में चले जाते हैं।

व्याख्या :
कविवर त्रिपाठी कहते हैं कि क्या जिन लोगों ने तुम्हें जन्म दिया और पाल-पोस कर बड़ा किया, उनके प्रति तुम्हारा कोई कर्त्तव्य नहीं है। निरन्तर जलते हुए दुःख के दावानल में तथा संसार के भयानक रण-क्षेत्र में उन सबको छोड़कर और कायर बनकर तुम निर्जन स्थान में भाग कर बस गए हो, क्या यह तुम्हें उचित लगता है? अर्थात् बिल्कुल नहीं।

विशेष :

1. कवि ने कृतघ्न लोगों को फटकारा है।
2. अनुप्रास की छटा।

(7) यही लोक-कल्याण-कामना यही लोक-सेवा है।
यही अमर करने वाले यश-सुरतरु की मेवा है।
जाओ पुत्र! जगत् में जाओ, व्यर्थ न समय गँवाओ।
सदालोक-कल्याण-निरतहोजीवनसफलबनाओ।

शब्दार्थ :
यश-सुरतरु = शयरूपी कल्प वृक्ष। निरत = लगे रहो।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि मनुष्यों को व्यर्थ में ही समय न गँवाकर लोक कल्याण में लग जाने का उपदेश देता है।

व्याख्या :
श्री त्रिपाठी जी कहते हैं कि लोक कल्याण की भावना से जो व्यक्ति लोक सेवा करता है, इससे भी अमर होता है तथा इसी से उसे यशरूपी कल्पतरु से मिलने वाली मेवा प्राप्त होती है। इसलिए हे मानवी पुत्रो! तुम व्यर्थ में अपना समय मत गँवाओं और सदैव लोक कल्याण में रत रहकर अपने जीवन को सफल बनाओ।

विशेष :

1. कवि ने मनुष्यों को लोक कल्याणकारी कार्यों में लगे रहने का महत्व बताया है।
2. अनुप्रास की छटा।

(8) जनता के विश्वास कर्म मन ध्यान श्रवण भाषण में।
वास करो, आदर्श बनो, विजयी हो जीवन-रण में।
अति अशांत दुखपूर्ण विश्रृंखल क्रान्ति उपासक जग में।
रखना अपनी आत्म शक्ति पर दृढ़निश्चय प्रति पग में।

शब्दार्थ :
वास करो = निवास करो। जीवन-रण = जीवन रूपी रण में। विशृंखल = बिखरे हुए।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि का संदेश है कि अपने कर्मों, मन में, ध्यान में, श्रवण में और भाषण में सदैव ऐसी बातें रखना जिससे तुम। जनता के हृदय में वास कर सको, उनके आदर्श बन सको। इस प्रकार के क्रिया-कलाप करते हुए तुम जीवन रूपी रण में सदैव विजयी होगे। आज संसार का वातावरण अति अशान्त, दुःखपूर्ण बिखरा हुआ, क्रान्ति की उपासना करने वाला बना हुआ है। इन परिस्थितियों में भी तुम अपनी आत्म शक्ति पर प्रत्येक पग में दृढ़ निश्चय रखना अर्थात् कभी विचलित मत। हो जाना।

विशेष :

1. कवि ने जनता के कल्याण में रत रहने का उपदेश दिया है।
2. रूपक एवं अनुप्रास की छटा।

(9) जग की विषम आँधियों के झोंके सम्मुख हो सहना।
स्थिर उद्देश्य-समान और विश्वास सदृश दृढ़ रहना।
जाग्रत नित रहना उदारता-तुल्य असीम हृदय में।
अन्धकार में शान्त, चन्द्रसा, ध्रुव-सा निश्चय भय में।

शब्दार्थ :
विषय आँधियों = विपरीत परिस्थितियों। – सम्मुख = सामने से। जाग्रत = जागना। तुल्य = समान। असीम = सीमा रहित।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि उपदेश देता है कि चाहे संसार में कैसी भी विषम परिस्थितियाँ क्यों न आ जाएँ, तुम ध्रुव तारे के समान डटे रहना।

व्याख्या :
कविवर त्रिपाठी कहते हैं कि संसार में आने वाली विषम परिस्थितियों के झोंकों से तुम विचलित मत होना, अपितु उनका डटकर सामना करना। समान उद्देश्य में स्थिर तथा विश्वास के समान दृढ़ बने रहना। उदारता करते समय नित्य जागते रहना और अपने असीम हृदय में यह गुण धरते रहना। अन्धकार अर्थात् निराशा के समय चन्द्रमा के समान शान्त रहना और भय तथा विपत्ति में ध्रुव के समान निश्चल (अडिग) बने रहना।

विशेष :

1. कवि ने किसी भी स्थिति में विचलित न होने। का सन्देश दिया है।
2. उपमा और अनुप्रास की छटा।

(10) जगन्नियंता की इच्छा से यह संसार बना है।
उसकी ही क्रीड़ा का रूपक यह समस्त रचना है।
है यह कर्म-भूमि जीवों की यहाँ कर्मच्युत होना।
धोखे में पड़ना अलभ्य अवसर से है कर धोना॥
पैदा कर जिस देश जाति ने तुमको पाला पोसा।
किए हुए वह निजहित का तुमसे बड़ा भरोसा।
उससे होना उऋण प्रथम है सत्कर्त्तव्य तुम्हारा।
फिर दे सकते हो वसुधा को शेष स्वजीवन सारा॥

शब्दार्थ :
जगन्नियंता = ईश्वर। कर्मच्युत = काम से भागना। अलभ्य = जो सरलता से प्राप्त न हो सके। उऋण = ऋण मुक्त।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि ने सन्देश दिया है कि जिस देश जाति ने तुमको पैदा कर तुम्हारा भरण-पोषण किया है, उसके प्रति नि:स्वार्थ भाव से सेवा करके तुम उऋण हो सकते हो।

व्याख्या :
कविवर त्रिपाठी जी कहते हैं कि परम सत्ता की इच्छा से ही इस संसार का निर्माण हुआ है तथा उसकी ही क्रीड़ा का रूपक यह संसार है। यह देश जीवों की कर्मभूमि है अतः यहाँ कभी भी कर्म से पीछे मत हटना। यदि किसी धोखे में पड़कर तुमने कर्त्तव्य को त्याग दिया, तो तुम्हारे हाथ से अलभ्य (अनमोल) अवसर निकल जायेगा। जिस देश और जाति ने तुम्हें पैदा कर तुम्हें पाला-पोसा है, वह अपने हित का तुम परं बहुत बड़ा भरोसा किए हुए है। तुम्हारा यह सत्कर्म तथा प्रथम कर्त्तव्य है कि तुम देश और जाति के ऋण से ऋण-मुक्त हो जाओ। इस प्रकार तुम अपना शेष (बचा हुआ) जीवन अपनी पृथ्वी को दे सकते हो।

विशेष :

1. कवि ने कर्म क्षेत्र से भागने वालों की निन्दा सकते हो। की है।
2. कवि का उपदेश है कि जिस देश और जाति में तुमने जन्म पाया है, उनके प्रति भी तुम्हारे कुछ कर्त्तव्य हैं।
3. अनुप्रास की छटा।

MP Board Class 10th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and their Surroundings

The Living Organisms and their Surroundings Text Book Exercises

Question 1.
What is a habitat?
Answer:
The place where a plant or an animal lives is called its habitat.

Question 2.
How are cactus adapted to survive in a desert?
Answer:
Cactus plants lose very little through transpiration. The leaves in desert plants are either absent, very small, or they are present in the shape of spines. This helps in reducing loss of water from the leaves through transpiration. The photosynthesis in these plants is usually carried out by the stems. The stem is also covered with a thick waxy layer, which helps to retain water. Cactus plants have roots that go very deep into the soil for absorbing water.

Question 3.
Fill up the blanks:

1. The presence of specific features, which enable a plantor an animal to live in a particular habitat, is called …………….
2. The habitats of the plants and animals that live on land are called ……………. habitat.
3. The habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called ……………. habitat.
4. Soil, water and air are the ……………. factors of habitat.
5. Changes in our surroundings that make us respond to them, are called …………….

Answer:

1. Adaptations
2. Terrestrial
3. Aquatic
4. Abiotic
5. Stimuli.

Question 4.
Which of the things in the following list are non – living? Plough, Mushroom, Sewing machine, Radio, Boat, Water hyacinth, Earthworm.
Answer:
Non – living things are plough, sewing machine, radio and boat.

Question 5.
Give an example of a non – living thing, which shows any two characteristics of living things?
Answer:
Clouds in the sky. They show two living characteristics. These are grow in size and move from one place to another place.

Question 6.
Which of the non – living things listed below, were once part of a living thing? Butter, Leather, Soil, Wool, Electric bulb, Cooking oil, Salt, Apple, Rubber.
Answer:
Butter, Leather, Wool, Cooking oil, Apple, Rubber.

Question 7.
List the common characteristics of the living things?
Answer:
The common characteristics of the living things are growth, movement, life cycle, nutrition (taking food), respiration, excretion, respond to stimuli, show movement, die and reproduction.

Question 8.
Explain, why speed is important for survival in the grasslands for animals that live there?
Answer:
There are few trees or places for animals to hide in the grassland habitats. The animals like lion or tiger prey other animals such as deer. The deer have very fast running speed to help them to run away from the predator’s speed is important for their survival in grassland habitats.

Projects And Activities

Activity 1.
Prepare a table to show that animals, plants and other objects found in different surroundings.
Answer:
Animals, plants and’other objects found in different surroundings:

Activity 2.
What is phototropism. Explain with a diagram.
Answer:
Phototropism is the growth of the plant shoot to the sources of light. Take a potted plant with erect stem. Keep the plant in dark room in which the source of the light should be on any one side. Observe the plant after a weak. We see that the shoot of the plant has bent towards the source of light as shown in figure.

Activity 3.
What is its name and habitat?
Answer:

Answer:

• “Penguin.”
• Habitat: Polar regions.

The Living Organisms and their Surroundings Additional Important Questions

The Living Organisms and their Surroundings Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question (i)
In which of the following thing, life activities are carried out –
(a) Chain
(b) Stone
(c) Banyan
(d) Plastic
Answer:
(c) Banyan

Question (ii)
prepare their own food –
(a) Plants
(b) Things
(c) Creatures
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Creatures

Question (iii)
…………… gives eggs.
(a) Cat
(b) Cow
(c) Hen
(d) Dog
Answer:

Question (iv)
Which one is not a noctural animal –
(a) Owl
(b) Camel
(c) Cockroach
(d) Bat
Answer:
(b) Camel

Question (v)
Pond is an example of habitat.
(a) Aquatic
(b) Desert
(e) Terrestrial
(d) Oceans.
Answer:
(a) Aquatic

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The place where the animals live is called …………….
2. Hydra is fnuni in ……………
3. Cactus is the plant found in ……………
4. …………… is an añimal which gives eggs.
5. …………… is a non – flower plant.
6. A group of similar organisms is called …………….
7. The world of living organisms is divided into and …………….
8.  …………….. are both living and non – living.
9. There are some sea animals like dolphins and whales that do not have ………………
10. Changes in our surrondings that makes us respond to them, are called ………………

Answer:

1. Habitat
2. Pond water
3. Desert
4. Snake
5. Fungi
6. Species
7. Plant, animal
8. Viruses
9. Gills
10. Stimuli.

Question 3.
Which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. Reproduction is a common feature of living and nonliving.
2. The process of give birth to young ones is called as reproduction.
3. Every living being responds to external stimuli. This property is called as response.
4. The plants and animals that live on land are said to live in terrestrial habitats.
5. Breathing is part of a process called respiration. Animals and plants are abiotic components.
6. Abiotic components are also known as physical factors.
7. Zizyphus is an aquatic plant.
8. Many plants reproduce through seeds.
9. There is wide variety of organisms present in different habitats.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. False
9. True
10. True.

Question 4.
Match the items of Column A with Column B:

(i) (c)
(ii) (d)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (b)
(v) (f)
(vi) (e)

The Living Organisms and their Surroundings Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is an organisms?
Answer:
All living creatures of various kinds are organisms.

Question 2.
Name some animals which lay eggs?
Answer:
Frog, snakes, birds, etc. lay eggs.

Question 3.
Name animals which give birth to their young ones.
Answer:
Woman, cow, monkey, etc. give birth to their young ones.

Question 4.
What are biotic components?
Answer:
Plants and animals are biotic components.

Question 5.
What are abiotic components?
Answer:
Water, air, light, soil and heat are abiotic components.

Question 6.
How do plants obtain their food?
Answer:
Plants prepare their own food in their green leaves with carbon – di – oxide, water, minerals and sunlight.

Question 7.
How do the plants prepare their food?
Answer:
Plants take carbon – di – oxide from air water and sunlight. They prepare their food with the help of these and leave out oxygen.

Question 8.
Give example of organisms who do not need light and live underground?
Answer:
Earthworm, cockroach, rats and termites, etc. live in. burrows and are active at night.

Question 9.
Some names of living things are given below. Divide them in two groups (i) giving eggs, (ii) giving birth to young ones. Cockroach, Cat, Dog, Bird, Cow, Lizard, Parrot, Crow, Horse?
Answer:

1. Living being which lay eggs are cockroach, bird, lizard, crow and parrot.
2. Living being which give birth to young ones are cat, dog, cow and horse.

Question 10.
What is the food of a frog?
Answer:
Small insects.

Question 11.
What is the food of fishes?
Answer:
lt feeds up micro plants and aquatic insects.

Question 12.
What is the scientific name of human being?
Answer:
Homo – Sapines.

Question 13.
Name any three desert animals?
Answer:
Lizard, camel, snake.

Question 14.
Name any two desert plants?
Answer:
Kikar, cactus.

Question 15.
Name any two aquatic animals?
Answer:
Fish, coral.

Question 16.
Name three non – living things in a pond?
Answer:
Water, mud and air.

Question 17.
Name two living organisms in a pond?
Answer:
Frog and fish.

Question 18.
Name some animals which are found at mountains?
Answer:
Snow – bear, musk deer, wolf and water fowl.

Question 19.
How is light essential for plants?
Answer:
Plants prepare their own food in the presence of light.

Question 20.
Where do you find yak?
Answer:
At mountains.

Question 21.
What kind of trees do you see on Himalayan mountains?
Answer:
Pines, deodars, oaks.

Question 22.
What is adaptation?
Answer:
The presence of specific features or certain habits, which enable a plant or an animal to live in its surroundings is called adaptation.

Question 23.
What is excretion?
Answer:
As a result of various chemical (metabolic) reactions taking place in the body of cells certain harmful toxic substances are constantly formed. Removal of these toxic substances from j the body is termed as excretion.

Question 24.
Define respiration with the help of chemical equation?
Answer:
The process in which the oxidation of absorbed food is takes place by the 0₂ which is inhaled by breathing and energy is released out is called respiration. Chemical equation of nutrition is as follows:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 673 kcal (Energy)

Question 25.
Where will you find the birds?
Answer:
We find the birds on the branches of trees.

Question 26.
Name the habitat of monkey and cactus?
Answer:
The habitat of monkey is trees while the habitat of cacutus is desert.

The Living Organisms and their Surroundings Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are biotic components? Name some abiotic components.
Answer:
Plants and animals are part of biotic components. In addition, there are small organisms like fungi and bacteria in the habitat, which cannot be seen with naked eyes. These are called micro – organisms. They are also a part of biotic components of different habitat. Some abiotic components are rocks, soil, air and water.

Question 2.
Define terrestrial habitats and aquatic habitats.
Answer:
The plants and animals that live on .land are said to live in terrestrial habitats. For example; forests, grasslands, deserts, coastal and mountain regions. On the other hand, the habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called aquatic habitats. For example, lakes, rivers and oceans, etc.

There are large variations in forests, grasslands, deserts, coastal and mountain regions located in different parts of the world. This is true for all aquatic habitats as well.

Question 3.
Define mountain habitats. Also explain tree of a mountain habitat?
Answer:
Mountain habitats are normally very cold and windy. In some areas, snowfall may take place in winters also. There is a large variety of plants in the mountain regions. These trees are normally cone shaped and having sloping branches. The leaves of some of these trees are like needle. This helps the rainwater and snow to slide off easily. There could be trees with shapes very different from these that are also present on mountains: They have different type of adaptations to survive on the mountains.

Question 4.
List some common features of the living and non – living?
Answer:
Common features of living and non – living are:

1. All of them have mass, shape, and they occupy space.
2. They are made up of structural units.
3. The structural units of living and non – living are called molecules respectively.

Question 5.
In what ways living things differ from non – living things?
Answer:
The living things differ from non – living in the following ways:
All the living are characterized by movement, execution respiration intake of food, reproduction and sentivity towards such, heat and sound.

Question 6.
What do you understand by life cycle and life span of the living things?
Answer:
In living things life starts with a single cell which developes to a mature plant or full grown animal and finally grows old. This whole cycle is called the life cycle. Life span is the time period for which animals grow till they die. This time varies from a few minutes to hundreds of years. Life span of bacteria is short and the life of span a banyan tree may be even hundred of years.

Question 7.
‘All living things respond to external stimuli’. Explain.
Answer:
An important character of plants and animals is their response to external stimuli that is touch, fight, sound, water, chemicals or smell. Plants grow in the direction of fight. Earthworm moves away from fight and saline medium. Cockroaches five in dark corners.

Question 8.
How can you say that plants respond to stimulus?
Answer:
Plants like animals respond to stimulus. For example, the shoot grow towards fight and root grow towards water. The touch – me – not plant shows the most clear example as its leaves drops on touching.

Question 9.
How do plants differ from each other?
Answer:
Plants differ from each other in their habitat, food habits, structure, shape of leaves, type of flower, type of fruit, etc. Some plants five in water, others in marshes and still others on land. Some plants are green, others are non – green, some plants have their body divided into stem, root or leaf but in others there is no stem, root or leaf.

Question 10.
What is photosynthesis?
Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which the green plants manufacture their own food from carbon dioxide and water in presence of sunlight. In the process they produce oxygen also.

Question 11.
Name five plants and five animals whose habitat is pond.
Answer:
Pond is the habitat for variety of plants and animals.

Plants found in pond:
Spirogyra (algae), water lily, hydrilla, water hyacinth, sundew, bladder wort. Sundew and bladder wort are insectivorous plants.

Animals found in pond:
Frog, fish, trutles, ducks, snail, kingfisher, etc.

