Category: Class 9

MP Board Class 9th General Hindi व्याकरण वर्तनी

प्रश्न 1.
वर्तनी की परिभाषा दें।
उत्तर-
‘वर्तनी’ का अर्थ है उच्चारण के अनुरूप वर्ण-विन्यास। इसे अंग्रेजी में (spelling) कहते हैं। सामान्यतया लिखने की रीति को वर्तनी कहते हैं। वर्तनी की शुद्धता के लिए उच्चारण की शुद्धता आवश्यक है। यदि उच्चारण गलत हुआ तो वर्तनी भी गलत होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
वर्तनी संशोधन के नियमों पर प्रकाश डालें।
उत्तर-
वर्तनी संबंधी कुछ नियम हैं, जिनका पालन करने से शब्दों के शुद्ध रूप लिखे जा सकते हैं।
1. किसी भी स्वर के साथ किसी अन्य स्वर की मात्रा नहीं लगनी चाहिए।

जैसे-

‘अ’ अिस, ओक, अपर-ये अशुद्ध रूप हैं।
इस, एक, ऊपर-ये शुद्ध रूप हैं।

2. भाववाची-ति, नि, धि, टि से समाप्त होने वाली स्त्रीलिंग संज्ञाओं की अंतिम ‘इ’ ह्रस्व होती है।

जैसे-

भक्ति, शक्ति, नीति, प्रीति, रीति, जाति आदि।

3. संस्कृत के तत्सम पुल्लिंग शब्द के अंतिम इ, उ, प्रायः ह्रस्व होते हैं।

जैसे-

कवि, कपि, हरि, रवि, वाल्मीकि, उदधि आदि।

4. तद्भव तथा विदेशी भाषाओं में आए पुल्लिंग शब्दों के अंतिम इ, उ दीर्घ होते हैं।

जैसे-

अंग्रेजी, फ्रांसीसी, आलू, भालू, डाकू, लड़ाकू।

5. ‘ऋ’ स्वर है। कभी-कभी उसका उच्चारण, रि, रु इस प्रकार करके इसी से शब्द लिखते हैं, वह अशुद्ध रूप है। ‘ऋ’ प्रारंभ में लगने वाले शब्द को ‘र’ से नहीं ‘ऋ’ से लिखना चाहिए

जैसे-

ऋतु लिखना चाहिए, रितु नहीं।
शुद्ध रूप-ऋचा, ऋग्वेद, ऋण, वृष्टि, कृषक, कृष्ण, तृण, तृष्णा आदि।

6. ‘घ’ तथा ‘ध’ वाले शब्द-‘घ’-घर, घोड़ा, घनश्याम, घड़ा, घमण्ड आदि।

‘ध’-धैर्य, धर्म, धन, धमाका, धाम आदि।

7. ‘व’ और ‘ब’ में अंतर-‘व’ के उच्चारण में होठ’ (ओठ) खुले रहते हैं और ‘ब’ के उच्चारण में बंद हो जाते हैं।

‘व’ वाले शब्द-वह, वर्ण, विवाहर, विश्व इत्यादि।
‘ब’ वाले शब्द-बाहर, बंद, बंदर, बँटवारा, बाप, बतासा, बनावट, बारात इत्यादि।

8. श, ष, स का अन्तर-‘श’ वाले शब्द-शहर, शरबत, शेर इत्यादि।

‘ष’ वाले शब्द-षट्कोण, नष्ट, कष्ट, राष्ट्र, युधिष्ठिर, विशिष्ट इत्यादि।
‘स’ वाले शब्द-समाज, सपेरा, समय, सावन, स्वागत, सरौता, सबेरा, स्वर्ग इत्यादि।

प्रश्न 3.
परसर्ग या कारक चिह्न का प्रयोग कहाँ किया जाता है?
उत्तर-
परसर्ग या कारक चिह्न का प्रयोग-संज्ञा शब्दों के साथ होना चाहिए। इस प्रकार जैसे-राम ने, मोहन को, घर में सर्वनाम के साथ प्रयोग-जैसे-मैंने, आपने, उन्होंने, उनको, जिसको इत्यादि।

प्रश्न 4.
योजक चिह्न का प्रयोग सोदाहरण समझाइये।
उत्तर-
योजक चिह्न का प्रयोग समानपद में करना चाहिए।

जैसे-

माता-पिता,
भाई-बहन,
पाप-पुण्य,
सरस्वती – वन्दना,
शोध-संस्था,
रात-दिन आदि।

प्रश्न 5.
शुद्ध एवं अशुद्ध वर्तनी को उदाहरण सहित समझाएँ।
उत्तर-
जैसे-

प्रश्न 6.
वर्ण तथा शब्द में क्या अंतर है?
उत्तर-
ध्वनि का लिखित रूप वर्ण कहलाता है। वर्ण भाषा की सबसे छोटी इकाई है। इन्हें विभाजित नहीं किया जा सकता, परन्तु वर्णों के सार्थक समूह से शब्दों का निर्माण होता है।

जैसे-

अ, आ, इ, ई वर्ण हैं जबकि र् + आ + म् + अ = ‘राम’ शब्द है।

प्रश्न 7.
हिन्दी की लिपि का नाम बताएँ।
उत्तर-
हिन्दी की लिपि का नाम देवनागरी लिपि है। प्रश्न 8. वर्तनी के नियमों में से कोई भी दो नियम लिखिए।
उत्तर-
1. किसी भी स्वर के साथ किसी अन्य स्वर की मात्रा नहीं लगती है।

जैसे-

अशुद्ध-ओक, शुद्ध-एक।

2. ‘ऋ’ स्वर का शुद्ध उच्चारण

जैसे-

रितु-अशुद्ध, ऋतु-शुद्ध शब्द है।

प्रश्न 9.
मानक वर्तनी क्या है? सोदाहरण समझाएँ।
उत्तर-
वर्तनी संबंधी कुछ महत्वपूर्ण नियम हैं। शुद्ध शब्द उच्चारण के लिए, उनका पालन करने से मानक शुद्ध वर्तनी प्रस्तुत होती है।
जैसे-
‘ष’ के स्थान पर ‘श’ संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ।
अशुद्ध शब्द – मानक (शुद्ध) वर्तनी
द्वेश – द्वेष
निर्दोष – निर्दोश

प्रश्न 10.
निम्नांकित शब्दों के (मानक) शुद्ध रूप लिखिए।
उत्तर-
अशुद्ध रूप – मानक (शुद्ध रूप)

1. उज्वल – उज्ज्व ल
2. क्षन – क्षण
3. एकलौता – इकलौता
4. सौंदर्यता – सौंदर्य
5. आशीर्वाद – आशीर्वाद
6. चाहिये – चाहिए
7. अनाधिकार – अनधिकार
8. मैथली – मैथिली
9. उपरोक्त – उपर्युक्त
10. अनुग्रहित – अनुगृहीत

प्रश्न 11.
‘ऋ’ तथा ‘रि’ से बनने वाले कोई चार शब्द लिखिए।
उत्तर-
‘रि’ –

1. रिगवेद
2. रितु
3. रिषि
4. रिचा।।

‘ऋ’ –

1. ऋग्वेद
2. ऋतु
3. ऋषि
4. ऋचा।

MP Board Class 9th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 9th General Hindi व्याकरण प्रत्यय

प्रश्न 1.
प्रत्यय किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर-
मूल शब्दों के अंत में जो शब्दांश जुड़कर नये शब्द बनाए जाते हैं, उन्हें प्रत्यय कहते हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में जो शब्दांश शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नये-नये शब्दों का निर्माण करते हैं, उन्हें प्रत्यय कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
प्रत्यय कितने प्रकार के होते हैं? उत्तर-प्रत्यय दो प्रकार के होते हैं-कृत और तद्धित।

प्रश्न 3.
कृत प्रत्यय को सोदाहरण समझाएँ:
उत्तर-
कृत प्रत्यय-क्रिया शब्दों के अंत में जो शब्दांश जोड़े जाते हैं, वे कृत प्रत्यय कहलाते हैं,

जैसे-

पढ़ना + ई = पढ़ाई ; लिखना + ई = लिखाई।

क्रिया में प्रत्यय जोड़कर संज्ञाएँ भी बनाई जाती हैं और विशेषण भी। संज्ञा बनाने वाले हिंदी के प्रमुख कृत् प्रत्यय निम्नलिखित हैं-

विशेषण बनाने वाले प्रत्यय

प्रश्न 4.
तद्धित प्रत्यय को सोदाहरण समझाएँ।
उत्तर-
तद्धित प्रत्यय-जो प्रत्यय संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण के साथ जुड़कर नये शब्द बनाते हैं, उन्हें तद्धित प्रत्यय कहते हैं।

संज्ञा बनाने वाले तद्धित प्रत्यय-

विशेषण बनाने वाले तद्धित प्रत्यय-

MP Board Class 9th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 9th General Hindi व्याकरण उपसर्ग

प्रश्न 1.
उपसर्ग किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर-
उपसर्ग वे अविकारी (अव्यय) शब्दांश होते हैं, जो किसी शब्द के पूर्व में जुड़कर मूल शब्द के अर्थ में परिवर्तन कर देते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
उपसर्ग की विशेषता बताइये।
उत्तर-
उपसर्ग किसी भी शब्द को परिवर्तित कर देता है। इससे

1. शब्द के अर्थ में एक नयी विशेषता आ जाती है।
2. शब्द का अर्थ बदल जाता है।
3. कहीं-कहीं शब्द के अर्थ में कोई विशेष अंतर नहीं आता। हिंदी में जो उपसर्ग मिलते हैं, वे संस्कृत, हिंदी और उर्दू भाषा के हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
उपसर्ग कितने तरह के होते हैं? उनके उदाहरण दें।
उत्तर-
संस्कृत उपसर्ग

हिंदी उपसर्ग

MP Board Class 9th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Kharif crop is –
(a) Wheat
(b) Gram
(c) Paddy
(d) Oat.
Answer:
(c) Paddy

Question 2.
The part of Public Distribution System is –
(a) Shoe shop
(b) Gold & Silver shop
(c) Ration shop
(d) Grocery shop.
Answer:
(c) Ration shop

Question 3.
Target-ted public distribution is related to –
(a) Women
(b) Gents
(c) People living below the poverty line
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) People living below the poverty line

Question 4.
How much cereal is given under Antyodaya Anna Yojna –
(a) 5 kg
(b) 10 kg
(c) 15 kg
(d) 25 kg.
Answer:
(d) 25 kg.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the names of coarse cereal.
Answer:
Sorghum (Jowar), bajra (pearl millet) and maize.

Question 2.
In which years did India face famine?
Answer:
India had to face famine is the years 1835, 1877 and 1943.

Question 3.
What is Rojgar Ashwasan Yojna?
Answer:
Under Rojgar Ashwasan Yojna 100 days employment can be provided to 18 – 60 year old unskilled labor so that they are able to earn and purchase food grains through revamped public distribution system.

Question 4.
What is meant by minimum support price?
Answer:
Declaration of support price of agricultural crops means to give the guarantee of a minimum price to farmers for their crops.

Question 5.
Write the names of any two schemes launched for food security.
Answer:

• Target-ted public distribution system
• Kam Ke Badle Anaj Yojna.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the main factors of food security? Write about them.
Answer:
The main factors of food security are –

• Availability of food to the whole population of the country.
• Availability of enough money (purchasing power) to purchase the available food.
• Food should be available to all at affordable prices.
• The quality of the available food should be good.

Question 2.
What is Buffer Stock? Explain.
Answer:
if the production of food grains is less then to face such crisis of shortage and to distribute them through Public Distribution System, the stock of food grains kept by the government is known as Buffer Stock. Buffer Stock is the stock of food grains namely wheat and rice procured by government through Food Corporation of India (FCI).

The FCI purchases wheat and rice from farmers in states where there is surplus production. These food grains are stored in large granaries. It helps in resolving the problem of shortage of food grains during emergencies.

Question 3.
Explain Target-ted Public Distribution System.
Answer:
In 1997 target-ted Public Distribution System was introduced to ensure the availability of minimum quantity of food grains to families living below the poverty line. In this system food grains are provided to the poor on special low prices by issuing specific ration cards.

This is the largest food security plan of the world. In this system 3.5 kg. of food grains per month per family is being provided from 1st April, 2006. In the same way under the “Antyodaya Anna Yojna” 25 kg. of wheat at. Rs. 2/- per kg. and rice at Rs. 3/- per kg. is being provided to very poor families through Public Distribution System.

Under this system a differential price system was adopted including people below the poverty line (BPL) and also for people above the poverty line (APL)- in which prices of wheat and rice are fixed.

Question 4.
What is Revamped Public Distribution System? Explain.
Answer:
Revamped Public Distribution System In January 1992, the Public Distribution System was amended and a revised Public Distribution System was introduced to supply essential goods to consumers of remote area, schedule tribes, backward classes, drought – affected and mountainous areas of the country. Its characteristics are as follows:

1. Preference has been given to the people of drought – affected areas, desert areas, mountainous area and slums in urban areas.

2. It is aimed at providing more quantity of food at comparatively low prices. Other than six chief essential commodities goods like tea, soap, pulse, iodized salt are included in it.

3. Rojgar Aswan Plan has been started in the development blocks included under this plan, in which 100 days employment can be provided tr 18 – 60 – year – old unskilled labor so that they are able to earn and purchase food-grains through Revamped Public Distribution System.

Question 5.
What is the role of cooperative in food security? Explain.
Answer:
In India the role of cooperative is very important in providing food security. This work is done by the consumer cooperative societies through the ration shops for the sale of food grains for the poor. In India there are different system of consumer cooperatives at national, state, district and village levels.

Out of these National Consumers. Cooperative (Federation) Ltd. is an organization at national level. State Cooperative Consumers’ Organization is affiliated to this forum (federation). There are 794 consumer cooperative stores at central level (wholesale) and 24,078 stores’at primary level.

In rural areas nearly 44,418 village level primary agricultural credit society are distributing essential goods along with their ordinary business. To fulfill the needs of consumers, consumer cooperative societies are running nearly 37,226 retail selling centers in urban and semi – urban areas.

Question 6.
Differentiate between Kharif and Rabi Crops.
Answer:
Kharif:

• Kharif crops are shown in June or early July and harvested at tire end of Monsoon. This means sowing is done at the onset of monsoon (June and July) while harvesting is done at the end of Monsoon (October and November).
• Kharif crops are rice, jowar, maize, millet, groundnut, jute and cotton pulses are also grown in this session.
• Kharif crops are of tropical climate. (Some changes in this pattern take place, see the note in bracketed column of rabi crop.)

Rabi:

• Rabi crop season starts in November-December and hares – ting .takes place in the months of April and May.
• the major rabi crops are – wheat, barley, gram,, linseed, rasped and mustard.
• in the southern half of the Indian peninsula where temperatures are sufficiently high and rain occurs in winters this classification become blurred. Crops like Jowar are grown in.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the major cereals of India? Describe.
Answer:
India is an agricultural country and the chief occupations is farming. Cereals are grown is about 70 to 80% of the total agricultural land. rice, wheat millers and maize are the major cereals.

1. Rice:
Rice is the staple food crap of India. It thrives well in hot and humid climate. It requires temperature of 25°C, and rainfall of 100 cm and above and loamy fertile soil. The chief rice producing areas in India are the coastal strips, the Gainga Plains, the Brahmaputra valley, the deltas of Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

High yielding varieties, improved planting techniques, irrigation facilities and use of fertilizers have enabled Sadie to increase the production of rice in 1985-86 to 61 million tonnes and average yield per hectare rose to 15.7 Quintilian (2 \(\frac { 1}{2}\) tonnes, increase)

2. Wheat:
Wheat is the second important food crop of India. It requires a cool and moist climate during growing season and a dry climate at the time of ripening. Annual rainfall of 50 to 75 cm and fertile and sandy soil is very suitable – The chief wheat growing areas are Punjab, Haryana IIP, Bihar, MP., Rajashtan Maharashtra, etc.

because all the conditions far wheat production are found here. The use of high yielding varieties,, fertilizers and irrigation facilities helped to raise fire average yield per acre and increased the production of wheat 51 million mark in 1985 – 89. This breakthrough in the production of wheat is called the Green Resolution.

3. Millets:
Sorghum (Jo-war) and bajra are important millets in India. Sorghum (Jowar) In India Jowar has been grown from ancient period. It is used as fodder for cattle and as a food for human beings. In India it is food of the poor, ha foreign countries it is used to prepare starch and glucose.

In northern India it is a Kharif crop but in southern India it is a crop of Kharif and Rabi both. About 87 percent of the total production of Jowar (sorghum) in the country is produced in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

4. Bajra:
It is a Kharif crop in northern India. In southern India it is a crop of Rabi and Kharif both. It is used as fodder for cattle. India is the largest producer of Bajra in the world, hi India main Bajra producing states are Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. Of the total production of Bajra in the country 96 per cent is grown here.

5. Maize:
Maize is the crop of plains and mountainous region. It is used as fodder for cattle and as food to eat. Man uses its different varieties for food products. In foreign countries starch and glucose are prepared from this. In India it is grown in about all states but mainly it is grown in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Karnataka.

Question 2.
What is food security and why is it necessary? Explain.
Answer:
Food security related to the food – related needs of man. In simple words food security means availability of nutritive food to all. Also people should have purchasing power (money) for the arrangement and availability of food at reasonable prices. According to the World Development Report, 1986 “Food security is the availability of adequate food at all time for active and healthy life for all”.

Necessity of Food Security:
In the present Indian situation food security has become very important. Our economy is developing but the population is also increasing rapidly. So to meet the increasing demand, food security has become necessary. The causes responsible for this can be divided into two parts internal causes and external causes.

I. Internal causes:
Internal causes include those which are related to the internal conditions of the country. Following factors are included in these.

1. Basis of life:
India is a country of large population and the birth rate is also very high. Therefore food security is necessary.

2. Dependence on Monsoon:
Majority of crops in India are dependent on monsoon for irrigation, but the monsoon is always uncertain and irregular. The distribution of rains is uneven too. Consequently droughts and famines are common features of our economy. Therefore food security is necessary.

3. Low Productivity:
In India the productivity of food grains regarding per hectare and per labor is low. From this point of view also food security is necessary.

4. Natural Calamities:
Other than the problem of monsoon, flood, insects and pets, cold waves, soil erosion etc. also destroy the food crops in some or the – other part of the country. So the problem of shortage of food crops arises. The famine in Orissa of 1835 in Punjab and Madhya Pradesh in 1877 and in West Bengal in 1943, lacks of people died of hunger. So food security is necessary to face these natural calamities.

5. Continuously Rising Prices:
The prices of food grains are increasing continuously which results in starvation. So food security is necessary to overcome this problem.

6. Progress of the Country:
No country can progress without self-sufficiency of food, and for this food security is necessary.

II. External causes:
External causes include those causes which are related to the relation of the other countries with our country. Following are the external causes:

1. Dependence on Foreign Countries:
Food is the basic need of human beings. So when this requirement is not fulfilled it becomes the primary duty of the Government to fulfill these needs of the people. If there is a shortage of food we have to depend on foreign countries. Whenever there is inadequate supply of food-grains in our country we have to import even if food graii are costly or cheap the quality is good or bad. Thus dependence on foreign countries increases.

2. Decrease in Foreign Exchange:
Whenever we import things like food grains we have to spend our foreign exchange unnecessarily. We can meet our demand for food ourselves but we cannot. This results in shortage of foreign exchange to purchase very important commodities.

3. Foreign Pressure:
Countries which supply food grains to other countries become influential and then they pursue them to follow their policies. These countries dominate those countries which import food grains from them, as a result they lose their freedom to decide their foreign policies.

In the year 1965 – 66 and 1966 – 67 due to the failure of monsoon India had to face a devastating drought and therefore wheat was imported from America. During these frequent emergencies of food grains India experienced that food security is very essential to save people from starvation, to protect self – respect that honor and sovereignty and for the development of the country.

Question 3.
How does the government provide food security to the poor? Explain.
Answer:
Government provides food security to the poor through the following measures:

1. Public Distribution System.
2. Alertness of Government
3. Measures taken in a Critical Situation.

1. Public Distribution System:
By Public Distribution System is meant that system in which different consumer goods are sold in sufficient quantity of fixed prices to the consumers specially to the poor section of society. In this system different goods such as wheat, rice, sugar, imported edible oil, coal and kerosene oil etc. are sold through ration shops or cooperative consumer stores.

The profit rate for these sellers ’are fixed and they have to sell the goods to the ration card holders on fixed price and in fixed quantities. There are three kinds of ration cards B.P.L. card, A.P.L card and Antyodaya cards. BPL cards are meant for those people who are below poverty line, APL cards are meant for those people who are above poverty line and Antyodaya cards are issued to those people who are the poorest of the poor.

The Public Distribution System is regulated by central and state government together. The central government allots food grains and other commodities to state and determines prices also. The state has the right to add transportation charges etc. to the prices fixed by Central Govt.

The transportation, collection, distribution and inspection of these goods processed under this system is done by state government. It is clear from the above table that Public Distribution System plays an important role in providing food-grains to people.

The state government can include those goods also in Public Distribution System which it can purchase if required. In India distribution of food-grains is increasing continuously through Public Distribution System as shown in the given table:

Public Distribution System and Distribution of Food Grains:

2. Alertness of Government:
Our government is very alert in providing food security to the poor. It has developed food security system to make food grains available at reasonable prices to the poor and other people.