Question 12.
How does reproduction take place in plants and creatures?
Answer:
Every adult living being has the capability to give birth to child like itself. For example, adult cat gives birth to its young ones, and they grow and become adult. The reproduction in plants take place when the seeds sowed in the soil get germinated, sprout out and a sapling is born. Gradually it grows up and become a plant. In case of some of the plants, Certain portion is put under the soil.

Question 13.
How is the growth in plants different from growth in animals?
Answer:
The growth in plants is a continuous process. It occurs throughout their life. In animals the growth occurs only for a limited period of time. For example, in human growth takes place only in the first twenty years of life.

Question 14.
Why is the process of excretion important for living?
Answer:
As a result of metabolism various toxic substances are continuously formed. These wastes (carbon dioxide, ammonia compounds, other salts) if allowed to accumulate in the body (cells), would disturb the chemical composition of the protoplasm and produce toxic effects, crippling the life activities. Hence their elimination is most important. This is done by the process of excretion.

The Living Organisms and their Surroundings Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the surroundings in sea and desert regions?
Answer:
In the sea, plants and animals are surrounded by saline (salty) water. Most of them use the air dissolved in water.
There is very little water available in the desert. It is very hot in the day time and very cold at night in the desert. The animals and plants of the desert live on the desert soil and breathe air from the surroundings. The sea and the desert are very different surroundings and we find very different kind of plants and animals in these two regions.

For example, a fish and a camel. There are so many kinds of fish. All the ones shown here have the streamlined shape. This shape helps them move inside water. Fish have slippery scales on their bodies. These scales protect the fish and also help in easy movement through water. Fish have flat fins and tails that help them to change directions and keep their body balance in water. Gills present in the fish help them to use oxygen dissolved in water.

The body structure of a camel helps it to survive in desert conditions. Camel have long legs which help to keep their bodies away from the heat of the sand. They excrete small amount of urine, their dung is dry and they do not sweat. Since camels lose very little water from their bodies, they can live for many days without water.

We see that the features of a fish help it to live inside water and the features of a camel help it to survive in a desert.

Question 2.
Define acclimatisation?
Answer:
There are some changes that can happen in an organism over a short period of time to help them adjust to some changes in their surroundings. For instance, if we live in the plains and suddenly go to high mountain regions, we may experience difficulty in breathing and doing physical exercise for some days. We need to breathe faster when we are on high mountains.

After some days, our body adjusts to the changed conditions on the high mountain. Such small changes that take place in the body of a single organism over short periods, to overcome small problems due to changes in the surroundings, are called acclimatisation. These changes are different from the adaptations that take place over thousands of years.

Question 3.
How animals living in mountain regions adapt themselves? Is there any change in surroundings?
Ans. Animals living in the mountain regions are also adopted to the conditions there. They have thick skin or fur to protect them from cold. For example, yaks have long hair to keep them warm. Snow leopard has thick fur on its body including feet and toes. This protects its feet from the cold when it walks on the snow. The mountain goat has strong hooves for running up the rocky slopes of the mountains.


As we go up in the mountainous regions, the surroundings change and we see different kinds of adaptations at different heights.

Question 4.
Discuss the features of lion and deer that help them to survive in forests or grasslands?
Answer:
A lion lives in a forest or a grassland and is a strong animal that can hunt and kill animals like deer. It is light brown in colour. Lions have long claws in their front legs that can be withdrawn inside the toes. It’s light brown colour helps it to hide in dry grasslands when it hunts for prey (animals to eat). The eyes in front of the face allow it to have a correct idea about the location of its prey.

A deer is another animal that lives in forests and grasslands. It has strong teeth for chewing hard plant stems of the forest. A deer needs to know about the presence of predators (animals like lion that make it their prey) in order to run away from them and not become their prey.

It has long ears to hear movements of predators. The eyes on the side of its head allow it to look in all directions for danger. The speed of the deer helps them to run away from the predators. There are many other features of a lion, a deer or other animals and plants that help them to survive in their habitat.

Question 5.
Which life activities take place in livings being? Explain every activities in three to four sentences.
Answer:
The life activities take place in living being are as follows:

1. Nutrition:
Nutrition is very much essential for living beings for growth and for sustaining life. Every living being takes food in some or other form which provides nutrients to its body.

2. Respiration:
The process of respiration takes place in every living being. There can not be a life without respiration. Generally, the respirations is called as breathing. Exhaling and inhaling are the two steps of respiration.

3. Excretion:
To extrete urine and other harmful material out of body is the most important characteristics of living being. The harmful things like urine, stools, sweat and carbon – di -oxide, etc. are excreted through excretory organs of living beings.

4. Reproduction:
Every adult living being has the capability to give birth to child like itself.

5. Growth:
When we sow seed, it germinates, sprout out, gradually grows and it becomes adult. In this way, the growth takes place in every living being and this process is called growth.

6. Movement and Speed:
Movement and speed is one of the important property of living things. Animals move from one place to another in search of food or to save themselves from enemies. Like animals, no movement takes place in case of plants but despite remaining stationary at one place, they do their movements for procurring sunlight.

7. Response:
Every living being is sensational to the external stimulus. For example, during winter we wear woolen clothes.

Question 6.
What do you mean by growth?
Answer:
Growth means an increase in the size, weight or volume of an organism. It is permanent change in a living organism. The growth in animal is limited only upto the primary stages of life. In plants, the growth is unlimited and continues upto the last stage of life.

Question 7.
Discuss the reproduction in animals.
Answer:
Animals reproduce their own kind. The mode of reproduction may be different, in different animals. Some animals produce their young ones through eggs. Some animals give birth to the young ones. [See figure (i)] Many birds lay their eggs in the nest. Some of the eggs may hatch and young birds come out of these. [See figure (ii)]

Question 8.
Discuss the reproduction in plants.
Answer:
Plants also reproduce. Like animals, plants also differ in their mode of reproduction. Many plants reproduce through seeds. Plants produce seeds, which can germinate and grow into new plants. [See figure (i)]

Some plants also reproduce through parts other than seeds. For example, a part of a potato with a bud, grows into a new plant. [See figure (ii)] Plants also reproduce through cuttings.

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry NCERT Intext Exercises

Question 1.
How would you determine the standard electrode potential of the system Mg²⁺ | Mg ?
Answer:
\(\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{Mg}^{2+} / \mathrm{Mg}}^{\circ}\) can be determined by forming a cell with standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).
Mg_(s) | Mg²⁺ 1 M || H⁺_g | H₂ (1 atm) Pt.

Question 2.
Can you store copper sulphate solutions in a zinc pot ?
Answer:
No, it is not possible. The E° values of the copper and zinc electrodes are as follows :
Zn2+(aq) + 2e– → Zn(s) ; E° = – 0·76 V
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s) ; E° = + 0·34 V
This shows that zinc is a stronger reducing agent than copper. It will lose electrons to Cu2+ ions and redox reaction will immediately set in.
Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Thus, copper sulphate solution cannot be stored in zinc pot.

Question 3.
Consult the table of standard electrode potentials and suggest three sub-stances that can oxidise ferrous ions under suitable conditions.
Answer:
Only those species can oxidise ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) whose standard reduction potential is more positive than 0.77V. Thus, suitable oxidising agents will be F₂, Cl₂, Br₂.

Question 4.
Calculate the potential of hydrogen electrode in contact with a solution whose pH is 10.
Solution:
For hydrogen electrode, H+ + e– → 1/2H2
Applying Nernst equation,

Question 5.
Calculate the emf of the cell in which the following reaction takes place :
Ni(s) + 2Ag⁺ (0.002 M) → Ni²⁺ (0.160 M) + 2Ag_(s) Given that E^∘_cell = 1.05 V.
Solution:

Question 6.
The cell in which the following reactions occurs :
2Fe³⁺(aq) + 2I^–(aq) → 2Fe²⁺(aq) + I₂(s) has E^∘_cell = 0-236 V at 298 K.
Calculate the standard Gibbs energy and the equilibrium constant of the cell reaction.
Solution:
The two half reactions are :
2Fe³⁺ + 2e^– → 2Fe²⁺ and 2I^– → I₂ + 2e^–
For the above reaction, n = 2

Question 7.
Why does the conductivity of a solution decreases with dilution ?
Answer:
Because number of ions per cm³ decreases.

Question 8.
Suggest a way to determine the \(\wedge_{m}^{0}\) value of water.
Answer:
Conductance of weak electrolytes can be determined by kohlraush’s law. Thus, molar conductance of water of infinite dilution can be determined by the molar conductances of NaOH, HCl and NaCl at infinite dilution.

Question 9.
The molar conductivity of 0.025 mol L^-1 methanoic acid is 46.1 S cm² mol^-1 Calculate its degree of dissociation and dissociation constant Given \(\lambda_{\left(\mathbf{H}^{+}\right)}^{\circ}\) = 349.6 S cm² mol^-1 and \(\lambda_{\left(\mathrm{H} \mathrm{COO}^{-}\right)}^{\circ}\) = 54.6 S cm² mol.
Solution:

Question 10.
If a current of 0.5 ampere flows through a metallic wire for 2 hours, then how many electrons would flow through the wire ?
Solution:
Q (coulomb) = 1 (ampere) × t (sec)
Q = 0.5 ampere × 2 × 60 × 60
= 3600 C
A flow of IF, i.e. 96500 C is equivalent to flow of 1 mole of electrons
i. e., = 6.023 × 10²³ electrons
3600 C is equivalent to flow of electrons

Question 11.
Suggest a list of metals that are extracted electrolytically.
Answer:
The metals like Na, K, Mg, Al, Ca etc. i.e., reactive metals can be extracted electrolytically.

Question 12.
What is the quantity of electricity in coulombs needed to reduce 1 mol of Cr₂O^-2₇ ? Consider the reaction :

Answer:
1 mole Cr₂O^-2₇ requires 6 moles electrons for reduction.
∴ Required charge = 6F
= 6 × 96500 coulomb.
= 579000 coulomb.

Question 13.
Write the chemistry of recharging the lead storage battery, highlighting all the materials that are involved during recharging.
Answer:
Lead storage battery : It is a secondary cell i.e., a cell which is rechargeable because the products of cell reaction sticks to the electrode. It is also called as lead storage cells. It consists of six cells connected in series. Each cell consist of spongy lead anode and a grid of lead packed with lead dioxide (PbO₂) acts as cathode. An aqueous solution of H₂SO₄ (38% by mass) acts as electrolyte. The reactions which takes place at electrodes can be represented as:

Concentration of H₂SO₄ decreases as sulphate ions are consumed to form PbSO₄ during the working of the cell. As a result of this the density of solution also decreases.

Recharging the cell / battery: Lead storage battery can be recharged by connecting it to an external source of direct current. This reverses the flow of electron with the deposition of Pb on the anode and PbO₂ on the cathode. That is, during recharging operation the cell behaves as electrolytic cell. Following reaction occurs during recharging.

Question 14.
Suggest two materials other than hydrogen that can be used as fuels in fuel cells.
Answer:
Methane, Methanol.

Question 15.
Explain how rusting of iron is envisaged as setting up of an electrochemical cell.
Answer:
Formation of carbonic acid takes place on the surface of iron

In presence of H⁺ ion, oxidation of iron takes place

The electrons are used at other spot where reduction takes place.

Overall reaction,

Electrochemistry NCERT TextBook Exercises

Question 1.
Arrange the following metals in the order in which they displace each other from the solution of their salts. Al, Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn.
Answer:
A metal with lesser standard potential (more reactive) can displace the other metal from solution of its salts.

Question 2.
Given the standard electrode potentials, K⁺/K = -2.93V, Ag⁺/Ag = 0.80V, Hg²⁺/Hg = 0.79V, Mg²⁺/Mg = -2.37 V, Cr³⁺/Cr = -0.74V. Arrange these metals in their increasing order of reducing power.
Answer:
Less the electrode potential, more will be the reducing power.
Ag < Hg < Cr < Mg < K.

Question 3.
Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction Zn_(s) + 2Ag⁺_(aq) → Zn²⁺_(aq)+ 2Ag_(s) takes place. Further show :
(i) Which of the electrode is negatively char-ged ?
(ii) The carriers of the current in the cell.
(iii) Individual reaction at each electrode.
Answer:

(i) Anode i.e., Zn electrode is negatively charged.
(ii) Electrons are current carriers.

Question 4.
Calculate the standard cell potentials of galvanic cells in which the following reactions take place:

Calculate the ∆_rG°, and equilibrium constant of the reactions.
Solution:

Question 5.
Write the Nernst equation and emf of the following cells at 298 K :

Solution:

Question 6.
In the button cells widely used in watches and other devices the following reaction takes place:

Solution:

Question 7.
Define conductivity and molar conductivity for the solution of an electrolyte. Discuss their variation with concentration.
Answer:
Conductivity : Conductivity of a solution is defined as the conductance of a solution of 1 cm length and having 1 sq. cm as the area of cross-section.

Molar conductivity : Molar conductivity of a solution at a dilution (V) is the conductance of all the ions produced from one mole of the electrolyte dissolved in V cm³ of the solution when the electrodes are one cm apart and area of cross-section of the electrodes is so large that the whole of the solution is contained between them. It is usually represented by Λm.

Variation with concentration : The conductivity of a solution (Both for strong and weak electrolytes) decreases with decrease in concentration of the electrolyte i.e., on dilution. This is due to the decrease in the number of ions per unit volume of the solution on dilution. The molar conductivity of a solution increase in the decrease in concentration of the electrolyte i.e., on dilution. This is due to the decrease in the number of ions per unit volume of the solution on dilution. The molar conductivity of a solution increases with decrease in concentration of the electrolyte. This is because both number of ions as well as mobility of ions increases with dilution. When concentration approaches zero, the molar conductivity is known as limiting molar conductivity.

Question 8.
The conductivity of 0.20 M solution of KCI at 298 K is 0.0248 Scm^-1. Calculate its molar conductivity.
Solution:

Question 9.
The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001M KCl solution at 298 K is 1500Ω What is the cell constant if conductivity of 0.001M KCl solution at 298 K is 0.146 × 10^-3 S cm^-1.
Solution:

Question 10.
The conductivity of sodium chloride at 298 K has been determined at different concentrations and the results are given below :
Concentration/M 0.001 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 10² × kSm^-1 1.237 11.85 23.15 55.53 106.74 for all concentrations and draw a plot between Λ_m and C^1/2 Find the value calculate Λ_m and C^1/2 Find the value calculate Λ_m of Λ⁰_m.
Answer:

Λ⁰_m = intercept on Λ_m axis = 124-0 S cm² mol^-1 (on extrapolation to zero concentration)

Question 11.
Conductivity of 0.00241 M acetic acid is 7.896 × 10^-5 S cm^-1. Calculate its molar conductivity and if Λ⁰_m for acetic acid is 390.5 S cm² mol^-1, what is its dissociation constant ?
Solution:

Question 12.
How much charge is required for the following reductions :
(i) 1 mol of Al³⁺ to Al.
(ii) 1 mol of Cu²⁺ to Cu.
(iii) 1 mol of MnO^–₄ to Mn²⁺.
Solution:
(i) The electrode reaction is :

(ii) The electrode reaction is :

(iii) The electrode reaction is :

Question 13.
How much electricity in terms of Faraday is required to produce (i) 20.0 g of Ca from molten CaCl₂.
(ii) 40.0 g of Al from molten Al₂O₃.
Solution:

Question 14.
How much electricity is required in coulomb for the oxidation of (i) 1 mole of H₂O to O₂
(ii) 1 mole of FeO to Fe₂O₃.
Answer:
(i) 2H₂O → O₂ + 4H⁺ + 4e^–
2mole – 4F
lmole – 2F
Electricity required for one mole H₂O = 2F = 2 × 96500 coulomb.

(ii) 4FeO + O₂ → 2Fe₂O₃
or Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺ + e^–
1 mole – IF
1 × 96500 coulomb.

Question 15.
A solution of Ni(NO₃)₂ is electrolysed between platinum electrodes using a current of 5 amperes for 20 minutes. What mass of Ni is deposited at the cathode ?
Answer:
According to Faraday’s first law:
W = ZIr [z = \(\frac { M }{ nF } \)]

Question 16.
Three electrolytic cells A, B, C containing solutions of ZnSO₄, AgNO₃ and CuSO₄, respectively are connected in series. A steady current of 1.5 amperes was passed through them until 1.45 g of silver deposited at the cathode of cell B. How long did the current flow ? What mass of copper and zinc were deposited ?
Solution:

Question 17.
Using the standard electrode potentials given in Table 3.1, predict if the reaction between the following is feasible :
(i) Fe³⁺_(aq) and I^–_(aq)
(ii) Ag⁺_(aq) and Cu_(s)
(iii) Fe³⁺_(aq) and Br^–_(aq)
(iv) Ag_(s) and Fe³⁺_(aq)
(v) Br_2(aq) and Fe²⁺_(aq)
Answer:
A reaction is feasible if EMF of the cell is +ve.
Cathode : At which reduction occurs.
Anode : At which oxidation occurs.

Question 18.
Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the following :
(a) An aqueous solution of AgNO₃ with silver electrodes.
(b) An aqueous solution of AgNO₃ with platinum electrodes.
(c) A dilute solution of H₂SO₄ with platinum electrodes.
(d) An aqueous solution of CuCl₂ with platinum electrodes.
Answer:
(a) At cathode : Possible reactions are :
(i) Reduction of Ag⁺ E°_Ag = 0.80V
(ii) Reduction of H₂O E°_H2O = -0.83 V
∴ Ag⁺ ion reduced because its E°_Ag > E°_H2O
At anode : Possible reactions are :
(i) Oxidation of H₂O E° = 1.23 V
(ii) Oxidation of Ag E° = 0.80V
Since E°_Ag < E°H₂O ∴ Ag gets oxidised.

(b) Possible reactions at cathode :
(i) Reduction of Ag⁺ E°_g = 0.80V
(ii) Reduction of water E°_H2O = -0.8 V .
Since E°_Ag > E°H₂O ∴Ag⁺ gets reduced.
Possible reactions at anode :
Oxidation of water E°_Ag = 1.23
∴ O₂ gas is liberated at anode.

(c) Possible reaction at cathode :
(i) Reduction of H⁺ E°_H+/H2 0.0
(ii) Reduction of H₂O E°H₂O = -0.87
Since E°_H⁺/H2 > E°H₂O ∴ H₂ gas is liberated at cathode.
Possible reaction at anode :
Oxidation of water E°_H2O = 1.23
∴ O₂ gas is liberated at anode.