3. Measures Taken in a Critical Situation:
The government takes several steps in order to make food grains available to the poor during the period of food crisis arising due to any other reasons or due to natural calamities. Some of these measures are given below:

I. Efforts to Increase Food Grains:
For food security it is important that the production of food grains should be enough in quantity. In this the contribution of green revolution is quite important under Green Revolution mechanization of agriculture, use of high yielding hybrid variety of seeds, fertilizers and insecticides and irrigation facilities were extended.

Also due to promotion of consolidation of land holdings, abolishing of mediators, today the country has become self-sufficient in the field of food grains. The progress of food grains in India can be explained on the basis of following table:

Food Grain Production in India (in crore tonnes):

II. Minimum Support Price:
The prices of agriculture products are very flexible, at the time of harvesting the supply increases, due to which there is enough decrease in price. As prices at this time go down below the fixed limit the producer finds it difficult to get the cost of their products.

1. Therefore government declares minimum support price for agricultural products, under which when market price of food-grains becomes less than its support price, the government starts purchasing food grains on self-declared support price. Due to which farmers get inspired to produce more and more and the government procures food grain for “Buffer Stocks”.

2. The support prices declared by the government during last years are shown here in following table:

Support of Different Food Grains (Rupees per quintal):

III. Buffer Stock:
If the production of food grains is less than to face such crisis of shortage and to distribute them through Public Distribution System, the stock of food grains kept by government is known as Buffer Stock. Buffer stock is the Stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice procured by government through Food Corporation of India (FCI).

The FCI purchases wheat and rice from farmers in states where there is surplus production. The farmers are paid a pronounced price for their crop. This price is called “Minimum Support Price”. The government declares these prices before the sowing season to provide incentives to farmers for raising production of these crops.

These food grains are stored in large granaries. It helps in resolving the problem of shortage of food grains during emergencies. The table of Buffer Stock explains that in the past years in India the stocks has been greater than fixed minimum quantity which is a sign of strong food security of India.

Status of Buffer Stock in India (in million tonnes):

Question 4.
What steps has the government taken to increase food grains?
Answer:

Government provides food security to the poor through the following measures:

1. Public Distribution System.
2. Alertness of Government
3. Measures taken in a Critical Situation.

1. Public Distribution System:
By Public Distribution System is meant that system in which different consumer goods are sold in sufficient quantity of fixed prices to the consumers specially to the poor section of society. In this system different goods such as wheat, rice, sugar, imported edible oil, coal and kerosene oil etc. are sold through ration shops or cooperative consumer stores.

The profit rate for these sellers ’are fixed and they have to sell the goods to the ration card holders on fixed price and in fixed quantities. There are three kinds of ration cards B.P.L. card, A.P.L card and Antyodaya cards. BPL cards are meant for those people who are below poverty line, APL cards are meant for those people who are above poverty line and Antyodaya cards are issued to those people who are the poorest of the poor.

The Public Distribution System is regulated by central and state government together. The central government allots food grains and other commodities to state and determines prices also. The state has the right to add transportation charges etc. to the prices fixed by Central Govt.

The transportation, collection, distribution and inspection of these goods processed under this system is done by state government. It is clear from the above table that Public Distribution System plays an important role in providing food-grains to people.

The state government can include those goods also in Public Distribution System which it can purchase if required. In India distribution of food-grains is increasing continuously through Public Distribution System as shown in the given table:

Public Distribution System and Distribution of Food Grains:

2. Alertness of Government:
Our government is very alert in providing food security to the poor. It has developed food security system to make food grains available at reasonable prices to the poor and other people.

3. Measures Taken in a Critical Situation:
The government takes several steps in order to make food grains available to the poor during the period of food crisis arising due to any other reasons or due to natural calamities. Some of these measures are given below:

I. Efforts to Increase Food Grains:
For food security it is important that the production of food grains should be enough in quantity. In this the contribution of green revolution is quite important under Green Revolution mechanization of agriculture, use of high yielding hybrid variety of seeds, fertilizers and insecticides and irrigation facilities were extended.

Also due to promotion of consolidation of land holdings, abolishing of mediators, today the country has become self-sufficient in the field of food grains. The progress of food grains in India can be explained on the basis of following table:

Food Grain Production in India (in crore tonnes):

II. Minimum Support Price:
The prices of agriculture products are very flexible, at the time of harvesting the supply increases, due to which there is enough decrease in price. As prices at this time go down below the fixed limit the producer finds it difficult to get the cost of their products.

1. Therefore government declares minimum support price for agricultural products, under which when market price of food-grains becomes less than its support price, the government starts purchasing food grains on self-declared support price. Due to which farmers get inspired to produce more and more and the government procures food grain for “Buffer Stocks”.

2. The support prices declared by the government during last years are shown here in following table:

Support of Different Food Grains (Rupees per quintal):

III. Buffer Stock:
If the production of food grains is less than to face such crisis of shortage and to distribute them through Public Distribution System, the stock of food grains kept by government is known as Buffer Stock. Buffer stock is the Stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice procured by government through Food Corporation of India (FCI).

The FCI purchases wheat and rice from farmers in states where there is surplus production. The farmers are paid a pronounced price for their crop. This price is called “Minimum Support Price”. The government declares these prices before the sowing season to provide incentives to farmers for raising production of these crops.

These food grains are stored in large granaries. It helps in resolving the problem of shortage of food grains during emergencies. The table of Buffer Stock explains that in the past years in India the stocks has been greater than fixed minimum quantity which is a sign of strong food security of India.

Status of Buffer Stock in India (in million tonnes):

Question 5.
What is Public Distribution System and what are its main constituents? Describe.
Answer:
By Public Distribution System is meant that system in which different consumer goods are sold in sufficient quantity at fixed prices to the consumers specially to the poor section of society. In this system different goods (wheat, rice, sugar, imported edible oil, coal and kerosene oil etc.) are sold through ration shops or cooperative consumer stores.

The profit rate for these sellers are fixed and they have to sell the goods to the ration card holders on fixed price and in fixed quantities. There are three kinds of ration cards BPL Card, APL Card and Antyodaya Card. BPL cards are for people below poverty line. APL cards are for people above poverty line.

Antyodaya Cards are meant for the poorest of the poor. The Public Distribution System is regulated by central and state government together. The central government allots food grains and other commodities to state and determines prices also. The state has the right to add transportation charge etc.

to the prices fixed by Central Government. The transportation, collection, distribution and inspection of these goods processed under this system is-done by state government. The state government can include those goods also in Public Distribution System which it can purchase if required.

The main constituents of Public Distribution System. Public Distribution System includes fair-price shops. Fair Price Shop for selling cloth, soft coke depot, Super market and Kerosene shops. In India distribution of food grains is increasing continuously through Public Distribution System. The following table will show that Public Distribution system plays an important role in providing food grains to people.

Public Distribution System and Distribution of Food Grains (in million tonnes):

Question 6.
How is the Public Distribution System conducted? Describe.
Answer:

By Public Distribution System is meant that system in which different consumer goods are sold in sufficient quantity at fixed prices to the consumers specially to the poor section of society. In this system different goods (wheat, rice, sugar, imported edible oil, coal and kerosene oil etc.) are sold through ration shops or cooperative consumer stores.

The profit rate for these sellers are fixed and they have to sell the goods to the ration card holders on fixed price and in fixed quantities. There are three kinds of ration cards BPL Card, APL Card and Antyodaya Card. BPL cards are for people below poverty line. APL cards are for people above poverty line.

Antyodaya Cards are meant for the poorest of the poor. The Public Distribution System is regulated by central and state government together. The central government allots food grains and other commodities to state and determines prices also. The state has the right to add transportation charge etc.

to the prices fixed by Central Government. The transportation, collection, distribution and inspection of these goods processed under this system is-done by state government. The state government can include those goods also in Public Distribution System which it can purchase if required.

The main constituents of Public Distribution System. Public Distribution System includes fair-price shops. Fair Price Shop for selling cloth, soft coke depot, Super market and Kerosene shops. In India distribution of food grains is increasing continuously through Public Distribution System. The following table will show that Public Distribution system plays an important role in providing food grains to people.

Public Distribution System and Distribution of Food Grains (in million tonnes):

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Other Important Questions

Question 1.
Choose the right answer:
(i) Kharif crops are sown in the month of –
(a) October
(b) November
(c) December
(d) January
Answer:
(a) October

Question 2.
Rabi crops are harvested in the month of –
(a) February or March
(b) March or April
(c) April or May
(d) May or June.
Answer:
(b) March or April

Question 3.
In production of food grains India stands third after –
(a) America and Australia
(b) America and China
(c) America and Canada
(d) China and Canada.
Answer:
(b) America and China

Question 4.
Antyodaya ration cards are meant for those who are –
(a) Below poverty line
(b) Above poverty line
(c) Poorest of the poor
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Poorest of the poor

Question 5.
Target-ted Public Distribution System was introduced in the year –
(a) 1997
(b) 1998
(b) 1999
(d) 2000.
Answer:
(a) 1997

Fill in the blank:

1. Reserve stock of food grains to meet …………… situations.
2. ……………. cards for people below poverty line.
3. ……………. cards for the poorest of the poor.
4. In India two kinds of wheat are grown……………… and mikrani wheat.
5. India is second largest producer of ………………… in the world.

Answer:

1. Emergency
2. BPL
3. Antyodaya
4. Walgair wheat
5. Rice.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the main requirements of life?
Answer:
Food, clothing and housing.

Question 2.
How does the World Development Report 1986? Define Food security.
Answer:
According to the World. Development Report 1986, “Food security is the availability of adequate food at all time for active and healthy life for all”.

Question 3.
On what three factors does food security depend?
Answer:
Food security depends on three factors Public Distribution System, alertness of government and the measures taken in a situation of crisis.

Question 4.
Name the major cereals?
Answer:
The major Cereals are rice, wheat, mullets and maize.

Question 5.
Name some rabi crops?
Answer:
Some rabi crops are wheat, oat, gram, etc.

Question 6.
Name rice producing states of India?
Answer:
Rice producing states of India are West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Punjab amd Assam.

Question 7.
When was Public Distribution System amended?
Answer:
Public Distribution System was amended in January 1992.

Question 8.
What are the parts of Public Distribution System?
Answer:
Public Distribution System includes fair price shops, soft coke depot, super market and kerosene shops.

Question 9.
Name two crops used as fodder for cattle?
Answer:
Jowar and Bajra.

Question 10.
What type of economy have we?
Answer:
We have developing economy.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does food security generally imply? Mention the stages of food security?
Answer:
The food security generally implies that the whole population at all time, should have access to minimum quantity of cereals, but due to continuous changes in a developing country there can be following stages of food security:

• Availability of adequate food grains.
• Availability of food grains and pulses in adequate quantity.
• Availability of milk and milk products along with food grains and pulses.
• Availability of food-grains, pulses, milk and milk products, vegetables, fruits etc.

Question 2.
Describe the chief crops of India and their cultivation regions.
Answer:
The chief crops of India paddy (rice), wheat, bajra, jowar, maize, gram and pulses. Their cultivation regions

1. Paddy (rice):
West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamilnadu, Orissa, Punjab, Assam.

2. Wheat:
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Gujarat.

3. Bajra:
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat.

4. Jowar:
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.

5. Maize:
Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Rajasthan.

6. Gram & Pulses:
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Karnataka.

Question 3.
What do you understand by ‘Fair Price Shop’? What are its benefits?
Answer:
Sugar, cereals, kerosene etc. are distributed to the ration card holders through ration shops which are also known as ‘Fair Price Shops’. Any family with a ration card can buy stipulated amount of these items, every month from nearby ration shop. At these shops all the items are sold at a price lower than the market price. Today there are about 4.6 lakh ration shops in the country.

Question 4.
Write a short note on Buffer Stock?
Answer:
If the production of food grains is less than to face such crises of shortage and to distribute them through Public Distribution System, the stock of food grains kept by government is known as Buffer Stock. Buffer Stock is the stock of food grains namely wheat and rice procured by government through Food Corporation of India (FCI).

The FCI purchases wheat and rice from farmers in states where there is surplus production. These food grains are stored in large granaries. It helps in resolving the problem of shortage of food grains during emergencies.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India

Question 1.
Describe coarse crops.
Answer:
Sorghum (Jowar), bajra and maize are coarse crops.

1. Sorghum (Jowar):
Jowar is used as fodder for cattle and as food for human beings. In India it is food of the poor and in foreign countries it is used to prepare starch and glucose. About 87% of the total production of jowar in the country is produced in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

2. Bajra:
It is used as fodder for cattle. India is the largest producer of bajrai in the world. The main bajra producing states of India are Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Haryana etc. Of the total production of bajra in the country 96% is grown here.

3. Maize:
It is used as food and fodder. In India it is grown in about all states but mainly it is grown in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Karnataka.

Question 2.
Why has food security become necessary in India? What are the causes responsible for this?
Answer:

Food security related to the food – related needs of man. In simple words food security means availability of nutritive food to all. Also people should have purchasing power (money) for the arrangement and availability of food at reasonable prices. According to the World Development Report, 1986 “Food security is the availability of adequate food at all time for active and healthy life for all”.

Necessity of Food Security:
In the present Indian situation food security has become very important. Our economy is developing but the population is also increasing rapidly. So to meet the increasing demand, food security has become necessary. The causes responsible for this can be divided into two parts internal causes and external causes.

I. Internal causes:
Internal causes include those which are related to the internal conditions of the country. Following factors are included in these.

1. Basis of life:
India is a country of large population and the birth rate is also very high. Therefore food security is necessary.

2. Dependence on Monsoon:
Majority of crops in India are dependent on monsoon for irrigation, but the monsoon is always uncertain and irregular. The distribution of rains is uneven too. Consequently droughts and famines are common features of our economy. Therefore food security is necessary.

3. Low Productivity:
In India the productivity of food grains regarding per hectare and per labor is low. From this point of view also food security is necessary.

4. Natural Calamities:
Other than the problem of monsoon, flood, insects and pets, cold waves, soil erosion etc. also destroy the food crops in some or the – other part of the country. So the problem of shortage of food crops arises. The famine in Orissa of 1835 in Punjab and Madhya Pradesh in 1877 and in West Bengal in 1943, lacks of people died of hunger. So food security is necessary to face these natural calamities.

5. Continuously Rising Prices:
The prices of food grains are increasing continuously which results in starvation. So food security is necessary to overcome this problem.

6. Progress of the Country:
No country can progress without self-sufficiency of food, and for this food security is necessary.

II. External causes:
External causes include those causes which are related to the relation of the other countries with our country. Following are the external causes:

1. Dependence on Foreign Countries:
Food is the basic need of human beings. So when this requirement is not fulfilled it becomes the primary duty of the Government to fulfill these needs of the people. If there is a shortage of food we have to depend on foreign countries. Whenever there is inadequate supply of food-grains in our country we have to import even if food graii are costly or cheap the quality is good or bad. Thus dependence on foreign countries increases.

2. Decrease in Foreign Exchange:
Whenever we import things like food grains we have to spend our foreign exchange unnecessarily. We can meet our demand for food ourselves but we cannot. This results in shortage of foreign exchange to purchase very important commodities.

3. Foreign Pressure:
Countries which supply food grains to other countries become influential and then they pursue them to follow their policies. These countries dominate those countries which import food grains from them, as a result they lose their freedom to decide their foreign policies.

In the year 1965 – 66 and 1966 – 67 due to the failure of monsoon India had to face a devastating drought and therefore wheat was imported from America. During these frequent emergencies of food grains India experienced that food security is very essential to save people from starvation, to protect self – respect that honor and sovereignty and for the development of the country.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 17 State of Industries in India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
The maximum investment limit of small scale industrial unit is –
(a) Rupees 1 crore
(b) Rupees 5 crore
(c) Rupees 3 crore
(d) Rupees 7 crore.
Answer:
(b) Rupees 5 crore

Question 2.
Out of total production of Jute in the world India produces –
(a) 25 per cent
(b) 10 per cent
(c) 50 per cent.
(c) 35 per cent.
Answer:
(c) 50 per cent.

Question 3.
Which of these is concerned with information technology –
(a) Motor car
(b) Beautiful clothes
(c) Computer
(d) Gold and silver.
Answer:
(c) Computer

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
To which countries does India export glass manufactured goods?
Answer:
India exports glass manufactured goods to Pakistan, sri Lanka, Nepal, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Iran, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Burma and Malaysia, etc.

Question 2.
Which are the chief Silk pro-ducting areas of India?
Answer:
These are four major areas of silk production in India:

• Kashmir valley
• Eastern Karnataka and table land (Plateau) and mountainous regions of Tamil Nadu
• Areas of Hughli in West Bengal
• Mountainous region of Assam.

Question 3.
Which countries are the major buyers of lac products from India?
Answer:
Major buyers of Indian lac are China, America, Russia, and Britain.

Question 4.
Mention the agro – based industries in India?
Answer:
The agro – based industries in India are cotton textile industry, jute industry, sugar industry.

Question 5.
What is the capacity of production of the cement factories established in India?
Answer:
The capacity of production of the cement factories established in India is IS,209 crore tonnes.

Question 6.
Which states in India are important for the production of silk?
Answer:
Kashmir, Eastern Karnataka, West Bengal and Assam are important for the production of silk.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain die basis on which the different industries are classified in India.
Answer:
Classification of Industries:

Question 2.
Describe the state of the small scale industry of India?
Answer:
Paper Industry:
At present there are several paper mills in India among which the chief are National News Print and Paper Mill Limited (Nepanagar, Madhya Pradesh) and Security Paper Mill (Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh). At present there are 5/5 paper mills in the country. Around 15 lakh people are employed in this industry. India ranks twentieth in the world in the production of paper.

Leather Industry:
It is one of the eldest industries in India. Leather and leather goods are included in the top ten list of the products having maximum export. During the year 2003-04 the leather industry earned 2.1 million American dollars as income from export. It is estimated that 10% of total supply of leather of the world is from India.

Question 3.
Which articles are produced by the leather industry of India?
Answer:
These are several articles which are made of leather as coat, jersey, purse, paying material, toys, monkey cap, belt, hand gloves, shoes, footwear etc.

Question 4.
Explain the state of paper industry in India?
Answer:
In India the art of paper making by hands is developed from the ancient time. The first modern mill was set up at Bali near Kolkata in 1870. At present there are several paper mills in India among which the chief are National News Print and Paper Mill Limited. (Nepanagar, Madhya Pradesh) and Security Paper Mill (Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh). At present there are 515 paper mills in the country.

The paper is produced by (ail types of production units) small, medium and large. The contribution of small and medium units is 50 per cent of the total product. At present in India, around 15 lakh people are employed in this industry.

It ranks twentieth in the world in the production of paper. The chief paper producing states in India are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Littar Pradesh, Bihar and Kerala.

Question 5.
Write a note on the glass industry of India?
Answer:
Glass industry is an old industry in India. But modernized development of the glass industry started after the Second World War only. At present in this industry glass is being produced by modern and latest technology. Out of 56 big factories of glass 15 are modern factories which manufacture high quality 7 of glass goods completely with the help of machines. As a cottage industry it is localized mainly at Ferozabad and Belgaon.

There are more than 225 small and big factories glass in Ferozabad, which manufacture bangles. In Atta Shikohabad, Fatehabad and Hathra it is running as cottage industry and in UP, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Panjab, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Orissa it is centralised as a modern industry. India exports manufactured glass /goods to Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Iran, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Burma and Malaysia, etc.

Question 6.
Information and technology industry is a rapidly growing industry of India. Explain.
Answer:
Information and Technology:
The information technology industry is an industry based on technology with the help of computers and its applications, computers, communication, technology and concerning software. Tire knowledge reaches through means of communication and equipment. It is a knowledge – based industry. In India, the development of information technology is recent, but it is growing rapidly.

However, enormous efforts are required for making it competitive with developed countries. In India this industry developed after the International Treaty of 1994. In 1994 – 95, this industry earned Rs. 6345 crore which increased to 79337 crore, in the year 2002 – 03. It shows that this is the fastest growing industry of India.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the state of large scale industries of India.
Answer:
Cotton Industry:
This is the oldest and main industry of India. This is the largest and most extensive industry of India, its contribution to the total industrial production of country is 14% whereas its share in the gross export income is 19%. Its share in imports is 3%. This industry is producing employment to 9 crore people. It is mainly localized in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.

Iron and Steel Industry:
India has been famous for its iron and steel industry from ancient times. There are total 10 plants in India. Out of these nine are Public Sector and only one (Tata Iron and Steel Company, Jamshedpur) is under the Private Sector. At present there are 196 small scale plants in the country out of which 170 units are running. The capital investment in this industry is 90,000 crore rupees. It has provided employment to 5 lakh people.

Jute Industry:
India stands first in the production of jute in the world. Out of total production of the world 50% is produced only by India. India stands second in the export of the jute products in the world. In India 85% jute mills are in Uttar Pradesh, Ardhra Pradesh, Assam and Orissa. At present there are 73 jute mills running in India.

The capital investment in this industry is about Rs.300 crore. 2.61 lakh people are employed in this industry. Sugar Industry. India is the largest producer of the products drawn from sugarcane. Putting sugar, khandsari and gur or jaggery together, India stands first in the world production.

There has been big increase in the number of sugar mills since independence. In 1950 – 51, there were 138 sugar mills in the country. Their number has now increased to 566. Accordingly the sugar production has also gone up many times. It has risen from 1.13 million tonnes to 9.14 million tonnes by 1987 – 88.

Cement Industry:
At present there are 128 big plants which have 18,209 crore tonnes production capacity. Apart from these there are 332 small scale cement factories having production capacity 111 lakh tonnes. The capital investment in – this industry is 800 crore rupees and it provides employment to about 3 lakh people. At present India is the fifth largest cement producer of the world. The industry has progressed both in the field of production capacity, output and processing technology.

Question 2.
What efforts have been undertaken by the government to promote the small scale industries? Write.
Answer:
Following efforts have been undertaken by the government:

1. Establishment of Boards and Corporations:
Government has from time – to – time established different boards and corporations like – All India Board of Cottage Industries, All India Handicrafts Board, Khadi Gram Udyog Mandal, Board of Small Scale Industry, Coir Board, National Small Scale Corporation, Indian Handicrafts Development Corporation.

2. Establishment of the Council of Small Scale Industry:
Small scale industry development corporation. Nationalised Banks, State Finance Corporation are the members of this council.

3. Financial Assistance:
The financial assistance is provided to small scale industries through Reserve Bank, State Bank of India. The National Small Scale Corporation, State Finance Corporation, Cooperative Banks. Loan facilities are provided by the National Small Scale Development Banks. State Governments also provides long-term loan in their area under Government Assistance to Industries Act.

4. Technical Assistance:
The organisation for development of small scale industries is established to provide technical assistance to the small scale, industries. Under these services, Indians are sent to foreign countries for training and experts are invited to India to provide training in India.

5. Exemption from Taxes:
Concession in taxes are provided to small scale industries. Taxes like production tax are not imposed on the goods produced by these industries, if imposition of tax becomes essential then only a nominal tax is imposed. Apart from the exemption in taxes concessions are provided in the transportation expenditure.

6. Facilities for Selling of Products:
Immense facilities are provided for the marketing of products of the small – scale industries. Show rooms or emporiums are being opened at various places by Central and State Governments and by specific corporations for the selling of products of small scale industries. Along with this big societies and board for the sale of the products of small scale goods are set up with help of state governments.

7. Exemption from Licensing:
Some goods are reserved under this area to promote small scale industries.

8. Preference Given by Government in Purchasing:
The government gives preference to the products of small scale industries in purchasing goods for the use of its own departments and some goods are purchased completely from these industries.

9. Organizing Exhibitions:
The government from time – to – time organised exhibitions at different places to make people aware about the products of small scale industries. Apart from this it i provides assistance to those representatives of people who organised these exhibitions.

10. To Set up Research Institutes:
There are many research institutes established for research work on the products of small scale industries.

11. National Equity Fund:
Central Government has set up a fund in which 5 crore rupees are provided by Central Government and 5 crore rupees by the Industrial Development Bank. The Industrial Development Bank manages these funds, which provides loan to small scale industry in the form of Soft Loan up to 5 thousands rupees for seed and capital but the unit should be registered in the Directorate of Industry as a small scale industry.

12. Establishment of Indian Development Bank for Small Scale Industry:
This bank is established as a co-organisation of Indian Industrial Development Bank. Its capital is rupees 450 crore rupees and its main function is to provide financial assistance to the small-scale industries. Its offices are opened in different states.

13.Interest on Delayed Payment:
Tire government has made arrangement that if a buyer delays the payment of the goods purchased from a small industrial unit then he will have to pay interest on the delayed period.

14. Credit Card Scheme for Small Entrepreneurs:
This scheme was implemented with the aim to make credit easily available to small businessman, artisan entrepreneurs in 2002 – 03.

15. Improvement in the Loan Given to Small Scale Industries:
Following steps were taken for the improvement in the loan given to small scale industries:

• The limit of composing loan is increased from Rupees 25 lakh to Rs.50 lakhs. The composite loan is also given for working capital along with plant and machinery.
• The expected parallel security on the loan up to Rs. 5 lakhs has been terminated.
• Tire Reserve Bank of India has set up a committee to monitor the flow of loan given to small scale industries.

16. Removal of Restrictions on Ready-made Garment:
Progress of technology, increase in productivity, awareness towards quality, diversity of products, increase in exports and increase in marketing related policies and maximizing employment opportunities will help this sector.

17. Setting up of Integrated Structural Development Centers:
Under this scheme in an industrial premises the basic needs of a developed place as electricity, water, drainage system, Telecommunication is made available along with banks, raw. material, storage, sale and technology.

Question 3.
State the importance of small scale and cottage industries.
Answer:
Small scale and cottage industries play an important role in Indian economy. These industries are suited to the Indian economy. These industries can be established with less capital and require more human labor.

In India due to large population there is more human labor and also due to poverty there is less capital. For these reasons these are considered important part of Indian economy. This can be made clear by the following facts:

1. Suitable for Rural Economy:
Around 50.4 per cent working population of India depends on agriculture, but the farmers do not get work for the whole year. Therefore small scale industries are important for them and suitable for Indian economy.

2. Reduces Unemployment:
The small scale industries reduce unemployment as they have potential of employing large number of workers with less capital investment for the same.

3. Help in Reducing Inequalities of Incomes:
The ownership of small scale industries is distributed among lakhs of people and families as a result of this economic power cannot be centralized hence it helps in equal distribution of income.

4. Development of Individual Art:
Small scale industries are helpful in developing individual art.

5. Decrease Pressure of Population on Agriculture:
Major part of population is already dependent on agriculture in India and increasing population increases pressure on agriculture. If small- scale industries are set up in rural areas it, will reduce pressure on agriculture which will be beneficial for the country.

6. Help in Industrial Decentralization:
Small scale industries help in decentralization of industries in the country. Large scale industries get centralized in a particular place due to some specific reasons but small scale industries are developed in villages and small towns.

7. Less Requirement of Technical Knowledge:
Small scale industries. require less technical knowledge and less capital for its establishment. They can run with less trained workers. Thus they are best suited for the Indian economy.

8. Fast Producing Industry:
Produced goods can be obtained within a short time after the establishment of these industries. Therefore these are called fast producing industry. There is always a shortage of goods in India and these industry can contribute significantly in removal of this shortage.

9. Laming of Foreign Currency:
The exports of goods manufactured by small scale industries is increasing day by day which helps tire country in obtaining the valuable foreign currency. At present out of total export of the country the share of the goods produced by small scale industry is 35 per cent.

10. Less Dependency on Imports:
We have to depend on imports from foreign countries to establish large scale industries either for technology or for machine or raw material. With small scale industries there is no such requirement, we do not have to import machines or techniques or raw material. Thus it decreases dependency on imports.

11. Supplementary to Large Scale Industries:
The small scale industries can work as supplementary industries to large scale industries, for example small scale industries can manufacture intermediate goods which can be used by large scale industries to produce final goods.

12. Use of Local Resources:
Small scale industries utilize local resources. These industries help the rural people and common man to be an entrepreneur and give opportunities of, investment of rural savings. In India the contribution of small scale industries in gross national product is 10 percent, in gross industrial product it is 39 per cent and in providing employment it is 32 per cent and 35 per cent in the total exports of the country.

Due to the above small scale industries have been given significant place in the industrial policies. The production of 590 commodities are reserved for small scale industries.

Question 4.
Write short note on –

1. Leather Industry
2. Iron and Steel Industry
3. Cotton Industry
4. Information and Technology

Answer:
1. Leather Industry:
It is one of the oldest industry in India. This is a traditional industry. There are several things which are made of leather as coat, Jersey, purse, playing material, toys, monkey cap, belt, hand gloves,. shoes, foot wear etc. Majority of the leather goods in the country are produced in Tamil Nadu, Kolkata, Kanpur, Mumbai, Aurangabad, Kolhapur, Dewsas, Jalandhar and Agra.

Out of the total production of leather goods 75 per cent is produced by small scale and cottage industry. In India leather and leather goods are included in the top ten list of the products having maximum export. During the year 2003-04 leather industry earned 2.1 million American dollars as income from export. It is estimated that 10% of total supply of leather of the world is from India.

2. Iron and Steel Industry:
India has been famous for its iron and steel industry from ancient times. First of all Jamshedji Tata established an iron and steel company in Jamshedpur. There are total 10 plants in India. Out of these nine are Public Sector and only one (Tata Iron and Steel Company) Jamshedpur, West Bengal is under the Private sector.

The steel plants of public sector are Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bokaro, Vishakapatnam and Salem. At present there are 196 small scale plants in the country. Out of these 170 units are running and the remaining are closed. The capital investment in this industry is 90,000 crore rupees. It has provided employment to 5 lakh people. It was freed from licensing in the year 1991.

3. Cotton Industry:
This is the oldest and main industry of India. The first cotton mill in India was set up in 1818 in Kolkata. This is the largest and most extensive industry of India. Its contribution to the total industrial production of country is 14 per cent, whereas its share in the gross export income is 19 per cent. Its share in imports is 3 per cent.

The cotton textile industry is mainly localized in Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Gujarat. The Capital Investment in this industry is about 5,000 crores rupees. This industry is providing employment directly or indirectly to 9 crore people. The Government has freed cotton industry from licence through the cloth order (development and exchange) of 1993.

4. Information and Technology:
The information technology industry is an industry based on technology with the help of computers and its applications, computers, communication, technology and concurring software. The knowledge reaches through the means of communication and equipment. It is a knowledge based industry. In India, the development of information technology is recent but it is growing rapidly.

However, enormous efforts are required for making it competitive with developed countries. In India this industry developed after the International Treaty of 1994. In 1994 – 95, this industry earned 6345 crores rupees which increased 79337 crores in the year 2002 – 03. It shows that this is the fastest growing industry of India.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Tata Iron and Steel Company is categorized as –
(a) small scale industry
(b) large scale industry
(c) cottage industry
(d) medium scale industry.
Answer:
(b) large scale industry

Question 2.
Those industrial units are categorized as very small industries where the capital investment on plant and machinery is up to –
(a) 25 lacs
(b) 50 lacs
(c) 75 lacs
(d) 1 crore.
Answer:
(a) 25 lacs

Question 3.
Hand-loom, Khadi and Silk industries are examples of –
(a) village industry
(b) cottage industry
(c) medium scale industry
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) village industry

Question 4.
In India maximum lac is produced in –
(a) Orissa
(b) Mirzapur
(c) Plateau of Chhotanagpur
(d) Himachal.
Answer:
(c) Plateau of Chhotanagpur

Question 5.
The Central Silk Board was established in the year –
(a) 1949
(6) 1959
(c) 1969
(d) 1979.
Answer:
(a) 1949

Question 6.
Which of following is not a crop of lac –
(a) Baisakhi
(b) jaithavi
(c) Sawari
(d) Aghoni.
Answer:
(c) Sawari

Fill in the blank:

1. ……………….. Industry is the oldest industry in India.
2. Medium scale industry is ……………. and ………………….
3. In India maximum lac is produced in ……………..
4. Cottage industries are run only in ………………….
5. The first cotton textile industry of India was established in ……………. at Kolkata.

Answer:

1. Cotton
2. Leather industry, Silk industry
3. Plateau of Chhotanagpur
4. Village
5. 1818.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Very Short Answer’Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of industry?
Answer:
When many firms produce a homogeneous commodity or service then they all together are called an industry.

Question 2.
In what different ways are the industries classified?
Answer:
Industries are classified on the basis of their ownership, utility, size, nature of goods produced and raw material used.

Question 3.
Divide industries on the basis of amount of capital invested.
Answer:
We can divide industries into three parts on the basis of amount of capital invested large-scale industries, small-scale industries and cottage industries.

Question 4.
Give two examples of medium, scale industries.
Answer:

• Leather industry
• Silk industry.

Question 5.
Give two examples of cottage industry.
Answer:

• Making basket of bamboo
• Ivory work.

Question 6.
Which industry is called a Protection Baby?
Answer:
Sugar industry is called a Protection Baby.

Question 7.
Name the articles produced by the jute industry.
Answer:
Gunny bags, rugs, ropes, decorative products etc.

Question 8.
When was the jute industry started in India?
Answer:
The jute industry was started in India in 1855.

Question 9.
Name the chief paper mills of India.
Answer:
National News Print and Paper Mill Limited (Nepanagar, Madhya Pradesh) and Security Paper Mill (Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh).

Question 10.
Which industry is the oldest industry in India?
Answer:
Cotton Industry is the oldest industry in India.

Question 11.
Why was the Central Silk Board established?
Answer:
The Central Silk Board was established to encourage silk industry.

Question 12.
Name the two countries associated with lac production.
Answer:
India and Thailand.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a short note on jute industry of India.
Answer:
Jute Industry: India stands first in the production of jute in the world. Out of total production of the world 50 per cent is produced only in India. India stands second in the export of the jute pr. ducts in the world. Gunny bags, rugs, ropes, decorative products and several other items are made of Jute.

The jute industry in India started in 1855. In India 85 per cent jute mills are in Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Orissa. Out of the total production 62% is used to manufacture gunny bags. 20 per cent as sack cloth and rest 18 per cent for other things.

At present there are 73 Jute mills running in India. The capital investment in these industry is about Rs. 300 crores. 2.61 lakh people are employed in this industry.

Question 2.
Write about the cement industry.
Answer:
Cement Industry:
The cement industry in India started between 1912 – 1914 at Porbandar in Gujarat and Katni and Lakheri in Madhya Pradesh. At present there are 128 big plants which have 18,209 crore tonnes production capacity. Apart from these, there are 332 small scale cement factories having production capacity 111 lakh tonnes.

The capital investment in this industry is 800 crore rupees and it provides employment to about 3 lakh people. At present India is the fifth largest cement producer of the world after China, Russia, Japan and America. In 1991 it became free from licensing restriction. The industry has progressed both in the field of production capacity, output and passing technology.

Question 3.
Mention the location of glass industry.
Answer:
The glass industry is an old industry of India. As a cottage industry it is localised mainly at Felozabad and Belgaon. There are more than 225 small and big factories of glass in Ferozabad, which manufacture bangles.

In Atta Shikohabad, Fatehbad and Fla tiaras also it is running as cottage industry whereas in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and C. issa it is centralized as a modern industry. Maximum factories Li the country are situated in West Bengal.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Divide industries on the basis of amount of capital invested. Write about them.
Answer:
We can divide industries into three parts on the basis of amount of capital invested.

1. Large scale industries.
2. Medium Scale Industries.
3. Small scale industries.
4. Cottage industries.

1. Large Scale Industry:
These industrial units are those industries in which the capital invested on plant and machinery is more than Rs. 10 crores. They are categorized as large scale industries. For example Tata Iron and Steel Company.

2. Medium Scale Industries:
The industrial units in which capital invested on plant and machinery is up to 5 to 10 crores, they are categorized as Medium. For industrial units of tertiary sector their limit is up to Rs. 5 crores. For example leather industry and silk industry.

3. Small scale Industry:
Those industrial units are included in the small scale industries where capital investment in plant and machinery is up to the limit of Rs. 5 crores. Regarding industrial units of tertiary sector the given limit is Rs. 2 crores. For example Lac industry and glass industry.

Those industrial units are categorized as very small industries where the capital investment on plant and machinery is up to 25 lacs, and for the service sector in industrial units or tertiary sector, the limit is Rs. 10 lacs.

4. Cottage Industry:
Those industrial units which are run completely with the help of members of the family in the form of full time or part time business are cottage industries. In these units capital investment is nominal and the production work is done by hands for example making baskets of bamboo, ivory work.

Question 2.
In what different ways are the industries classified?
Answer:
Industries are classified in number of ways. It depends in what perspective does one see the functioning of industries. One may like to classify industries on the basis of ownership’s or on the way of scale of operations. Let us, therefore, classify industries oh all possible ways that occur to our mind.

I. On the basis of Nature of Industry:

• Village Industries. Industries that are run within the village with their traditional methods of production are called village industries.
• Cottage Industries. These industries are characterized by hand nomenclature of local raw material at home. It means that the industries are m by family members with their own labor and locally contacted caw material.

II. On the basis of size and scale of operation:

1. large Scale Industries:
Industries which use big power run machines and employ specialized labor giving rise to large scale production. Examples are iron and steel industries.

2. Medium Scale Industries:
These industries also employ large number off employees and use power machines in the production process fount the amount of money spent is less than the large scale industries and the labor power used is also comparative less.

3. Small Stale Industries:
Industries which employ less number of people and need less (capital for starting the industry. They also use power but the amount of power used is much less than the other industries.

III. On the basis of ownership:

• Private Sector Industries – Those industries which are owned and contained by the private entrepreneurs like Tata Iron and Steel Company and Birla. Cotton Mills etc.
• Public Sector Industries – Those industries which are owned and contested by She government. Government alone shares all the losses or it shares all the profits.
• Cooperative Industries – All such industries which are run on the cooperative basis. Annul Dairy at Anand in Gujarat is fine example of cooperative type of industries.

IV. On the basis of Saw Material:
1. Agro Based Industries:
Such industries which receive their raw Material from agriculture. Their development and growth depends upon the production of agriculture inputs. For example, cotton textile industry or jute industry depends upon the supply of cotton or Jute drawn frown agriculture sector.

2. Mineral Based Industries:
Mineral based industries are those industries which draw .heir raw material from mines. For example development of me a industry depends on the amount of iron received fan the mines.

Note: Also see the table given in Textbook Q-l (Short Answer Questions)

Question 3.
List out the main industries of India along with the places where they are located.
Answer:

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 16 Poverty: An Economic Challenge for India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
The bases of the comparison of income level is –
(a) absolute poverty
(b) relative poverty
(c) complete poverty
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) relative poverty

Question 2.
The state having maximum population of poor in India –
(a) Meghalaya
(b) Assam
(c) Bihar
(d) Madhya Pradesh.
Answer:
(a) Meghalaya

Question 3.
For how many days is employment provided under the Employment Guarantee Act 2005 –
(a) 25 days
(b) 50 days
(c) 75 days
(d) 100 days.
Answer:
(d) 100 days.

Fill in the blank:

1. An average income obtained by a person in a financial year is called ………………
2. ……………. Poverty means disparity of income.
3. The concept of ………………. as first given by the Indian economist Shri Dandekar.
4. The poorest district of Madhya Pradesh is ……………..
5. To measure the poverty in India generally two criteria are used first is absolute poverty and second …………….

Answer:

1. per capital income
2. Relative
3. poverty line
4. Jhabua
5. relative poverty.

True or False:

1. Rapid growth of population increases the poverty.
2. Punjab is the poorest state of India.
3. Employment Guarantee Act provides 5 kilograms of cereals and a minimum 20 percentage wages in cash.
4. People are considered as below poverty live in India who
5. are unable to obtain nutrition of 2100 calories per day in urban areas.
6. According to the report of planning commission in 2005 Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh is the poorest district in India.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the main economic challenges before India?
Answer:
Poverty, rapidly increasing population, widespread unemployment, rapidly increasing prices, regional imbalance and increasing economic disparities are the main economic challenges before India.

Question 2.
What is poverty line?
Answer:
By poverty line is meant that minimum economic standard which is necessary for their livelihood.

Question 3.
Mention the name of three states of India having the largest population of poorer.
Answer:
Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim.

Question 4.
Write about the social causes responsible for poverty.
Answer:
The social causes responsible for poverty are ignorance, fatalism, conservation etc.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does growth of population increase poverty? Explain.
Answer:
The population in India is rapidly increasing. Every year about 1.81 crore people are added to the existing population in India. According to the census of 2001 the annual growth of j population in India during the decade of 1991 – 2001 was 1.93. This leads to low per capital income and consumption and low standard  of living. It promotes poverty.

Question 2.
What changes have occurred in the condition of poverty during the last years in India? Mention.
Answer:
In India during the past years there has been a continuous decline in the population of people living below poverty line. In the year 1973 – 74 these were 54.9 per cent and in year 1993 – 94 36 per cent. It is estimated that in’the year 2006 – 07 the number of poor will reach 22 – 01 i.e. 19.3 per cent.

Question 3.
Explain the state-wise condition of poverty in India.
Answer:

Question 4.
Write about the main characteristics of the Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
Answer:
The chief goal of the Employment Guarantee Act 2005 is to provide 100 days employment every year to at least one adult of each rural or urban poor and low income family. Under this program me it is necessary to provide employment to an applicant within 15 days.

If employment is not provided within the due time then an unemployment allowance will be given to the concerned person. The allowance would be at least one – third of the minimum wages. This scheme was implemented on 2nd February, 2006 in 200 most backward districts of the country.

Question 5.
What is the basis to measure poverty?
Answer:
There are two criteria which are used to measure poverty. First absolute poverty and second relative poverty.

Absolute Poverty:
Absolute poverty is inability to be offered the basic amenities (food, clothing and health). All those people living below poverty line are included under it.

Relative Poverty:
It means disparity of inc e. It implies international income, economic inequalities and regional economic disparities.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the reasons responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
The main reasons responsible for poverty in India are:

1. Defective Development Strategy:
In India strategy a contradiction of poverty with growth is seen because the benefits of development are limited to only some people.

As a result of it the poor are becoming poorer and the rich richer. Opportunities for further progress are available to the educated and people who have facilities while the poor are unable to obtain even higher and technical education, due – to scarcity of wealth. The Government has made job opportunities available but its progress is very slow.