(d) Possible reaction at cathode :
(i) Reduction of water E° H₂O = -0.87V
(ii) Reduction of Cu²⁺ E°Cu²⁺/Cu = 0.34V
Since E°_cu²⁺/cu > E°_H2O ∴ Cu²⁺ gets reduced at cathode.
Possible reaction at anode :
(i) Oxidation of water E°H₂O = 1.23V
(ii) Oxidation of Cl- E° Cl^–/Cl₂ = 1.36V
Cl₂ gas is liberated at anode because oxidation of water is kinetically slow.

Electrochemistry Other Important Questions and Answers

Electrochemistry Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
If specific conductance = K, R = Resistance, l = distance between the electrodes A = Cross-sectional area of a conductor C_m = mol L^-1, C_eq = g.eq L^-1 then specific resistance of electrolyte will be equal to :

Question 2.
K is equal to :

Question 3.
Molar conductivity Λ_m is equal to :

Question 4.
Cell constant is :

Question 5.
For electrolyte (v₊ = v_– = 1) like NaCI:

Question 6.
Which among the following is not a conductor of electricity :
(a) NaCl_(aq)
(b) NaCl_(s)
(c) NaCl_(mol)
(d) Ag.

Question 7.
By which of the following the resistance of the solution is multiplied to obtain cell constant:
(a) Specific conductance (K^–)
(b) Molar conductance (Λ_m)
(c) Equivalent conductance (Λ_eq)
(d) None of these.

Question 8.
Increase in equivalent conductance of the solution of an electrolyte by dilution is due to:
(a) Increase in ionic attraction
(b) Increase in molecular attraction
(c) Increase in association of electrolyte
(d) Increase in ionization of electrolyte.

Question 9.
If the specific conductance and observed conductance of an electrolyte is same then its cell constant will be :
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 10
(d) 1000

Question 10.
Unit of cell constant is :
(a) ohm^-1 cm^-1
(b) cm
(c) ohm cm
(d) cm^-1.

Question 11.
Unit of specific conductance is :
(a) ohm^-1
(b) ohm^-1 cm^-1
(c) ohm^-2 cm^-1 equivalent^-1
(d) ohm^-1 cm^-2.

Question 12.
If the concentration of any solution is C gram equivalent/ litre and specific resistance is A, its equivalent conductance will be :

Question 13.
The coating of layer of zinc on iron to prevent it from corrosion is called :
(a) Galvanization
(b) Cathodic protection
(c) Electrolysis
(d) Photoelectrolysis.

Question 14.
A saturated solution of KNO₃ is used for salt bridge because :
(a) Speed of K⁺ is more than NO^–₃
(b) Speed of NO^–₃ is more than K⁺
(c) Speed of both is nearly same
(d) Solubility of KNO₃ is high in water.

Question 15.
Acts as dipolar in dry cells :
(a) NH₄Cl
(b) Na₂CO₃
(c) pbSO₄
(d) MnO₂

Question 16.
Reduction is known as :
(a) Electronation
(b) De-electronation
(c) Protonation
(d) De-protonation.

Question 17.
What is the path of electric current in a Daniel cell when Zn and Cu electrodes are connected:
(a) From Cu to Zn inside the cell
(b) From Cu to Zn outside the cell
(c) From Zn to Cu inside the cell
(d) From Zn to Cu outside the cell.

Question 18.
In a cell containing Zn electrode and normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), Zn acts like:
(a) Anode
(b) Cathode
(c) Neither cathode nor anode
(d) Both anode and cathode.

Question 19.
If salt bridge is removed from half cells then voltage :
(a) Reduces and becomes zero
(b) Increases
(c) Immediately increases
(d) Does not change.

Question 20.
When lead storage battery is discharged :
(a) SO₂ is released
(b) Pb is manufactured
(c) PbSO₄ is used
(d) H₂SO₄ is used.

Question 21.
Process of Rusting of iron is :
(a) Oxidation
(b) Reduction
(c) Corrosion
(d) Polymerisation.

Question 22.
Value of standard potential of hydrogen electrode is :
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) Zero
(d) No definite value.

Answers:
1. (b), 2. (c), 3. (d), 4. (b), 5. (a), 6 (b), 7. (a), 8. (d), 9. (a), 10. (d), 11. (b), 12. (a), 13. (a), 14. (c), 15. (d), 16. (a), 17. (d), 18. (a), 19. (a), 20. (d), 21. (c), 22. (c).

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :

1. Acetic acid is a ………………… electrolyte.
2. Conductance of electrolyte ………………… with the increase in temperature.
3. On increasing dilution the value of specific conductance of a solution …………………
4. ………………… decreases with increase in size of ion.
5. Unit of specific resistance is …………………
6. Primary cells cannot be ………………… again.
7. Device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy is known as ………………… cell.
8. Amount of electric current which produces one gram equivalent of a substance is known as …………………
9. In metallic conduction ………………… property remains unchanged.
10. Reciprocal of resistance is known as …………………
11. Conductance of 1 cm cube of a conductor is called …………………
12. 1 Faraday is equal to ………………… coulomb.
13. Rusting of iron is an example of …………………
14. Potential of standard hydrogen is assumed to be …………………

Answers:

1. Weak
2. Increases
3. Decreases
4. Conductance
5. ohm cm
6. Charged
7. Electrochemical
8. Faraday
9. Chemical property
10. Conductance
11. Specific conductance
12. 96500 coulomb
13. Corrosion process
14. 0.0 volt
15. Electrochemical cell.

Question 3.
Match the following :

I.

Answers:

1. (e)
2. (c)
3. (d)
4. (b)
5. (a).

II.


Answer:

1. (c)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (e)
6. (f).

Question 4.
Answer in one word / sentence :

1. Give two examples of strong electrolyte.
2. Give two examples of weak electrolytes.
3. What is the effect of temperature on electrolytic conductivity ?
4. Write the formula of Kohlrausch’s law.
5. Write the formula of equivalent conductance.
6. Write the formula of molar conductance.
7. Device which converts electrical energy into chemical energy.
8. What is the potential of both the electrodes of the cell due to which electric current flows in the cell ?
9. What is the potential produced due to redox reaction between a metal electrode and its ions called ?
10. What is the unit of potential difference ?
11. Write the formula of cell constant.
12. Cell which can be recharged are known as.
13. State the unit of Equivalent conductance.
14. What is the chemical composition of rust ?
15. Write the relation between Electromotive force and Equilibrium constant of a cell.
16. What is the name of the reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously ?
Answers:
1. Strong electrolyte : HCl, NaOH, NaCl
2. Weak electrolyte : CH₃COOH, H₂CO₃,
3. Conductivity increases
4.

5. Equivalent conductance

6.

7. Electrolytic cell
8. Electromotive force
9. Electrode potential
10. Volt
11. Cell constant = \(\frac { l }{ A } \)
12. Secondary cell
13. Ohm cm² gm eq^-1
14. Fe₂O₃ . xH₂O
15.

16. Redox reaction.

Electrochemistry Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the definition of Electrochemical cell.
Answer:
System in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy by oxidation reduction is known as electrochemical cell or voltaic cell.

Question 2.
What is an Electrolytic cell ?
Ans.
The container or system in which electrical energy is passed by which chemical reaction takes place thus, electrical energy is converted to chemical energy is known as electrolytic cell.

Question 3.
What is Electrode potential ?
Answer:
The potential difference developed between the electrodes and electrolyte of an Electrolytic cell is known as Electrode potential.

Question 4.
What is a strong electrolyte ? Write two examples.
Answer:
Electrolyte which completely dissociate in aqueous solution are known as strong electrolyte.
Example : NaCl, KCl, NH₄Cl etc.

Question 5.
What is a weak Electrolyte ? Write two examples.
Answer:
Electrolyte which dissociate partially in aqueous solution are known as weak electrolyte.
Example : NH₄OH, CH₃COOH, HCN etc.

Question 6.
What is meant by standard electrode potential ?
Answer:
Standard electrode potential (E°) of a half cell is the potential difference when one electrode is dipped in molar solution of its ion at 298 K. If electrode is gaseous the pressure of gas must be one atmosphere.

In IUPAC system, reduction potential are known as standard electrode potential.

Question 7.
Write Ohm’s law.
Answer:
According to Ohm’s law “It states that potential difference across the conductor is directly proportional to the current (I) flowing through it” i.e.,
Mathematically, it can be written as :
I α V
V = IR (R = Resistance, unit = ohm, Ω)

Question 8.
What is cell constant ?
Answer:
For a conductivity cell, the ratio of distance between two electrodes (l) and area of cross-section of electrode (A) is called as cell constant.
∴ Cell constant = \(\frac { l }{ A } \) or x = \(\frac { l }{ A } \)
Unit of cell constant = cm^-1.

Question 9.
What is galvanization ? Explain.
Answer:
Iron is coated with the layer of zinc to protect it from rusting. This process is known as galvanization. The galvanized iron articles keep their lustre due to the coating of invisible protective layer of basic zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃.Zn(OH)₂.

Question 10.
What is Electrochemical Equivalent ?
Answer:
Electrochemical equivalent of a substance is that mass of substance released or deposited on an electrode when a current of one ampere is passed for one second.

Electrochemistry Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is salt bridge ? Write its two functions.
Answer:
‘U’ shaped tube filled with KCl or KNO₃ in Agar-Agar solution or gelatin, is known as salt bridge. It connects the two half cell.
Functions : (i) It allows the flow of current by completing the circuit.
(ii) It maintains the electrical neutrality.

Question 2.
Derive relation between standard electromotive force and equilibrium constant
Answer:
Relation between standard electromotive force and equilibrium constant can be derived using van’t Hoff isochore. For any given reaction equilibrium constant IQ is equal to the ratio of rate constant of forward reaction and rate constant of backward reaction.

Value of equilibrium constant Kc can be calculated using standard free energy change (∆G°) because

Question 3.
What do you understand by oxidation-reduction reactions ?
Answer:
Oxidation-Reduction reactions: Chemical reactions in which valency of elements changes are known as oxidation-reduction reactions. In this process both oxidation and reduction reactions occur simultaneously, in which one of the substance is oxidized and the other substance is reduced. Like

In this reaction FeCl₃ is reduced to FeCl₂ and SnCl₂ is oxidized to SnCl₄. In the reaction valency of Fe decreases and valency of Sn increases.

Question 4.
Write difference between Metallic conduction and Electrolytic conduction.
Answer:
Differences between Metallic conduction and Electrolytic conduction :

Metallic conduction:

1. Metallic conduction takes place by movement of electrons.
2. There is no chemical change.
3. There is no transfer of matter.
4. In metallic conduction conductivity decreases with increase in temperature.

Electrolytic conduction

1. Electrolytic conduction takes place by movement of ions.
2. Due to chemical change decomposition of electrolyte takes place.
3. Transfer of matter takes place as ions.
4. In electrolytic conduction conductivity increases with increase in temperature.

Question 5.
What are the difference between emf (Cell potential) and potential difference
Answer:
Difference between EMF and Potential difference :

EMF / Cell potential:

1. It is the potential difference between the two terminals of the cell when no current is flowing in the circuit, i.e., in an open circuit.
2. It is the maximum voltage which can be obtained from a cell.
3. It can be measured by potentiaometrie method.
4. Work performed by electromotive force is the maximum work done by a cell.
5. It is responsible for continuous flow of current in electric circuit.

Potential difference:

1. It is the difference of the electrodes potentials of the two electrodes when the cell is sending current through the circuit.
2. It is the less than the maximum voltage as it is the difference of electrode potential.
3. It can be measured by simple voltmeter also.
4. Work performed by potential difference is less than the maximum work done by a cell.
5. It is not responsible for the continuous flow of current in circuit.

Question 6.
What is specific conductance ? Give its unit.
Answer:
Specific conductivity: The reciprocal of resistivity is called specific conductiv¬ity. It is defined as the conductance between the opposite faces of one centimeter cube of a conductor. It is denoted by K (kappa).


The specific conductivity of a solution at a given dilution is the conductance of one cm cube of the solution. It is represented by K (kappa).
Note : The specific conductivity of a solu¬tion of electrolyte depends upon the dilution or molar concentration of the solution.

Question 7.
What is resistivity of any solution ?
Answer:
Resistivity : When current flow in the solution through two electrodes the resistance is proportional to length and inversely proportional to cross-sectional area A.

The constant p (rho) is called resistivity or specific resistance.
Unit: If l is expressed in cm, A in cm2 and R in ohm, the unit of resistivity will be

or Resistivity of any solution is the resistance of 1 cm cube.

Question 8.
Differentiate between Electrochemical cell (Galvanic cell) and Electrolytic cell.
Answer:
Differences between Electrochemical and Electrolytic cells :

Electrochemical cell or Galvanic cell:

1. It is a device to convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
2. It consists of two electrodes in different compartments joined by a salt bridge.
3. Redox reactions occurring in the cell are spontaneous.
4. Free energy decreases with operation of cell, i.e., ∆G < 0.
5. Useful work is obtained from the cell.
6. Anode works as negative and cathode as positive electrodes.
7. Electrons released by oxidation process at anode go into external circuit and pass to cathode.
8. To set-up this cell, a salt bridge/porous pot is used.

Electrolytic cell:

1. It is a device to convert electrical energy into chemical energy.
2. Both the electrodes are in same solution.
3. Redox reactions occurring in the cell are non-spontaneous.
4. Free energy increases with operation of cell, i.e., ∆G > 0.
5. Work is done on the system.
6. Anode is positive and cathode is negative.
7. Electrons enter into cathode electrode from external source and leave the cell at anode.
8. No salt bridge is used in this cell.

Question 9.
What is equivalent conductance ?
Answer:
Equivalent conductance:
“Conductance of total ion produced by one gram equivalent of electrolyte in the solution is called equivalent conductance.” It is denoted by Λ_eq.

Question 10.
What is molar conductance ?
Answer:
Molar Conductivity : The molar conductivity of a solution at definite concentration (or dilution) and temperature is the conductivity of that volume which contains one mole of the solute and is placed between two parallel electrodes 1 cm apart and having sufficient area to hold whole of the solution. It is denoted by Λ_m.
Mathematically,
Λ_m = K × V …(1)
Where V is the volume in ml in which one gram mole of substance is dissolved.
If M is molarity or m moles are dissolved in 1000 ml.

Question 11.
Define cell constant Develop a relation between specific conductance and cell constant.
Answer:
Cell constant: In any conductive cell, the distance between two electrodes and surface area of electrode A are constant. The ratio of l and a is called cell constant i.e.

Unit of cell constant is cm^–1 and it is generally expressed by x.
Relation between specific conductance and cell constant : For a conductor, the resistance R is directly proportional to length R and inversely proportional to area of cross – section of electrolyte.

Question 12.
What are the factors which influence the electrical conductance of electrolytes ?
Answer:
Factor which influence electrical conductivity of electrolytes :

The main factor which influence the electrical conductivity are following:

1. Temperature: It influence following interactions.
(a) Interionic attractions: It depends upon the solute-solute interactions. Which is found between the ions of solute.
(b) Solvation of ions: It depends upon solute-solvent interactions. It is relation between ions of solute and solvent molecules.
(c) Viscosity of solvent: It depends upon solvent-solvent interactions. Solvent molecules are related with each other.
With increase in temperature all these three effects decrease and average kinetic energy of ions increases. Thus, with increase of temperature, resistance of solution decreases and hence conductance increases.

2. Nature of electrolyte : The conductance of solution depends upon the nature of electrolyte. On the basis of conductance measurement electrolytes are classified as strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte. Strong electrolytes have high value of conductance even at higher concentration also.

3. Dilution or concentration : It is main factor which influence electrical conductance. Effect of dilution or concentration can be studied indivisually in equivalent conductance, specific conductance and molar conductance. But for a general concept of electrical conductance of solution as the concentration is lowered or dilution increases, electrical conductance of whole solution increases.

Question 13.
On what factors does the various conductivities of an electrolytic solution depend ?
Answer:
Conductivities of electrolytic solution depend on the following factors :

1. Dilution : On increasing dilution, value of specific conductance of a solution decreases, value of equivalent conductance and molar conductance increases.
2. Nature of solvent: A solvent with high dielectric constant has high conductivity and with low dielectric constant has low conductivity.
3. Number of ions present in solution: Conductivity of strong electrolytes is higher than the conductivity of weak electrolytes.
4. Size of ion : In aqueous solution, small ions are heavily hydrated due to which their conductivity decreases.
5. Effect of Temperature: With the increase in temperature conductivity increases.

Question 14.
With the increase in dilution how do specific conductance, Equivalent conductance and molar conductance change ?
Answer:
With the increase in dilution, specific conductance decreases. This is because by the increase in dilution number of ions present in 1 cm cube of solution decreases.
But, Equivalent conductance Λ_eq = K × V
and Molar conductance Λ_m = K × V
Equivalent conductance and molar conductance are the product of specific conductance and dilution. By the increase in dilution (or decrease in concentration) magnitude of K decreases but that of V increases.
Increase in magnitude of V is comparatively much more than the decrease in magnitude of K. Thus, by the combined effect of both, by the increase in dilution Λ_eq and Λ_m increases.

Question 15.
What is an Electrolytic cell and how does it work ?
Answer:
Electrolytic cells : In these cells electric current is supplied through an external source, as a result of which chemical reactions take place which is called electrolysis like : Electrolysis of water, NaCl, Al₂O₃ etc. For example in Solvay trough cell electrode is immersed in sodium chloride solution and electric current is passed due to which NaCl electrolyses.

At mercury cathode sodium is released and at anode chlorine is released. Sodium forms amalgam with mercury and is taken out of the cell.

Question 16.
What is meant by electromotive force of an electrochemical cell ?
Answer:
The difference in electrode potentials of the two electrodes of an electro- chemical cell is known as electromotive force or cell potential. It is expressed in volt.

Due to difference in potential electric current flows from an electrode of lower potential to an electrode of higher potential. EMF of the cell can be expressed in terms of reduction potential as :

Cell potential = Standard electrode potential – Standard electrode potential
of R.H.S. electrode of L.H.S electrode

EMF of a cell is measured by connecting the voltmeter between the two electrodes of a cell. EMF of a cell depend on the concentration of solutions of both half cells and nature of the two electrodes. For example, In Daniel cell, concentration of CuSO₄ and ZnSO₄ solutions in the two half cells is 1M and at 298 K EMF of the cell is 1.10 volt.