2. Unemployment:
Unemployment in India is widespread. According to an estimate there are about 5 crore unemployed people in India. The number of unemployed persons is increasing continuously, which is an important factor for poverty. In rural areas disguised unemployment also exists along with unemployment and seasonal unemployment. The increasing number of unemployed people decreases the productivity of individuals and the standard of income.

3. Low Per Capital Income:
In India poverty is expanding because of low per capital income. As compared to the developed countries of the world the per capital income in India is very low. According to the report of the World Bank of the year 2004 the per capital income in India is only 480 Dollars (about Rs. 24,000/-). Low per capital income is the chief reason of poverty in India.

4. Rapid Growth of Population:
The population in India is increasing rapidly. As regards population India ranks second in the world. Every year about 1.81 crore people are added to The existing population in India. According to the census of 2001 the annual growth of population in India during the decade of 1991 2001 was 1.93. This leads to low per capital income and consumption and low standard of living. It promotes poverty.

5. Use of Natural Resources:
Minerals, forest wealth and .human resources etc. in India are in abundance. But till now they have not been used in a proper way. The scanty use of natural resources is also a reason of poverty.

6. Inflation and Price Rise:
A huge amount of wealth is spent on the accomplishment of the development tasks. It generates inflationary pressure on the economy and the prices start increasing. As a result the problem of poverty becomes more severe.

7. Low Standard of Technical Knowledge:
There s scarcity of the facilities for the technical education and research etc. in India. About 36 per cent of the population of India is illiterate. The productivity declines as there is lack of technical education and facilities of training.

8. Low Productivity:
In India the productivity is low, therefore, proper returns from tire resources are not obtained and the people remain poor. Low productivity in the agriculture sector is the chief reason for rural poverty.

9. Uncertainty in Agriculture:
The Indian economy is based on agriculture, which depends on monsoon for irrigation. Monsoon is always uncertain due to which there have been fluctuations in the agricultural production. These natural calamities affect agricultural production adversely, which results in poverty.

10. Lack of Means of Transport and Communication:
In India 1 the rapid growth of agriculture, industries, and the tertiary sector is not possible means of transport and communications are not fully developed.

11. Social Reason:
People of India spend a big amount of their income on various programmers because of socioculture customs. On one hand it decreases the saving and on the other hand it increases indebtedness. Apart from this, ignorance, fatalism, conservation are also the causes of poverty in India.

Here the question under consideration is that though India is endowed with enough natural wealth even then it is a poor country, and Indians are leading their lives in poverty and s unemployment. There are means of prosperity in India but due to inadequate use of these means of prosperity, Indians are living in poverty.

Question 2.
Describe in brief the main programmers for the eradication of poverty in India?
Answer:
The Indian planners were concerned from the very beginning regarding the eradication of the problem of poverty. In this direction the government endeavored to promote economic growth. It has adopted many poverty- alleviation programmers and has launched many schemes to fulfill the needs of people of the rural areas. Following are the main programmers for the eradication of poverty.

1. Swarnjayanti Gram:
Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY) Was started on 1^st April, 1999. The programmer aims at bringing the poor families above poverty line within the period of three years by organizing them into self-help group through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. This programmer also aims to generate additional income for rural poorer. This is being conducted through the District Village Development Agency (Jila Gramya Vikas Abhikaran).

2. Swarnjayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojna:
This scheme was launched on 11^th December, 1997 for the eradication of poverty in urban areas. The scheme aims at providing financial aid to the poor in the urban areas for self-employment and for building assets for the creation of salaried employment.

3. Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna:
The scheme started on 2nd October, 1993. It aims to create self – employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth of 18 to 35 years age – group in rural areas and small towns.

4. Grameen Rojgar Srajun Karyakram:
This scheme was launched in April 1995 with the aim to establish projects and create self – employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns.

5. Annapoorna Yojna:
This scheme was started on 1^st April, 2000. This scheme aims to provide food security to people of 65 years of age and above who were illegible to obtain pension under the National Old Age Pension Scheme but are not receiving it. Under this scheme per month per head 10 kilograms of food-grains are provided free of cost. In the year 2002-03 National Social Help Program was merged with it.

6. Janshri Yojna:
This scheme was launched in August 2000, to provide social security to the poor section of the society, under this scheme Rs. 20,000 in case of natural death, Rs. 50,000 in case of dearth or permanent disability in an accident and Rs. 25,000 in case of partial disability is provided to the concerned person.

7. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna:
This scheme was launched in the rural areas with the air the increasing job opportunities along with food security. The laborers working under this scheme are paid a minimum quantity of food i.e. 5 – kilogram of cereals and a minimum 20 per cent wages in cash. The aim of this scheme is to provide security to the weaker sections of the society.

8. Gram Sainradhi Yojna:
A declaration to launch this scheme was made in March 1999. The present existing Jawahar Rojgar Yojna will be changed in a way all the funds can be spent by the Gram Panchayats, so that the can use it in rural development programmers. Thus they will have power to prepare and implement annual plans related to this work.

9. Antyodaya Anna Yojna was launched on 25^th December, 2001. The main objective of this scheme is to provide food-grains to the people living below the poverty line, who are included under the targeted public distribution system. In this scheme 35 Kilograms of cereal per month is distributed to 1.50 crore poor families on special concessional prices. The Central Issue Prices of wheat and rice under this scheme are Rs. 2 and Rs. 3 per kilogram respectively.

10. Employment Guarantee Act (2005):
Its main aim is to provide 100 days employment every year to at least one adult of each rural or urban poor and low income family. Under this programmer it is necessary to provide employment to an applicant with 15 days. If employment is not provided within the due time then an unemployment allowance will be given to the concerned person. The allowance would be at least one-third of minimum wages.

Question 3.
India is rich nation but its citizens are poor / Explain.
Answer:
Often it is said about India that India is a rich nation but its residents are poor. It is an ironical statement. India is a wealthy nation but the second part of the statement infers that Indians are poor. Lets understand the irony of this situation. India is a rich nation From ancient times India has been considered a geographically and culturally rich nation.

Here natural resources are in abundance for development. India’s geographical area is very vast, natural resources are good, climate is favorable, forest wealth is in adequate quantity, essential resources of energy are also available in adequate quantity and human power is also enough.

The chief reasons for calling India rich country are as below:

1. Geographical Position:
The geographical location of India is suitable from the point of view of development. In the north the Himalayas act as an alert watchman.

The peninsular location of the country and the presence of Indian Ocean links India with different international trade routes. India’s location for airways is also very suitable. Thus the geographical location of India is very appropriate for economic development and foreign trade.

2. Monsoon Climate:
The climatic conditions of India are monsoon – oriented, as a result of it different types of agricultural products are grown in the country. The different industries of our country obtain enough raw material from it. Owing to different type of climatic conditions we can grow different types of food and cash crops.

3. Abundance of Water Power:
We get water throughout the year from the perennial rivers originating from the Himalayas. These rivers play an important role in agricultural country like India. Today we use this water power for irrigation and to produce thousands of Kilowatt of electricity but we have not been able to make use of this resource to the fullest.

4. Forest Wealth:
Out of total area of India, the percentage of forest area is 19.39 We obtain fuel, oil, gums, timber wood, kattha, lac, leatherk, dying material etc. If the forest wealth of India is used efficiently then it may prove to be very useful in the development of country.

5. Availability of Means of Energy and Minerals in Abundance:
India is a rich country regarding minerals and means of power. Out of the total stock of iron in the world one-fourth stock is available in India. India also leads in production of manganese and mica. We have plenty of stock of coal, bauxite, gypsum, Thorium, Uranium materials which are used in production of atomic power.

6. Human Resources:
About 110 crore population of India is able, to – face any type of challenge. If this resource is used in a planned way then the development of the country can be enhanced. In spite of India being rich in the available resources Indians are poor.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Other Important Questions

Choose the Correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) Which is the poorest district in India?
(a) Dang
(b) Banswada
(c) Jhabua
(d) Punjab.
Answer:
(a) Dang

Question 2.
The numbers of people living below the poverty line in India is maximum in –
(a) Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Sikkim
(b) Bihar, Orissa and Assam
(c) Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim
(d) Bihar, Sikkim and Jhabua.
Answer:
(c) Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim

Question 3.
Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna was started on –
(a) 2^nd Oct. 1993
(b) 2^nd Oct. 1994
(b) 2^nd Oct. 1995
(d) 2^nd Oct. 1992.
Answer:
(a) 2^nd Oct. 1993

Question 4.
Janshri Yojna was launched to provide –
(a) Job opportunities
(b) food security
(c) Social security to the poor section of the society
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Social security to the poor section of the society

Question 5.
The extent of poverty in various states of India is –
(a) uniform
(b) not uniform
(c) similar
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) not uniform

Fill in the blank:

1. Among economic challenges the most serious is the problem of ……………
2. …………….. persons per year are added to Indian population.
3. Prime minister Rojgar Youjna was started from …………………..
4. The condition in which value of currency decreases and prices increase is called ……………..
5. …………… scheme was started from 1 April, 1999.

Answer:

1. poverty
2. 1.81 crore
3. 2 October, 1993
4. Inflation,
5. Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna.

True or False:

1. Under Antyodaya Anna Yojna 5 kg grain is provided.
2. About 36% population of India is illiterate.
3. Economy in India is agriculture based.
4. Geographical condition of India is not appropriate from point of view of growth.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What type of economy does India have?
Answer:
India has a developing economy.

Question 2.
What is the position of Indian economy in the world?
Answer:
Indian economy is placed among the most powerful economy of the world.

Question 3.
Which is the most severe economic challenge?
Answer:
The most severe economic challenge is the problem of poverty,

Question 4.
What is the reason of poverty?
Answer:
Scarcity of wealth is the reason of poverty.

Question 5.
What is poverty line?
Answer:
By poverty line is meant that minimum economic standard which is necessary for their livelihood.

Question 6.
What do you mean by absolute poverty?
Answer:
Absolute poverty is inability to offered the basic amenities (food, clothing and health).

Question 7.
Which organisation measures the population living below poverty line in India?
Answer:
The National Sample Survey Organisation measures the population living below poverty line in India.

Question 8.
When was Annapurna Yojna launched?
Answer:
Annapurna Yojna was launched on 1^st April, 2000.

Question 9.
What is the other name for District Village Development Agency?
Answer:
Jila Gramya Vikas Adhikaran.

Question 10.
What is the main objective of the scheme Antyodaya Anna Yojna?
Answer:
The mam objective of this scheme is to provide food-grains to the people living below the poverty line.

Question 11.
Why is poverty expanding in India?
Answer:
Poverty is expanding in India because of low per capital income.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of poverty?
Answer:
Scarcity of wealth is the reason of poverty. The poor economic condition of some people does not lead to poverty but when majority of people of a society are unable to fulfill the minimum requirements of life then this situation is known as poverty. If essential facilities of housing, clothing and food are not available to majority of people of a society then it is called as situation of poverty.

Question 2.
How is low per capital income responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
In India poverty is expanding because of low per capital income. As compared to the developed countries of the world the per capital income in India is very low. According to the report of the World Bank of the year 2004 the per capital income in India is only 480 dollars (about Rs. 24,000/-) Low per capital income is the chief reason of poverty in India.

Question 3.
How is defective development strategy responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
In India we see a contradiction of poverty with growth is seen. The reason behind it is that the benefits of development are limited to only some people. As a result of it the poor are becoming poorer and the rich richer.

Opportunities for further progress and available to the educated and people who have facilities while the poor are unable to obtain even higher and technical education, due to scarcity of wealth. Tire Government has made job opportunities available bin its progress is very slow.

Question 4.
Write about Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna?
Answer:
Swsarnjayanti Gram nvarojgar Yojna was started on 1st April, 1999. The programmer aims at bringing the poor families above poverty line within the period of three years by organizing them into self help group through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. This programmed also aims to generate additional income for rural poorer s. This is being conducted through the District Village Development Agency (Jila Gramya Vikas Abhikaran).

Question 5.
What is Antodaya Anna Yojna?
Answer:
Antyodaya Anna Yojna was launched on 25^th December 2001. The main objective of this scheme is to provide food grains to the people living below the poverty line, who are included under the targeted public distribution system. In this scheme 35 kilograms of cereal per month is distributed to 1.50 crore poor families on special concessional prices. The Central Issue Prices of wheat and rice under this scheme are Rs. 2 and Rs. 3 per kilogram respectively.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Poverty? How can poverty be identified?
Answer:
Scarcity of wealth is the reason of poverty. The poor economic condition of some people does not lead to poverty but when a majority of the people of a society are unable to fulfill the minimum requirements of life then this situation is known as poverty. If essential facilities of housing, clothing and food are not available to the majority of people of a society then it is called a situation of poverty.

It is very easy.to identify poverty but it is difficult to define it. When we see shattered dwellings and families living in slums all around us, beggars begging at railway stations and cross roads, laborers working in agricultural farms, then we can call such deprived people as poverty stricken. The people living ‘below, the poverty line are defined as poor.

Question 2.
Which are main programmers for eradication of poverty in India? Explain any four.
Answer:
The Indian planners were concerned from the very beginning about the eradication of poverty. In this direction the government is endeavoring to promote economic growth. It has adopted many poverty – alleviation programmers and has launched many schemes to fulfill the needs of people of the rural areas. The following are the main programmers for the eradication of poverty.

1. Swamjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY) – 1^st April, 1999
2.  Swamjayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojna – 11^th‘ December, 1997
3. Prime Minister Rojgar-Yojna – 2^nd October, 1993
4. Grameen Rojgar Srajan Karyakram – April 1995
5. Annapoorna Yojna – 1^st April, 2000
6. janshri Yojna – August 2000
7. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna
8. Gram Samradhi Yojna – March 1999
9. Antyodaya Anna Yojna – 25^th December, 2001.
10. Mahatma Gandhi Employment Guarantee Act (2005) – 2^nd February, 2006

1. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY):
It was started on 1^st April, 1999. The programmer aims at bringing the poor families above poverty line within a period of three years by organizing them into self help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. This programmed also aims at generating additional income for the rural poor. This is being conducted through the District, village Development Agency (Jila Gramya Vikas Abhikaran).

2. Annapooma Yojna:
This scheme was started on 1^st April, 2000. This scheme aims to provide food security to people of 65 years of age and above who were eligible to obtain pension under the National Old Age Pension Scheme but are not getting it. Under this scheme per month per head 10 kilograms of food grains are provided free of cost. In the year 2002-03 the National Social Help Program was merged with it.

3. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna:
This scheme was launched in the rural areas with the aim of increasing job opportunities along with food security. The laborers working under this scheme are paid a minimum quantity of food i.e. 5 kilogram of cereals and a minimum 20 per cent wages in cash. The aim of this scheme is to provide security to the weaker sections of society.

4. Mahatma Gandhi Employment Guarantee Act (2005):
Its main aim is to provide 100 days employment every year to at least one adult of each rural or urban poor and low income family. Under this programmer it is necessary to provide employment to an applicant within 15 days.

If employment is not provided within the due time then an unemployment allowance will be given to the concerned person. The allowance would be at least one third of the minimum wages. This scheme was implemented on 2nd February, 2006 in 200 most backward districts of the country.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 Growth of Rural Economy

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Who owns resources in a capitalistic economy?
(a) Government
(b) Both
(c) Individual
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Individual

Question 2.
Which Mughal ruler did give priority to the construct canals to increase irrigation facilities?
(a) Mohammad Tughlaq
(b) Akbar
(b) Shahjailan
(d) Humayun.
Answer:
(a) Mohammad Tughlaq

Question 3.
Before the arrival of Britishers the rural economy was based on –
(a) Currency system
(b) Self-sufficiency
(b) Imports
(d) Exports.
Answer:
(b) Imports

Question 4.
The percentage of rural population India in the year 2001 was –
(a) 21.4
(b) 32.0
(c) 65.1
(d) 72.2.
Answer:
(d) 72.2.

Question 5.
When was land reform introduced in India?
(a) After independence
(b) Before the arrival of Britishers
(c) In vedic period
(d) In Mughal period.
Answer:
(d) In Mughal period.

Fill in the blank:

1. An …………… is a system by which people earn their living.
2. Now mainly ………….. crops are produced during a year.
3. The primary objective of farming was ……………. before the arrival of the Britishers.
4. The zamindari system was started by ………………

Answer:

1. economy
2. three
3. self sufficiency
4. Lord Cornwallis.

True or False:

1. The government decides a minimum support price for the sale of crops at reasonable price.
2. Villages got completely independent after the arrival of the British.
3. For the development of agriculture the small non-economic farms should be merged into one big farm.
4. Contribution of agriculture in the national income is increasing after independence.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the term ‘economy’.
Answer:
An economy is a system by which people earn their living and it comprises of the production units existing in that area. In other words we can say, an economy of a country includes shops, mines, banks, roads, schools, colleges, universities, hospitals etc. which provide employment to people and produce goods and services which is also used by the people of that place.

Question 2.
How were the village economies in India organised before the arrival of the Britishers?
Answer:
In ancient times majority of population resided in villages. In fact villages were a major unit of the economy. At that time villages were self-sufficient, prosperous and happy. The villagers fulfilled their needs through local resources only.

Question 3.
What is meant by self – sufficiency of villages?
Answer:
Self – sufficiency means that villagers fulfilled their needs through local resources only before the arrival of the British.

Question 4.
What were the main categories of working population of ancient villages?
Answer:
The main categories of working population of ancient villages were:

1. Farmers
2. Artisans
3. Village officer.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
State the structure of Indian rural working community before the arrival of the Britishers?
Answer:
There were three main components of the working population or community is before the terminal of Britishers Farmers, artisans and village officer.

Farmers:
The most important component of the rural economy was the fainer. The special feature was that every farmer in the village had his own house and share in the land. They were resourceful. Livelihood was the primary objective of farming.

Artisans:
Artisans included carpenters, blacksmiths, potters, goldsmiths, craftsmen, cobblers weavers etc. They fulfilled the needs of villagers in the village itself.

Village Officers:
The village officers were of three types:

1. Mead
2. Maal Gujar
3. Kotwal.

Question 2.
Why did the transfer of land – holding start after the arrival of the Britishers?
Answer:
We know that the Britishers made India their colony and ruled over our country for about 200 years. They exploited India  as well as Indians from every point of view. They adopted such policies due to which prosperous India had to face poverty and starvation. Farmers lost their prosperity.

They started meeting their requirements by taking loans due to widespread poverty. But due to the inability to repay loans the moneylenders started confiscating ‘ their land. Thus, the agricultural, land was transferred to the money- v lenders from farmers – As a result the farmers became landless.

Question 3.
Why did’ the Barter system of exchange prevail in India?
Answer:
Before the arrival of the British the villages were self – reliant and self – sufficient. They fulfilled their heeds through local  resources. Hence barter system of exchange prevailed in the ancient rural economy. The farmers obtained the required goods and services from artisans and moneylenders and gave them food – grains in exchange. All the payments for the services of pandit doctor, barber, washserman, were made in the forms of grains or other things.

Question 4.
What changes occurred in the structure of rural economy 1 after independence?
Answer:
Several changes occurred in the structure of rural economy after independence:

1. Structure of community on the basis of availability of land we can divide the farmers into four categories on the basis of ownership of land available to them big farmers, medium farmers, small farmers and landless farmers.
2. Multiple cropping Mainly three crops are produced during a year kharif, rabi and jayed.
3. Migration of population towards cities – The rural population is fleeing towards urban areas due to poverty, starvation, unemployment etc.
4. Rise of monetary system -Barter system is not in existence. Today currency is used everywhere.
5. Inadequate facilities of transport and communication In villages, most of the roads are kachha roads. In rainy season many villages are cut off with their nearby village areas.
6. Development of subsidiary and cottage industry.
7. Institutional changes.
8. Extension of education and health facilities in India.

Question 5.
Why did the population migrate from villages to cities?
Answer:
The Britishers exploited India as well as Indians from every point of view. They adopted such policies due to which prosperous villagers had to face poverty and starvation. They became prey to unemployment and lack of basic facilities. As a result they began to flee towards cities in pursuit of a better life.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Long Answer Type Questions

Question l.
Write about the characteristics of ancient rural economy of India.
Answer:
Characteristics of ancient rural economy are given below:

Self – sufficiency:
Villages were self-reliant and self – sufficient. Self – sufficiency means that villagers fulfilled their needs through local resources only. It was possible because of two reasons. First the needs of villagers were limited and second there was lack of the means of transport and communication.

Barter System:
Barter system of exchange was prevalent in the ancient rural economy. The farmers obtained the required goods and services from artisans and money – lenders and gave them food – grains in exchange. All the payments for the services of pandit, doctor, barber, washer – man were made in the form of grains or other things.

Simple Division of Labor Economic activities were divided. The division of work was heredity or based on tradition as farming and animal husbandry, and on caste or in accordance to traditions blacksmith, goldsmith, carpenters, cobbler, barber, washer-man etc. This division of labor was absolutely simple. , Immobility of Labor It was a significant characteristic of ancient economy.

Due to lack of means of transport, caste system, problem of language and food habits, laborers used to stay in their villages. Generally ’they did not go out of their villages. Indifferent Attitude Towards State: The villagers were not interested in the activities of the state.

Question 2.
What efforts did the government take for the development of rural economy after independence?
Answer:
From the very beginning, Central Government and State Government have endeavored’ for the development of villages and village economy through five year plans and have achieved enough success. But, a lot of work is still to be accomplished.

The government emphasized on the public participation for the development programmers through self – help groups and Panchayati Raj institutions. The government efforts can be explained on the basis of the following points:

1. Land Reforms:
Through the abolition of Zamindari system, land ceiling, land consolidation and by bringing cultivable wasteland under cultivation uneconomic land holdings have been made profitable.

For restoration of land and to restrict its transfer in , rural areas, the government has distributed the wasteland and land obtained through ceiling of land holdings, and ‘Bhoodan’ among the farmers.

Crop insurance policy has also been introduced. The loan facilities has been provided for the modernization of agriculture  by establishing rural banks and government banks for the fulfillment of rural finance. The government decides a minimum support price for the sale of crops at reasonable price.

The facility for storage and marketing is also provided. Efforts have been made to connect all the villages through road network. An aim to connect rural areas throughout the year through roads under the Prime Minister road scheme of Central government has been made.

2. Housing, Cleanliness and Health:
The government has introduced Indira Awas Yojna in villages for healthy hopsing system ‘ in place of unhealthy housing system. The Central rural cleanliness programmer contributed a lot for the cleanliness of rural areas. It has some other aspects also to bring quality to life and to provide, dignity to women.

Attention is also being paid towards cleanliness. of drinking water and basic needs in schools. In villages awareness regarding food, health, and education is being spread through family welfare center and Aaganwadi Kendras. Television and Radio are also, playing an important role in this work.

3. Cottage and Small Scale Industries:
Cottage and small; scale industries play a significant role for the development of rural areas. The government is continuously making efforts to develop them in rural areas. Such as

(1) Government has established special institutions to solve the problems of these industries. All India Board of Handloom Industry, Indian Cottage Industry, Khadi Gramudhyog etc are examples of these type of institutions.

(2) Bhartiya Laghu Udhyog is established for financial help.

(3) The government departments give preference to these sector over Gather sector in making purchase of goods produced by small scale industries. Apart from this, fare, exhibition, temporary markets are arranged to promote their sale in foreign countries as well as our country.

(4) Training centers have been set up for technical assistance.

(5) Thus by providing various type of protection to these industries their competition with large industries has been ruled out.  In this manner through the efforts of government all efforts are being made for the upliftment of villages. The ideals of Mahatma Gandhi father of nation have been made the basis and efforts are being made for strengthening the rural economy.

Question 3.
How do cottage and small industries help in the development of rural economy of India? Explain.
Answer:
From the very beginning, Central Government and State Government have endeavored’ for the development of villages and village economy through five year plans and have achieved enough success. But, a lot of work is still to be accomplished.

The government emphasized on the public participation for the development programmers through self-help groups and Panchayati Raj institutions. The government efforts can be explained on the basis of the following points:

1. Land Reforms:
Through the abolition of Zamindari system, land ceiling, land consolidation and by bringing cultivable wasteland under cultivation uneconomic land holdings have been made profitable. For restoration of land and to restrict its transfer in , rural areas, the government has distributed the wasteland and land obtained through ceiling of land holdings, and ‘Bhoodan’ among the farmers.

Crop insurance policy has also been introduced. The loan facilities has been provided for the modernization of agriculture  by establishing rural banks and government banks for the fulfillment of rural finance. The government decides a minimum support price; for the sale of crops at reasonable price.

The facility for storage and marketing is also provided. Efforts have been made to connect all the villages through road network. An aim to connect rural areas throughout the year through roads under the Prime Minister road scheme of Central government has been made.

2. Housing, Cleanliness and Health:
The government has introduced Indira Awas Yojna in villages for healthy hopsing system ‘ in place of unhealthy housing system. The Central rural cleanliness programmer contributed a lot for the cleanliness of rural areas. It has some other aspects also to bring quality to life and to provide, dignity to women. Attention is also being paid towards cleanliness. of drinking water and basic needs in schools.

In villages awareness regarding food, health, and education is being spread through family welfare center and Aaganwadi Kendras. Television and Radio are also, playing an important role in this work.

3. Cottage and Small Scale Industries:
Cottage and small; scale industries play a significant role for the development of rural areas. The government is continuously making efforts to develop them in rural areas. Such as

(1) Government has established special institutions to solve the problems of these industries. All India Board of Hand-loom Industry, Indian Cottage Industry, Khadi Gramudhyog etc are examples of these type of institutions.

(2) Bhartiya Laghu Udhyog is established for financial help.

(3) The government departments give preference to these sector over Gather sector in making purchase of goods produced by small scale industries. Apart from this, fare, exhibition, temporary markets are arranged to promote their sale in foreign countries as well as our country.

(4) Training centers have been set up for technical assistance.

(5) Thus by providing various type of protection to these industries their competition with large industries has been ruled out.  In this manner through the efforts of government all efforts are being made for the upliftment of villages. The ideals of Mahatma Gandhi father of nation have been made the basis and efforts are being made for strengthening the rural economy.

Question 4.
Give a comparative study of rural and modern economy.
Answer:
A comparative study of rural and modern economy:

Thus at present villages and villagers both have developed sufficiently. Most important fact is the awareness among the villagers. As soon as they get the resources, they become active for the welfare of themselves and their families. They have knowledge and understanding of education, training, health, cleanliness and politics. Awareness leads to increase in involvement and co-operation of people which ensures the success of plans.

Question 5.
What are the characteristics of an ‘ideal village?’ Explain.
Answer:
The important heritage of a country is its land and the people residing is it. The spirit of India is in its villages. This is a country of villages. Today 72% of population resides in rural areas. But the condition of villages is not good. Village reform is essential to make the country a leading country. We will have to make our villages ideal villages. An ideal village should have the following characteristics:

1. Advanced Agricultural System:
For the development of agriculture the small non-economic farms should be merged into- one big farm. Consolidation of land should be adopted. Group farming, use of bio and chemical fertilizers to increase the quality of crop, use of high yielding variety seeds and modern facilities of irrigation should be in practice. There should be proper arrangements for storage of crops and sale of crops through cooperatives and government assistance.

2. Housing Facilities:
In villages there should be proper facilities of housing. The houses should be clean whether they are kuchcha or pucca and along with this there should be toilets arid bathrooms within the houses. There should be separate space for \ animals and a proper system of preparing bio-gas by collecting cow dung.

3. Drinking Water Facilities:
The wells, tanks and pucca well with steps should be renovated for clean and safe drinking water. Arrangements should be such that no villager can dump waste into it. Attention should be paid for raising underground water in villages. Thus in villages there should be arrangements for proper drinking water for villagers.

4. Health Facilities:
In every village, there should be primary health centers, as well as doctors and medicines so that the problems  of villagers can be solved at the village level itself. The villagers can avail the benefits of the government plans regarding health.

5. Education Facilities:
Efforts should be made to educate each and every child of the village. There should be awareness among villagers for education of girls. There should be provision of adult education in villages along with traditional education. Nutritive and clean mid-day meal should be provided.

6. Facilities of Transportation:
For proper facility of transport there should be roads in villages so that’ it can be connected with nearby villages, small towns and district headquarters. Roads should be such that they can be used in all seasons by all people.

7. Communication Facilities:
There should be proper provision for communication facilities; telephone, post offices, internet facilities should be available.

8. Awareness towards Energy and Environment:
There should be a provision of electricity for power in villages. If possible alternative energy should be used. There should be awareness among villagers towards their environment.

Such a system should be; developed by which the villagers use the refuse in a proper way, and if possible recycle it. Villagers should be active towards the; use of trees and plantation so» that greenery spreads in villages.

9. Industrial Development:
The agrobased industries should be developed in village for example dairy industry, poultry industry etc. Cottage industry should be developed in villages through which villagers can get employment in their own villages and their income can also be increased.

10. Administrative System:
We have a system of Panchayats in our villages. The members of Gram Panchayat. and Sarpanch should be aware and active for the development of villages so that the facilities of cleanliness, drinking water, health and security can be made available to villages. Administrative transparency should, be increased.

The employees of each office in which village secretariat, Panchayat Bhawan, Aaganwadi, Cooperative Societies and School buildings are included should be motivated to keep their offices clean. The name of buildings should be written permanently.

11. Facility of Finance:
The villagers mainly depend on local moneylenders for finance who often exploit them. In an ideal village, facilities of rural banks and co-operative banks should be provided, so that villagers may have facilities of finance. The saving habits in’ villagers can be increased by making them aware towards self-help groups.

Question 6.
Discuss the efforts which are needed to make a village self-sufficient and developed.
Answer:
The important heritage of a country is its land and the people residing is it. The spirit of India is in its villages. This is a country of villages. Today 72% of population resides in rural areas. But the condition of villages is not good. Village reform is essential to make the country a leading country. We will have to make our villages ideal villages. An ideal village should have the following characteristics:

1. Advanced Agricultural System:
For the development of agriculture the small non-economic farms should be merged into- one big farm. Consolidation of land should be adopted. Group farming, use of bio and chemical fertilizers to increase the quality of crop, use of high yielding variety seeds and modern facilities of irrigation should be in practice. There should be proper arrangements for storage of crops and sale of crops through cooperatives and government assistance.

2. Housing Facilities:
In villages there should be proper facilities of housing. The houses should be clean whether they are kuchcha or pucca and along with this there should be toilets arid bathrooms within the houses. There should be separate space for \ animals and a proper system of preparing biogas by collecting cow dung.

3. Drinking Water Facilities:
The wells, tanks and pucca well with steps should be renovated for clean and safe drinking water. Arrangements should be such that no villager can dump waste into it. Attention should be paid for raising underground water in villages. Thus in villages there should be arrangements for proper drinking water for villagers.

4. Health Facilities:
In every village, there should be primary health centers, as well as doctors and medicines so that the problems of villagers can be solved at the village level itself. The villagers can avail the benefits of the government plans regarding health.

5. Education Facilities:
Efforts should be made to educate each and every child of the village. There should be awareness among villagers for education of girls. There should be provision of adult education in villages along with traditional education.  Nutritive and clean mid-day meal should be provided.

6. Facilities of Transportation:
For proper facility of transport there should be roads in villages so that it can be connected with nearby villages, small towns and district headquarters. Roads should be such that they can be used in all seasons by all people.

7. Communication Facilities:
There should be proper provision for communication facilities; telephone, post offices, internet facilities should be available.

8. Awareness towards Energy and Environment:
There should be a provision of electricity for power in villages. If possible alternative energy should be used. There should be awareness among villagers towards their environment.

Such a system should be developed by which the villagers use the refuse in a proper way, and if possible recycle it. Villagers should be active towards the; use of trees and plantation so» that greenery spreads in villages.

9. Industrial Development:
The agrobased industries should be developed in village for example dairy industry, poultry ‘ industry etc. Cottage industry should be developed in villages  through which villagers can get employment in their own villages and their income can also be increased.

10. Administrative System:
We have a system of Panchayats in our villages. The members of Gram Panchayat. and Sarpanch should be aware and active for the development of villages so that the facilities of cleanliness, drinking water, health and security can be made available to villages. Administrative transparency should, be increased.

The employees of each office in which village secretariat, Panchayat Bhawan, Aaganwadi, Cooperative Societies and School buildings are included should be motivated to keep their offices clean. The name of buildings should be written permanently.

11. Facility of Finance:
The villagers mainly depend on local moneylenders for finance who often exploit them. In an ideal village, facilities of rural banks and co-operative banks should be provided, so that villagers may have facilities of finance. The saving habits in’ villagers can be increased by making them aware towards self-help groups.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Measurement of land was done by –
(a) Mohammad Tughlaq
(b) Sher Shah Suri
(c) Jehangr
(d) Shahjahan.
Answer:
(b) Sher Shah Suri

Question 2.
The working population in ancient time was divided into –
(a) Farmers and artisans
(b) Farmers, carpenters and landlords
(c) Farmers, artisans and village officer
(d) Farmer, landlord.
Answer:
(c) Farmers, artisans and village officer

Question 3.
The chief officer of the village was –
(a) Plead
(b) Maal Gujar
(c) Kotwal
(d) Panchayat.
Answer:
(a) Plead

Question 4.
The total population of India that resides in urban areas according to 2001 census is –
(a) 72.2%
(b) 27.8%
(c) 30.2%
(d) 19.2%.
Answer:
(b) 27.8%

Question 5.
Kharif crops are crops of –
(a) Winter season
(b) Summer season
(c) Rainy season
(d) Autumn season.
Answer:
(c) Rainy season

Fill in the blank:

1. ……………. controls the resources in socialistic economy.
2. India is an …………….. country.
3. Exchange of goods in called ………………
4. In Bengal the Zamindari system was introduced in 1793 by ………………
5. Small farmers own less than …………….. hectares of land.

Answer:

1. Government
2. agricultural
3. Barter system
4. Lord Cornwallis
5. 2.

True or False:

1. Before the arrival of Britishers, the rural economy was based on imports.
2. During Akbaris Srign Todarmal got the measurement of land done in an accurate manner.
3. In the ancient rural economy there was Bartor system.
4. Joyed is an annual crop.
5. India has 6,00,000 number of villages today.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why did Mohammad Tughlaq construct canals?
Answer:
Mohammad Tughlaq constructed canals to increase facilities of irrigation.

Question 2.
Mention the two categories of Indian economy.
Answer:
Rural economy and urban economy.

Question 3.
In which three parts can Indian rural economy be divided?
Answer:

• Rural economy before the arrival of the British.
• Rural economy after the arrival of British.
• Rural economy of Britisher after the independence.

Question 4.
Who were the artisans?
Answer:
Carpenters, blacksmiths, potters, goldsmiths, craftsmen, cobblers, weavers etc. were the artisans.

Question 5.
What did they do for the villagers? What did they get in return?
Answer:
They fulfilled the needs of villagers in the village itself. The remuneration of their work was paid in the form of grain  or commodities.

Question 6.
Who kept the record of land revenue?
Answer:
Maal Gujar kept the record of land revenue.

Question 7.
What do you mean by ‘Barter System’?
Answer:
Barter System of exchange was a system of exchange in which goods were exchanged directly with goods or services. Money  was not used in it.

Question 8.
What do you mean by ‘big farmers’?
Answer:
‘Big farmers’ means those farmers who own land up to 2 -10 hectares.

Question 9.
With which season is jayed crop associated?
Answer:
Jayed crop is associated with summer season.

Question 10.
Who are ‘small farmers’?
Answer:
‘Small farmers’ are those who own less than 2 hectares of land.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the characteristics of rural economy before the arrival of the British?
Answer:
Following were the characteristics of rural economy before the arrival of the British:

• Structure of rural working community
• Self-Sufficiency
• Barter System
• Simple division of labor
• Immobility of labor
• Lack of contact with the outer world.
• Indifferent attitude towards the state.

Question 2.
What were the three types of the village officers?
Answer:
The village officers were of three types:

1. Head:
He was the chief officer of the village and was liable to collect the rent from the farmers and then pay it to the ruler.

2. Maal Gujar:
He was the record keepers of land revenue.

3. Kotwal:
He informed about criminals and provided other important information to the ruler.

Question 3.
What changes were seen in the structure of economy after the arrival of Britishers?
Answer:
The Britishers affected agriculture and industry adverse and the nature of Indian economy also underwent a change. Following changes were – seen in the structure of the economy:

• Decline of workmanship and handicraft.
• Change in the structure of rural community
• End to self – sufficiency of villages.
• Transfer of agricultural land
• Backwardness of agriculture.

Question 4.
What are the characteristics of an ideal village?
Answer:
Village reform is essential to make the country a leading country. We will have to make our villagers ideal villages. In an ideal village agriculture, should be developed and there should be proper arrangement for education, health and housing. In the village there should be awareness towards cleanliness and complete use of available resources.

Thus, an ideal village should have the following characteristics:

• Advances agriculture system.
• Housing facilities
• Drinking water arrangement
• Health facilities
• Education facilities
• Facility of transport
• Facility of communication
• Awareness towards energy and environment
• Industrial development
• Administrative system
• Financial facilities.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe in detail the changes that were seen in the structure of Indian economy after the arrival of Britishers?
Answer:
We know that the Britishers made India their colony and ruled over our country for about 200 years. They exploited India as well as Indians from every point of view. They adopted such policies due to which prosperous India had to face poverty and starvation. It affected agriculture and industry adversely and the nature of Indian economy also underwent a change.

Following changes were seen in the structure of the economy:
Decline of Workmanship and Handicraft:
As a result of policies of the British the handicrafts man-ship in Indian villages declined. The artisans of the villages became unemployed. Prosperity and well-being of villages came to an end.

Changes in Structure of Rural Community:
The rural community which was divided into three parts farmers, artisans and village officer. This was now divided into several parts Zamindars, farmers, landlords, land – less farmers, cultivators, agricultural laborers etc. This division was an important reason of backwardness of agriculture.

End to Self – Sufficiency of Villages:
As a result of commercialization of agriculture the crops were transported and sold out of the villages and the required commodities were brought from outside to the villages. Thus, the self-sufficiency of villages ‘came to an end.

Transfer of Agriculture Land:
Farmers started meeting their requirements by taking loans due to widespread poverty. But due to the inability to repay loans the money – lenders started confiscating their land. Thus the agricultural land was transferred to the moneylenders from farmers. As a result the farmers became landless and homeless.

Backwardness of Agriculture:
The Zamindari system started by the English had a bad effect on farmers and farming. The farmers became poor and indebted. Neither the government nor the Zamindars showed interest in the improvement and productivity of land which resulted in the exploitation of farmers and farming.

Question 2.
What changes were observed in Indian rural economy after independence? Describe in detail.
Answer:
Even after half a century of India’s Independence 72.2 per cent of the total population of India resides in villages and only 27.8 per cent population resides in urban areas according to 2001 census. In the same way the number of villages is 6,38,588 while the number of cities is only 5,161. It means that out of 10 persons, 7 reside in villages. Today also India is a country of villages, and the economy is Agrobased.

\(\frac { 2}{3}\) ^rd population of the country directly or indirectly depends upon agriculture for their livelihood. But the contribution of agriculture to the gross product of the country is only 26 per cent. Rapid economic growth has taken place through the five year plans and the rural economy is also not left untouched due to this. The form of villages is changing the shape of villages. Several changes are observed in the rural economy. Of those, the chief are as following:

I. The structure of community On the basis of availability of land:
We can divide the farmers into four categories on the basis of ownership of land available to them –

• Big farmers – Who own land up to 2 – 10 hectares.
• Medium farmers – Who own 2 hectare or some more than 2 hectares of land.
• Small farmers – Who own less than 2 hectare of land.
• Landless farmers – Who do not own any land are tenant farmers or are agricultural laborers.

II. Multiple cropping:
Now mainly three corps are produced during a year. Kharif, Rabi and Jayed. Kharif crops are crops of rainy season which are harvested up to September – October. Jayed is crop of summer. Today apart from traditional crops cultivation of cash crops is also practiced for example farming of flower, oil-seeds etc.

1. Migration of Population towards cities:
The rural population is fleeing towards urban areas due to poverty, starvation, unemployment, lack of basic facilities etc. In 1951 out of the total population, the percentage of rural population was 82.7 per cent which came down to 72.2 per cent in 2001 whereas the population in 1951 was 173 which increased to 27.8 in 2001.

2. Rise of Monetary System:
The earlier system of barter  prevalent in villages is now almost extinct. Today currency is used  everywhere. In the rural areas also money as a medium of exchange is used for buying and selling.

III. Inadequate Facilities of Transport and Communication:
Today a lot of efforts are being made to link all villages through means of transport and communication but most of the roads are Kachcha roads. Therefore in rainy season many villages are cut off with their nearby village areas. Rest of the year truck, bus, train, jeep, motorcycle and cycle are being used. At present villages are also linked by means of television and telephones.

IV. Development of Subsidiary and Cottage Industry:
After independence a lot of attention was paid towards the cottage and small scale industries to make them strong and developed. According to the availability of local raw material in each village cottage industries were developed which has increased employment opportunities and farmers are able to increase their income by working in their free time.

V. Institutional Changes:
Comparatively in very short span of time the farmers in the villages have started adopting new technology. Now pumps are being used instead of ‘Rahat’ for irrigation. The plough is substituted by furrow and bullock cart by truck and tractor trolley. The big machines are being used by big farmers. The use of thresher is very common today.

VI. Extension of Education and Health Facilities in India:
The modern villages are generally becoming aware towards education and health. The children of big farmers are acquiring higher education.

In all villages there are primary, middle and higher secondary schools. Girls have also started studying with boys in schools. Health facilities are also available in villages. Through the means of communication also, the villagers are becoming aware of their health.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Election

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Out of these, who can be granted adult Franchise –
(a) Minor male and female
(b) Only male
(c) Adult male and female
(d) Only Female.
Answer:
(c) Adult male and female

Question 2.
Who does not have right to vote –
(a) Insane or mentally handicapped
(b) Minor age group
(c) Declared bankrupt by court
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 3.
In India, the election procedure is said to start after which of the following –
(a) After filing of nomination paper by candidate
(b) After notification of election
(c) After beginning of campaigning
(d) With organizing public meetings.
Answer:
(b) After notification of election

Fill in the blank:

1. In our country all citizens who have attained the age of …………… years have the right to vote.
2. When few parties to gather form a government, that is …………… called as government.
3. …………….. commission has been formed for registration and recognition of political parties.
4. The granting of the right to vote an adult citizen of the country without any discriminate is called ………………….

Answer:

1. 18
2. Coalition
3. Election
4. Universal Adult Franchise.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by election? Write.
Answer:
Election is a process through which people of democratic countries elect their representatives for a fixed period of time.