Electrochemistry Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is standard hydrogen electrode ? How is it prepared ?
Answer:
Standard hydrogen electrode : This consists of gas at 1 atmospheric pressure bubbling over a platinum electrode immersed in 1 M HC1 at 25°C (298 K) as shown in figure. The platinum electrode is coated with platinum black to increase its surface. The hydrogen electrode thus con¬structed forms a half cell which on coupling with any other half cell begins to work on the principle of oxidation or reduction. Electrode depending upon the circumstances works both as anode or cathode.

Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is arbitrarily assigned a potential of zero.

Question 2.
Derive Nernst Equation for single electrode potential.
Answer:
Value of standard electrode potential given in electrochemical series is applicable only when the concentration of electrolyte is 1M and temperature is 298 K. But in electrochemical cells the concentration of electrolyte is not definite and electrode potential depends on concentration and temperature. In such condition single electrode potential can be expressed by Nernst equation.
For a reduction half reaction, Nernst equation can be expressed as follows :

Where E = Reduction electrode potential
E° = Standard electrode potential (Mⁿ⁺ concentration 1M and at 298 K)
R = Gas constant = 8.31 JK^-1 mol^-1 = Temperature (in kelvin) = 298 K
n = Valency of metal ion, F = 1 Faraday (96,500 coulomb)

Equation (2) is Nernst equation for single electrode potential.

Question 3.
Write the Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.
Answer:
Faraday’s first law of electrolysis : The law states that, “The mass of any substance deposited or liberated at any electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed.”
Thus, if W gm of the substance is deposited on passing Q coulomb of electricity, then
W α Q or W = ZQ
Where, Z is a constant of proportionality and is called electrochemical equivalent of the substance deposited. If a current of I ampere is passed for t second, then Q = I × t. So that,
W = Z × Q = Z × I × t
Thus, if Q = 1 coulomb, I = 1 ampere and t = 1 second, then W = Z. Hence, electrochemical equivalent of a substance may be defined as, “The mass of the substance deposited when a current of one ampere is passed for one second.”

As one faraday (96500 C) deposits one gram equivalent of the substance, hence electrochemical equivalent can be calculated from the equivalent mass.
Faraday’s second law of electrolysis : It states that, “When the same quantity of electricity is passed through solutions of different electrolytes connected in series, the weight of the substances produced at the electrodes are directly proportional to their equivalent mass.”

For example, for CuSO₄ solution and AgNO₃ solution connected in series, if the same quantity of electricity is passed, then

Question 4.
What is rusting of iron ? Describe Electrochemical theory of rusting.
Answer:
Corrosion: Process by which the layers of undesirable compounds are formed on the surface of a metal on its exposure to atmospheric condition are called corrosion. Rusting of iron is an example of corrosion, chemically it is Fe₂O₃xH₂O.

Electrochemical theory of rusting :
Anode reaction : On one spot of iron sheet, oxidation takes place and this spot behaves as an anode.

The electrons which are released at this spot travel through the metal and reach another spot on the metal which acts as cathode. These electrons cause the reduction of oxygen in the presence of hydrogen ions (H⁺). H⁺ ions are formed due to decomposition of carbonic acid formed by dissolution of CO₂ in H₂O.

Question 5.
What is corrosion ? Write three factors affecting it and any three methods to prevent it.
Answer:
Corrosion : Process by which the layers of undesirable compounds are formed on the surface of a metal on its exposure to atmospheric conditions are called corrosion.

Factors affecting corrosion :

1. Nature of metal: Reactive metal corrodes readily.
2. Impurities in metal: Impure metal corrodes quickly to a greater extent.
3. Environment: If environment around metal contains oxygens, carbon dioxide, moisture, salts and acidic gases like CO₂, SO₂, SO₃ etc. then corrosion occurs quickly.

Methods to prevent corrosion :

1. Barrier protection : In this method, the surface of the metal is coated with paint, oil or grease. Due to this the surface of the metal remain unexposed to atmospheric conditions and hence corrosion is prevented. Surface of the metal can also be protected by :
(i) Coating metal surface with non-corroding metals like nickel and chromium is called electroplating.
(ii) Dipping iron article in molten metal like zinc. This process is called galvanization.

2. Sacrificial protection : The rusting of iron can be prevented by covering the iron with more electropositive metals like zinc. Zinc metal has more tendency to get oxidized as compared to iron. So, iron articles will not be harmed till the layer of zinc present on its surface hence zinc metal is called the sacrificial metal.

3. Antirust solution : The alkaline antirust solution are employed to prevent rusting, alkaline solution prevent the availability of H⁺ ions.

In this method, iron articles are dipped in alkaline sodium phosphate or chromate solution. Due to this an insoluble sticking film of iron phosphate is formed on the surface which prevents rusting.

Question 6.
Describe dry cell with labelled diagram.
Answer:
Dry cell: It is a primary cell based on Leclanche cell invented by G. Leclanche in 1868. In a primary cell, the electrode reactions cannot be reversed by an external source of electrical energy. In this cell, the cell reaction takes place only once i.e., this cell is not rechargeable.

It is generally used in torches, transistors, radios, calculators, tape recorders, etc. It consists of a hollow zinc cylinder which is filled with a paste of NH₄Cl and a little ZnCl₂. This paste is made with the help of water. The zinc cylinder acts as anode while cathode is a graphite rod (Carbon). The carbon rod is surrounded by a black paste of MnO₂ and carbon powder. The zinc cylinder has an outer insulation of cardboard case.

Dry cells are sealed with wax or other material to protect the moisture from evaporation. When the electrodes are connected, the cell operates.

The electrode reactions are complex. Metallic Zn is oxidized to Zn²⁺ and the electrons liberated are left on the container. The reactions which take place at electrodes can be represented as :

This reaction prevents polarization due to formation of ammonia. It also prevents the substantiaL increase of concentration of Zn²⁺ ions which would decrease the cell potential. This potential of dry cell is approximately 1.5 V.

Defect: Due to acidic nature of NH₄Cl zinc container corrodes due to which holes develop through which the chemicals come out.

Nowadays, the cells are made leakage resistant. In it KOH is used in place of NH₄Cl by which zinc does not corrode.

Question 7.
What is Kohlrausch law ? Give its two applications.
Answer:
Kohlrausch in 1875 gave a generalisation known as Kohlrausch’s law, “At infinite dilution when the dissociation of the electrolyte is complete, each ion makes a definite contribution towards molar conductance of the electrolyte irrespective of the nature of the other ion with which it is associated.”
Or
“The value of molar conductance at infinite dilution is given by the sum of the contributions of ions (cation and anion).”

Where, λ^∞₊ and λ^∞_– are ionic contributions or ionic conductances of cation and anion while v₊ and v_– are the number of cations and anions in the formula unit of electrolyte.

Applications of Kohlrausch’s law :

(i) Calculation of molar conductance at infinite dilution for weak electrolytes :

Molar conductance or equivalent conductance of weak electrolytes cannot be obtained graphically by extrapolation method, since these are feebly ionized. Kohlrausch’s law enables indirect evaluation in such cases. For example, molar conductances of acetic acid can be obtained from the knowledge of molar conductances at infinite dilution of HCl, CH₃COONa and NaCl which are strong electrolytes.

From Kohlrausch’s law, it is clear that

(ii) Determination of degree of dissociation :

Question 8.
Draw a labelled diagram of Daniel cell and explain cell reaction.
Or,
Draw a labelled diagram of electrochemical cell and write cell reaction.
Answer:
Electrochemical cell: In the redox reactions, the transfer of electrons between oxidizing and reducing agents occurs through wire and thus chemical energy changes into electrical energy. The device on which chemical energy changes into electrical energy is called electro chemical cell. These are also known as galvanic or voltaic cells. Working of these cells can be understood with the example of Daniel cell.

Daniel cell : In this cell, Zn rod is dipped in ZnSO4 solution and Cu rod in copper sulphate solution. Both solutions are connected through KC1 salt bridge. When Zn and Cu electrodes are connected by wire and galvanometer, flow of electrons from Zn to Cu occurs. Zinc atoms change into Zn2+ and electrons reach at Cu electrode, where Cu2+ changes into Cu metal and this copper deposits on electrode.

Electrochemistry Numerical Questions

Question 1.
On passing 5 ampere electric current for 30 minute through a container filled with AgNO₃ 10.07 gram silver is deposited, then determine the chemical equivalent of silver. If electrochemical equivalent of hydrogen is 0-00001036 then calculate the equivalent mass of Silver.
Solution:
Given : W = 10-07 gm, i = 5 ampere, t = 30 × 60 second
According to Faraday’s first law W = Zit
∴ 10.7 = Z × 30 × 60

Question 2.
What are weak electrolytes ? Give one example. Find out molar conductivity of LiBr aqueous solution infinite dilution when joint conductance of Li⁺ ion and Br^– ion are 38.7 Scm² mol^-1 and 78.40 Scm² mol^-1 respectively.
Solution:
Weak electrolytes : These are the substances which dissociate only to a small extent.
Examples: CH₃COOH,NH₄OH

Question 3.
What are strong electrolytes ? Find out the molar conductivity of aqueous solution of BaCl₂ at infinite dilution when ionic conductance of Ba⁺² ion and Cl^– ion are 127.30 Scm² mol^-1 and 76.34 Scm² mol^-1 respectively.
Solution:
Strong electrolytes : These are substances which dissociate almost completely into ions under all dilutions.
Examples: NaCl, HCl,CH₃COONa

Question 4.
Calculate the molar conductance of Al₂(SO₄)₃ if


Solution:
By the ionisation of Al₂(SO₄)₃ solution

Question 5.
Molar conductivity of \(\frac { M }{ 30 } \) CH₃COOH is 9.625 mho and molar conductance of CH₃COOH at infinite dilution (Λ^∞_m) is 385 mho. Calculate the percentage of dissociation of \(\frac { M }{ 30 } \) CH₃COOH.
Solution:
Degree of dissociation

Question 6.
Calculate molar conductance of acetic acid at infinite dilution from following values:

Solution:
From Kohlrausch’s law,

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 Surface Areas and Volumes Ex 13.2

Assume π = \(\frac{22}{7}\) unless stated otherwise.

Question 1.
The curved surface area of a right circular cylinder of height 14 cm is 88 cm². Find the diameter of the base of the cylinder.
Solution:
h = 14 cm
CSA of cylinder = 88 cm²
CSA of cylinder = 2 πrh
88 = 2x \(\frac{22}{7}\) xr x 14
\(\frac{88}{4}\) = 2r
r = \(\frac{2}{2}\) = 1
Diameter = 2 r
= 1 x 2 = 2 cm.

Question 2.
It is required to make a closed cylindrical tank of height 1 m and base diameter 140cm from a metal sheet. How many square metres of the sheet are required for the same?
h = 1 m
d = 140 cm
r = 7o cm = 0.7 m
Area of metal required = TSA of cylinderical tank
= 2 πr (r + h)
= 2 x \(\frac{22}{7}\) x 0.7 (0.7 + 1)
= 4.4 x 1.7 = 7.4m²

Question 3.
A metal pipe is 77 cm long. The inner diameter of a cross section is 4 cm. the outer diameter being 4.4 cm. (see Fig.). Find its

(i) inner curved surface area.
(ii) outer curved surface area.
(iii) total surface area.

(iii) TSA = ICSA + OCSA + 2 x area of ring
= 968 + 1064.8 + 2 x 2.64
= 2032.8 + 5.28
= 20.38.08 cm².

Question 4.
The diameter of a roller is 84 cm and its length is 120 cm. It takes 500 complete revolutions to move once over to level a playground. Find the area of the playground in m².
Solution:
d = 84cm
∴ r = 42 cm
h = 120 cm
No. of revolution = 500
CSA of the roller = 2πrh
= 2 x \(\frac{22}{7}\) x 42 x 120
= 44 x 720
= 31680 cm²
Area of the playground = 31680 x 500
= 15840000 cm²
Area in m² \(\frac{ 15840000}{100 x 100}\)
= 1584 m².

Question 5.
A cylindrical pillar is 50 cm in diameter and 3.5 m in height Find the cost of painting the curved surface of the pillar at the rate of ₹ 12.S0 per m².
Solution:
d = 50cm
r = 25 cm²
h = 3.5 m = 350 cm
CSA of pillar = 2πrh
= 2x \(\frac{22}{7}\) x 25 x 350
= 44 x 1250
= 55000 cm²
CSA in m² = \(\frac{55000}{100×100}\)
Cost of painting the cylindrical pillar = ₹ 12.50 x 5.5
= ₹ 68.75

Question 6.
Curved surface area of a right circular cylinder is 4.4 m². If the radius of the base of the cylinder is 0.7 m, find its height.
Solution:
CSA = 4.4m².
r = 0.7 m
CSA of cylinder =2πrh
4.4 = 2x \(\frac{22}{7}\) x 0.7 x h
4.4 = 44 x 0.1 x h
4.4 = 4.4 x h
h = \(\frac{44}{4.4}\) = 1m

Question 7.
The inner diameter of a circular well is 3.5 m. It is 10 m deep. Find

1. its inner curved surface area
2. the cost of plastering this curved surface at the rate of ₹ 40 per m².

Solution:
d = 3.5m
r = 1.75 m
h = 10 m

1. ICSA of the well = 2πrh
= 2 x \(\frac{22}{7}\) x 1.75 x 10
= 110 m²

2. Cost of plastering = ₹ 40 x 110
= ₹ 4400.

Question 8.
In a hot water heating system, there is a cylindrical pipe of length 28 m and diameter 5 cm. Find the total radiating surface in the system.
Solution:
h = 28m
d = 5cm
r = 2.5cm = 0.025m
Total radiating surface = CSA of pipe = 2πrh
= 2 x \(\frac{22}{7}\) x 0.025 x 28
= 4.4 m².

9. Find

1. The lateral or curved surface area of a closed cylindrical petrol storage tank that is 4.2 m in diameter and 4.5 m high.

2. How much steel was actually used, if \(\frac{1}{2}\) of the steel actually used was wasted in making the tank.

Solution:
1. d = 4.2 m
r = 2.1m
h = 4.5 m
CSA of cylinderical tank = 2πrh
= 2x \(\frac{22}{7}\) x 2.1 x 4.5
= 59.4 m².
TSA = 2πrr(r + h)
= 2 x \(\frac{22}{7}\) x 2.1 (2.1 + 4.5)
= 2 x \(\frac{22}{7}\) x 2.1 x 6.6
= 44 x 1.98
= 87.12 m²

2. Let A be the area of sheet actually used
TSA = A – \(\frac{1}{12}\)

A = 95.04m².

Question 10.
In Fig. you see the frame of a lampshade. It is to be covered with a decorative cloth. The frame has a base diameter of 20 cm and height of 30 cm. Amargin of 2.5 cm is to be given for folding it over the top and bottom of the frame. Find how much cloth is required for covering the lampshade.
Solution:

d = 20 cm
r = 10 cm
h = 30 + 2.5 + 2.5 cm = 35 cm
Area of cloth required = CSA of cyliner of height 35 cm
= 2πrh
= 2 x \(\frac{22}{7}\) x 10 x 35
= 44 x 50 = 2200 cm².

Question 11.
The students of a Vidyalaya were asked to participate in a competi-tion for making and decorating penholders in the shape of a cylinder with a base, using cardboard. Each penholder was to be of radius 3 cm and height 10.5 cm. The Vidyalaya was to supply the competitors with cardboard. If there were 35 competitors, how much cardboard was required to be bought for the competition?
Solution:
r = 3 cm
h = 10.5 cm
Cardboard required for one penholder = CSA of penholder + Area of base
= 2πrh + πr²

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 Surface Areas and Volumes Ex 13.1

Question 1.
A plastic box 1.5 m long, 1.25 m wide and 65 cm deep is to be made. It is to be open at the top. Ignoring the thickness of the plastic sheet, determine:

1. The area of the sheet required for making the box.
2. The cost of sheet for it, if a sheet measuring 1m² costs ₹ 20.

Solution:
Given
l = 1.5 m = 150 cm
b = 1.25 m = 125 cm
h = 65 cm

1. Total area of plastic sheet required = LSA + Area of base
= 2h(l + b) + l x b
= 2 x 65 (150 + 125) + 150 x 125
= 130 (275) + 18750
= 35750 + 18750
= 54500 cm²
= 5.45 m²

2. Cost of sheet = area of plastic sheet x rate = 5.45 x 20
= 109.00
= ₹ 109.

Question 2.
The length, breadth and height of a room are 5 m, 4 m and 3 m respectively. Find the cost of white washing the walls of the room and the ceiling at the rate of ₹ 7.50 per m².
Solution:
Given
l = 5m
b = 4m
h = 3 m
Area of the room to be white washed = LSA + Area of ceiling
= 2h(l + b) + l x b
= 2 x 3 (5 + 4) + 5 x 4
= 6(9) + 20
= 54 + 20 = 74 m²
Cost of painting = 7.50 x 74 m²
= ₹ 555

Question 3.
The floor of a rectangular hall has a perimeter 250 m. If the cost of painting the four walls at the rate of ₹ 10 per m² is ₹ 15000, find the height of the hall.
Solution:
Given
P = 250 m
Rate of painting = ₹ 10/ m²
Cost of painting = ₹ 15000
Area of walls to be painted = \(\frac{15000}{10}\) = 1500 m²
Perimeter = 2 (l + b) = 250
∴ l + b = 250/2 = 125m
Area of walls = LSA = 2h (l + b) = 1500
= h (l + b) = \(\frac{1500}{10}\) = 750 m² …..(i)
Putting the value of (l + b) in (i), we get
h(125) = 750
h = \(\frac{750}{125}\) = 6 m.

Question 4.
The paint in a certain container is sufficient to paint an area equal to 9315 m². How many bricks of dimensions 22.5 cm x 10 cm x 7.5 cm can be painted out of this container?
Solution:
Given
l = 22.5 cm
h = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m
b = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Area to be painted = 9.375 m² = 93750 cm²
Area of one brick = 2(lb + bh + hl)
= 2(22.5 x 10 + 10 x 7.5 + 7.5 x 22.5)
= 2(225 + 75 + 168.75)
= 2 x 468.75
= 937.5 cm²
No. of bricks which can be painted = \(\frac{93750}{937.5}\) = 100

Question 5.
A cubical box has each edge 10 cm and another cuboidal box is 12.5 cm long, 10 cm wide and 8 cm high.

1. Which box has the greater lateral surface area and by how much?
2. Which box has the smaller total surface area and by how much? Sol.