Question 2.
What is franchise? Write.
Answer:
The granting of right to vote to an adult male or female of country without any discrimination, is called as franchise or universal adult franchise.

Question 3.
What are political parties? Write.
Answer:
Political parties are organised groups of citizens having similar ideology who are committed to their policies and programmers.

Question 4.
Who appoints the chief election commissioner?
Answer:
The president appoints the chief election commissioner.

Question 5.
In India, where is the office of the Election Commission situated?
Answer:
The office of Election commission is situated at Delhi.

Question 6.
What is coalition government?
Answer:
When there is no majority of single party then two or more parties unite to form the government. This type of government is called coalition government.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is known as National Political Parties? Write.
Answer:
National political parties are formed at national level. The party symbol of such parties remains identical in the whole country. Although a party is a national party but it does not mean that it will have equal popularity in every state. The influence of national parties varies from state to state.

To be recognized as a national political parties, any one of the following conditions should be fulfilled. Any political party which obtains at least 6% in the election of parliament or legislative or if any political parties obtains at least 2 per cent of total seats of the parliament and this place should be minimum in three states.

Question 2.
Write about the characteristics of political parties.
Answer:
Characteristics of political parties are as following:

• To maintain clear identity.
• To opine clearly regarding policy matters.
• To obtain continuously public opinion in support of its policy.
• Registration in election commission.
• United by govern by one regulation.
• Main aim to win election for obtaining power.
• To create public opinion against anti-public policies by keeping an eye on ruling party.
• An election symbol for identity.

Question 3.
What is mid – term election?
Answer:
It the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly are dissolved before their tenure is over, then the elections which take place are mid – term election. Mid – term elections are held due to the failure of any party to form the majority government.

Question 4.
Write about the main functions of Election Commission.
Answer:
The main functions of Election Commission are:

• Delimitation of the constituencies.
• Preparation of electoral rolls.
• Allotment of election symbols.
• Registration and recognition of political parties.
• Holding election.
• Give opinion for fixation of dualities of member of parliament and legislature.
• Preparation and implementation of moral code of conduct.
• Miscellaneous functions.

Question 5.
What is an electoral roll? Write its uses.
Answer:
Electoral roll is the list of citizens who are eligible to vote. This is prepared by the Election Commission before elections. Preparation of electrical roll is the most important stage of election. Without it elections can’t be held.

Question 6.
Write four functions of political parties.
Answer:
Political parties have many important functions is democracy. Four of them are given below:

• They work as a bridge between Government and public.
• They form public opinion in favor of national interest.
• They make efforts to control the arbitrariness of the ruling party.
• The main function of political parties is to get victory in elections and to form government.

Question 7.
Write four characteristics of political parties.
Answer:
Different political parties are essential for. parliamentary type of democracy. Political parties are organized group of citizens having similar ideology. They are committed to their policies and programmers. They work is form of power and they are always attempting to gain power and continue it. There are some general characteristics of political parties.

Four of them are:

• To maintain clear identity.
• To obtain continuously public opinion to support its policies
• To create public opinion against anti – public policies by keeping an eye on ruling party.
• An election symbol for identity.

Question 8.
Describe the role of the opposition party.
Answer:
The parties which are not in government are called parties of the opposition. Opposition parties have an important role to play in a democracy. They protect the rights of citizens in restricting the anti – people activities of government. Thus, existence of opposition is necessary to correct the wrong. One of the most important functions of the opposition is to criticize the government.

The opposition exposes the anti – people activities of the government. The opposition also provides the political alternative. In case the government some time fails to continue its rule owing to the different reasons, the opposition is given an opportunity to prove their majority and form the government. The opposition parties also play an important role in the formation of public opinion.

In fact, opposition makes democracy real and effective. The opposition parties play an important role in the working of the democratic setup. Opposition may delay legislation by opposing it in the parliament or by creating the public opinion against it. It is however important to not that opposition parties do help in making laws.

Question 9.
Write the function of Election Commission.
Answer:
The main functions of Election Commission are:

• Delimitation of the constituencies.
• Preparation of electoral rolls.
• Allotment of election symbols.
• Registration and recognition of political parties.
• Holding election.
• Give opinion for fixation of dualities of member of parliament and legislature.
• Preparation and implementation of moral code of conduct.
• Miscellaneous functions.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the type of political parties on the basis of the number of political parties.
Answer:
In any country, on the basis of number of political parties the party system is divided into three categories.

1. Single Party System:
It in a country where there is only one political party then it is called single – party system. In the constitution of the countries having single – party system generally describes that political party for example, them is single party is recognized, existence of other ideologists are restricted.

2. Bi – party System:
In a country if only two main parties exist and the ruling power shifts between these two parties only, then this system is called Bi – party system. For example in America the main two parties are democratic and republican parties, and in Britain Labor and Conservative Parties. Thus the bi – party system is prevalent in United States of America and Britain.

3. Multiparty System:
When in a country several political parties exist then it is called multi – party system. We have multiparty system in our country. In election majority of one party is not necessary. When there is no majority of single party then coalition government is formed in the country or state. Two or more parties are united in a collation government.

The main demerit of multi – party system is changing of party. During election several types of problems arise. In this system it becomes very difficult to differentiate between the policies of different political parties. Number of individual parties increases in the multiple party system. Due to political ambitions, begins the formation of new parties and breaking of political parties.

Question 2.
What is the political party system? Explain its importance.
Answer:
Different political parties are essential for parliamentary type of democracy. Political parties are organised groups of citizens having similar ideology. They are committed to their policies and programmers. They work in form of power and they are always attempting to gain power and continue it. There are some general characteristics of political parties.

The importance of political parties in democracy can be explained in the following way:

• Formation and expression of public opinion is possible only through political parties. The political parties organised processions and conferences for the formation of public opinion.
• Today adult franchise is adopted by all countries of the world. Parties nominate their candidates from their parties and campaign for them.
• Today in the huge democratic ruling system, opposition parties are essential minorities or opposite parties have equal importance in democracy like parties with majority.

Question 3.
Explain the major demerits of the Indian Election procedure.
Answer:
The future of the democracy depends upon the unbiasedness of elections and independent voting i.e. without any inducement and pressure. The Election Commission makes efforts for an unbiased and independent election even then there are some problems. Following are the main defects of our electoral system

1. Lack of Complete Participation of Voting:
The aim of universal Adult Franchise is to make every citizen participate in the government indirectly. We have seen that a large number of voters do not exercise their right to vote in the parliamentary and state legislative elections. Therefore the elected candidate getting maximum votes does not represent the public. Therefore participation of all citizens in franchise is desirable.

2. Use of Money in Elections:
The increasing expenses in elections is a big problem. For every election ceiling on election expenses is fixed but a lot of money is spent by the candidates. Therefore sometimes due to lack of money honest and wise person are not able to contest the election. Tire use of money in elections is an immoral act on the part a person, which is a very serious problem from the point of view of reformation in election system.

3. Influence of Muscle Power in Elections:
Sometimes the candidates try to win the election by any type of means. For this they take help of criminals also. Often with the use of muscle power, booth capturing is restored to and voters are made to vote in one’s favor by threatening them or illegal voting is exercised.

4. Misuse of Government Machinery:
Before the time of election charming promises being done by the ruling party. During the elections, high officials are transferred and government, money ‘and vehicles and other means are misused. They also try to influence the election officers. All these influence the unbiasedness of elections.

5. Number of Independent Candidates:
Sometimes there are too many numbers of candidates in the elections. This creates problems to the election management. Thus too many independent candidates enter the election area and confuse the voters.

6. To Influence the Sentiments of the Voters:
At the time of election some candidates try to influence the sentiments of the voters on the basis of religion, caste, region and language. Political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste. The biggest defect of the Indian election system is to influence the election by provoking the sentiments of the public.

7. Hypothetical Franchise:
Sometimes some persons vote in place of other persons, to include ones name in more than one electoral roll, casting of vote without the inclusion of his name in the electoral roll etc. all are hypothetical franchise. This is also a big problem of our election system.

8. Other Defects:
The name of the citizen should compulsorily be included in the electoral roll to vote for a candidate in an election. We often see that several names of the voters are not included in the electoral roll while the names of persons who have left that constituency or have expired are not deleted from the electoral rolls. The political parties do not originate awareness among the people.

Too many numbers of voters on one voting booth is also a cause of problem. Sometimes one candidate contest from more than one constituency. If he wins in both the constituencies then he resigns from one constituency- In that condition bi – elections takes place. The government money as well as the money of the candidates is again used, it is surely extravagancy.

In our country the Election Commission is continuously trying for free and impartial election. The Election Commission makes efforts to remove the defects of elections. The identity card system of the voters are the gift of the Election Commission. Continuous efforts are being made to remove the defects of our election system.

Question 4.
Write about the Indian election procedure.
Answer:
Election is an important task. It is done through a specific procedure. You are the future citizen of India therefore its necessary for you to know about it. The election procedure is same weather it is general election, mid-term election or bi-election. The whole procedure of election can be complied in the following way:

1. Preparation of Electoral Rolls:
This is the first and the most important stage of election. Before each and every election electoral rolls are prepared by District Election Officer as per the directions of Election Commission. Any Indian citizen who is 18 years of age can get his name included in this. Voters Identity Cards are also prepared by the district election officer. In the absence of voters identity card the citizens have to bring other documents for their identity.

2. Notification of Election:
Every election procedure begins with notification of election. Notification of general, mid-term or bi-election to parliament is issued by the President, notification to State Legislative Assembly is issued by the Governor.

After the deliberation with the Election Commission the notification is published in the Government Gazette. After issuing the election notification the Election Commission announces the election programmer. Along with this the moral code is enforced for the political parties.

3. Nomination for Election:
Different political parties decide the names of their candidate for participation in the election. The candidates who want to fight election file their nomination papers and deposit them in front of the election officer. After the scrutiny of. the nomination papers the list of nominees is announced on a fixed date. Within a fixed period any candidate can withdraw his name. The final list of nominees is issued after the time for withdrawal of name expires.

4. Election Symbols:
The election symbol of each recognized party is already fixed. The election symbol of their part)’ is allotted to the concerning candidate. At the time of election, the election symbol of candidate is printed on ballot papers, against his name. In India, a large number of voters are illiterate, therefore the election symbols are helpful for the identification of the candidate.

5. Election Campaign:
Election campaign is an important aspect of the voting procedure. Each candidate presents his party’s programmer on election manifesto regarding the work which will be done by his party in the coming five years, before the people and try to get favor of the voters in different ways.

The political parties issue their election manifesto which consists of their programmer and policies. Public meetings and rallies are arranged. Newspapers, posters, banners, pamphlets are used for canvassing. Now time is given to political parties on radio and television also. Canvassing is stopped forty-eight hours before the polling.

6. Polling:
Each constituency is divided into many polling centers. The polling centers are fixed for each voter, where he casts his vote on the day of polling. An identity card bearing the photograph of the voter is issued to each voter for his identity. This is known as identity card of the voter. The voters’ who do not possess their identity card, can prove their identity through his ration card, driving licence or any document related to his identity.

On a poling booth a presiding officer and polling officers are appointed as per the requirement. On the day of polling voters come and line up in a queue. Before casting of vote the voter’s identity is verified then the voter who has come to cast his vote has to append his signature / thumb impression on the voters’ list. If electronic voting machine is used then the voter appends his signature or thumb impression on the counterfoil of the ballot. After the marking of indelible ink he can cast his vote.

Voting can be done in two ways:

• by Electronic Voting Machine
• Old Ballot System.

To keep the vote confidential two or more polling booths are made at every polling center, where electronic voting machine or ballot box is kept. In electronic voting machine, the vote is cast by pressing the button in front of the name of the candidate and its corresponding election symbol. In the ballot paper voting system, a ballot paper with the signature of election officer is given to the voters.

The voter goes to the polling room with that, ballot paper and puts tire seal on the symbol of the desired candidate. The ballot paper is folded and put in the ballot box. After the period of voting is over, the electronic voting machine is closed and sealed. After the ballot box are used, these are closed first, then through the special paper seal obtained along with the voting material, these boxes are sealed.

7. Counting:
All ballot boxes and electronic voting machines are collected on a fixed date. Counting takes place in front of district election officer. The candidate who attains maximum number of votes is declared elected. The elected candidate is the representative of his area. After the result of election are declared the elected candidate gets a certificate of winning the election through the district election officer.

Question 5.
Describe the importance and functions of political parties.
Answer:
Importance of Political Parties The party system makes democratic rule possible. In modern age the work of government is done with the help of political parties. They help government make policies. Also by their help it becomes easier to bring changes in the polices.’Due to party system, the government becomes welfare eaten and works in the interest of people.

They stop arbitrariness of government. The desires and expectations of public reach the government through them. They impart political education to people. Everybody gets an opportunity to become a part of government through these parties. Political parities protect the independence of citizens. They establish unity of nation.

The importance of political parties in democracy can be explained in the following way:
1. Formation and expression of public opinion is possible only through political parties. The political parties organised processions and conferences for the formation of public opinion.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Democracy

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a Democracy?
(a) Government of elected representatives.
(b) Respect of Rights.
(c) Centralization of power in the hands of one person
(d) Free and impartial elections.
Answer:
(c) Centralization of power in the hands of one person

Question 2.
Which is the Democratic concept?
(a) Freedom
(b) Exploitation
(c) Inequality
(d) Individualism.
Answer:
(a) Freedom

Question 3.
Which one of the following is not a demerit of democracy?
(a) Waste of public time and money
(b) Dominance of the wealthy
(c) Partisanship
(d) Public welfare.
Answer:
(b) Dominance of the wealthy

Question 4.
Democracy is a rule of the people, by the people, for the people-
(a) Machaivelle
(b) Lincoln
(c) Roussean
(d) Hautes.
Answer:
(d) Hautes.

Fill in the blank:

1. Aristotle has called Democracy as the …………….
2. The propounders of communism was …………… and ………………
3. A ……………….. constitution is essential for successful Democracy.
4. There is a wastage of ………….. and …………… in Democracy.

Answer:

1. Rule of many
2. Karl Marx and Lenin
3. written
4. time, money.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What has been mentioned with reference to democracy in the later Vedic Period?
Answer:
During the later Vedic Period the Republican Form of Government and local self-governing institutions were prevalent.

Question 2.
What was the basic unit of administration in ancient India?
Answer:
In ancient India the basic unit of administration was Panchyat.

Question 3.
What right does the Marxist principle of democracy lay emphasis on?
Answer:
The Marxist principle believe that the political power must be rested in the hands of the entire society but for this it is important that the economic power should be rested in the hands of the entire society. This principle lays emphasis on a classless and stateless society.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any two definitions explaining the meaning of democracy?
Answer:

• Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.
• Democracy is a form of government where the ruling community is a comparatively bigger part of the entire nation.

Question 2.
State the importance of Democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is a system of governance based on freedom, equality, participation and brotherhood. It can also be called a social system. Under this the entire life of man is based on the democratic belief that every individual has equal importance in the society.

In political sphere of man’s life democracy means a political system in which the power to take decisions does not vest is an individual but in the hands of representatives of the people. Therefore the rule is based on the feelings pf the people. In the social sphere of man’s life democracy gives a society where there is no discrimination on the grounds of caste, religion, color, gender, race, creed or wealth.

Question 3.
What do you understand by indirect or representative democracy?
Answer:
When the people participate in the making of law and controlling the working of administration through the elected representatives, it is called indirect democracy. In present times indirect democracy is practiced. In this the people choose their representatives for a definite period who form the legislature and make the laws. In this system the wishes of the people are expressed through the elected representatives.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by democracy. Write down its chief characteristics.
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from two Greek word ‘Demos’ and ‘Cretin’ which respectively mean ‘people’ and ‘power’. It means a type of governing system where the power to govern rests with the people and administration is either directly done by the people or through their representatives. It is also reformed to as Loktantra’ or ‘Jantantra’.

Characteristics of Democracy:
1. Accountable Ruling System:
The people can make the Government work in an accountable manner by asking question and criticizing it. Here the power to govern is basically with the people which is handed to the representatives for a fixed term. Therefore the accountability of the governing is essential for the people else the people have the right to hand over the power to any alternative in the next elections.

2. Rule based on Equality:
Democracy is based on the principle of equality. In this form of government all citizens without any discrimination have equal civil and political rights. Elections in a fixed time period are essential for democracy. All adult citizens have equal rights to vote and contest elections as candidates in these elections.

The present democracies emphasis on social and economic equality as well. The basic traits of democracy are equal social and economic opportunities and equal importance to an individual personality. Therefore ‘one person one vote’ is the axis of democracy.

3. Strengthening System of Freedom:
In a democracy various types of freedom are given to the criticizers for their all-round development. Besides political freedom rights to various types of religious and cultural freedoms are also given to the citizens. In a democracy elasticize have the right to vote, get elected, hold public offices, give speeches, freedom to express, form associations, organize meetings, address people or practice any profession or trade.

4. Rule of Law:
By rule of law is meant that everyone is equal before law. Similar punishment is given for similar crime, whatever be the status and position.

5. Independent and Impartial Elections:
Conducting elections only is not enough in democracy but elections must be conducted in an independent and impartial manner so that the possibility of winning or losing election for the people in power is also there. There should be no pressure on the voters during elections and the election process should also be impartial.

The will of the people is supreme in a democracy. In this form of Government elections are held from time-to-time. For forming the Government various political parties and independent candidates also have the freedom to participate in these elections.

6. Existence of Written Constitution:
Definite fundamental principles and procedures of administrative organization is the most important feature of Democracy so that any ruling party on the basis of its majority may not define or change it according to its whims and fancies. The constitution of organs of government, procedures etc.

must be clearly defined in the constitution. Therefore, a written constitution is considered to be very important. Democracy is based on equality and freedom of the citizens. Therefore it is necessary to define them in the fundamental laws of the constitution.

7. Independent and Impartial Judiciary:
An independent and impartial judiciary is of paramount importance for putting into practice the provisions of the constitution. The judiciary has been made supreme to make the government work in accordance with the constitution, secure the rights of the citizens and punish those who violate the constitution. Therefore in order to make democracy practical an independent and impartial judiciary is very important.

Question 2.
Describe the merits and demerits of democracy.
Answer:
Merits:
1. Based on Highest Values of Humanity:
Democracy is based on higher values like equality, justice and brotherhood and everyone is treated with equality respecting every individuals dignity. It develops virtues like self-respect and self-reliance in the citizens.

2. Public Welfare:
In a democracy the representatives of the people govern who are elected by the people for a definite period. They are always afraid that if they do not work in accordance with the wishes, feelings and need of the people then they will be defeated in the next elections. Therefore, the government is responsible to the people in a democracy and is always vigilant about their interests. Therefore public welfare is always kept in mind in a democracy.

3. Political Education:
Democracy is the best means of political education. People take interest in political field naturally, due to the right to vote and freedom to hold political position. Freedom of expression and the use of means of communication, promote the tendency to exchange ideas among citizens.

4. Growth of Feeling of Patriotism:
Democracy is the rule of the people for attaining public welfare for the people. People feel associated with the Government and state since they are politically conscious. This association promotes the feelings of love and commitment for the nation. This leads to the cultivation of nationalism.

5. Minimum Possibility of Violent Revolution:
Democracy is a philosophy of peace and tolerance. Its based on understanding and consensus. The opposition also has a right to put forth its views. Therefore, the opposition also criticizes and condemns the Government. If the majority of the people are dissatisfied with the ruling class it can easily remove them through constitutional methods. Therefore there is a least possibility of a violent revolution in the democracy.

Demerits:
1. Emphasis on Quantity rather than on Quality:
In a democracy more importance is given to quantity than quality. Only the votes are counted in this system. The vote of every voter has equal value irrespective of whether he is capable or incapable.

2. Rule of the Incapable:
Governance is an art. For this special knowledge and qualifications are required. The aim of welfare of the entire society cannot be realized if the ruler does not have the knowledge of this art. Only a few people have the art, capability and the potential to govern.

But in a democracy there is a rule of the majority and a capable person is also equated with an incapable. In developing countries the situation is even me e pitiable. Therefore critics also call democracy as a rule of the incapable.

3. Waste of Public Time’ and Money:
Only after a long and complex procedure the legislature is formed. Sometimes it takes years to make important laws. Lot of money is spent on the election process. A lot of money is also spent on the members of parliament.

4. Domination of the Wealthy:
To say that everyone participates in the political process in a democracy is only theoretical. Practically the elections have become so expensive that common people cannot even think of participating in the election for any position. To contest elections on money has become a common features of Democracy system. Candidates contesting elections spend a lot of money in campaigning. This has led to the transformation of Democracy from ‘Rule of the People’ to the ‘Rule of the Rich’.

5. Partisanship:
For the regulation of present Democracy political parties are becoming essential. Political parties are formed on the basis of ideologies but their main aim is to acquire power. To influence people and win popularity political parties levy baseless charges against each other opposition for the sake of opposing and not for principles or values becomes the aim of the political parties.

Political parties become a battling ground for those who influence the feelings of the people through negative campaigning and find ways and means to fulfill their selfish motives and establish their supremacy. Their immoral behavior during elections embitters the entire environment. Partisan interests becomes more important than public welfare and they also use political power to fulfill their selfish interests.

6. Weak during Wars and Emergencies:
There is a need to take quick decisions during a war or an emergency, but democracy proves to be ineffective during such times.