Solution:
1. LSA of cubical box = 4a²
= 4 x 10 x 10 = 400 cm²
LSA of cuboidal box = 2h (l + b)
= 2 x 8 (12.5 x 10)
= 16 x 22.5
= 360 cm²
LSA of cubical box is more than cuboidal box by 40 cm².

2. TSA of cubical box = 6a² = 6 x 10 x 10
= 600 cm²
TSA of cuboidal box = 2 (lb + bh + hl)
= 2(12.5 x 10 + 10 x 8 + 12.5 x 8)
= 2(125 + 80 + 100)
= 2 x 305 = 610 cm².
∴ TSA of cuboidal box is more than cubical box by 10 cm².

Question 6.
A small indoor green house (herbarium) is made entirely of glass panes (including base) held together with tape. It is 30 cm long, 25 cm wide and 25 cm high.

1. What is the area of the glass?
2. How much of tape is needed for all the 12 edges?

Solution:

Given
l = 30 cm
b = 25 cm and
h = 25 cm
Area of glass required = 2(30 x 25 + 25 x 25 x 30)
= 2(750 + 625 + 750)
= 2 x 2125 = 4250 cm²
Length of tape required = 4(l + b + h)
= 4(30 + 25 + 25)
= 4 x 80 = 320 cm

Question 7.
Shanti Sweets Stall was placing an order for making cardboard boxes for packing their sweets. Two sizes of boxes were required. The bigger of dimensions 25 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm and the smaller of dimensions 15 cm x 12 cm x 5 cm. For all the overlaps, 5% of the total surface area is required extra. If the cost of the cardboard is ₹ 4 for 1000 cm2, find the cost of cardboard required for supplying 250 boxes of each kind.
Solution:
Big Box :
l = 25 cm
b = 20 cm
h = 5 cm
Small Box:
l = 15 cm
b = 12 cm
h = 5 cm
Number of boxes required = 250
Rate = ₹ 4 per 1000 cm²
TSA of bigger box = 2 (25 x 20 + 20 x 5 + 5 x 25)
= 2(500 + 100 + 125)
= 2 x 725 = 1450 cm²
TSA of smaller box = 2 (15 x 12 +12 x 5 + 5 x 15)
= 2 (180 + 60 + 75)
= 2 x 315 = 630 cm²
Area of cardboard required one bigger = TSA + 5% of TSA
= 1450 + \(\frac{5}{100}\) x 1450
= 1522.5 cm²
Area of cardboard required for 250 boxes of bigger size = 250 x 1522.5
= 380625 cm²
Area of cardboard required for one small box = 630 + \(\frac{5}{100}\) x 630
= 661.5 cm²
Total area of cardboard required for 250 boxes of smaller size = 250 x 661.5
= 165375 cm²
Total area = (165375 + 380625) cm²
= 546000 cm²
Total cost of each kind of cardboard = \(\frac{4}{1000}\) x 546000
= ₹ 2184/-

Question 8.
Parveen wanted to make a temporary shelter for her car, by making a box – like structure with tarpaulin that covers all the four sides and the top of the car (with the front face as a flap which can be rollpd up). Assuming that the stitching margins are very small, and therefore negligible, how much tarpaulin would be required to make the shelter of height 2.5 m, with base dimensions 4 m x 3 m?
Solution:
Given
l = 4m
b = 3 m and
h = 2.5 m
Area of the tarpaulin required = 2h(l + b) + l x b
= 2 x 2.5(4 + 3) + 4 x 3
= 5 x 7 + 12
= 35 + 12= 47m

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Hindi Navneet Solutions पद्य Chapter 6 शौर्य और देश प्रेम

शौर्य और देश प्रेम अभ्यास

बोध प्रश्न

शौर्य और देश प्रेम अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न 

प्रश्न 1.
सभी दिशाएँ क्या पूछ रही हैं?
उत्तर:
सभी दिशाएँ यह पूछ रही हैं कि वीरों का वसन्त कैसा हो।

प्रश्न 2.
किसके अंग-अंग पुलकित हो रहे है?
उत्तर:
पृथ्वी रूपी वधू के अंग-अंग पुलकित हो रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
वसन्त के आने पर कौन तान भरने लगता है?
उत्तर:
वसन्त के आने पर कोयल अपनी तान भरने लगती हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
कवि चट्टानों की छाती से क्या निकालने के लिए कह रहा है?
उत्तर:
कवि चट्टानों की छाती से दूध निकालने के लिए कह रहा है।

प्रश्न 5.
क के अनुसार मनुष्य का भीतरी गुण क्या
उत्तर:
कवि के अनुसार मनुष्य का भीतरी गुण स्वातन्त्र्य जाति की लगन है।

प्रश्न 6.
भ्रामरी किसका अभिनन्दन करती है?
उत्तर:
जो व्यक्ति युद्ध क्षेत्र में जाकर तलवार की चोट खाकर माथे पर रक्त का चन्दन लगाता है, भ्रामरी उसी का अभिनन्दन करती है।

शौर्य और देश प्रेम लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
ऐ कुरुक्षेत्र! अब जाग-जाग’ से कवि का क्या आशय है?
उत्तर:
‘ऐ कुरुक्षेत्र! अब जाग-जाग’ से कवि का आशय यह है कि जिस प्रकार द्वापर में कुरुक्षेत्र में अन्याय के विरुद्ध संघर्ष किया गया था, आज पुनः उसी की आवश्यकता है।

प्रश्न 2.
सिंहगढ़ का दुर्ग एवं हल्दी घाटी में किसकी याद छिपी है?
उत्तर:
सिंहगढ़ के दुर्ग में अद्वितीय वीर शिवाजी की तथा हल्दी घाटी में राणा प्रताप की याद छिपी है।

प्रश्न 3.
विजयी के सदृश बनने के लिए कवि क्या-क्या करने को कह रहा है?
उत्तर:
विजयी के सदृश बनने के लिए कवि मनुष्यों से वैराग्य छोड़ने, युद्ध में लड़ने, चट्टानों की छाती से दूध निकालने, चन्द्रमा को निचोड़ कर अमृत निकालने और ऊँची चट्टटानों पर सोमरस पीने के लिए कहता है।

प्रश्न 4.
स्वाधीन जगत में कौन जीवित रह सकता है?
उत्तर:
जो व्यक्ति अपनी आन-बान पर डटा रहता है तथा जो किसी के सामने झुकता नहीं है साथ ही जो अपने शरीर पर वज्रों का आघात सहता है, वही जाति स्वाधीन जगत में जीवित रह सकता है।

प्रश्न 5.
जीवन की परिभाषा क्या है? कवि के विचारों को लिखिए।
उत्तर:
कवि के शब्दों में जीवन गति है, जो विघ्न-बाधाओं को पार करता हुआ निरन्तर चलता रहता है। जीवन एक तरंग है, एक गर्जन है और एक चंचलता है।

प्रश्न 6.
कवि ने वीरता के कौन से दो लक्षण बताये हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि ने वीरता के दो लक्षण इस प्रकार बताये हैं-स्वर में पावक जैसी उष्णता या तीव्रता होनी चाहिए, दूसरे वीर के सिर पर तलवार की चोट का चन्दन लगा होना चाहिए।

शौर्य और देश प्रेम दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
कवयित्री वीरों के लिए किस तरह वसन्त का का आयोजन करना चाहती है?
उत्तर:
कवयित्री वीरों के लिए इस तरह के वसन्त का आयोजन करना चाहती हैं, जिसमें इधर तो कोयल अपनी तान सुना रही हो और उधर मारू बाजा बज रहा हो। इस प्रकार रंग (आनन्द) और रण (युद्ध) का वातावरण बन रहा हो।

प्रश्न 2.
वसन्त उत्सव के लिए प्रेरक पंक्तियों का उल्लेख कीजिए।
उत्तर:
वसन्त उत्सव के लिए प्रेरक पंक्तियाँ निम्नलिखित हैं-
फूली सरसों ने दिया रंग,
मधु लेकर आ पहुँचा अनंग,
वधू-वसुधा, पुलकितअंग-अंग
हैं वीर-देश में, किन्तु कंत।
वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त?

प्रश्न 3.
कवि के अनुसार जब अहं पर चोट पड़ती है तब उसकी प्रतिक्रिया क्या होती है?
उत्तर:
कवि के अनुसार जब अहं पर चोट पड़ती है, तब उसकी प्रतिक्रियास्वरूप अहं से बड़ी कोई चीज जन्म ले लेती है।

प्रश्न 4.
स्वतन्त्रता प्रेमी जाति के गुणों का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
स्वतन्त्रता प्रेमी जाति में लगन होती है, वह जाति धुन की पक्की होती है। चाहे कितनी भी विपत्तियाँ क्यों न आ जायें वे उनसे हार नहीं मानती है।

प्रश्न 5.
निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की व्याख्या कीजिए-
(अ) गलबाहें हो या हो कृपाण ……………. कैसा हो वसन्त?
उत्तर:
कवयित्री कहती हैं कि चाहे तो प्रेमालाप के समय कोई परस्पर गले में बाँहें डाले हो अथवा रणक्षेत्र आने पर हाथ में कृपाण (तलवार) उठी हो। चाहे आनन्द का रस विलास। हो अथवा दलित नागरिकों की रक्षा की बात हो। आज मेरे सामने यही सबसे बड़ी समस्या है कि वीरों का वसन्त कैसा हो।

(ब) स्वर में पावक …………… मनुष्यता के पथ भी खुलते हैं।
उत्तर:
कवि कहता है कि यदि तुम्हारी वाणी में आग जैसी गर्मी नहीं है तो फिर तुम्हारा क्रन्दन करना वृथा है। यदि तुममें वीरता नहीं है तो फिर सभी प्रकार की विनम्रता केवल रोना है। जिस व्यक्ति के सिर पर तलवार की चोट से रक्त और चन्दन लगा होता है, दुर्गा या काली माँ उसी व्यक्ति का अभिनन्दन किया करती हैं। – कवि कहता है कि राक्षसी रक्त से सभी पाप धुल जाया करते हैं। साथ ही ऐसी वीरता से ऊँची मनुष्यता का मार्ग खुल जाया करता है।

शौर्य और देश प्रेम काव्य सौन्दर्य

प्रश्न 1.
संकलित कविता में से ‘वीर रस’ की कुछ पंक्तियाँ उद्धृत करते हुए वीर रस को परिभाषित कीजिए।
उत्तर:
वीर रस-जहाँ उत्साह नामक स्थायी भाव जाग्रत होकर विभाग, अनुभाव एवं संचारी के संयोग से पुष्ट होकर रस दशा में पहुँचता है, वहाँ वीर रस होता है।

उदाहरण :
वैराग्य छोड़कर बाँहों की विभा सँभालो।
चट्टानों की छाती से दूध निकालो।
है रुकी जहाँ भी धार शिलाएँ तोड़ो।
पीयूष चन्द्रमाओं को पकड़ निचोड़ो॥

प्रश्न 2.
रौद्र रस को समझाते हुए वीर एवं रौद्र रस में अन्तर स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
शत्रु या दुष्ट जन द्वारा किए गए अत्याचारों या गुरुजन की निन्दा आदि से उत्पन्न क्रोध स्थायी भाव, विभाव, अनुभाव तथा संचारी के संयोग से पुष्ट होकर रौद्र रस के रूप में परिणत होता है।

वीर एवं रौद्र रस में अन्तर :
वीर एवं रौद्र दो भिन्न-भिन्न रूप हैं। वीर रस का स्थायी भाव उत्साह होता है जबकि रौद्र रस का स्थायी भाव क्रोध है। दोनों के आलम्बन, अनुभाव, संचारी आदि में अन्तर होता है।

प्रश्न 3.
अन्योक्ति अलंकार की उदाहरण सहित परिभाषा कीजिए।
उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत कथन के द्वारा अप्रस्तुत का बोध हो वहाँ अन्योक्ति अलंकार होता है।
उदाहरण :
नहिं पराग नहिं मधुर मधु, नहिं विकास एहि काल।
अली कली ही सौ बिंध्यौ; आगे कौन हवाल॥

शौर्य और देश प्रेम महत्त्वपूर्ण वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

शौर्य और देश प्रेम बहु-विकल्पीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
हिमालय से क्या आ रही है? (2016)
(क) पुकार
(ख) हुंकार
(ग) दुत्कार
(घ) चीत्कार।
उत्तर:
(क) पुकार

प्रश्न 2.
वसन्त के आने पर कौन तान भरने लगता है?
(क) कौआ
(ख) मोर
(ग) कोयल
(घ) मेंढक
उत्तर:
(ग) कोयल

प्रश्न 3.
“जीवन गति है, वह नित अरुद्ध चलता है” पंक्ति पाठ्य-पुस्तक की किस कविता से ली (2009)
(क) सोये हुए बच्चे से
(ख) श्रद्धा से
(ग) उद्बोधन से
(घ) शौर्य और देश-प्रेम से।
उत्तर:
(ग) उद्बोधन से

प्रश्न 4.
रामधारी सिंह ‘दिनकर’ ने जीवन की गति को कैसा बतलाया है?
(क) रुक-रुक कर चलने वाला
(ख) निर्मल
(ग) नित अरुद्ध
(घ) चंचल।
उत्तर:
(ग) नित अरुद्ध

रिक्त स्थानों की पर्ति

1. ‘वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त’ कविता की रचयिता ………….. चौहान हैं।
2. रामधारी सिंह ‘दिनकर’ की कविता में ………….. है। (2009)
3. महाराणा प्रताप ने अपने स्वाभिमान की रक्षा के लिए ……………. की अधीनता स्वीकार नहीं की।
4. कवि के अनुसार चलते रहने का नाम ………… है।

उत्तर:

1. सुभद्राकुमारी
2. ओज गुण
3. मुगलों
4. जीवन

सत्य/असत्य

1. ‘वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त’ में केवल वसन्त की प्राकृतिक शोभा का वर्णन है।
2. ‘वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त’ में कवि ने सिंहगढ़ का किला,राणा प्रताप के शौर्य एवं वीरता की याद दिलवाई है।
3. वसन्त ऋतु में कोयल का मधुर स्वर सुनायी पड़ता है।
4. ‘स्वाधीन जगत में वही जाति रहती है ।’ पंक्ति ‘वीरों का कैसा हो’ वसन्त कविता की है।

उत्तर:

1. असत्य
2. सत्य
3. सत्य
4. असत्य।

सही जोड़ी मिलाइए

उत्तर:
1. → (घ)
2. → (ग)
3. → (ख)
4. → (क)

एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर

1. ‘वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त’ कविता में कवयित्री ने किस पर्व का आयोजन किया है?
2. वीरों की पुकार किस स्थान से आ रही है?
3. वसन्त ऋतु में सरसों में किसके द्वारा पीलिमा छा जाती है?
4. नर पर जब विपत्ति आती है तब वह विपत्ति मानव को किस प्रकार की शक्ति देती है?

उत्तर:

1. वीरों के वसन्त का
2. हिमालय पर्वत से
3. फूलों द्वारा
4. संघर्षों से जूझने की।

वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त? भाव सारांश

प्रस्तुत कविता में कवयित्री ने राष्ट्र को परतन्त्रता से मुक्ति की अपेक्षा राग-रंग को श्रेष्ठ ठहराया है। जैसे प्रकृति अपने फूलों के माध्यम से केसरिया वस्त्र पहनती है,उसी भाँति वीरों को भी वसंत का आह्वान करना चाहिए। संपूर्ण दिशाएँ भी यह पूछ रही हैं कि वीरों का वसंत कैसा होना चाहिए? हिमालय की पुकार में भी यही स्वर गुंजायमान है। वीरों को कोकिला की तान सुनने के साथ ही रणभूमि में जाने के लिए उद्यत रहना चाहिए। कवयित्री पुनः जागृति का सन्देश देते हुए कहती है कि हे वीरो! तुम्हें भली प्रकार विदित है कि लंका में क्यों आग लगायी गयी थी, कुरुक्षेत्र में महासंग्राम क्यों हुआ था। अन्त में कवयित्री का कथन है कि मेरी कविता भूषण अथवा कवि चन्दवरदायी की कविता के समान क्रान्ति की ज्वाला धधकाने में सक्षम नहीं है क्योंकि परतन्त्रता के वातावरण में कलम पर भी बन्धन है। वह अपनी भावनाओं को ब्रिटिश शासन के उत्पीड़न के फलस्वरूप व्यक्त करने में प्तक्षम नहीं है।

वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त? संदर्भ-प्रसंगसहित व्याख्या

(1) वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त?
आ रही हिमालय से पुकार,
है उदधि गरजतां बार-बार
प्राची,पश्चिम,भू,नभ,अपार,
सम पूछ रहे हैं, दिग् दिगन्त
वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त?

शब्दार्थ :
उदधि = समुद्र। प्राची = पूर्व दिशा। दिग = दिशाएँ।

सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत छन्द वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त?’ शीर्षक कविता से लिया गया है। इसकी रचयिता सुश्री सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान हैं।

प्रसंग :
इस छन्द में कवयित्री ने वीरों का वसन्त कैसा होना चाहिए के बारे में बतलाया है।

व्याख्या :
कवयित्री जी कहती हैं कि वीरों का वसन्त कैसा हो? आज हिमालय की चोटियों से यही पुकार आ रही है, समुद्र बार-बार गर्जन कर पूछ रहा है। पूर्व दिशा, पश्चिम दिशा, पृथ्वी, आकाश एवं दिग-दिगन्त सभी पूछ रहे हैं कि वीरों का वसन्त कैसा हो।

विशेष :

1. वीरों का सम्मान हिमालय, समुद्र एवं दिशाएँ सभी करते हैं।
2. अनुप्रास अलंकार।

(2) फूली सरसों ने दिया रंग,
मधु लेकर आ पहुँचा अनंग,
वधू-वसुधा पुलकित अंग-अंग
हैं वीर देश में, किन्तु कंत
वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त?

शब्दार्थ :
अनंग = कामदेव। वधू-वसुधा = पृथ्वी रूपी दुल्हन। कंत = पति।

सन्दर्भ एवं प्रसंग :
पूर्ववत्।

व्याख्या :
कवयित्री जी कहती हैं कि वसन्त ऋतु में सरसों ने फूलकर अपना वसन्ती रंग सम्पूर्ण पृथ्वी पर बिखेर दिया है। कामदेव मधु लेकर स्वयं उपस्थित हो गया है। इस ऋतु में पृथ्वी रूपी वधू का अंग प्रत्यंग खुशी से पुलकित हो रहा है। आज हमारे देश में वीर तो हैं परन्तु हमारा वसन्त (पति) हमारे पास नहीं है। वीरों का वसन्त कैसा हो।

विशेष :

1. बसन्त ऋतु की मादकता प्रकृति में छा गई है।
2. वधू वसुधा में रूपक, अंग-अंग में पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार।

(3) भर रही कोकिला इधर तान,
मारू बाजे पर उधर गान,
है रंग और रण का विधान,
मिलने आए हैं आदि-अंत
वीरों का कैसा हो वसंत?

शब्दार्थ :
कोकिला = कोयल। मारू = युद्ध का बाजा। रण = युद्ध।

सन्दर्भ एवं प्रसंग :
पूर्ववत्।

व्याख्या :
कवयित्री कहती हैं कि एक ओर तो कोयल अपनी मीठी धुन गा-गाकर सुना रही है और दूसरी ओर युद्ध का बाजा मारू बज रहा है। ऐसा लग रहा है कि आज आनन्द और युद्ध दोनों का विधान है। ऐसा लग रहा है कि आज; आदि और अन्त दोनों मिलने के लिए आये हों। वीरों का वसन्त कैसा हो।

विशेष :

1. चाहे वसन्त की मादकता हो या फिर कोई दूसरा आकर्षण, वीरों को अपने रण क्षेत्र से हटा नहीं सकता है।
2. अनुप्रास अलंकार।

(4) गलबाँहे हों या कृपाण,
चल चितवन हो या धनुष बाण,
हो रस-विलास, या दलित त्राण,
अब यही समस्या है, दुरन्त,
वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त?

शब्दार्थ :
गलबाँहें = प्रेम में प्रेमी-प्रेमिका एक-दूसरे के गले में अपनी बाँहे डाल देते हैं। कृपाण = तलवार। चल-चितवन = प्रेम में चंचल दृष्टि। रस-विलास = आनन्द का वातावरण। दलित = दबे हुए। त्राण = रक्षा। दुरन्त = मुश्किल से नष्ट होने वाली।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
जब समाज में एक ओर बलिदान की बात हो तो प्रेम की बात अच्छी नहीं लगती।

व्याख्या :
कवयित्री कहती हैं कि चाहे तो प्रेमालाप के समय कोई परस्पर गले में बाँहें डाले हो अथवा रणक्षेत्र आने पर हाथ में कृपाण (तलवार) उठी हो। चाहे आनन्द का रस विलास। हो अथवा दलित नागरिकों की रक्षा की बात हो। आज मेरे सामने यही सबसे बड़ी समस्या है कि वीरों का वसन्त कैसा हो।

विशेष :
अनुप्रास की छटा।

(5) कह दे अतीत! अब मौन त्याग,
लंके! तुझमें क्यों लगी आग?
ऐ कुरुक्षेत्र! अब जाग, जाग,
बतला अपने अनुभव अनंत,
वीरों का कैसा हो वसंत?

शब्दार्थ :
लंके = रावण की लंका। मौन = खामोशी, चुप्पी।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
इसमें कवयित्री अतीत की वीर गाथाओं का सन्दर्भ लेते हुए कह रही हैं।

व्याख्या :
कवयित्री कहती है कि हे अतीत! तुम अब अपना मौन त्याग दो और विगंत की घटनाओं को बतला दो। हे लंके! तू बता तुझमें क्यों आग लगी? हे कुरुक्षेत्र! तुम अब जाग जाओ और अपने अनन्त अनुभवों को हमें बता दो। वीरों का वसन्त कैसा हो।

विशेष :

1. कवयित्री ने लंका और कुरुक्षेत्र का मानवीकरण किया है।
2. अतीत काल की वीर गाथाओं का स्मरण किया है।

(6) हल्दी घाटी के शिला खण्ड,
ऐ दुर्ग! सिंहगढ़ के प्रचंड,
राणा-ताना का कर घमण्ड,
दो जगा आज स्मृतियों ज्वलन्त,
वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त?

शब्दार्थ :
शिला खण्ड = चट्टानें। ज्वलन्त = प्रखर, तेज। सन्दर्भ एवं प्रसंग-पूर्ववत्।

व्याख्या :
कवयित्री कहती हैं कि हे हल्दी घाटी के शिलाखण्डों तथा हे सिंहगढ़ के दुर्ग! तुम राणा प्रताप तथा शिवाजी की वीरता का बखान करके आज तेजी के साथ उन अतीत की स्मृतियों को जगा दो। वीरों का वसन्त कैसा हो।

विशेष :

1. हल्दी घाटी में राणा प्रताप के शौर्य की गाथा की ओर कवयित्री ने संकेत किया है तो सिंहगढ़ के दुर्ग के माध्यम से वीर शिवाजी की वीरता का बखान किया है।
2. मानवीकरण अलंकार।
3. वीर रस।

(7) भूषण अथवा कवि चन्द नहीं,
बिजली भर दे वह छन्द नहीं
है कलम बँधी, स्वच्छन्द नहीं
फिर हमें बतावै कौन? हंत!
वीरों का कैसा हो वसन्त?

शब्दार्थ :
बिजली भर दे = वीरता का संचार कर दे। हंत = दुर्भाग्य है।

सन्दर्भ एवं प्रसंग :
पूर्ववत्।

व्याख्या :
कवयित्री अतीत का स्मरण करती हुई कहती है कि अतीत काल में हमारे देश में भूषण और चन्दवरदाई जैसे वीर रस का संचार करने वाले दो महाकवि थे। भूषण ने शिवाजी के शौर्य का वर्णन कर उस समय समाज में वीरता का संचार किया था और उससे पूर्व चन्दवरदाई ने पृथ्वीराज के शौर्य का वर्णन कर तत्कालीन समाज में वीरता का संचार किया लेकिन देश का दुर्भाग्य है कि ऐसे महान कवि आज नहीं हैं। इतना ही नहीं वर्तमान शासकों ने इस प्रकार के कवियों की रचना धर्मता को कैद कर लिया है उनको बोलने की आज्ञा नहीं दी है। फिर। हमें कौन मार्गदर्शन देगा, यह हमारा दुर्भाग्य है। वीरों का वसन्त कैसा हो।

विशेष :

1. कवयित्री अंग्रेजी शासन के उन आदेशों की ओर संकेत कर रही हैं, जब अंग्रेज शासकों ने यहाँ के कवियों द्वारा वीरता के गान पर पाबन्दी लगा दी थी।
2. वीर रस।

उद्बोधन भाव सारांश

प्रस्तुत कविता में कवि ने मनुष्य का उद्बोधन करते हुए उसे मृत्यु से भयभीत न होने का संदेश दिया है। कवि का आग्रह है कि विषम परिस्थितियों में भी व्यक्ति को स्वाभिमान नहीं छोड़ना चाहिए। इसके लिए चाहे उसे अपना सिर कटाकर भले ही मूल्य चुकाना पड़े। व्यक्ति को अन्याय का डटकर सामना करना चाहिए।

विपत्ति के भयानक बादल छा जाने पर मानव के हृदय में संघर्ष करने की भावना जाग्रत होती है। आघात सहने के साथ ही एक छोटी सी चिंगारी अंगारे का रूप धारण कर लेती है। यदि वाणी में ज्वाला के सदृश तेज नहीं तो वह वन्दना निरर्थक है।

जीवन का नाम ही गति है। पावक के सदृश जलना ही जीवन गति का प्रत्यक्ष प्रमाण है। धरती पर आगे बढ़ने में राह में अनेक बाधायें आती हैं तब भी निरन्तर गतिमान रहना चाहिए।

उद्बोधन संदर्भ-प्रसंगसहित व्याख्या

(1) वैराग्य छोड़कर बाँहों की विभा सँभालो,
चट्टानों की छाती से दूध निकालो।
है रुकी जहाँ भी धार, शिलाएँ तोड़ो,
पीयूष चन्द्रमाओं को पकड़ निचोड़ो।
चढ़ तुंग शैल-शिखरों पर सोम पियो रे!
योगियों नहीं, विजयी की सदृश जियो रे!

शब्दार्थ :
बाँहों की विभा सँभालो = अपने पौरुष। (शक्ति) पर विश्वास करो। पीयूष = अमृत। तुंग = ऊँचे। शैल = चट्टान। सदश = समान।।

सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत छन्द ‘उद्बोधन’ शीर्षक कविता से लिया गया है। इसके रचनाकार श्री रामधारी सिंह ‘दिनकर’ हैं।

प्रसंग :
कवि ने मनुष्यों को वैराग्य छोड़ने और शूरता का पथ अपनाने का सन्देश दिया है।

व्याख्या :
कविवर दिनकर जी कहते हैं कि हे भारतवासियो! तुम वैराग्य की बातों को त्याग दो और अपनी भुजाओं के बल। पर विश्वास करो। तुम ऐसी चेष्टा करो कि आवश्यकता पड़ने पर चट्टानों की छाती से दूध निकाल लो। यदि तुम्हारे मार्ग में, लक्ष्य प्राप्त करने में कोई बाधाएँ आती हैं, तुम्हारी गति की धार को यदि बीच में शिलाएँ रोक देती हैं तो तुम अपने बल पर उन शिलाओं को तोड़कर अपना मार्ग स्वयं बना डालो। अमृतधारी चन्द्रमाओं को पकड़कर उन्हें निचोड़ डालो। हे वीर! तुम ऊँचे पर्वत शिखरों पर चढ़कर सोम का पान करो। अतः योगियों जैसा नहीं अपितु वीर विजेता के समान जीवन जीओ।

विशेष :

1. समय के अनुरूप कवि ने भारतीयों को शक्ति संचित करने का उपदेश दिया है।
2. कवि वैरागियों से घृणा करता है।
3. लाक्षणिक शैली।

(2) छोड़ो मत अपनी आन, सीस कट जाए,
मत झुको अनय पर, भले व्योम फट जाए।
दो बार नहीं यमराज कंठ धरता है,
मरता है जो, एक ही बार मरता है।
तुम स्वयं मरण के मुख पर चरण धरो रे!
जीना हो तो मरने से नहीं डरो रे!

शब्दार्थ :
आन = मान-मर्यादा। अनय = अनीति। व्योम = आकाश। यमराज = मृत्यु का देवता। कंठ धरता है = मनुष्य को मृत्यु देता है।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि ने हर स्थिति में अन्याय का विरोध करने और अपनी आन-बान-शान की रक्षा का सन्देश दिया है।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहता है कि अपनी आन (मान-मर्यादा) को मत छोड़ो, चाहे इसकी रक्षा के लिए तुम्हें अपना सिर भी क्यों ने कटाना पड़े। कभी भी अनीति के सामने झुको मत, चाहे फिर आकाश ही क्यों न फट जाए। कवि मनुष्यों को सचेत करते हुए कहता है कि मृत्यु का देवता यमराज किसी भी व्यक्ति के प्राणों को दो बार नहीं लेता है। जिसे भी मरना होता है, वह एक ही बार मरता है। अतः भय छोड़कर अनीति का डटकर विरोध करो। कवि कहता है कि तुममें इतना साहस होना चाहिए कि तुम स्वयं मृत्यु के मुख पर चढ़ बैठो। यदि तुममें जीने की इच्छा है तो फिर मौत से भी डरो मत।

विशेष :

1. आन-बान-शान की रक्षा का उपदेश दिया है।
2. भाषा लाक्षणिक है।
3. वीर रस।

(3) स्वातन्त्र्य जाति की लगन, व्यक्ति की धुन है,
बाहरी वस्तु यह नहीं, भीतरी गुण है।
नत हुए बिना जो अशनि-घात सहती है,
स्वाधीन जगत् में वही जाति रहती है।
वीरत्व छोड़, पर-का मत चरण गहो रे!
जो पड़े आन, खुद ही सब आग सहो रे!

शब्दार्थ :
स्वातन्त्र्य = स्वतन्त्रता की। नत = झुकना। अशनिघात = वज्राघात। वीरत्व = वीरता को।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि कहता है कि स्वाधीन जगत में वही जाति जीवित रहती है जो अपनी रक्षा के लिए कठोर से कठोर एवं भीषण विपत्तियों का मुकाबला करती है।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहते हैं कि स्वतन्त्रता की लगन व्यक्ति – विशेष की धुन हुआ करती है। यह कोई बाहरी वस्तु नहीं अपितु यह तो भीतरी गुण है। बिना झुके हुए जो जाति वज्रों का आघात सहती है, वही जाति स्वाधीन संसार में जीवित रह सकती है।

अतः हे वीर पुरुषो! वीरता का बाना छोड़कर अन्य किसी का चरण मत पकड़ो। जो कोई भी परिस्थिति आ जाये, उसका सामना बिना संकोच के तुम्हें स्वयं करना होगा।

विशेष :

1. अपनी जाति एवं आन की रक्षा के लिए हमें बड़ी से बड़ी विपत्ति को सहन करना होगा।
2. लाक्षणिक शैली।
3. वीर रस।

(4) जब कभी अहं पर नियति चोट देती है.
कुछ चीज अहं से बड़ी जन्म लेती है।
नर पर जब भी भीषण विपत्ति आती है,
वह उसे और दुर्घर्ष बना जाती है।
चोटें खाकर विफरो, कुछ अधिक तनो रे!
धधको स्फुलिंग में बढ़ अंगार बनो रे!

शब्दार्थ :
नियति = भाग्य, ईश्वरीय सत्ता। भीषण = भयानक। दुर्घर्ष = कठिन। स्फुलिंग = ज्योति-कण।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि का कथन है कि विपत्तियों से मानव और अधिक ताकतवर बन जाता है।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहते हैं कि जब कभी भी अहं (आत्म सम्मान) पर भाग्य चोट देता है, तब अहं से बड़ी वस्तु का जन्म – हुआ करता है। मनुष्य पर जब भी भीषण विपत्ति आती है, तो वह उसे और कठोर बना देती है।

अतः हे वीर पुरुषो! चोटें खाकर बिफर पड़ो तथा कुछ। अधिक तन जाओ। तुम अपनी वीरता के क्रोध से धधक पड़ो और ज्योति-कण से बढ़कर अंगार बन जाओ।

विशेष :

1. कवि ने मनुष्यों को विपत्ति में न घबड़ाने का उपदेश दिया है।
2. लाक्षणिक शैली।
3. वीर रस।

(5) स्वर में पावक नहीं; वृथा वन्दन है।
वीरता नहीं, तो सभी विनय क्रन्दन है;
सिर जिसके असिंघात रक्त चन्दन है।
भ्रामरी उसी का करती अभिनन्दन है।
दानवी रक्त से सभी पाप धुलते हैं।
ऊँची मनुष्यता के पथ भी खुलते हैं।

शब्दार्थ :
पावक = अग्नि। वृथा = बेकार का। क्रन्दन = रोना। असिंघात = तलवार की चोट। भ्रामरी =दुर्गा। दानवी = राक्षसी। पथ = रास्ते।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि मनुष्यों में वीरता का संचार करने का उपदेश देता है।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहता है कि यदि तुम्हारी वाणी में आग जैसी गर्मी नहीं है तो फिर तुम्हारा क्रन्दन करना वृथा है। यदि तुममें वीरता नहीं है तो फिर सभी प्रकार की विनम्रता केवल रोना है। जिस व्यक्ति के सिर पर तलवार की चोट से रक्त और चन्दन लगा होता है, दुर्गा या काली माँ उसी व्यक्ति का अभिनन्दन किया करती हैं। – कवि कहता है कि राक्षसी रक्त से सभी पाप धुल जाया करते हैं। साथ ही ऐसी वीरता से ऊँची मनुष्यता का मार्ग खुल जाया करता है।

विशेष :

1. कवि मनुष्यों में वीरता के संचार का उपदेश देता है।
2. लाक्षणिक शैली।
3. वीर रस।

(6) जीवन गति है, वह नित अरुद्ध चलता है,
पहला प्रमाण पावक का, वह जलता है।
सिखला निरोध-निज्वलन धर्म छलता है।
जीवन तरंग गर्जन है, चंचलता है।
धधको अभंग, पाल-पिवल अरुण जलो रे!
धरा रोके यदि राह, विरुद्ध चलो रे!

शब्दार्थ :
अरुद्ध = बिना रुके। पावक = अग्नि। निरोध = रुकना। निर्व्वलन = जिसमें जलने की क्षमता न हो। अभंग = बिना रुकावट के। अरुण = सूर्य। धरा = पृथ्वी।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।।

प्रसंग :
कवि कहता है कि जीवन की सार्थकता निरन्तर चलते रहने में है। यदि हमारे सत्कार्य में कोई भी बाधा डाले, तो हमें उसका विरोध करना चाहिए।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहता है कि जीवन उसे ही कहते हैं जिसमें गति होती है और वह जीवन बिना किसी के रोके निरन्तर चलता रहता है। अग्नि का पहला प्रमाण ही उसमें जलने का गुण होता है। जो धर्म हमें रुकने तथा न जलने का उपदेश देता है, वह वास्तव में धर्म न होकर छलावा है। जीवन तो चंचलता एवं गर्जन में ही निवास करता है।

हे वीरो! बिना किसी रुकावट के तुम सूर्य के समान निरन्तर धधकते रहो। यदि पृथ्वी भी तुम्हारी राह रोकती है, तो तुम उसके विरुद्ध भी चल पड़ो।

विशेष :

1. जीवन की सार्थकता चलते रहने में है।
2. लाक्षणिक शैली।
3. वीर रस।

MP Board Class 10th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 12 Heron’s Formula Ex 12.2

Question 1.
A park, in the shape of a quadrilateral ABCD, has ∠C = 90°, AB = 9 m, BC = 12 m, CD, = 5 m and AD = 8 m. How much area does it. occupy?
Solution:
In ∆DCB
DB² = DC² + BC²

In ∆DBA P = (8 + 9 + 13)m = 30m
s = \(\frac{P}{2}\) = 15 m
s – a = 15 – 13 = 2
s – b = 15 – 9 = 6
s – c = 15 – 8 = 7
Area of ∆DBA = \(\sqrt{15x 2x6x7}\)
\(\sqrt{3x5x2x2x3x7}\)
= 2 x 3\(\sqrt{5×7}\) x 7 = 6\(\sqrt{35}\)m²
Area of quadrilateral ABCD = (30 + 6\(\sqrt{35}\)) m²
= 30 + 6 x 5.91
= 30 + 35.46
= 65.46 m2

Question 2.
Find the area of a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 3 cm, BC = 4 cm, CD = 4 cm, DA = 5 cm and AC = 5 cm.
Solution:
In ∆ABC

P = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12cm
s = \(\frac{12}{2}\) = 6 cm
s – a = 6 – 5 = 1 cm
s – b = 6 – 4 = 2cm
s – c = 6 – 3 = 3 cm
Area of ∆ABC = \(\sqrt{6x1x2x3}\)
= \(\sqrt{2x3x2x3}\)
= 2 x 3 = 6 cm²
In ∆ADC P = 5 + 5 + 4 = 14 cm
s = \(\frac{P}{2}\) = 7 cm
s – a = 7 – 5 = 2cm
s – b = 7 – 5 = 2cm
s – c = 7 – 4 = 3cm
Area of ∆ADC = \(\sqrt{7x2x2x3}\) = 2\(\sqrt{21}\) cm²
Area of ∆BCD = Area of ∆ABC + Area of ∆ADC
= (6 + 2\(\sqrt{21}\)) cm²
= (6 + 2 x 4.58)
= 15.16 cm²

Question 3.
Radha made a picture of an aeroplane with coloured paper is shown in Fig. Find the total area of the paper used.
Solution:
The figure is divided into five parts as shown in Fig.

• Part I – Triangle having sides 5 cm, 5 cm and 1 cm
• Part II – Rectangle having sides 1 cm and 6.5 cm
• Part III – Trapezium having sides 2,1,1,1.
• Part IV and V. Right angled triangles having sides 6 cm and 1.5 cm.

For Part I:
a = 5 cm
b = 5 cm
c = 1 cm
s = \(\frac{P}{2}\) = \(\frac{5+5+1}{2}\) = \(\frac{11}{2}\) = 5.5 cm
s – a = 5.5 – 5 = 0.5
s – b = 5.5 – 5 = 0.5
s – c = 5.5 – 1 = 4.5

Area of triangle IV and V = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 1.5 x 6 = 4.5 cm²
∴ Area of paper required = Area of part I + Area of part II + Area of part III + Area of part IV + Area of part V

= 2.49 + 1.27 + 15.5
= 19.26 cm²

Question 4.
A triangle and a parallelogram have the same base and the &me area. If the sides of the triangle are 26 cm, 28 cm and 30 cm, and the parallelogram stands on the base 28 cm, find the height of the parallelogram.
Solution:

In ∆ABE
a = 30 cm
b = 28 cm
c = 26 cm
s = \(\frac{P}{2}\) = \(\frac{30+28+26}{2}\) = 42 cm
s – a = 42 – 30 = 12
s – b = 42 – 28 = 14
s – c = 42 – 26 = 16
Area of ∆ABE = \(\sqrt{42x12x14x16}\)
= \(\sqrt{2x3x7x2x2x3x2x7x4x4}\)
= 2 x 3 x 7 x 2 x 4
= 336 cm²

Area of parallelogram ABCD = area of ∆ABE = 336 cm² (given)
Area of parallelogram = b x h
336 = 28 x h
⇒ \(\frac{336}{28}\)
h= 12 cm.

Question 5.
A rhombus shaped field has green grass for 18 cows to graze. If each side of the rhombus is 30 m and its longer diagonal is 48 m, how much area of grass field will each cow be getting?
Solution:
We know that the diagonal of a rhombus divide it into two triangles of equal area.

a = 48m
b = 30m
c = 30m
s = \(\frac{P}{2}\) = \(\frac{48+30+30}{2}\) = \(\frac{108}{2}\) = 54
s – a = 54 – 48 = 6 cm
s – b = 54 – 30 = 24 cm
s – c = 54 – 30 = 24 cm
Area of ∆ABD
= \(\sqrt{54x6x24x24}\)
= \(\sqrt{2x3x3x3x2x3x2x2x2x3x2x2x2x3}\)
= 2 x 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 2 = 432 cm²
Area of rhombus = 2 x 432 = 864 cm2
Area of grass field for each cow = \(\frac{864}{18}\) = 48 cm²

Question 6.
An umbrella is made by stitching 10 triangular pieces of cloth of two different colours (see Fig.), each piece measurig 20 cm, 50 cm and 50 cm. How much cloth of each colour is required for the umberella?
Solution:

a = 50 cm
b = 50cm
c = 20 cm
s = \(\frac{P}{2}\) = \(\frac{50+50+20}{18}\) = 60 cm
s – a = 60 – 50 = 10
s – b = 60 – 50 = 10
s – c = 60 – 20 = 40
Area of a ∆ = \(\sqrt{60x10x10x40}\)
= \(\sqrt{2x3x10x10x10x2x2x10}\)
= 10 x 10 x 52\(\sqrt{6}\)
= 200\(\sqrt{6}\) cm²
Area of cloth of each type = 200\(\sqrt{6}\) x 5 = 1000\(\sqrt{6}\) cm²

Question 7.
A kite in the shape of a square with a diagonal 32 cm and an isosceles triangle of base 8 cm and sides 6 cm each is to be made of three different shades as shown in Fig. How much paper of each shade has been used in it?
Solution:

∠AOB = 90°
BD = AC = 32 cm
OA = OC = 16 cm
Area (ABD) = area (DBC) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 32 x 16 = 256 cm²
In ∆CEF
a = 6 cm
b = 6 cm
c = 8 cm
s = \(\frac{P}{2}\) = \(\frac{6+6+8}{2}\) = 10
s – a = 10 – 6 = 4
s – b = 10 – 6 = 4
s – c = 10 – 8 = 2

Area of ∆CEF = \(\sqrt{10x4x4x2}\)
= \(\sqrt{5x2x4x4x2}\)
= 8\(\sqrt{5}\) cm²
= 8 x 2.24 = 17.92 cm²

Question 8.
A floral design on a floor is made up of 16 tiles which are triangular, the sides of the triangle being 9 cm, 28 cm and 35 cm (see Fig.). Find the cost of polishing the tiles at the rate of the field.
Solution:

a = 35 cm
b = 28 cm
c = 9 cm
s = \(\frac{P}{2}\) = \(\frac{35+28+9}{2}\)
s = a = 36 – 35 = 1
5 = b = 36 – 28 = 8
c = c = 36 – 9 = 27
Area of a tile = \(\sqrt{36x1x8x27}\)
= \(\sqrt{2x2x3x3x2x2x2x3x3x3}\)
= 2 x 3 x 2 x 3\(\sqrt{6}\) = 36\(\sqrt{6}\) cm²
= 36 x 2.45 = 88.2 cm²
Total area of tiles = 16 x 88.2 = 1411.2 cm²
Cost of polishing the tiles per cm² = 50 P
Total cost of polishing the tiles = 1411.2 x 50 P
= ₹ \(\frac{1411.2×50}{100}\) = ₹ 705.60

Question 9.
A field is in the shape of a trapezium whose parallel sides are 25 m and 10 m. The non-parallel sides are 14 m and 13 m. Find the area of the field.
Solution:
ABCD is a trapezium. Draw BE parallel to AD. Draw BF ⊥ DC. ABED is a parallelogram
AB = DE = 10 m and AD = BE = 14 m
EC = DC – DE = 25 – 10 = 15 m
In ∆BEC
a = 15m
b = 14m
c = 13m
s = \(\frac{15+14+13}{2}\) = 21

s – a = 21 – 15 = 6
s – b = 21 – 14 = 7
s – c = 21 x 13 = 8

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions Chapter 3 Fibre to Fabric

Fibre to Fabric Test Book Exercise

Question 1.
Classify the following fibres as natural or synthetic: nylon, wool, cotton, silk, polyester, jute?
Answer:
Natural Fibre. Wool, cotton, silk, jute. Synthetic Fibre. Nylon, polyster.

Question 2.
State whether the following statemepts are true or false –

1. Yarn is made from fibres.
2. Spinning is a process of making fibres.
3. Jute is the outer covering of coconut.
4. The process of removing seed from cotton is called ginning.
5. Weaving of yarn makes a piece of fabric.
6. Silk fibre is obtained from the stem of a plant.
7. Polyester is a natural fibre.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. False.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Plant fibres are obtained from …………………….. and …………………………
2. Animals fibres are ………………………. and ……………………….

Answer:

1. Jute, cotton
2. Silk, wool.

Question 4.
From which parts of the plant cotton and jute are obtained?
Answer:
Cotton fibres are obtained from cotton seeds. Cotton fibres are hairs of cotton seeds. Jute fibres are obtained from the stem of jute plants by retting process.

Question 5.
Name two items that are made from coconut fibre?
Answer:
The items that are made from coconut fibre:

1. Coir in mattress
2. Ropes.

Question 6.
Explain the process of making yarn from fibre?
Answer:
Hold some cotton wool in one hand. Pinch some cotton between the thumb and forefinger of the other hand. Now, gently start pulling out the cotton, while continuously twisting the fibres. The process of making yarn from fibres is called spinning. In this process, fibres from a mass of cotton wool are drawn out and twisted.

This brings the fibres together to form a yarn. A simple device used for. spinning is a hand spindle, also called takali (Fig. a). Another hand operated device used for spinning is charkha (Fig. b). Use of charkha was popularized by Mahatma Gandhi as part of the Independence movement. He encouraged people to wear clothes made Of homespun yarn and shun imported cloth made in the mills of Britain.

Spinning of yarn on a large scale is done with the help of spinning machines. After spinning, yarns are used for making fabrics.

Fibre to Fabric Additional Important Questions

Fibre to Fabric Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question (a)
Natural clothing materials includes:
(a) Cotton
(b) Nylon
(c) Rayon
(d) Polyester.
Answer:
(a) Cotton

Question (b)
Man – made clothing materials are:
(a) Rayon
(b) Nylon
(c) Polyester
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(d) All the above.

Question (c)
The process of pulled out cotton seeds from cotton is called:
(a) Ginning
(b) Retting
(c) Spinning
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Ginning

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The jute fibres are obtained from the stem of plant called ………………………
2. Cotton and jute are examples of fibres obtained from ………………………..
3. The fruits of the cotton plant are about the size of a ……………………….
4. Weaving of fabric is done on ………………………….
5. Weaving and knitting are used for making different kinds of ………………………
6. In olden days, silk comes from ………………………..

Answer:

1. Patsun
2. Plants
3. Lemon
4. Looms
5. Fabric
6. China.

Question 3.
State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. Silk and wool fibres are obtained. from animal.
2. Jute crops are cultivated in worm season.
3. In olden days, the yarn was spun directly by charkha.
4. Big reels of yarn is called bobbine.
5. Coconut fibres have a rough surface.
6. Wool is a fibre of animals.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. True

Question 4.
Match the items in Column A with Column B:

Answer:

(i) – (d)
(ii) – (c)
(iii) – (b)
(iv) – (a)
(v) – (e)

Fibre to Fabric Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is yarn?
Answer:
Yarns are made up of fibres.

Question 2.
Name some fibres obtained from plants and animals?
Answer:
Silk, wool, jute and cotton fibres are obtained from plants and animals.

Question 3.
Give two examples of synthetic fibres?
Answer:
Nylon and polyester.

Question 4.
Which type of clothes burn slowly?
Answer:
Cotton clothes are burn slowly.

Question 5.
Which type of clothes burn quickly?
Answer:
Polyester and nylon clothes are burn quickly.

Question 6.
Which type of clothes absorb water quickly?
Answer:
Cotton clothes.

Question 7.
What are the fruits of the cotton plant called?
Answer:
Cotton bolls.

Question 8.
Define “ginning”?
Answer:
The process of pulled out cotton seeds from cotton is called griming.

Question 9.
Write any two uses of cotton?
Answer:
As absorbent in hospitals and manufacture of textiles.

Question 10.
In which season are cotton crops grown?
Answer:
Summer season.

Question 11.
Where is cotton chops grown in India?
Answer:
In India cotton crops are grown in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Question 12.
How is cotton collected?
Answer:
Cotton is usually hand picked.

Question 13.
Which part of jute plant gives jute?
Answer:
Jute fibres is obtained from the stem of jute plant.

Question 14.
In which season are jute crops grown?
Answer:
Rainy season.

Question 15.
Where is jute grown in India?
Answer:
In India jute grown is Bihar, Assam and West Bengal.

Question 16.
Name any two processes by which fabrics are made from yarns?
Answer:
Wearing and knitting.

Question 17.
Why a coconut fibres not used for making yarns?
Answer:
Coconut fibres are not used for making yarns because they are very hard.

Question 18.
Why are fibre twisted?
Answer:
By twisting fibres, they become strong and their co¬hesion power increase.

Question 19.
What is flaxl?
Answer:
Flax is also a plant that gives natural fibres.

Question 20.
Where cotton and flax were cultivated in ancient Egypt?
Answer:
Near the river Nile.

Question 21.
What materials people used in ancient times for clothes?
Answer:
In ancient time people used the bark and big leaves of trees or .animal skins and furs to cover themselves.

Question 22.
What is knitting?
Answer:
In knitting, a single yarn is used to make a piece of fabric.

Question 23.
Name some dresses which are used as an unstitched piece of fabric?
Answer:
Saree, Lungi, Dhoti and Turban.

Fibre to Fabric Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define natural fibres?
Answer:
The fibres of some fabrics such as cotton, jute, silk and wool are obtained from plants and animals. These are called natural fibres.For examples, wool and silk fibres are obtained from animals while cotton and jute are obtained from plants.

Question 2.
Define synthetic fibres?
Answer:
In the last hundred years or so, fibres are also made from chemical substances, which are not obtained from plant or animal sources. These are called synthetic fibres. For examples, nylon, polyester and acrylic.

Question 3.
What is spinning machines?
Answer:
Spinning of yarn on a large scale is done with the help of spinning machines. After spinning, yarns are used for making fabrics.

Question 4.
Describe the process of weaving?
Answer:
A fabric is made up of two sets of yarns arranged together. The process of arranging two sets of yarns together to make a fabric is called weaving. The weaving of fabric is done on looms. The looms are either hand operated or power operated.

Question 5.
How was cloth making developed?
Answer:
The cloth making was developed in three stages. First stage was making cloth from plant fibres, second stage was the beginning of the use of animal fibres and the third stage began with man-made fibres in nineteenth century.

Question 6.
Why do we wear clothes?
Answer:
We wear clothes due to the following reasons:

1. They protect against weather.
2. They protect against injury.
3. They protect against wind.

Fibre to Fabric Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where does this cotton came from? Also define ginning of cotton?
Answer:
Cotton plant is grown in the fields. They are usually grown at places having black soil and worm climate. In India, cotton crops are grown in Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. The fruits of the cotton plant (cotton bolls) are about the size of a lemon. After maturing, the bolls burst open and the seeds covered with cotton fibres can be seen.

From these bolls, cotton is usually picked by hand. Fibres are then separated from the seeds by combing. This process is called ginning of cotton. Ginning was traditionally done by hand as shown in the following figure. These days, machines are also used for ginning.

Question 2.
Write the process to obtained jute fibres from a jute plant?
Answer:
Jute fibre is obtained from the stem of the jute plant. It is cultivated during the rainy season. In India, jute is mainly grown in West Bengal, Bihar and Assam. The jute plant is normally harvested when it is at flowering stage. The stems of the harvested plants are immersed in water for a few days. The stems rot and fibres are separated by hand.

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 7th Science Solutions Chapter 9 Soil

Soil Intext Questions

Question 1.
I wonder why I found some pieces of plastic articles and polythene bags in the soil sample collected from the roadside and the garden?
Answer:
It is because people throw used plastic things and polythene bags in the soil.

Question 2.
I want to know whether ‘the soil from a field can be used to make toys?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 3.
I want to know: What kind of soil should be used for making making  and surahis?
Answer:
Clayey soil.

Question 4.
Boojho wondered why there was a difference in the absorption of water in the two squares?
Answer:
Because different soils are used to make the two squares.

Question 5.
What is the difference between rate of percolation and the amount of water retained?
Answer:
Rate of percolation is the amount of water percolated per unit time through soil. Whereas the amount of water retained is the amount of water absorbed by soil. Thus, rate of percolation and water retention are opposite attributes.

Activities

Activity 1
Collect some soil samples and observe them carefully. You can use a hand lens. Examine each sample carefully and fill in Table. Answer:
Table

Activity 2
Take a little soil. Break the clumps with your hand to powder it. Now take a glass tumbler, three quarters filled with water, and then add a handful of soil to it. Stir it well with a stick to dissolve the soil. Now let it stand undisturbed for some time. Afterwards, observe it and answer the following questions:

1. Do you see layers of particles of different sizes in the glass tumbler?
2. Draw a diagram showing these layers?
3. Are there some dead rotting leaves or animal remains floating on water?

Answer:

1. Yes
2. 
3. Yes

Activity 3
Find from your teachers, parents and farmers the type of soils and crops grown in your area. Enter the data in the following Table,

1. Which kind of soil would be most suitable for planting rice?
2. Soil with a higher or lower rate of percolation?

Answer:

1. Loamy soil.
2. Lower rate of percolation.

Soil Text Book Exercises

Tick the most suitable answer in questions 1 and 2.

Question 1.
In addition to the rock particles, the soil contains?

1. Air and water
2. Water and plants
3. Minerals, organic matter, air and water
4. Water, air and plants.

Answer:
3. Minerals, organic matter, air and water.

Question 2.
The water holding capacity is the highest in?

1. Sandy soil
2. Clayey soil
3. Loamy soil
4. Mixute of sand and loam.

Answer:
2. Clayey soil.

Question 3.
Match the items in Column I with Column II:

Answer:

(i) (b)
(ii) (c)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (e)
(v) (d).

Question 4.
Explain how soil is formed?
Answer:
The soil is the mtter which cover the top most layer of the earth in most of area. It is one of the most important natural resources. Long ago earth was a very hot sphere and then converted into a very hard and rocky land. These rocks were broken into smaller pieces by violent earthquakes. Volcanic eruptions also made the rocks and lava into smaller pieces. In cold temperatures the ice in the services of rocks expanded to break it into smaller pieces and thus gradually the soil was formed. The nature of any soil depends upon the rocks from which it has been formed and the type of vegetation that grows in it.

Question 5.
How is clayey soil useful for crops?
Answer:
Clayey soil is good at retaining water. They, are rich in humus and are very fertile. They also hold sufficient water due to the presence of smaller particles and certain enough air due to the presence of some large particles.

Question 6.
List the differences between clayey soil and sandy soil?
Clayey soil:

1. They contains more than 50% of clay particles.
2. Water holding capacity is very high.
3. Suitable for plant growth.
4. Low percolation rate.

Sandy Soil:

1. They contains about 60% of sand particles.
2. Water holding capacity is very low.
3. Not suitable for plant growth.
4. High percolation rate.

Question 7.
Sketch the cross section of soil and label the various layers?
Answer:

Question 8.
Razia conducted an experiment in the field related to the rate of percolation. She observed that it took 40 min for 200 mL of water to percolate through the soil sample. Calculate the rate of percolation.
Answer:
We know that,

Thus, the rate of percolation is 5ml/min.

Question 9.
Explain how soil pollution and soil erosion could be prevented?
Answer:
Polythene bags and plastics pollute the soil. They also kill the organisms living in the soil. That is why there is a demand to ban the polythene bags and plastics. Other substances which pollute the soil are a number of waste product, chemicals and pesticides. Waste products and chemicals should be treated before they are released into the soil.

The use of pesticides should be minimised. Soil erosion can be slowed down and soil can be conserved by regulating the factors responsible for it. Some methods to prevent or slow down the soil erosion are:

1. To stop the unnecessary cutting of forests and trees.
2. To stop the excessive use of grass land due to overgrazing by cattle.
3. Growing vegetation along the boundary of the fields and open grounds.
4. Making use of proper and scientific methods for cultivation such as crops rotation. This maintains the natural fertility of the soil and at the same time soil also maintains its capacity to hold water. Soil remains wet and cannot be easily carried away by water and blown up by wind.
5. Making use of scientific methods for irrigation and water drainage.
6. Gutting the hill slopes into steps or terraces and adopting terrace cultivation on hill slopes.

Question 10.
Solve the following crossword puzzle with the clues given:

Across:

2. Plantation prevents it.
5. Use should be banned to avoid soil pollution.
6. Type of soil used for making pottery.
7. Living organism in the soil.

Down:

1. In desert soil erosion occurs through.
3. Clay and loam are suitable for cereals like.
4. This type of soil can hold very little water.
5. Collective name for layers of soil.

Answer:

Soil Additional Important Questions

Soil Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct alternative:

Question (i)
The constituents of the soil are –
(a) Mineral particles, air and water
(b) Living of organisms
(c) Organic and inorganic substances
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question (ii)
Soil is the thin layer of fine material containing –
(a) Organic matter
(b) Air and water
(c) Weathered rock materials
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question (iii)
Soil formation is brought about by –
(a) physical factors
(b) Chemical factors
(c) Biological agent
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question (iv)
Which profile contains humus –
(a) A – horizon
(b) B – horizon
(c) C – horizon
(d) R – horizon.
Answer:
(a) A – horizon

Question (v)
Which of these has the smallest size of particles –
(a) Sand
(b) Silt
(c) Clay
(d) Gravel.
Answer:
(b) Silt

Question (vi)
What kind of soil is best for growing cotton –
(a) Black soil
(b) Alluvial soil
(c) Red laterite soil
(d) Mountain soil.
Answer:
(a) Black soil

Question (vii)
What kind of soil is good for growing tea and coffee –
(a) Red laterite soil
(b) Black soil
(c) Laterite soil
(d) Mountain soil.
Answer:
(c) Laterite soil

Question (viii)
The dead and decaying organisms are –
(a) Humus
(b) Gravel
(c) Clay
(d) Inorganic material.
Answer:
(a) Humus

Question (ix)
Which kind of soil is best for growing wheat, rice and sugarcane –
(a) Black soil
(b) Mountain soil
(c) Alluvial soil
(d) Desert soil
Answer:
(c) Alluvial soil

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Wheat and rice grow best in …………… soil.
2. Humus is present in the ………….. layer of soil, known as the ………….. horizon.
3. Clay is the smallest size of particles less than …………… in diameter.
4.  …………… is a mixture of sand, silt, clay and humus.
5. Weathering of rocks is a …………… process.
6. …………… is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces.
7. Soil commonly found in India is of …………….. main types.
8. Red colour of the soil is due to ………………

Answer:

1. Alluvial
2. Upper, A
3. 0.002 mm
4. Loam
5. Slow
6. Weathering
7. Six
8. Iron.

Question 3.
Which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. The soil is uppermost layer of the land surface.
2. The soil with particle size greater than 2 mm in diameter is gravel.
3. The soil with particle size greater than 2 mm in diameter is clay.
4. Decayed organic matter in the soil forms humus.
5. Most fertile farm lands consist of alkaline soil.
6. No humus is present in C – horizon.
7. Black soil is rich in iron and magnesium.
8. B – horizon is the most fertile part of the soil.
9. Laterite soil is rich in nutrients.
10. Soil is classified in sand, silt and clay.
11. The process of .carrying away of top soil by natural process is called soil erosion.
12. Black soil is loamy in texture with plenty of humus.
13. Overgrasing is a means of soil conservation.
14. Extremely acidic soil supports plants.
15. Planting of trees in a large area is known as afforestation.

Answer:

1. True (T)
2. True (T)
3. False (F)
4. True (T)
5. False (F)
6. True (T)
7. True (T)
8. False (F)
9. True (T)
10. True (T)
11. True (T)
12. False (F)
13. False (F)
14. False (F)
15. True (T).

Match the items in Column A with items in Column B:

Answer:

(i) (d)
(ii) (c)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (b)
(v) (e).

Soil Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention two main components of soil?
Answer:
The two main components of soil are mineral particles and organic particles.

Question 2.
Name the different types of particles present in the soil?
Answer:
The different types of particles present in the soil are water, air, humus, mineral particles and living organisms.

Question 3.
What is soil?
Answer:
The soil is the outer layer of earth’s crust capable of supporting plant growth.

Question 4.
Mention two functions of soil?
Answer:
The two functions of soil are:

1. It provides water and minerals to the plants.
2. It provides anchorage to the plants.

Question 5.
What is the role of plants in the formation of soil?
Answer:
The roots of plants on penetrating into the crevices of rocks break these and help in the formation of soil.

Question 6.
Name some of the living organisms which are present in the soil?
Answer:
Fungi, bacteria, earth worms, round worms, and protozoams are the living organisms present in the soil.

Question 7.
What do you mean by soil texture?
Answer:
The structure or texture of soil determines the relative proportion of particles of different sizes.

Question 8.
What is the difference between soil texture and structure?
Answer:
Soil texture pertains to particle size, composition of a soil and soil structure refers to arrangement of soil particles into aggregates.

Question 9.
What is meant by the term weathering?
Answer:
Weathering is the breaking down of huge pieces of rocks into smaller pieces by the action of natural forces, such as water, wind, glaciers and roots of plants.

Question 10.
Which layer of soil contains the largest rock pieces?
Answer:
Bedrock contains the. largest rock pieces.

Question 11.
Which layer of soil will have the highest humus content and which the least?
Answer:
The upper most layer (A-horizon) will have the highest humus content and lowest layer (C-horizon) will have the least.

Question 12.
Which types of soil is most suitable for crops like wheat, rice and sugarcane?
Answer:
Alluvial soils is the most suitable for crops like wheat, rice x – and sugarcane.

Question 13.
Define residual soil?
Answer:
The soil which remains at the place of its formation is called residual soil.

Question 14.
Which soil is classified as alluvial type?
Answer:
The soil transported by flowing water is classified as alluvial type.

Question 15.
What are mountainous soil?
Answer:
Mountainous soil consist of clay, shales, sandstones and limestones. This type of soil is usually found in depressions and valley basins or on gently inclined slopes.

Question 16.
Define loam?
Answer:
Loam is a mixture of sand, silt and clay and also has humus in it.

Question 17.
What is soil pollution?
Answer:
The contamination of soil with excess of fertilizers, herbicides, weedicides, insecticides and industrial waste is called soil pollution.

Question 18.
Define soil moisture?
Answer:
Soil holds water in it, which is called soil moisture.

Question 19.
Name the three types of soil erosion?
Answer:
The three types of soil erosion are sheet erosion, gaily erosion and wind erosion.

Question 20.
How does vegetation help to prevent soil erosion?
Answer:
Flowing water and wind take away the top layer of the soil if there is no vegetation. The grasses, trees hold the soil in place.

Question 21.
How does soil erosion take place?
Answer:
Soil erosion can take place by natural processes such as floods, forest fire, winds, deforestation and overgrazing.

Question 22.
Which horizon of soil profile contains humus?
Answer:
A – horizon of soil profile contains humus.

Question 23.
Which type of soil is classified as residual soil?
Answer:
The soil, which remains at the place of its formation is called residual soil. This type of soil is generally poor in nitrogen, phosphorus and humus.

Question 24.
The soil at a given place was found to consist of sand stones, clay, shales and limestone. What is the type of the soil and how it might have formed?
Answer:
The type of the soil is mountainous soil. It might have formed, when the weathered soil particles are taken away to other places.

Soil Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does soil consist of?
Answer:
Soil consists of tiny bits of mineral particles which come from larger rocks and humus which is dark brown in colour and consists of decaying remains of plants and animals. Soil also contains water, air and living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, earth worms, round worms, and insects etc.

Question 2.
How is the soil formed? Explain in brief?
Answer:
Millions years ago, the surface of earth was very hard, rugged and rocky. In the long run, weathering of these rocks resulted in formation of soil which with the flow of river water came down to the lower plains and got deposited. Gradually it spread out on whole surface of the earth. Formation of soil is a very slow process. In this process rocks crack and break down into fine particles to form soil.

Question 3.
Define alluvial soil and its distribution?
Answer:
Alluvial soil is loamy soil which contains abundant amount of water in it. This is very fertile soil. This type of soil is very suitable for the production of wheat and rice. This soil is found in the plains of northern India, i.e., in the state of Punjab, Bihar, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

Question 4.
What are physical properties of soil?
Answer:
The physical properties of soil are:

1. Colour
2. Moisture storage capacity
3. Texture
4. Presence of living organisms
5. Porosity.

Question 5.
Give an account of the importance of physical properties of soil?
Answer:
The physical properties .of soil exert a great influecne on soil fertility. These are taken into consideration when soil is to be used as a medium for plant growth but also when soils are to be [ used as a structural material for making highways, dams, foundation for buildings as well as for the manufacture of bricks and tiles.

Question 6.
What are organic and inorganic components of soil?
Answer:
The inorganic components of soil comprise minerals which are derived from fragmentation and weathering of rocks. The porespaces formed between the mineral particles of soil are filled with water and gases. The organic component of soil comprise organic wastes, dead animals, plants and their decomposition products.

Question 7.
Explain the role of various organisms present in the soil?
Answer:
Bacteria in the soil helps in decomposing dead remains of plants and animals to make humus. Some bacteria can convert atmospheric nitrogen into water soluble nitrates which plants can easily use for their growth. Earthworms help in loosening of soil. They also improve the texture of the soil thus causing better growth of plants.

Question 8.
Name four common sources of pollution of soil?
Answer:
The common sources of pollution of soil are:

1. Excessive use of fertilisers.
2. Spraying of crops with insecticides and herbicides.
3. Garbage and other kitchen refuge.
4. Industrial wastes such as chemicals, plastic, leather, fly ash, etc.

Question 9.
Define A – horizon layer. Give also the main characteristic of A – horizon.
Answer:
A – horizon layer:
The uppermost layer of the soil is called A – horizon. It is generally known as upper soil or earth’s crust. The main characteristics of this layer of soil are as under:

1. It generally bears dark colour.
2. It contains lot of dead and decaying plant and animal matter called humus.
3. Due to presence of humus this layer is highly fertile.
4. The soil in this layer is porous, soft and has comparatively more water retaining capacity.
5. In this layer living organisms such as earth worms, insects, bacteria and fungi etc. are found.

Question 10.
Define B – horizon layer. Also give the main characteristics of B – horizon.
Answer:
B – horizon layer:
This layer lies next to A – horizon. The main characteristics of this layer of soil are as under:

1. The colour of this layer is comparatively dull.
2. This layer of soil is usually harder and more compact than the top soil.
3. This layer contains very less amount of organic matter in it.
4. This layer is rich in iron oxide and soluble mineral salts,
5. Roots of large and old trees are found in this layer.

Question 11.
Differentiate between Alluvial soils and Desert soils.
Answer:
Alluvial soils:

1. Loamy in texture with plenty of humus.
2. Very fertile, good for crops like wheat and rice.
3. In India, it is mainly found in the plains of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Bihar, West Bengal and in the coastal regions of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.

Desert soils:

1. Soil sandy and porous, cannot hold much water.
2. If irrigated, crops can be grown.
3. In India, it is mainly found in Rajasthan and in some parts of Gujarat.

Soil Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the various steps involved in the formation of soil?
Answer:
There is a hard surface of the rocks just below the layer of the soil. In the past, these rocks were broken into smaller pieces by a process known as weathering. Weathering is the breaking down of huge pieces of rocks into smaller pieces by the action of natural forces, such as water, wind, glaciers and roots of plants, etc.

1. Rain water enters crevices of rocks. In winter, as this water freezes, it expands. This expansion breaks the rocks into smaller pieces.

2. The broken pieces roll down by the force of flowing or wind.

3. The broken pieces get converted into very fine particles, and mix with humus to form soil.

4. Roots of tree growing through rocks exert great pressure on the rocks. This causes cracks in the rocks, leading to weathering.

5. Large variation in day and night temperatures.

6. In hot and humid climates, the minerals in rocks react with oxygen of the air. Such oxidised rocks crumble to form soil.

Question 2.
Describe various types of soil on the basis of their classification?
Answer:
There are mainly six types of soil found in India. These are:

1. Red soil:
It is red in colour due to the presence of red iron oxide in it. It is poor in humus but can be made fertile by adding manure. This type of soil is generally found in southern part of. India.

2. Black soil:
It is derived from the lava of volcanic eruptions and is rich in minerals containing iron and magnesium. This type of soil is found in Maharashtra and parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.

3. Alluvial soil:
It is a loamy soil which contains abundant amount of water in it. This is very fertile soil. This type of soil is very suitable for the production of rice and wheat. This soil is found in the plains of northern India.

4. Desert soil:
It is grey to brown in colour. The soil is sandy and porous, and cannot hold much water. This soil is found in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

5. Mountain soil:
It has the highest humus content among all soils in India. These soils are highly, fertile. This soil is found in the Himalyan region and the north – eastern parts of India.

6. Laterite soil:
It is red in colour and good for crops such as tea, coffee and coconut. This type of soil is typical of the rainy climate and rich in nutritive elements. This soil is found in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Orissa.

Question 3.
Write an essay on the importance of soil?
Answer:
Soil is an important part of our earth. It is not only a natural habitat for various worms and insects but plants also grow and absorb water and minerals for their growth and development in the soil.

1. For food, clothing and shelter:
By supporting growth of plants, the soil provides us with food. Much of our clothing, such as cotton and wool, can be traced to the soil. Plants also provide us fuel, paper, medicines and wood for use in furniture and for constructing houses.

2. For minerals:
We depend on the soil for minerals. Industries use the minerals dug out from the earth to extract metals such as gold, silver, iron, etc. and for use in thousands of industries that produce various useful things for us. Minerals, such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal obtained from soil provide us fuel and many other useful things.

3. For clay:
We depend on the soil for clay which is the raw material used to make tiles, bricks, procelain and pottery.

4. For water:
We depend on the soil for water. Water that seeps into the soil is stored underground as subsoil water. We use this water for drinking and other purposes.

Question 4.
Write a note on soil erosion?
Answer:
The process of water or wind carrying away soil from one place to another is called soil erosion. Following are the main reasons for soil erosion:

1. Erosion by natural forces:
Fast moving wind generally . carries away with it the top soil from the surface of the earth. Similarly, heavy rainfall creates flood situation and fast moving water washes away with it the top fertile soils from our fields which combinely result into erosion of soil.

2. Erosion by human activities. Various human activities are responsible for erosion of soil such as cutting of forests, improper and unscientific methods of agriculture and extensive use of grass lands.

Question 5.
What are the main causes for the erosion of soil?
Answer:
The main causes for the erosion of soil are:
1. Cultivation:
Continuous cultivation of land by only one type of crop further adds to the loss of soil fertility. Once the top of soil is lost, the sub-soil becomes a part of the layer for cultivation. This layer has less nutrient retention power, organic matter and aeration.

2. Deforestation:
It is due to increasing population and increasing industrialization. Deforestation leads to flooding and soil erosion. Forested land looses one tonne of soil per year whereas unforested land looses approximately 40 times more soil.

3. Floods:
The soil taken away by flood often gets deposited in ponds, rivers and lakes’. This causes the water to become muddy and reduces the depth of ponds, rivers and lakes. It also raises their bed due to silting, which has an adverse impact on aquatic life.

4.Overgrasing:
Animal overgrase the slopes that leads to removal of vegetation cover from the soil. All these animals pulverise the soil which is easily washed away in time of heavy rainfall. By overgrasing the soil is denuded of its protective covering of roots and grass.

Question 6.
How will you demonstrate that the vegetation prevents erosion of soil?
Answer:
Take two trays or baskets. Fill them with garden soil. Grow grass or some cereal in one of them and water it properly for a few days. Now keep both the trays in a slightly inclined position by placing a brick below their one side. Let the water fall on both the trays. You will find that the water that flows from the tray with vegetation contains less amount of soil particles in it. This is due to the fact that the roots of plants bind the soil and do not allow it to flow with water.

Question 7.
Differentiate between Black soils and Red soils?
Answer:
Black soils:

1. Rich in iron and magnesium derived from basaltic rocks.
2. Soil is clayey, contains dead organic matter and water; ideal for growing cotton and sugarcane.
3. In India, it is mainly found in Maharashtra, parts of Andhra Padesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

Red soils:

1. Red colour is due to the presence of iron oxide.
2. Poor in humas but cannot be made fertile by adding manure or fertilizers.
3. In India, it is found in interior regions of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Southern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Eastern Madhya.

Question 8.
What are the human activities responsible for soil erosion?
Answer:
The various human activities responsible for soil erosion are:

1. Cutting of forests:
With the increase in population and civilisation, deforestation started. Deforestation disturbed the natural habitat of wild animals and at the same time, it enchanced the process of soil erosion.

2. Improper and unscientific methods of agriculture:
Improper and unscientific methods of agriculture also increase the rate of soil erosion.

3. Extensive use of grass lands:
Extensive use of grass lands due to overgrazing by cattle also reduces grass and other, vegetation on the earth which causes erosion of soil.

MP Board Class 7th Science Solutions