Question 3.
Describe the fundamental principles of democracy.
Answer:
The fundamental principles of democracy are:

1. The Classical Principle of Democracy:
According to this principle the basis of governance is the consent of the people, but if the government does not come up to the expectations of the people, then the people can remove the government through next election. The welfare of the people is the aim of the government. This is also known as the liberal principle of Democracy, because it lays emphasis on the freedom of the people and supremacy of the society.

2. The Elitist Principle of Democracy:
This principle has been propounded in the beginning of the 20^th century. It lays emphasis on the basic natural inequalities among man and believes that in all political systems there are two classes the ruling and the ruled. Though the ruling class is in a minority still as a center of power it is an elite class. The power of governing is in the hands of this elite. class.

Generally people think that they are participating in the political process but actually their influence is confined to elections. The basis of elite is selection on the basis of superiority. Their superiority can be on any basis nature, thought, economic status, social and educational background, which makes them different from common people. Elite also consider themselves different and superior but they act and react with the common people.

Secondly this way integration of peoples sovereignty is attained. Elite have an influential role in deciding the policy or in the money and wealth of the society but in a democracy everyone has an equal opportunity to enter this elite class. On the other hand regulated and open election process acts as a hindrance for elite to work for the welfare of the people.

3. Pluralist Principle:
This principle believes that in a democracy a person has the freedom to organize himself into various groups for the fulfillment of various interests. These groups are autonomous in their region and pressurize the Government for fulfillment of their interest. In this way all groups share power to the extent of fulfillment of their interest.

This principle also believes that actually power is divided among these groups therefore its basic concept is decentralization of power. According to this, the state alone does not have the right to supreme power but in a democracy all groups of a society have a share in political power and power to govern.

4. Marxist Principle:
In the later 19th century a new principle of democracy based on the ideology of modern profounder of communism Karl Marx and Lenin came forward. According to this principle for the establishment of true democracy a classless and stateless society should be established first. Resourceful class is empowered with political therefore state itself becomes a group of exploiters.

The Marxist principle believes that the political power must be rested in the entire society but for this it is important that the economic power should be in the hands of the entire society. In such a condition alone will the administration be regulated for all and in the interests of all. This principle of democracy lays more emphasis on economic equality rather than on political and civil equalities. It recognizes that if a person has no food, clothing or shelter then the right to vote or to get elected is meaningless for him.

Question 4.
Describe the form and importance of democracy in India.
Answer:
Democracy and ideas of democratic institutions are not new for India. It is believed that around 3000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. during the Vedic period the tradition of representative consultation was prevalent among Indians. During the later Vedic period the Republican form of Government and local self – governing institutions were prevalent. In Rigveda and Atharvaveda a reference of Sabha and Samiti is found.

After the war of Mahabharat big empires started disappearing and many republican states rose. During the Mahajanpad period there was a birth of sixteen Mahajanpads which included Kashi, Kaushal, Magadh, Matsya etc. Some of the Mahajanpads were monarchical and others republic. Mahavir and Gautam Buddha both came from Republic.

Many rules of Buddhist monasteries resemble the rules of modern parliamentary system. For example Seating arrangement, various types of proposals, calling attention quorum, whip, counting of votes, motion thoughts related to justice etc. In the Vajji union everyone assembled for a meeting.

It was a form of direct democracy. Union of Vajji was formed by association of six republics. There was an elaborate system of self-government in villages and cities during the Mauryan period in India. Indian society was predominantly agrarian when the fundamental unit was self-governing and independent villages. The political structure was based on these village communities.

The village was administered by an elected Panchayat. The center of the village was a Panchayat Ghar where young and the old assembled. All members of the village elected the Panchayat every year. These elected Panchayats had ail rights in the matters of the village and the right to administer justice.

Panchayats distributed the land and collected taxes for the Government from the entire village. Some committees were formed from the elected members of the Panchayats. Each committee was formed for one year if any member misbehaved he could be immediately removed. If a member was unable to give a proper account of public exchequer he was declared incapable.

At the central level the king ruled. The king did not have autocratic rights based on Divine rights like kings in Europe. If the king misbehaved the subjects had the right to remove the king. There was a state council to give advice to the king. The king worked in accordance with the wisbs of the people and the advisors of the king (ministers / officers) respected the Panchas at the local levels. Therefore in ancient India the meaning , of Rule of Kings’ was serving the subjects.

Question 5.
What is the concept of democracy? Describe the present form of Indian democracy.
Answer:
The main concept of democracy is that the entire power of the state vests in the. people and not in any individual, group or dynasty. Therefore participation of the people is the basic , foundation of democracy. All must participate in the taking of such decisions or work which affects everyone.

By democracy is a meant a system of governance where public welfare is of utmost importance. Democracy is not confined to a system of governance. It is a form of state and society. Therefore, it is a mixture of state, society and governance.

Present Form of Indian Democracy:
In present times India is world’s largest democratic country. After getting independence Indian constitution came into force on 26^th Jan., 1950. India became a sovereign democratic republic after the enforcement of the constitution. Citizens were given universal adult suffrage in accordance with the fundamental principles of democracy by the constitution.

All adult Indian citizens were given . the right to vote without any discrimination by which the people could elect the representatives of their choice and form a popular Government. Indian citizens have shown an active participation and maturity in all the parliamentary and legislative elections. Barring the exception of emergency (1975-1977) holding of timely and impartial elections is an indicator of perpetual democracy in India.

Besides the elections for Panchayats and in cities municipalities and municipal corporation is also an example of Indian democracy being broad based. There are some challenges to Indian democracy. Indian democracy is getting affected i by illiteracy, caste-ism, linguism, regionalism, separatism, communism, political violence, social and economic inequalities, dominance of money and muscle power corruption and politics of vote banks.

Indian democracy can be freed from these problems by removing social – economic inequalities, expansion of education and establishing moral values. The commitment of Indian people towards democracy is clear from the various time bound elections and through change in power from time – to – time through constitutional methods. Therefore we can hope for perpetuation and success of democracy in India

Project Work

Question 1.
Collect information on the student council elections in your school. Write the process or procedure adopted in the elections of class representatives or student council. Make a beautiful chart of all representatives and office bearers.
Answer:
Attempt yourself.

Question 2.
Collect information on the elections of your village Panchayat. Make a chart of winning and defeated candidates. Write the role of people of the village in the election process of the Panchayat.
Answer:
Attempt yourself.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) Who called democracy a rule of many’?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Lincoln
(c) Dicey
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Aristotle

Question 2.
Democratic system believes in –
(a) Inequality
(b) Organised and regular change of the rulers
(c) Classless society
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Organised and regular change of the rulers

Question 3.
Communism was in practice in Soviet Union till –
(a) 1980
(3) 2000
(c) 1990
(d) 2002.
Answer:
(c) 1990

Question 4.
Direct democracy is possible only in –
(a) States with less population
(b) States with big population
(c) Communist states
(d) Society with big population.
Answer:
(a) States with less population

Question 5.
Democracy is a form of government where the ruling community is a comparatively bigger part of the entire nation. Who is related with this statement?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Dicey
(c) Lincoln
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Dicey

Fill in the blank:

1. ………….. means a ruling system in which welfare of people is prominent.
2. Democracy is of …………………. types.
3. At present India is the biggest ……………….. country in the world.
4. After independence Indian constitution came into force on ……………
5. A group formed by definite geographical area, population, government and sovereignty is called a ………….

Answer:

1. Democracy
2. two
3. democratic
4. 26 January , 1950
5. State.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The word democracy has been derived from which two Greek words? What do they refer to?
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from two Greek word ‘demos’ and ‘cratia’ which respectively mean ‘people’ and ‘power’.

Question 2.
What do you mean by direct democracy?
Answer:
When the people residing in a state themselves directly discuss on public issues on the basis of which policies are decided and laws made, then such a governance is called direct democracy.

Question 3.
Why is the accountability of the governing essential for the people?
Answer:
It is essential otherwise the people have the right to hand over the power to any alternative in the next elections.

Question 4.
Mention some freedoms given to the citizens in a democracy to their all round development.
Answer:
Freedom of holding officer, giving speeches, forming associations, organizing meetings, addressing people or practicing any profession or trade.

Question 5.
In which situation can judiciary give verdict against the Government?
Answer:
Judiciary can give verdict against the Government if it works against the constitution.

Question 6.
Where is direct democracy possible?
Answer:
Direct democracy is possible only in states with less population and small in size.

Question 7.
Where is direct democracy prevalent today?
Answer:
Direct democracy today is prevalent in some cautions of Switzerland and under the Panchyati raj system in the Gram Sabhas in India.

Question 8.
Write any two chief features of democracy.
Answer:

• Accountable ruling system.
• Rule based on equality.

Question 9.
On what bases is democratic system established?
Answer:
Democratic system is established on the dignity and equality of citizens, freedom, brotherhood and justice.

Question 10.
What is the fundamental belief of democracy?
Answer:
The fundamental belief of democracy is that the power of the governing must be in the interest of the governed for protecting the rights of the people.

Question 11.
What is democracy?
Answer:
Democracy is a type of governing system where the power to govern rests with the people and administration is either directly done by the people or through their representatives.

Question 12.
Write the main types of democracy?
Answer:
The main types of democracy:

• Direct Democracy
• Indirect Democracy.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What suggestions does Marxism give for the establishment of a real democracy?
Answer:
For the establishment of a real democracy Marxism gives the following suggestions:

• Social ownership of means of production and distribution.
• Equal distribution of wealth and fulfillment of everyone’s fundamental needs.
• For representation of people with similar economic interests the complete power to administer must be in the hands of one party. Marxism believes such a democracy to be actual and best democracy.

Question 2.
What do you know about the pluralist principle of democracy?
Answer:
The pluralist principle believes that in a democracy a person has the freedom to organised himself into various groups for the fulfillment of various interests. These groups are autonomous in their region and pressurize the government for fulfillment of their interest. In this way all groups share power to the extent of fulfillment of their interests.

This principle also believes that actual power is divided among these groups. Therefore its basic concept is decentralization of power. According to this, the state alone does not have the right to supreme power but in a democracy all groups of a society have a share in political power and power to govern.

Question 3.
What is the need and importance of a constitution for a democracy?
Answer:
In the present democratic system the government is formed by the elected representatives of the people. The fundamental belief of democracy is that the power of the governing must be in the interests of the governed for protecting the rights of the people.

In a democracy the common people easily get to know the procedure of formation of the Government and rights and duties of the citizens. There should also be a provision to ensure that the constitution may not be easily changed.

In this manner it is important to have a written constitution for safeguarding democracy. Democracy is therefore called the Rule of Law. Here the Law is above an individual or a group of individuals, which is ensured through written constitution. Therefore a constitution is very important for a Democracy. For strengthening democracies, democratic traditions are also important which give flexibility to a written constitution.

Question 4.
What is the importance of independent and impartial judiciary in the democracy?
Answer:
An independent and impartial judiciary is of paramount importance for putting into practice the provisions of the constitution. The judiciary has been made supreme to make the government work in accordance with the constitution, secure rights of the citizens and punish those who violate the constitution. There fore in order to make democracy practical an independent and impartial judiciary is very important.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write in detail the importance of democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is not only a special type of ruling but it is a special perspective towards life. Democracy is a system of governance based on freedom, equality, participation and brotherhood. It can also be called a social system. Under this the entire life of man is based on the democratic belief that every individual has equal importance in the society. If the importance of a person is only in the political field then democracy will remain incomplete.

For realization of true democracy it is important that individual get equal opportunities of growth in political, social and economic sphere of life. In political sphere of man’s life democracy means a political system in which the power to take decisions, does not vest in an individual but in the hands of the elected representatives of the people. Therefore the rule is based on the feelings of the people.

In the social sphere of mans life democracy imply a society where there is no discrimination on the grounds of caste,, religion, color, gender, race, creed or wealth. Everyone must have equal right and opportunities to grow in one’s life equally without any discrimination and the society must have the underlying feeling of brotherhood and mutual cooperation.

In the economic sphere of man’s life by democracy is mean! a system, where every member of the society gets the freedom and the right to choose his means of livelihood or any profession. An effort to establish such a system is made where there is no exploitation of one by the other.

An effort is made to provide basic facilities so that he may fulfill his minimum economics need and live a dignified life, meaning to provide the facilities of food clothing, shelter, health, education, employment is the basis  democracy. Democratic system believes in an organized and regular change of the rulers.

Democracy also believes that whatever changes have to be done in the political, social arid economic spheres can be done in a peaceful manner. This is the only administrative system which ensures the participation of the people in the political process. Therefore it is valued more than any other system of governance.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 Major Cultural Trends

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Where has the chariot driven bronze statue been found from?
(a) Diamabad
(b) Mohen-jo-daro
(c) Kalibanga
(d) Punjab.
Answer:
(b) Mohen-jo-daro

Question 2.
When did the first urbanization take place?
(a) New stone age
(b) Indus Civilization
(c) Mauryan period
(d) Gupta period.
Answer:
(a) New stone age

Question 3.
Who did talk about scientific basis of teaching?
(a) Vatsayan
(b) Asoka
(c) Samudra Gupta
(d) Kumar Gupta.
Answer:
(b) Asoka

Question 4.
Which dynasty did start coins with the Vina emblem?
(a) Maurya dynasty
(b) Gupta dynasty
(c) Vardhan dynasty
(d) Rajput dynasty.
Answer:
(b) Gupta dynasty

Question 5.
Who was the originator of Qauwali?
(a) Akbar
(b) Shahjahan
(c) Tansen
(d) Amir Khusro
Answer:
(d) Amir Khusro

Match the following:

Answer:
1. (d) Jainendra Vyakaran
2. (a) Temple of Khajuraho
3. (b) Mt. Abu
4. (c) Mohan-jo-daro and Harappa
5. (f) Mattavilasa Prahasana
6. (e) Gupta period

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The longest inscription of Indus civilization has how many alphabets there?
Answer:
The longest inscription of Indus civilization has 17 alphabets.

Question 2.
DeepavanSa, Mahavansa and Divyadan are related to which literature?
Answer:
Deepavansa, Mahavansa and Divyadan are related to Buddhist literature.

Question 3.
Kalpa Sutra and Parishishta Pawan are literary creations of which religion?
Answer:
Kalpa Sutra and Parishishta Pawan are literary creations of Jain religion.

Question 4.
Tulsidas, Surdas, Meerabai, Raskhan were follower of which Bhakti worship?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 5.
In which period were the Ellora temples constructed?
Answer:
The Ellora temples, were constructed during Gupta period.

Question 6.
Who built the Taj Mahal?
Answer:
Mughal emperor Shahjahan built the Taj Mahal.

Question 7.
Who was Tansen?
Answer:
Tansen was an accomplished singer at Akbar’s court.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the feature of the Gupta period paintings?
Answer:
The features of Gupta period paintings are following:

• Paintings was based on scientific lines.
• The finest examples of paintings are in the Ajanta caves. These paintings are mostly based on religious themes.
• They have depicted Buddha and Bodhisatva.
• Descriptive scenes from Jataka stories can also be seen.
• These paintings are original, lively and impressive.
• During Gupta period beautiful colors in the pictures have been used.

Question 2.
Write the Characteristics of architecture during the Indus civilization.
Answer:
The excavations at Indus valley provide information about the contemporary architecture. People of this period were experts, in the field of architecture. Big granaries, well – planned houses and cities, big palaces, ports, great bath throw suffice . light on the architecture.

Covered drains, doors and windows of buildings, direction away from the main road, kitchen inside the buildings, bathroom, adequate provision of ventilators, construction of ordinary and state buildings etc. are unique examples of architecture of Indus Civilization.

Question 3.
Write a note on Asoka pillars.
Answer:
The best specimen of Mauryan architecture are the pillars of Asoka, which were constructed by him for propagation of Dharma. These pillars are nearly 20 is number and located in various parts of India, Sarnath, Prayag, Kausmbhi in Uttar Pradesh. Pillars have been found in Lumbini and Nigilva in the plains of Nepal. Besides these at Sanchi, Lorya, Nandgarh and at various other places too, Asoka pillars have been found in Sanchi. The capital on the pillars was extremely creative.

Question 4.
Mention the features of temples of Gupta period.
Answer:
The special achievement of the period was in the field of temple construction. Temples were constructed with stones and bricks. The temples constructed during the Gupta period had flat roof. First Shikhar was constructed at Dasavatara in Devgarh temples (Jhansi U.P.).

After the construction of this temple, construction of Shikhars in the temples started. Many of these temples still exist such as Buddhist shrine in Sanchi, in Vidisha district of M.P., Bheetaragaon in Uttar Pradesh and temple at Deogarh are a few examples.

Question 5.
Write the differences between Nagara and Dravidian styles.
Answer:
The temples constructed during the early medieval period are classified into turn styles:

1. Nagara style
2. Dravidian style.

Differences between these two styles
1. Nagara style:

• Nagar style temples were mainly constructed in north India.
• In Nagar style the Shikhar is nearly spiral.
• On the top is found around dome and kalash.

2. Dravidian style:

• Dravidian style temples were constructed is south India.
• In Dravidian style teiriples
• the likars re rectangular constructed by placing rectangular blocks one over the other.

Question 6.
Write the differences between Mathura and Gandhara art.
Answer:
Mathura art:

• Remains of Buddhist, Jain and Brahmanicai ali three religions have been found at Mathura.
• The statues of Lord Buddha and Bodhisattva have been found in Mathura art.
• The statues of Buddha are covered with drapery.
• Statues have been constructed using the sand stone.

Gandhara art:

• The subjects of Gandhara art were Indian while the . technique was Greek.
• Statues were mostly built of slate.
• Creased clothes have been shown on the statues.
• Mahatma Buddha is also shown to be seated on a throne.

Question 7.
State the features of medieval period paintings.
Answer:
Medieval period paintings declined during the Sultanat period. Painting was looked down upon by the Sultans. Still painting remained alive in Gujarat, Rajasthan and regions of Malwa. Scenes related to religious and day-to-day life were presented. The books written on birch barke in Gujarat by Jain monks have a very high quality of small illustrations.

Mughal style painting is the Hamzanana which is also popular as Dastan-e-Amir Hamza. The specialy of these paintings are foreign plants, trees and their leaves and flowers. Fresco painting was started for the first time during Akbar period. During Jehangir’s period portrait painting, natural scenes and paintings related to person’s life started.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which are the main cultural trend of India? Write a comparative description of any one with reference to ancient and medieval period. Describe
Answer:
The contemporary social, cultural and political life can be understood through literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance and music and other performing arts. By cultural trend we mean the form of Indian culture which includes literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance, music and other performing arts. (In this chapter we will study these in a sequential manner.) Comparative description of painting with reference to ancient and medieval period:

Painting:
The growth of painting depicts on the expression of man’s thoughts through paintings. The rich tradition of Indian painting reflects the sensitivity of Indian art towards colors. During different periods paintings have been made by the painters of contemporary society. In India paintings of prehistoric times, can be seen on various rocks and stones.
In Bhimbetka caves near Rock Art of Bhimbetka Bhopal we can see a fine examples of this art.

People of Indus valley civilization had knowledge of painting. We have enough evidence of this. Many paintings can be seen in the utensils and seals found here. Painting was also done on the walls of the buildings. In paintings natural scenes and animals both can be seen. Co-lours were also used in the paintings. On the basis of literature it can be said that these people expressed their feelings on walls, utensils and also through embroidery on the clothes.

Mayryan period painting grew as folk – art. Paintings were depicted on Mauryan buildings and pillars. Some of the paintings in Ajanta caves belong to the 1st century E.C. The painting of Chhadat Jatak in cave No. 10 is worth mentioning. Painting was based on scientific lines during the Gupta period. The finest examples of paintings are in the Ajanta caves. These . have been included in the world heritage sites.

These paintings are mostly based on religious themes. They have depicted Buddha and Bodhisattva. Descriptive scenes from Jataka stories can also be seen. These paintings are original, lively and impressive. The paintings of this period can be seen in the caves of Bagh (in M.P. Dhar district). The themes of the pictures in these caves are worldly. During this period beautiful colors in the pictures have been used.

During Harsha’s period paintings were made on the clothes. Reference of skilled painters during marriage celebrations have been found. These painters have painted various scenes. Women on this” occasion painted on utensils of clay. During Rajput period the art of painting had fully developed During this period many regional styles of painting had developed. Such as Gujarat style, Rajputana style etc.

Gujarat style has scenes depending Jain life style and religion. In Rajputana style, romantic scenes of Radha Krishna have been depicted. Frescoes were made to decorate temples and palaces. The art of Miniature painting also developed during this period. These paintings were made to decorate the books.

Question 2.
How did literature grow from ancient to the medieval period?
Answer:
The Indian literature is as prosperous as glorious in Indian history. It has a vast store of Sanskrit literature. Indus civilization has the knowledge of script. Vedic period literature is very prosperous from the creativity point of view. The literature of this period was a very lively description of ancient life and values. Jain literature has three branches religious books, philosophical and secular writings.

These chiefly have prose, legends, grammar and dramas. Buddhism has greatly enriched the Pali and Sanskrit languages. There are enough evidences of Mauryan period literature. Though the inscriptions of Asoka it seems that two types of scripts were used – Brahmi and Kharosthi. During the Sunga Satvahana period there were scholars like Patanjali who wrote Mahabhasya on Panini’s Ashtadhyas and presented the rules of Sanskrit in revised form.

Gutpa period was the Golden age of literature. This period gave Sanskrit the status of the language. There were literary creations in many fields of Science and knowledge. Nalanda university was established during this period. Kashi, Mathura, Ayodhya and Patliputra were chief centers of education. Harsavardhan respected the scholars. Banabhatta was a great writer of this period ,who wrote two books – Harsha Charita and Kadambari.

Harshavardhan himself wrote three Sanskrit plays Naga Nanda, Ratnavali and Priyadarsika. The creation of literary and extremely flowery work was towards rise during the Rajput period. Literature was predominantly romantic. Rajput rulers were scholars of highest order. King Munja, Bhoja, Amoghvarsha were prominent among them. During this period books were written on medicine, astrology, grammar, sculpture and various other subjects.

Along with North India there was literary creations worth- mentioning in South India as well. Pulkesin’s vassal wrote a book called Shabdavatar. Scholar Udaidev wrote a book called Jainendra Vyakaran. South India had special contribution to Sanskrit literature during the Pallava rule. Mehandra Verman – I wrote a book “Matvilas Prahsan”. There was growth of Tamil language during the Pallavas and Cholas.

The famous writer of the Tamil period was Jaigondar who wrote Kaligtuprani. Kamban wrote Ramayana in Tamil. Karichi was the chief center of learning where people from far off came for education. The growth of literature continued in the medieval period. The creation of religious and secular literature started during the period. Doha’s and puzzles became popular. Compositions of  Namdev, Ramanand, Guru Nanak, Kabir, etc.

have a place of special importance in Hindi. Literary writings were done is Persian and Turkish language during the period. Urdu literature developed the most during the Mughal period.

Question 3.
Write the features of painting from the ancient to the medieval period.
Answer:
The contemporary social, cultural and political life can be understood through literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance and music and other performing arts. By cultural trend we mean the form of Indian culture which includes literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance, music and other performing arts. (In this chapter we will study these in a sequential manner.) Comparative description of painting with reference to ancient and medieval period:

Painting:
The growth of painting depicts on the expression of man’s thoughts through paintings. The rich tradition of Indian painting reflects the sensitivity of Indian art towards colors. During different periods paintings have been made by the painters of contemporary society. In India paintings of prehistoric times, can be seen on various rocks and stones. In Bhimbetka caves near Rock Art of Bhimbetka Bhopal we can see a fine examples of this art.

People of Indus valley civilization had knowledge of painting. We have enough evidence of this. Many paintings can be seen in the utensils and seals found here. Painting was also done on the walls of the buildings. In paintings natural scenes and animals both can be seen. Co-lours were also used in the paintings. On the basis of literature it can be said that these people expressed their feelings on walls, utensils and also through embroidery on the clothes.

Mayryan period painting grew as folk – art. Paintings were depicted on Mauryan buildings and pillars. Some of the paintings in Ajanta caves belong to the 1st century E.C. The painting of Chhadat Jatak in cave No. 10 is worth mentioning. Painting was based on scientific lines during the Gupta period. The finest examples of paintings are in the Ajanta caves. These . have been included in the world heritage sites.

These paintings are mostly based on religious themes. They have depicted Buddha and Bodhisattva. Descriptive scenes from Jataka stories can also be seen. These paintings are original, lively and impressive. The paintings of this period can be seen in the caves of Bagh (in M.P. Dhar district). The themes of the pictures in these caves are worldly. During this period beautiful colors in the pictures have been used.

During Harsha’s period paintings were made on the clothes. Reference of skilled painters during marriage celebrations have been found. These painters have painted various scenes. Women on this” occasion painted on utensils of clay. During Rajput period the art of painting had fully developed During this period many regional styles of painting had developed. Such as Gujarat style, Rajputana style etc.

Gujarat style has scenes depending Jain life style and religion. In Rajputana style, romantic scenes of Rad-ha Krishna have been depicted. Frescoes were made to decorate temples and palaces. The art of Miniature painting also developed during this period. These paintings were made to decorate the books.

Question 4.
Describe the Mughal period architecture.
Answer:
The influence of Islamic architecture can be dearly seen on the medieval architecture. The buildings constructed during the reign of various Sultans and Mughals. There was intermingling of Indian architecture with Persian, Turkish and Indian styles and architecture prevalent in other Islamic countries. Primarily Mosques, Mausoleums, Palaces, Massive gates (Torans), domes, Mehrabs and minar were constructed in Islamic architecture.

The Qutub-ul-islam mosque ih Mehrauli (Delhi) was constructed in 1139 A.D. and is recognized as the first mosque in India. The Qutub minar was constructed during the Sultanat period. It is 238 ft. tall and narrow towards the top. At various heights there are open balconies, which makes it distinct. The mosques of the period bad minarets four sides.

There are enough evidences of Mughal period architecture. In the history of architecture a new era started during the period. Scholars have called the new architectural style as Mughal architect. Mughal style developed as a result of fusion between foreign and Indian styles. Hence Mughal period architecture a mixed influence of Jain, Buddhist, Rajput, Persian, Baghdad style can be seen.

The engraving of diamonds in white marble, pietra dura and running water in the palaces are some of the salient features of Mughal architecture. The chief architectural places were Mosque of Qutub Minar Kabuli Bagh, Mosque of Panipat, Babri Mosque at Ayodhya, mosque at Agra fort. Not much progress in the field of achitecture was made during Humayun’s reign. During his reign two mosques were constructed at Ferozabad in Hissar. Shershah showed great interest towards architecture.

The most important architectural structure of Shershah’s period is a mosque constructed on a raised platform in the midst of a lake at Sasaram in Bihar. Beautiful amalgamation of Indian and Islamic architecture can be seen here. During Akbar’s period there was an intermingling of Persian style with Hindu and Buddhist architectural styles. Buildings of Akbar’s period were constructed by red sandstone.

Akbar got Fatehpur Sikri built. The chief features are intermingling of Chapakar and Dharnik styles. Fatehpur Sikri’s Diwan – i – Aam, Diwan – i – Khas, Agra Fort, Palace of Jodhabai, Panch Mahal, Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza are specimens of Akbar period architecture. Jehangir got Akbars and Itmad – ud – daulas mausoleum built. Raja Manning’s palace at Gwalior and Jaisinghs palace at Jaipur are unparalleled examples of architecture.

Shahjahan’s period is known as the golden age of Mughal architecture. The chief features of architecture of the period were carved Mehrabs, and Minars. The famous buildings of Shahjahan’s period are Red Fort, at Delhi, Diwan-i-Khas, Jama Masjid and Taj Mahal at Agra. The biggest accomplishment of the period is the Taj Mahal when architecture reached its pinnacle of progress. Taj Mahal is 313 ft.

high square mausoleum made of white marble which has been built on 22 ft. high platform. The four corners 146 of the Mausoleum have a minar. It is two – stored on the top of a dome. In Gurudwaras Harminder at Amritsar is a unique creation of the contemporary period. It was constructed between 588 to 1601 A.D. After Shahjahan Mughal period architecture started declining.

Question 5.
How did sculpture develop in the medieval period?
Answer:
There was a splendid development in the field of sculpture in south India during the medieval period. Statues ‘and sculptures were used to decorate the interiors and outside of the temples. Islam did not believe in idol worship. This affected medieval sculpture. The art of sculpture began during the Akbar’s period. Sculpture was also encouraged during Jahangir’s region.

In Agra Fort, Amar Singh’s and Kama Singh’s statues were put up beneath ‘ the window. Tire palace of Fatehpur Sikri’s Elephant gate entrance is decorated with two massive elephants. The art declined during Aurangzeb’s reign. On the whole sculpture did not receive encouragement during the medieval period which affected it.

Question 6.
Give an analytical description of growth of music and j dance during the medieval period.
Answer:
The tradition of dance and music of ancient period was carried forward in the medieval period. Some of the books were compiled on dance and music. Of these Bhoja, Someshwar and Sarangdev’s Sangeet Ratnakar are very famous books. In the later period many more books on music were written. Jaydev’s Gita Govind in the 13th century can be called an important step in this direction.

Bhakti or devotional music received more importance in the medieval period. People sang with devotion the Bhajans (devotional songs) of Meei ibai, Tulsidas, Kabirdas and Surdas. Hindustani music was introduced to new instruments and Ragas in the Sultanat period. Though Quran prohibits music but it was encouraged from time – to – time by Sultans vassal and Khalifas.

The famous musician of the period was Amir Khusro who has described his music in the book Noor Siphr. The book describes that Indian music touches the heart and the soul. It not only affects human beings but also hypnotizes animals. Deers stand still while listening to the music and are easily hunted. Amir Khusro invented new ragas through the fusion of Indian and Persian music. The originator of Quwali was Amir Khusro.

Due to new trends in music like Khayal and Tarana there were changes in the form of music in the contemporary period. Music was the chief means of recreation. The art of dance and music flourished during the Mughal period. Babur himself was fond of music. In Tuzukh – i – Babri description of music meeting is found. Humayun and Sher Shah Suri were also fond of music. Mughal Emperor Akbar patronized musicians.

He himself played exquisitely on the Indian instrument Naggarah. He was interested in science of music. Of the nine gems at Akbar’s court the most renowned was Miya Tansen who was. an accomplished singer as Abul Fazl writes about Miyan Tansen that ” a singer like him has not been in India for the last thousand years.” Tansen received his education in Gwalior. Baba Haridas of Vrindavan was his Guru.

Besides Tansen 36 other singers received patronage at Akbar’s court. Of these Bazbahadur, Baizbaksh, Gopal, Haridas, Ramdas, Sujan Khan, Mianlal, Baiju Bawara were prominent. In course of time Dhrupad singing was replaced by Khayal singing. During Mughal period in Jehangir’s reign Khurramdad, Makhu ‘Chatur Khan, Hamja etc. were prominent musicians.

Similarly during Shahjahan’s reign Ramdas, Jagannath, Sukhsen and Lai Khan were prominent musicians. After the death of Shahjahan the art of music declined as Aurangzeb was against music. The classical styles of Indian dance can be seen in the medieval period as well of these Bharatnatyam, Kuchipuddi, Kathakali classical styles Were prevalent in south Indian regions.

Bharatnatyam and Kuchipuddi dances were based on Krishnalilas. This was confined to the Bahaman families of south Indian. Whereas Kathak was initially confined to Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan Punjab and Madhya Pradesh. Dances were based on Krishna Lilas and Puranic stories – in these dances and music was a part of courts.

Question 7.
How did fine arts develop from ancient to medieval period?
Answer:
Fine arts were in practice during the Indus civilization. The ‘Agnivedica’ built on a raised platform found at Rakhigahri, Decorated bricks were found on the floor of Kalibanga made of baked brick, statues, decorated ornaments, glossy paint on the utensils and circle on them. Geometrical lines and depiction of birds and animals, sacred symbols of well being like Swastik, Chakra, sun etc.

throw light on tire practice of performing arts of the contemporary society. Besides a place like theatre has also been mentioned in the contemporary time which was probably used for drama, dance and music. Mention of Fine Art has been mentioned in the Vedic period. During this period folk culture developed along with religion. During this period also sacred symbols, decoration of building art of magic and references of Yagyavedika has been found.

Folk art was prevalent during the Maurya period. There were many people who performed shows for entertaining people. References of dancers, people imitating voices to entertain, dancing on the ropes, people working in dramatize for livelihood have been mentioned. Fine arts were also prevalent in the Gupta period. Beautiful depiction on Gupta period coins is the best example.

Many dramas were written in the contemporary period in Sanskrit literature. Interesting themes have been brought alive throw these dramas, romantic .songs along with these, wood sculpture, stone sculpture, metals sculpture, Talisman, ivory ornaments are examples of contemporary art.

The ornamentation in caves, temples, paintings on the walls, dancing girls,’Sentries with spears, statues with Elaborate hairstyles. Yaksha, birds, animals depiction of fountains etc. are unique example of the same. Theatre was also developed in the contemporary period. Terms like ‘Prekshagraha’ and Rangshala’ have been used for dramatic schools.

Harsh Period:
The growth of fine arts continued in the Harsh period as well. These arts were prevalent in the early medieval period also. References of Nata, Magicians, Craftsmen who worked with ivories are found in context with beautiful art work. In the same way beautiful decoration are found on Rajput coins. Statues made on the walls of temples, Raga-Ragini, pictures of actor-actresses, plants, flowers and animals.

Besides, historical and Puranic dance drama also had an ; important place in the early medieval contemporary art. The creative expression continued during the medieval period. RasLilas were staged in Vrindavan and Mathura. During this period, besides epics, dramas were also based on historical characters. Vijayanagar’s ruler Harihar IPs son Veerupaksha wrote a play narayana Vilas and Unmata Raghav.

Goswami composed Vidaghmodhav, Lalit Madhav and Dankeli Chandrika. In the same j sequence Ramchandra wrote a drama Jagannath Vallabh. In staging dramas social and religious dramas were given preference. Calligraphy also developed during the contemporary period. Besides decorated utensils, decorated walls carvings on minars and mausoleums, clothes of Jari, Kashidakari, art of Pactukari, carved fountains, carpets etc. throw light on the art of the period.

Question 8.
Collect the pictures of Nagar style and Dravid style temples and write the differences. Collect the picture of Buddhist statues and Dravid style temples and write the differences. Teacher can divisive the class into groups and divide the work among them for collecting information on Literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance music other performing arts from ancient to Mughal period. Arrange this information in a chronological order and prepare a scrap book on any one which can depict any one cultural trend in a sequential manner.
Answer:
Try yourself

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Jain literature has –
(a) Two branches
(b) Three branches
(c) Four branches
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Three branches

Question 2.
Buddhism has greatly enriched –
(a) The Pali language
(b) The Hindi language
(c) The Punjabi language
(d) The English language.
Answer:
(a) The Pali language

Question 3.
Which language developed the most during the Mughal period?
(a) Persian
(b) Urdu
(c) Hindi
(d) Punjabi.
Answer:
(b) Urdu

Question 4.
Who has written Padmavat?
(a) Malik Mohammad Jayasi
(b) Tulsidas
(c) Abul Fazl
(d) Gulbadan.
Answer:
(a) Malik Mohammad Jayasi

Question 5.
Whose period is known as the golden period of’Mughal paintings?
(a) Shahjahan’s
(b) Jehangir’s
(c) Babur’s
(d) Akbar’s
Answer:
(b) Jehangir’s

Match the following:

Answer:
1. (c) Raghuvansh
2. (d) Ain-e-Akbari
3. (b) Mudra Rakshas
4. (e) Tamilnadu
5. (a) Panchatantra

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by cultural trend?
Answer:
By cultural trend we mean the form of Indian cultural which includes literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance, music and other performing arts.

Question 2.
What does Vedic literature include?
Answer:
Vedic literature includes Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyaka, Upanishads, Vedants, epics, Smirtis, Purans.

Question 3.
Name the oldest Vedic literature.
Answer:
Rigveda.

Question 4.
Who did write the Arthashastra?
Answer:
Kautilya wrote the Arthashastra.

Question 5.
In which period was Smriti literature composed?
Answer:
Smriti literature was composed during Gupta period.

Question 6.
Name the best specimen of Mauryan architecture.
Answer:
The pillars of Asoka.

Question 7.
Where is the Kalika Devi Temple situated?
Answer:
The Kalika Devi Temple is situated at Chittorgarh.

Question 8.
What is sculpture?
Answer:
Sculpture is an art of making statue.

Question 9.
Turkish Sultans were interested in which literature?
Answer:
Turkish sultans were interested in Persian literature.

Question 10.
Which Mughal emperor did establish a painting school (Chitrashala)?
Answer:
Mughal emperor Jahangir established a painting school (Chitrashala).

Question 11.
What was Aurangzeb’s opinion about painting?
Answer:
Aurangzeb considered painting to be against Islam and banned them.

Question 12.
Where is Raja Mansingh’s palace situated?
Answer:
Raja Mansingh’s palace is situated at Gwalior.

Questionb 13.
Name the mosque which is recognized as the first mosque in India.
Answer:
The Qutab-ul-Islam mosque.

Question 14.
Whose period is known as the golden age of Mughal architecture?
Answer:
Shahjahan’s period is known as the golden age of Mughal architecture.

Question 15.
Name the two dances which are based on Krishnalilas?
Answer:
Bharatnatyam and Kuchipuddi dances.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write about Jain literature.
Answer:
Jain literature has three branches – Religious books, philosophical and secular writings. These chiefly have prose, legends, grammar and dramas. Out of these most of the compositions are still in the form of manuscripts and are found in the Chaityas of Gujarat and Rajasthan. The compositions are Angas, Pangas, Prakrin, Cheda, Sutra and Malsutra.

Towards the last stages while writing discourses, Sanskrit language instead of Prakrit was used. The work in grammar and poetry writing in Sanskrit contributed a lot to the growth of this language. The prominent books in Jain literature are Kalpasurta of Bhadrabahu, Parishisht Parwan of Hemachandra.

Question 2.
Describe the Mauryan period art of sculpture.
Answer:
During the Mauryan period the art of sculpture grew. The sculpture of Mauryan period bear Persian influence. Some scholars consider it as Indian influence. The Asoka pillars, the animal statues in the capital and beautifully decorated with plants point towards the sculpture of the stone statues have been found from Patalipurta, Mathura, Vidisha and other regions. A distinct glossy polish can be seen on those. The statues of the Yaksha and Yakshinis are the most beautiful and realistic.

Question 3.
Describe the growth of dance and music during the Gupta period.
Answer:
The art dance and music prospered during the Gupta period like earlier period during this period too people were fond of music. Dance and music were practiced in the contemporary period during Vasant Utsav, Kaumidi Utsav, Deepotsav etc. Information of . ‘Ganikas’ in the contemporary period is also found whose job was to dance and sing. Gupta rulers themselves patronized artistes. Samudra Gupta himself was an accomplished Veena player.

In order to keep this memory alive he got coins struck showing him playing flute. In the Bagh caves of Gupta period an important scene of dance and music has been found which is a symbol of splendor of dance and music in the contemporary period.

From Malvikagnimitra we come to know that there were art buildings for the education in music in towns. There were Acharyas (teachers) in the towns for teaching dance. In Malvikagnimitra Ganadas is referred to as music dance Acharyas (teachers). In this way ample evidence of music and dance during the Gupta period are found.

Question 4.
Describe the progress in the field of architecture made during Akbar’s reign.
Answer:
During Akbar’s period there was an intermingling of Persian style with Hindu and Buddhist architectural styles. Buildings of Akbar’s period were constructed by. red sandstone. Akbar got Fatehpur Sikri built. The chief features are intermingling of Chapakar and Dharmik styles. Fatehpur Sikri’s Diwan – i – Aam, Diwan – i – Khas, Agra Fort, Palace of Jodhabai, Panch Mahal, Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaja are specimens of Akbar’s period architecture.

Question 5.
Gupta period was the golden age of literature.
Answer:
Gupta period was the Golden age of literature. Gupta period gave Sanskrit the status of the language. The form in which literature flourished during the period of Gupta rulers is unparalleled. During this period there were literary creations in many fields of science and knowledge. Smriti literature was composed ‘during this period. Yajanvalkya, Narad Smriti, Kavyava Smriti are chief among them. Ramayana and Mahabharat was written in this period.

Buddhist philosopher Asanga composed the Mahayan Sutrankar and Yogacharya Bhoomi Shastra. Vasubandh composed the Abhidarma Kosha. The chief Jain writers were Jenchandra, Siddhasena and Devnandini. From the Gupta period literature we can understand that prevailing education system must have been excellent. Nalanda University was established during this period. Kashi, Mathura, Ayodhya and Pataliputra were chief centers of education.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the growth of painting during the Sultanat and Mughal periods.
Answer:
Painting declined during the Sultanat period. Painting was looked down upon by the Sultans. Still painting remained alive in Gujarat, Rajasthan and regions  of Malwa. Scenes related to religious and day – to – day life were presented. Slowly Malwa and Rajasthan School of art developed. The books written on birch barke in Gujarat by Jain monks have a very high quality of small illustrations.

In Bengal and Bihar too manuscripts written by the Buddhist monks had small images drawn by using lives. The paintings drawn on the temples of southern India have also used lives. Mughal paintings were started during the rule of Tumayun. Akbar gave an organised form to Mughal paintings. He established a separate department for the painters and Muglud period painting famous painters were housed there.

The first Mughal period painting collection in Mughal style painting is the Hamzanama which is also popular as Dastan – e – Amir Hamza the speciality of these paintings foreign plants, trees and their leaves and flowers minutest obtain of decoration architecture images of women. Exceptional Rajasthani paintings with decorative elements. Rajmanama, Ramayana and Akbarnama are illustrated manuscripts of the period.

Fresco painting started for the first time during the Akbar period. Jehangir’s period is known on the golden period of Mughal paintings. Jehangir himself was a painter. Jehangir established a painting school (Chitrashala) under guidance of famous painter Akarizh. During Jehangir’s period Portrait painting, natural scenes and paintings related to persons life started.

Jehangir also gave titles to the forest’painters which includes famous bird specialist painter, Ustad Mansoor and portrait painter Abul Hasan. During Shahjahan’s reign borders and underlines in paintings progressed. Aurangzeb considered painting to be against Islam and banned them. Therefore painting in the courts came to an end and painters settled elsewhere. In this way styles of regional paintings developed.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions