Prasanna

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit व्याकरण-खण्डः

1. शब्दरूपाणि

(क) संज्ञा शब्द रूप

अकारान्त (पुल्लिङ्ग) राम :

अनुकरण :
राम के समान ही बालक, गज, वानर, सूर्य, चन्द्र, नृप आदि सभी अकारान्त पदों के रूप चलेंगे।

इकारान्त (पुल्लिङ्ग) हरि :

अनुकरण :
हरि के समान ही मुनि, गिरि, रवि, कपि, कवि, निधि, मणि, ऋषि आदि शब्दों के रूप चलेंगे।

अकारान्त (स्त्रीलिङ्ग) रमा (लक्ष्मी) :

अनुकरण :
रमा के समान ही लता, माया, वाटिका, बालिका, पाठशाला, विद्या, वसुन्धरा आदि स्त्रीलिंग शब्दों के रूप चलेंगे।

उकारान्तः (पुल्लिङ्ग) “भानु” शब्द :

अनुकरण :
गुरु, तरु, शिशु, साधु इत्यादयः।

इकारान्त स्त्रीलिङ्ग “मति” शब्द :

अनुकरण :
बुद्धि, गति, रात्रि इत्यादयः।

ईकारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्गः “लेखनी” शब्दः

अनुकरण :
जननी, नदी, द्रोणी, गौरी इत्यादयः।

उकारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्ग “धेनु” शब्दः

अनुकरण :
रेणु, रज्जु इत्यादयः।

इकारात नपुंसकलिङ्ग “वारि” शब्दः

उकारान्तः नपुंसकलिङ्ग “मधु” शब्दः

(ख) सर्वनाम शब्द रूप

दकारान्तः पुल्लिङ्ग “एतद्” (यह) शब्दः

दकारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्ग “एतद्” (यह) शब्दः

दकारान्तः नपुंसकलिङ्ग “एतद्” (यह) शब्दः

तृतीया से सप्तमी तक पुल्लिङ्ग के समान रूप होते हैं।

दकारान्तः पुल्लिङ्ग “यद्” (जो) शब्दः

दकारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्ग “यद्” (जो) शब्द :

दकारान्तः नपुंसकलिङ्ग “यत्” (जो) शब्दः

तृतीया से सप्तमी तक पुल्लिङ्ग के समान रूप होते हैं।

पुल्लिङ्ग “सर्व’ (सब) शब्दः

स्त्रीलिङ्ग “सर्व” (सब) शब्दः

नपुंसकलिङ्ग “सर्व” (सब) शब्दः

तृतीया से सप्तमी विभक्ति एक पुल्लिङ्ग के समान रूप होते हैं। यद्-तद आदि सर्वनाम शब्दों में सम्बोधन नहीं होता है।

2. धातुरूपाणि

(क) परस्मैपदम्-

“पठ्’ (पढ़ना) धातुः लोट्लकारः (आज्ञार्थ)

“पठ्’ (पढ़ना) धातुः विधिलिङ्गलकारः
(चाहिए अर्थ)

“गम्” (जाना) धातुः लोट्लकारः (आज्ञार्थ):

“गम्” (जाना) धातुः विधिलिङ्गलकारः
(चाहिए अर्थ)

(ख) आत्मनेपदम्-

“लभ्” (पाना) धातुः लट्लकारः (वर्तमानकाले):

“सेव” (सेवा करना) धातुः लट्लकारः
(वर्तमानकाले)

“वन्द्” (वन्दना करना) धातुः लट्लकारः
(वर्तमानकाले)

इसी तरह भाष्, यत्, रम्, सह, शिक्ष, रुच् (रोच्) वृत् (वत्), वृध् (वर्ध), शुभ् (शोभ) इत्यादि धातुरूप होते हैं।

3. संस्कृतसंख्या (११ तः २० पर्यन्तम्)

एकादश – ११ (बहुवचनं)
द्वादश – १२ (बहुवचनं)
त्रयोदश – १३ (बहुवचनं)
चतुर्दश – १४ (बहुवचनं)
पञ्चदश – १५ (बहुवचन)
षोडश – १६ (बहुवचन)
सप्तदश – १७ (बहुवचनं)
अष्टादश – १८ (बहुवचन)
नवदश, एकोनविंशतिः – १९ (बहुवचन)
विंशतिः – २० (बहुवचन)

4. कारकपरिचयः

जिसका सम्बन्ध साक्षात् क्रिया के साथ होता है, उसे कारक कहते हैं। कारक छः होते हैं। सम्बन्ध को कारक नहीं माना गया है किन्तु विभक्तियाँ सात होती हैं।-

कतृकारकम् (प्रथमा विभक्तिः)
यथा-
रामः पठति।
श्यामः गच्छति।

कर्मकारकम् (द्वितीया विभक्तिः)
यथा-
रामः विद्यालयं गच्छति।
मोहनः पुस्तकं पठति।

करणकारकम् (तृतीया विभक्तिः)
यथा-
रामः बाणेन रावणं हन्ति।
सीता रामेण सह वनं गच्छति।

सम्प्रदानकारकम् (चतुर्थी विभक्तिः)
यथा-
राजा ब्राह्मणाय धनं ददाति।
गुरवे नमः।

अपादानकारकम् (पञ्चमी विभक्तिः)
यथा-
वृक्षात् पत्रं पतति।
हिमालयात् गङ्गा प्रभवति।

सम्बन्धः (षष्ठी विभक्तिः)
यथा-
रामः दशरथस्य पुत्रः अस्ति।
सीतायाः पतिः रामः अस्ति।

अधिकरणकारकम् (सप्तमी विभक्तिः)
यथा-
खगः वृक्षे निवसति।
मीन: नद्याम् अस्ति।

सम्बोधनम्-
यथा-
भो राम ! भवान् कुत्र गच्छति?
हे मोहन ! अत्र आगच्छ।

प्रस्तुत पद्य के आधार पर कारकों को स्मरण करना सरल है।-
कर्ता कर्म च करणं सम्प्रदानं तथैव च।
अपादानाधिकरणमित्याहुः कारकाणि षट्॥

5. सन्धिपरिचयः

(क) स्वरसन्धिः

स्वरसन्धि के भेद, प्रयोग और अभ्यास-
दीर्घसन्धिः
अ/आ + अ/आ = आ – हिम + आलयः = हिमालयः
इ/ई + इ/ई = ई – रवि + इन्द्रः = रवीन्द्रः
उ/ऊ + उ/ऊ = ऊ – भानु + उदयः = भानूदयः
ऋ/ऋ + ऋ/ऋ = ऋ – पितृ + ऋणम्: = पितृणम्

गुणसन्धिः
अ/आ + इ/ई = ए – सुर + इन्द्रः = सुरेन्द्रः
अ/आ + उ/ऊ = ओ – महा + उत्सवः = महोत्सवः
अ/आ + ऋ/ऋ = अर् – देव + ऋषिः = देवर्षिः
अ/आ + लृ = अल् – तव + लृकारः = तवल्कारः

वृद्धिसन्धिः
अ/आ + ए/ऐ = ऐ – सदा + एव = सदैव
अ/आ + ए/ऐ = ऐ – अत्र + एव = अत्रैव
अ/आ + ओ/औ = औ – महा + ओषधिः= महौषधिः
अ/आ + ओ/औ = औ – महा + ओजस्वी= महौजस्वी

यण सन्धिः
यदि असमान स्वर आगे आता है, तो-

अयादि सन्धिः
यदि असमान स्वर आगे आता है, तो निम्न प्रकार से परिवर्तन होकर नया शब्द बन जाता है-
ए + असमानस्वरः = अय् – ने + अनम् = नयनम्
ऐ + असमानस्वरः = अय् – गै + अकः =गायक:
ओ + असमानस्वरः = अव् – पो + अनः = पवनः
औ + असमानस्वरः = आव् – पौ + अकः = पावकः

पूर्वरूप सन्धिः
ए + अ = ऽ (अवग्रह चिह्न) – वने + अपि = ‘वनेऽपि
ओ + अ = ऽ (अवग्रह चिह्न) – को + अपि = कोऽपि

(ख) व्यञ्जनसंधि-

श्चुत्व सन्धिः
त् + ज् – सत् + जनः = सज्जनः
त् + च् – सत् + चित् = सच्चित्
स् + श् – कस् + चित् = कश्चित्

अन्यानि उदाहरणानि :
क् + ग् – दिक् + गजः = दिग्गजः
च् + ज् – अच् + अन्तः = अजन्तः
त् + द् – जगत् + ईशः = जगदीशः
प् + ब् – सुप् + अन्तः = सुबन्तः
ध् + द् – बुध् + धिः = बुद्धिः
द् + .त् – सद् + कारः = सत्कारः

अनुस्वार सन्धि :
(1) ‘म्’ के बाद यदि कोई भी व्यंजन अक्षर होता है, तो ‘म्’ का अनुस्वार \(\left( \dot { – } \right) \) हो जाता है।
सत्यम् + वद् = सत्यं वद
पुस्तकम् + पठति = पुस्तकं पठति

(2) ‘म्’ के बाद स्वर अक्षर के आने पर ‘म्’ अनुस्वार नहीं होता-
पुस्तकम् + आनय = पुस्तकम् आनय/पुस्तकमानय
सत्यम् + अस्ति = सत्यम् अस्ति/सत्यमस्ति

6. समासपरिचयः

शब्दानाम् अर्थानुसारं योजनं समासः। (शब्दों के अर्थ के अनुसार योजन करना ही समान होता है।) यथा-
रामस्य भक्तः = रामभक्तः – रामस्य भक्तः
कार्यस्य आलयः = कार्यालयः – कार्यस्य आलयः।

1. तत्पुरुष समासः
(क) राष्ट्रभक्तः – राष्ट्रस्य भक्तः।
(ख) चौरभयम् – चौराद् भयम् ।
(ग) दीनदानम् – दीनाय दानम्।
(घ) राजपुरुषः – राज्ञः पुरुषः।

2. कर्मधारय समासः
(क) नीलकमलम् – नीलं कमलम्
(ख) कृष्णसर्पः – कृष्णः सर्पः
(ग) घनश्यामः – घन इव श्यामः

3. द्विगु समासः
प्रथमपदं सङ्ख्यावाचकं भवति।
(क) पञ्चवटी – पञ्चानां वटानां समाहारः।
(ख) अष्टाध्यायी – अष्टानाम् अध्यायानां समाहारः।

4. द्वन्द्वः समासः
अत्र पदद्वयं प्रमुखं भवति।
(क) रामलक्ष्मणौ-रामः च लक्ष्मणः च/रामश्च लक्ष्मणश्च
(ख) कृष्णार्जुनौ-कृष्णः च अर्जुनः च/कृष्णश्च अर्जुनश्च

5. बहुब्रीहि समासः
अन्यपदस्य अर्थस्य प्रधानता भवति।
(क) पीताम्बरः – पीतम् अम्बरं यस्य सः। (विष्णुः)
(ख) चन्द्रशेखरः – चन्द्रः शेखरे यस्य सः। (शिव:)

6. अव्ययीभाव समासः
प्रथमशब्दः अव्ययम् भवति।
(क) उपकृष्णम् – कृष्णस्य समीपम्।
(ख) प्रतिगृहम् – गृहं गृहं प्रति।
(ग) यथाशक्ति – शक्तिम् अनतिक्रम्य।

7. अव्ययपरिचयः

अव्यय शब्द पर लिङ्ग, वचन और विभक्ति का प्रभाव नहीं होता, अतः इसके अर्थ में भी कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है।

अव्यय प्रयोग (वाक्य रचना)-

1. पुरा एका राज्ञी राज्यम् अकरोत्।
   (प्राचीन काल में एक रानी राज्य करती थी।)
2. बालकाः तत्र क्षेत्रे क्रीड़न्ति।
   (बालक वहाँ मैदान में खेलते हैं।)
3. सत्वरम् इह आगच्छः।
   (यहाँ शीघ्र आओ।)
4. सः पुनः आगच्छति।
   (वह फिर आता है।)
5. पृष्ठात् अधः सः पतति।
   (छत से नीचे वह गिरता है।)
6. ग्रामम् परितः वृक्षाः सन्ति।
   (गाँव के चारों ओर वृक्ष हैं।)
7. सा उच्चैः प्रालपत्।
   (उसने ऊँचे स्वर में विलाप किया।)
8.  सः यथा विचारयति तथा करोति।
   (वह जैसा सोचता है, वैसा करता है।)
9. सः पठति अतः विद्यालयम् गच्छति।
   (वह पढ़ता है, इसलिए विद्यालय जाता है।)
10. धिक् ! कापुरुषम्।
    (कायर पुरुष को धिक्कार है।)
11. सः सर्वत्र भ्रमति।
    (वह सब जगह घूमता है।)
12. कक्षात् बहिः गच्छ।
    (कक्षा से बाहर जाओ।)
13. सः मम पुरतः वसति एव।
    (वह मेरे सामने ही रहता है।)
14. यदा गरंजति तदा वर्षति।
    जब गरजता है तब वर्षा होती है।
15. मा लिख।
    (मत लिखो।)

8. प्रत्ययपरिचयः

क्त्वा प्रत्ययः-“कर” अथवा “करके” इसका अर्थ होता है।

ल्यपप्रत्ययः :
“कर” अथवा “करके” के अर्थ में ल्यप होता है। ल्यप् प्रत्यय में धातु से पूर्व उपसर्ग हुआ करता है।

क्त, क्तवतु प्रत्ययौ- (क्त्य, क्तवतु प्रत्ययों का प्रयोग भूतकाल में होता है।)

9. उपसर्गः

(उपसर्ग धातु शब्द से पहले प्रयुक्त होकर धातु अथवा शब्द के अर्थ को बदल देता है।)
यथा-

नये शब्द-प्र + गतिः= प्रगति, अनु + भवति = अनुभवति, अप + करोति = अपकरोति, उत् + खनति = उत्खनति, उत् + लिखितः = उल्लिखितः, प्र + हारः = प्रहारः, आ + हारः = आहारः इत्यादि।

10. अनुवाद के नियम

संस्कृत में अनुवाद करने के लिए मुख्य रूप से हमें विभक्ति (कारक) वचन, लिङ्ग, पुरुष, शब्द और धातु का ज्ञान होना आवश्यक है। उदाहरण के लिए-प्रथम पुरुष के एकवचन के कर्ता के साथ धातु का प्रथम पुरुष एकवचन का रूप प्रयोग होगा।
जैसे-वह जाता है-सः गच्छति।
प्रथम पुरुष :
वह दोनों जाते हैं-तौ गच्छतः।

के कर्ता :
वे सब जाते हैं-ते गच्छन्ति।

मध्यम पुरुष :
तुम जाते हो-त्वम् गच्छसि।

के कर्ता :
तुम दोनों जाते हो-युवाम् गच्छथः।
तुम सब जाते हो-यूयम् गच्छथ।

उत्तम पुरुष :
मैं जाता हूँ-अहम् गच्छामि।

के कर्ता :
हम दोनों जाते हैं-आवाम् गच्छावः।
हम सब जाते हैं-वयम् गच्छामः।

इस प्रकार शब्द और धातु के वचन व पुरुष समान होंगे। तीनों लिंग के शब्द रूप भिन्न होने पर भी धातु रूप एक ही प्रयोग किये जाते हैं। जैसे-
(1) लड़की पढ़ती है-बालिका पठति।
(2) लड़का पढ़ता है-बालकः पठति।
(3) पत्रः गिरता है-पत्रम् पतति।
संस्कृत के व्याकरण के नियमों को हम इस प्रकार जानेंगे।

पुरुष या कर्ता :
कर्ता (पुरुष) तीन प्रकार के होते हैं-प्रथम या अन्य पुरुष, मध्यम पुरुष, उत्तम पुरुष।

प्रथम या अन्य पुरुष :
जिसके सम्बन्ध में कोई बात की जाये। जैसे-वे, सीता, लड़के, वह, दोनों, वे सब आदि।

मध्यम पुरुष :
जिससे बात की जाए। जैसे-तुम, तुम दोनों, तुम सब।

उत्तम पुरुष :
जो बात करता है। जैसे-मैं, हम दोनों, हम सब।

तीनों पुरुष तीन वचनों के साथ प्रयोग होते हैं। इनका प्रयोग धातु रूपों के साथ उसी क्रम से होता है। इनके रूप इस प्रकार से चलते हैं-

इसी प्रकार से धातु रूप भी चलते हैं। यथा पठ् धातु के रूप (वर्तमान काल) में क्रमशः तीनों पुरुष के साथ बनाने पर अनुवाद इस प्रकार बनेगा-

कारक, चिह्न और विभक्ति-

वर्ण परिचय :
वर्ण दो प्रकार के हैं-स्वर और व्यंजन।

स्वर :
इन्हें किसी अन्य वर्ण के सहयोग के बिना उच्चारित किया जा सकता है। ये 13 हैं-
अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं और अः।

व्यंजन :
व्यंजनों का उच्चारण करने के लिए स्वरों की सहायता की आवश्यकता होती है। व्यंजन 33 हैं-
क् ख् ग् घ् ङ च् छ् ज् झ् ञ ट ठ् ड् ढ् ण् त् थ् द् ध् न् प् फ् ब् भ् म् य् र् ल् व् श् ष् स् ह्।

इनका उच्चारण करने के लिए प्रत्येक व्यंजन में ‘अ’ स्वर मिलाना पड़ता है; यथा-कमल लिखने के लिए-
क् + अ = क; म् + अ = म; ल् + अ = ल = कमल।
इसी प्रकार प्रत्येक व्यंजन में स्वर अ को मिलाकर पढ़ते हैं।

वर्ण समूह और उच्चारण स्थान :
वर्णों के उच्चारण स्थान के आधार पर उनका समूह हाता है जो निम्नलिखित है-

वचन :
संस्कृत में तीन वचन होते हैं-एकवचन, द्विवचन, बहुवचन।

एकवचन :
इससे किसी एक व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु का बोध होता है। जैसे- राम, सीता, गीता आदि।

द्विवचन :
इससे दो वस्तुओं आदि का बोध होता है। जैसे-दो बालक, दो पुस्तकें, दो फल आदि।

बहुवचन :
इससे दो से अधिक वस्तुओं, स्थान या व्यक्तियों का बोध होता है। जैसे-लड़के, किताबें, स्त्रियाँ, बालिकाएँ आदि।

संस्कृत में अनुवाद बनाते समय प्रत्येक शब्द तथा धातु के साथ इन तीनों वचनों में से वाक्यानुसार किसी का भी प्रयोग होता है।

विभक्तियों का प्रयोग  :
चिह्न के आधार पर वाक्य में उसी विभक्ति का प्रयोग होगा। यथा-

लिङ्ग :
संस्कृत में तीन लिङ्ग होते हैं-पुल्लिङ्ग, स्त्रीलिङ्ग और नपुंसकलिङ्ग।

पुल्लिङ्ग :
पुरुषवाचक शब्द पुल्लिङ्ग कहलाते हैं। जैसे-राम, मोहन, सोहन आदि।

स्त्रीलिङ्ग :
स्त्रीवाचक शब्द स्त्रीलिङ्ग कहलाते हैं। जैसे-सीता, गीता, लता, नदी, स्त्री आदि।

नपुंसकलिङ्ग :
जिन शब्दों से किन्हीं भौतिक वस्तुओं अथवा निर्जीव वस्तुओं आदि का बोध होता है। जैसे-फल, पुस्तक, कलम आदि।

(1) संस्कृत में अनुवाद कीजिए-

(2) संस्कृत में अनुवाद कीजिए-

1. यह घोड़ा मेरा है।
   एषः मम अश्वः।
2. चोर भ्रमित हो गया।
   चौरः भ्रमितम् अभवत्।
3. किसान चतुर था।
   कृषकः चतुरः आसीत्।
4. चोर ने घोड़ा चुराया था।
   चौरः अश्वम् अचोरयत्।
5. हमारा भारत महान है।
   अस्माकं भारतं महान् अस्ति।
6. हमारे देश का साहित्य बहुत समृद्ध है।
   अस्माकं देशस्य साहित्यम् अति समृद्धम् अस्ति।
7. चण्डरव नाम का एक सियार था।
   चण्डरवः नाम्नः एकः शृगालः आसीत्।
8. चण्डरव ने शोर सुना।
   चण्डरवः ध्वनिं श्रुतवान्।
9. महान व्यक्तियों का धन सम्मान है।
   महताम् जनानां धनं सम्मानम् अस्ति।
10. प्रवासकाल में विद्या माता के समान है।
    प्रवासकाले विद्या मातृसमा अस्ति।
11. मेरी माता कार्य के लिए बाहर जाती हैं।
    मम माता कार्याय बहिः गच्छति।

(3) संस्कृत में अनुवाद कीजिए-

1. मानव जीवन के चार प्रयोजन हैं।
   मानव जीवनस्य चतुः प्रयोजनानि सन्ति।
2. ‘निर्वाण’ मोक्ष का दूसरा नाम है।
   निर्वाणं मोक्षस्य अपरं नाम अस्ति।
3. वीर व्यक्ति प्रयत्न से पर्वत पार करते हैं।
   वीराः प्रयासेन पर्वतान् पारयन्ति।
4. प्रयत्न से वैभव प्राप्त करते हैं।
   प्रयत्नेन वैभवं प्राप्नुवन्ति।
5. मयूर भारत देश का राष्ट्रीय पक्षी है।
   मयूरः भारतदेशस्य राष्ट्रीय पक्षी अस्ति।
6. व्याघ्र पशुओं में तेजस्वी तथा पराक्रमी है।
   व्याघ्रः पशुषु तेजस्वी पराक्रमी च अस्ति।
7. हमारी राष्ट्रभाषा हिन्दी है।
   अस्माकं राष्ट्रभाषा हिन्दी अस्ति।
8. गाँव के लोगों का जीवन सरल होता है।
   ग्रामस्य जनानां जीवनं सरलम् भवति।
9. गाँव के हाट में विविध दुकानें होती हैं।
   ग्रामस्य हाटे विविधाः आपणाः सन्ति।
10.  यह वीर बालक दुष्यन्त और शकुन्तला का पुत्र है।
    अयं वीरः बालक : दुष्यंतस्य शकुंतलायाः च पुत्रः अस्ति।

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 The Periods of Shungas Satvahanas and Kushanas

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 18 Text Book Exercise

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 18 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Question (a)
Who established the Shung Dynasty?
Answer:
Pushyamhtra Shung established the Shung Dynasty in 137 B.C.

Question (b)
Who was the founder of Satavahanas?
Answer:
Simuk was the founder of Satavahanas.

Question (c)
Where did the third Boudha Sabha of Kanishka take place?
Answer:
During the time of Kanishka the third Boudha Sabha took place at ‘Kundanvan’ in Kashmir.

Question (d)
Where did the Naaga Dynasty arise?
Answer:
Naaga Dynasty arose in Vidisha, Pavaya (Padmavati Nagar), Kutwar (Kuntalpuri) and Mathura.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 2.
Question (a)
How is the period from 200 B.C. to 300 A.D. in India treated?
Answer:
The most Mauryan period from 200 B.C. to A.D. 300 saw the rise of many states all over the Indian subcontinent. These states can be described under the following three heads:

1. States of Deccan:
On the decline of Mauryan empire many areas became independent, in the south of Vindhya mountain and the Narmada river. The best known, among them was the Satavahana family which was also known as Andhra. They ruled in the first century B.C. Satakarni was one of its great rulers. The another dynasty of this area was Shakas who ruled Surashtra and attacked Satavahana. Satayahana latter won over Shakas and regained western Deccan.

2. States of South India:
South of the Deccan plateau and south of the Satavahana kingdom, three kingdoms arose. These were the Cholas, the Pandyas and the Cheras. Sangam literature gives ample knowledge about these three states. Tanjore, Madurai and Malabar coast were the important towns of these three states. The Malabar coast and the east coast of Tamilnadu was visited by Roman ships in search of trade during this period. Besides Vedic gods and the doctrine of Buddhism and Jainism, a new religion which arose in Western Asia, called Christianity also came to India.

3. States of North India:
In the far north a number of foreigners came. They were Indo – Greeks, the Parthians, the Shakas and the Kushana.

Question (b)
What were the Dynasties of North India?
Answer:
The Dynasities of North India were Shung, Kanva, Shaka, Naaga, Kushana and Huna.

Question (c)
What were the Dynasities of South India?
Answer:
The Dynasities of South India were Satvahanas, Cholas, Chers and Pandyas.

Question (d)
Where do we get the description of ‘Sangam Sahitya’?
Answer:
Three literary councils were held in Madurai town. In the second council, two thousand poems were compiled into 8 books. These books are called the ‘Sangam Sahitya’. Sangam Sahitya is written in Tamil.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 18 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 3.
Question (a)
Give details about the art during 300 B.C. to 200 A.D?
Answer:
1. Mathura School of Art:
The Mathura School of Art flourished in the early centuries of the Christian era. It was an indigenous art. Mathura produced beautiful images of the Buddha. Its products made of red sand stone are found even outside Mathura.

2. Gandhara School of Art:
The Gandhara School of Art flourished in the region of Kanishka. The style of Gandharva art was developed by the Indian artists in the province of Gandhara. It was the result of contacts between Indian artists and the Greeks and the Roman artists. In this style the images of the Buddha were made. This art was popular not only in Punjab and Kashmir but in modern Afghanistan also.

3. Similarity:
Both the schools of art were different in style but they were similar in the fact that both of them made image of the Buddha.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The famous king of Shaka was ……………..
2. The last ruler of Mauryan Dynasty was ……………….
3. At …………………… Kanishka held the third Boudha Mahasabha.
4. ……………….. was the founder of the Satvahana dynasty.

Answer:

1. Rudradaman
2. Brahdrath
3. Kundanvan
4. Simuk

Question 5.
Match the following:

Answer:

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 भिन्न Ex 7.3

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 159-160

प्रश्न 1.
पाठ्य-पुस्तक में दिये गये प्रत्येक चित्र में छायांकित भागों के लिए भिन्न लिखिए। क्या ये सभी भिन्न तुल्य हैं ?
हल :
(a) (i) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)
(ii) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac{2}{4}=\frac{2 \div 2}{4 \div 2}=\frac{1}{2}\)
(iii) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac{3}{6}=\frac{3 \div 3}{6 \div 3}=\frac{1}{2}\)
(iv) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac{4}{8}=\frac{4 \div 4}{8 \div 4}=\frac{1}{2}\)
चूँकि \(\frac{1}{2}=\frac{2}{4}=\frac{3}{6}=\frac{4}{8}\)
अतः सभी भिन्नै तुल्य हैं।

(b) (i) छायाकित भाग = \(\frac{4}{12}=\frac{4 \div 4}{12 \div 4}=\frac{1}{3}\)
(ii) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac{3}{9}=\frac{3 \div 3}{9 \div 3}=\frac{1}{3}\)
(iii) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac{2}{6}=\frac{2 \div 2}{6 \div 2}=\frac{1}{3}\)
(iv) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\)
(v) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac{6}{15}=\frac{6 \div 3}{15 \div 3}=\frac{2}{5}\)
चूँकि \(\frac{4}{12}=\frac{3}{9}=\frac{2}{6}=\frac{1}{3} \neq \frac{2}{5}\)
सभी भिन्नै तुल्य नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
पाठ्य-पुस्तक में दिये गये छायांकित भागों के लिए भिन्नों को लिखिए और प्रत्येक पंक्ति में से तुल्य भिन्नों को चुनिए
हल :
आकृतियों द्वारा दर्शायी गयी भिन्न

उत्तर-तुल्य भिन्न
(a) → (ii),
(b) → (iv),
(c) → (i),
(d) → (v),
(e)→ (iii).

प्रश्न 3.
निम्न में से प्रत्येक में __ को सही संख्या से प्रतिस्थपित कीजिए

हल :

प्रश्न 4.
\(\frac { 3 }{ 5 }\) के तुल्य वह भिन्न ज्ञात कीजिए जिसका
(a) हर 20 है।
(b) अंश 9 है।
(c) हर 30 है।
(d) अंश 27 है।
हल :

प्रश्न 5.
\(\frac { 36 }{ 48 }\) के तुल्य वह भिन्न ज्ञात कीजिए जिसका
(a) अंश 9 है।
(b) हर 4 है।
हल :

प्रश्न 6.
जाँच कीजिए कि निम्न भिन्ने तुल्य हैं या नहीं

हल :
(a)∵ 5 x 54 = 270
और 30 x 9 = 270
∴ 5 x 54 = 30 x 9
अत: \(\frac { 5 }{ 9 }\) और \(\frac { 30 }{ 54 }\) तुल्य भिन्नें हैं।

(b)∵ 3 x 50 = 150
और 10 x 12 = 120
∴ 3 x 50 ≠ 10 x 12
अतः \(\frac { 3 }{ 10 }\) और \(\frac { 12 }{ 50 }\) तुल्य भिन्नें नहीं हैं।

(c)∵ 7 x 11 = 77
और 13 x 5 = 65
∴ 7 x 11 ≠ 13 x 5
अतः \(\frac { 7 }{ 13 }\) और \(\frac { 5 }{ 11 }\) तुल्य भिन्नै नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
निम्नलिखित भिन्नों को उनके सरलतम रूप में बदलिए

हल :
(a) \(\frac { 48 }{ 60 }\)
48 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
60 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 .
∴ 48 और 60 का म. स. = 12

(b) \(\frac { 150 }{ 60 }\)
150 = 2 x 3 x 5 x 5
60 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5
150 और 60 का म. स. = 30

(c) \(\frac { 84 }{ 98 }\)
84 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 7
98 = 2 x 7 x 7
84 और 98 का म. स. = 14

(d) \(\frac { 12 }{ 52 }\)
12 = 2 x 2 x 3
52 = 2 x 2 x 13
12 और 52 का म. स. = 4

(e) \(\frac { 7 }{ 28 }\)
7 = 1 x 7
28 = 2 x 2 x 7
7 और 28 का म. स. = 7

प्रश्न 8.
रमेश के पास 20 पेंसिल थीं। शीलू के पास 50 पेंसिल और जमाल के पास 80 पेंसिल थीं। 4 महीने के बाद रमेश ने 10 पेंसिल तथा शीलू ने 25 पेंसिल प्रयोग कर ली और जमाल ने 40 पेंसिल प्रयोग कर लीं। प्रत्येक ने अपनी पेंन्सिलों की कौन-सी भिन्न प्रयोग कर ली ? जाँच कीजिए कि प्रत्येक ने अपनी पेंसिलों की समान भिन्न प्रयोग की है।
हल :
रमेश द्वारा प्रयुक्त की गयी पेंसिलों की भिन्न = \(\frac { 10 }{ 20 }\)
शीलू द्वारा प्रयुक्त की गयी पेंसिलों की भिन्न = \(\frac { 25 }{ 50 }\)
जमाल द्वारा प्रयुक्त की गयी पेंसिलों की भिन्न = \(\frac { 40 }{ 80 }\)


अतः प्रत्येक ने अपनी पेंसिलों की समान भिन्न प्रयोग की।

प्रश्न 9.
तुल्य भिन्नों का मिलान कीजिए और प्रत्येक के लिए दो भिन्न और लिखिए

हल :
(i)→ (d),
(ii)→ (e),
(iii)→ (a),
(iv)→ (c),
(v) → (b).

अन्य भिन्न-

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 161

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
आप जूस की बोतल का \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) वाँ भाग प्राप्त करते हैं और आपकी बहन को उस बोतल का एक-तिहाई भाग मिलता है। किसकों अधिक जूस मिलता है ?
हल :

अत: बहन को अधिक जूस मिलता है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 162

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
कौन-सी भिन्न बड़ी है?

ऐसी भिन्नों की तुलना करना क्यों सरल है ?
हल :
∵हर समान होने पर जिस भिन्न का अंश बड़ा होगा, वह भिन्न बड़ी होगी।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्न को आरोही क्रम में लिखिए और साथ ही अवरोही क्रम में भी लिखिए

हल :
(i) अरोही क्रम- \(\frac{1}{8}, \frac{3}{8}, \frac{5}{8}\)
अवरोही क्रम- \(\frac{5}{8}, \frac{3}{8}, \frac{1}{8}\)

(ii) अरोही क्रम- \(\frac{1}{5}, \frac{3}{5}, \frac{4}{5}, \frac{7}{5}, \frac{11}{5}\)
अवरोही क्रम- \(\frac{11}{5}, \frac{7}{5}, \frac{4}{5}, \frac{3}{5}, \frac{1}{5}\)

(iii) अरोही क्रम- \(\frac{1}{7}, \frac{3}{7}, \frac{7}{7}, \frac{11}{7}, \frac{13}{7}\)
अवरोही क्रम- \(\frac{13}{7}, \frac{11}{7}, \frac{7}{7}, \frac{3}{7}, \frac{1}{7}\)

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 164

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित भिन्नों को आरोही और अवरोही क्रमों में व्यवस्थित कीजिए

(c) उपर्युक्त प्रकार के तीन और उदाहरण लिखिए तथा उन्हें आरोही और अवरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित कीजिए।
हल :
हम जानते हैं कि भिन्नै जिनका अंश बराबर हो, उनमें हर जितना बड़ा होगा उस भिन्न का मान उतना ही छोटा होगा। अतएव

(c) तीन अन्य उदाहरण

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 12 घातांक और घात Ex 12.1

प्रश्न 1.
मान ज्ञात कीजिए –

(i) 3^-2
(ii) (-4)^-2
(iii) (\(\frac{1}{2}\))^-5

हल:

प्रश्न 2.
सरल कीजिए और उत्तर को धनात्मक घातांक के रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए –

(i) (-4)⁵ + (-4)⁸9
(ii) (\(\frac { 1 }{ 2^{ 3 } } \))²
(iii) (-3)⁴ x \(\frac{5}{3}\)⁴
(iv) (3^-7 ÷ 3^-10) x 3 ^-5
(v) 2^-3 x (-7)^-3

हल:

प्रश्न 3.
मान ज्ञात कीजिए –

(i) (3⁰ + 4^-1) x 2²
(ii) (2^-1 x 4^-1) ÷ 2²
(iii) (\(\frac{1}{2}\))^-2 + (\(\frac{1}{3}\))^-2 + (\(\frac{1}{4}\))^-2
(iv) (3 ^-1 + 4^-1 + 5^-1)⁰
(v) \(\left\{\left(\frac{-2}{3}\right)^{-2}\right\}^{2}\)

हल:

प्रश्न 4.
मान ज्ञात कीजिए –

(i) \(\frac{8^{-1} \times 5^{3}}{2^{-4}}\)
(ii) (5^-1 x 2^-1) x 6^-1

हल:

प्रश्न 5.
m का मान ज्ञात कीजिए जिसके लिए 5^m ÷ 5^-3 = 5⁵.
हल:
5^m ÷ 5^-3 = 5⁵
या 5^m ÷ \(\frac { 1 }{ 5^{ 3 } } \) = 5⁵
या 5^m x 5³ = 5⁵
या 5^m+3 = 5⁵
या m + 3 = 5 (घातों की तुलना करने पर)
m = 5 – 3 = 2

प्रश्न 6.
मान ज्ञात कीजिए –

हल:

प्रश्न 7.
सरल कीजिए –

हल:

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 206

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न तथ्यों का अवलोकन कीजिए –

1. पृथ्वी से सूर्य की दूरी 149,600,000,000 m है।
2. प्रकाश का वेग 300,000,000 m/s है।
3. कक्षा VII की गणित की पुस्तक की मोटाई 20 mm है।
4. लाल रक्त कोशिकाओं का औसत व्यास 0.000007 mm.
5. मनुष्य के बाल की मोटाई की परास 0.005 cm से 0.01 cm होती है।
6. पृथ्वी से चन्द्रमा की दूरी लगभग 384,467,000 m है।
7. पौधों की कोशिकाओं का आकार 0.00001275 m है।
8. सूर्य की औसत त्रिज्या 695000 km है।
9. अन्तरिक्ष शटल में ठोस राकेट ब्रूस्टर को प्रेरित करने के लिए शटल का द्रव्यमान 503600 kg है।
10. एक कागज की मोटाई 0.0016 cm है।
11. कम्प्यूटर चिप के एक तार का व्यास 0.000003 m
12. माउण्ट एवरेस्ट की ऊँचाई 8,848 m है।

उपर्युक्त तथ्यों के आधार पर बहुत बड़ी और बहुत छोटी संख्याओं की पहचान कीजिए और संगत सारणी में लिखिए।
हल:

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 207

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 12.4)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न संख्याओं को मानक रूप में लिखिए –

1. 0.000000564
2. 0.0000021
3. 21600000
4. 15240000

हल:
1. 0.000000564 = \(\frac{564}{1000000000}\)
= \(\frac { 5.64×100 }{ 10^{ 9 } } \) = 5.64 x 10^2-9
= 5.64 x 10^-7

2. 0.0000021 = \(\frac{21}{10000000}\) = \(\frac { 21 }{ 10^{ 7 } } \)
= \(\frac { 2.1×10 }{ 10^{ 7 } } \)
= 2.1 x 10^1-7
= 2.1 x 10^-6

3. 21600000 = 216 x 100000
= 2.16 x 100 x 100000
= 2.16 x 10⁷

4. 15240000 = 1524 x 10000
= 1.524 x 1000 x 10000
= 1.524 x 10⁷

प्रश्न 2.
दिए गए तथ्यों को मानक रूप में लिखिए।
हल:
पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या 206 पर अंकित तथ्य हैं –
1. पृथ्वी से सूर्य की दूरी 149,600,000,000 m
= 1.49 x 102.1 x 10¹¹ m

2. प्रकाश का वेग 300,000,000 m/s
= 3 x 10⁸ m/s

3. कक्षा VII की गणित की पुस्तक की मोटाई 20 mm
= 2 x 10¹ mm

4. लाल रक्त कणिकाओं का औसत व्यास
0.000007 mm = 7 x 10^-6 mm

5. मनुष्य के बाल की मोटाई की परास 0.005 cm से
0.01 cm = 5 x 10^-3 cm से 1 x 10^-2 cm

6. पृथ्वी से चन्द्रमा की दूरी लगभग 384,467,000 m
= 3.84467 x 10⁸ m

7. पौधों की कोशिकाओं का आकार 0.00001275 m
= 1275 x 10^-5 m

8. सूर्य की औसत त्रिज्या 695000 km = 6.95 x 10⁵ km

9. अन्तरिक्ष शटल में ठोस राकेट बूस्टर को प्रेरित करने के लिए शटल का द्रव्यमान 5,03,600 kg =5-036 x 10⁵ kg

10. एक कागज की मोटाई 0-0016 cm = 1.6 x 10^-3 cm

11. कम्प्यूटर चिप के एक तार का व्यास 0.000003 m
= 3 x 10^-6 m

12. माउण्ट एवरेस्ट की ऊँचाई 8848 m = 8.848 x 10³ m

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Miscellaneous Questions 2

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Miscellaneous Questions 2 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the Copper – Stone Age?
Answer:
The period in which copper and stone were simultaneously used by human being is called the Copper stone Age or Chalcalithic Age.

Question 2.
What is Indus – valley civilization?
Answer:
The Indus Valley civilization is also called as the Harrappan civilization because:

1. Most of the artifacts of this civilization are discovered from this side.
2. It extended over a bigger area than any of other side of this civilization.

Question 3.
Write the characteristics of the cities of Harappa?
Answer:
Harappan cities and their town planning:

The cities of Mohan – jo – daro and Harrappa were well – planned. They were divided in two parts. The upper part built on raised platforms is known as citadel. The lower part where majority of population lived had to take refuse sometimes in the citadel. The roads in the cities were straight and intersected each other perpendicularly.

Grainaries were the most impressive buildings in the citadel of Harrappa. They were neatly laid out in rectangles and lay close to the river. These granaries used to be full to meet out the demands of city dwellers. Some palace-like buildings have also been found. A building having a big hall has also been found. The best known of the building is citadel is called Great Bath.

The Great Bath resembled a large swimming pool. Houses in the Mohen – jo – daro were carefully planned. They were built of brick and had thick, strong walls, which were plastered and coloured. The roofs were flat. Their doors and windows were made of wood. The kitchen had a fireplace and large jar of pottery.

The main points of Harrappan’s cities:

1. The use of fired bricks in building was the speciality of the Harrappan Civilization. These were not used in the contemporary Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations.
2. The Harrappan people were the first to develop planned cities with a network of streets and drainage system.

Question 4.
Write the name of the life giving river in Harappa?
Answer:
Indus river.

Question 5.
Write the main characteristics of the craft and technical knowledge in the Harappan civilization?
Answer:
Harrappan civilization belong to the Bronze Age. Bronze is made by mixing zinc or tin with copper. Bronze is stronger than copper. The things found in excavations. prove that the people of this civilization had well developed the art of melting, moulding Their doors and windows were made of and mixing metals.

The artisans were proficient in making earthern untensils, rasp and toys. They also made ornaments of silver, gold and precious stones. The statue of a dancer in bronze is the best example of the Harappans Sculpture.

Question 6.
Write the difference between Janpada and Mahajanpada?
Answer:
Aryans were organised into Tribe or Janas. The territory where the tribe or janas had settled was known as Janpad. In the beginning only the people of particular class lived in Janpad. The big and powerful Janpada are called Mahajanpada. Most of the Mahajanpadas were to the north of the Vindhyas and spread from the western border area to Bihar.

Question 7.
Which Janpadas were there in Madhya Pradesh in 600 B.C.?
Answer:
Avanti and Chodi.

Question 8.
Write about the food habits of the Vedic people?
Answer:
All the food grains known today were grown in the Vedic Period. Similarly they also knew about all the animals. People cooked rice, wheat flour and pulses for food. The use of milk, butter and ghee was common. Fruits, vegetables, pulses and meat were included in the meals. They also took honey and the in toxicating drink Sura. Som was drunk during religions festivals. The drinking of Sow and Sura was discouraged as these instigated people to inelegant behaviour.

Question 9.
Which metal was used to make equipments in the beginning of the Vedic period? What difference occurred in these equipments in the post vedic period?
Answer:
Only copper was used to make equipments in the beginning of the vedic period. Later when the metal iron was Renown, copper was called the red iron and iron was called the black iron.

Question 10.
What was ‘Shreni’?
Answer:
“Shreni” sasthe ossociationof artisans.

Question 11.
What did Selucas do after his defeat with Chandra Gupta Maurya?
Answer:
After the defeat Selucus got his daughter married to Chandragupta Maurya and sent Megashtnese as his Ambassador to Patliputra.

Question 12.
Where was the Ashoka pillar with four lions found in Madhya Pradesh?
Answer:
The pillar of Ashoka on which four lions are inscribed is now in Sanchi museum. These pillars were found at Sanchi and Barhat.

Question 13.
How many years did Emperor Ashoka stay in Ujjain?
Answer:
Ashoka worked as the governer of Avanti (Ujjain) for 12 years.

Question 14.
Describe the functions of the village Education Committee?
Answer:
The following committees are working at the village and city levels:

1. Village/ward education committee:
The task of this committee is to help in giving elementary education to children. It also participates in the management of schools.

2. Village/Ward security committee:
This committee looks after the security matters of the people in the village or ward or city. It also helps the police to prevent crime.

3. Parent – Teacher’s Association:
Presently in Madhya Pradesh a Parent – Teachers Association has been formed in every Government Primary and Middle School. This association works for cent percent enrollment of children in schools, their regular presence in schools, arrangement of mid – day meal for children in schools, educational achievement of children, taking measures to make teachers available for schools.

Question 15.
What is meant by Scheduled Tribes?
Answer:
Only those communities are called the scheduled tribes which have been scheduled in the constitution by the Government.

Question 16.
What should be the proportion of length and breadth in the National Flag?
Answer:
The shape of the National Flag is rectangular. The length and breadth of the flag are 3:2 proportion.

Question 17.
Name the national animal of India?
Answer:
The National Animal is Tiger. It is a large and powerful animal. Its hunting is a punishable crime.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Miscellaneous Questions 2 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the reasons of the expansion of the Magadha Empire?
Answer:
The three main reasons of expansion of Magadha empire were:

1. The land was fertile enough to produce crops.
2. The area of Magadha had ample amount of iron, which was used to make weapons and equipments.
3. Trade through boats was done in the Ganga river, so the merchants could go abroad through the ports.

Question 2.
What is meant by the Harappan Civilization? Give the reasons for the decline of the Harappan Civilization?
Answer:
The Indus Valley civilization is also called as the Harrappan civilization because:

1. Most of the artifacts of this civiliation are discovered from this side.
2. It extended over a bigger area than any of other side of this civilization.

The following reasons have been attributed to the probable decline of the Harrappan civilization on the basis of the evidences found so far:

1. The river Indus have changed its route due to earthquake causing great landslides which buried the cities under earth.
2. Some historians believe that the civilization was destroyed by Aryan invasion.
3. The scarcity of rain in this area and the increase in the desert land adversely affected agriculture and animal rearing which caused the decline of the civilization.
4. Some people presume that the civilization declined due the flood in the river Indus.

Question 3.
Describe the social and economic life in the Vedic Period?
Answer:
The Aryans society was divided into four castes. They were: Kshatriyas, Brahmans, Vaishyas and Surdas. At first, these castes were based on occupations and activities in society. For instance, a boy could choose whatever occupation he liked.

The king and his warriors were called Kshatriyas. Those who performed the religious ceremonies were called Vaishyas. Those who served all the above three castes were called Shudras. But later on sons began to do the same work as their fathers. So birth became the basis of caste.

The economic life of the people depended on agriculture, art, handicrafts and trade in the Vedic Period. The bulls and oxen were used for farming and pulling vehicles. Chariots were drawn by horses. The main occupations at the initial stage were making utensils, weaving cloth, carpentry, metallurgy, etc.

Question 4.
Throw light on the economic political and religious life in the Magadha Empire?
Answer:
Magadha had the following natural advantages which made it to grow strong And rich kingdom:

1. Large deposits of Iron:
Magadha had large deposits of iron ore in the present Chhota Nagpur region. This newly discovered metal was very value about at the time for both weapons and implements. That was why people wanted to buy it. This made Magadha rich and powerful.

2. Control over Ganga Valley:
In those days much of the trade in the Ganga plain was carried on by boats on the river. Bimbisara conquered the kingdom of Anga. The important river – port of Champa was in the kingdom of Anga from which ships sailed down to the delta of the Ganga and then along the east coast of India. This trade of Magadha made it both wealthy and powerful.

3. Fertile Plain of Ganga:
Ganga plain was very fertile. It made Magadha very rich and powerful.

Question 5.
Throw light on the relation between people participation and community development?
Answer:
Public Participation is very importance for the development of the community. For example, if basic human facilities like drinking water, hospital or education is not locally alternative resources. So they can solve their problems independently is fostered among the public.

Public participation encourages the people to improve their condition, the work of the state and central governments are distributed to the people by public participation.

Question 6.
State the physical divisions of India. Describe any one of them?
Answer:
Physically India has been divided into five parts. These are:

1. North Indian Mountain – ranges
2. North Indian Plains
3. Deccan Plataeu
4. Eastern and Wester Ghats
5. Coastal Plains and Groups of Islands.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Miscellaneous Questions 2 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Harappan people did not know about –
(a) gold
(b) silver
(c) copper
(d) iron
Answer:
(d) iron

Question 2.
Where in Madhya Pradesh was seal of the Harappan Civilization found –
(a) Maheshwar
(b) Nagda
(c) Kutwar
(d) Kaitha
Answer:
(d) Kaitha

Question 3.
The Avanti Mahajanpada was ruled by –
(a) Bimbisara
(b) Ajat Shatru
(c) Udayan
(d) Pradyot
Answer:
(b) Ajat Shatru

Question 4.
Punch marked coins were used in the –
(a) Harappan period
(b) Period of Janpadas and Mahajanpadas
(c) Vedic period
(d) Stone age.
Answer:
(b) Period of Janpadas and Mahajanpadas

Question 5.
Jana – gana – mana is –
(a) The National song
(b) The National Anthem
(c) A Provincial song
(d) A National Symbol
Answer:
(b) The National Anthem

Question 6.
Bhils belong to the –
(a) scheduled casts
(b) Scheduled tribes
(c) other backward classes
(d) general category.
Answer:
(b) Scheduled tribes

Question 7.
In which part of Asia is India situated?
(a) Eastern
(b) Western
(c) Northern
(d) Southern
Answer:
(d) Southern

Question 8.
Which country is in the South of Asia?
(a) Nepal
(b) Pakistan
(c) Bangladesh
(d) Srilanka
Answer:
(d) Srilanka

Question 9.
In which state is the place with maximum railfall situated?
(a) Assam
(b) Meghalaya
(c) Arunachal Pradesh
(d) Tripura.
Answer:
(b) Meghalaya

Fill in the blanks:

1. The Indus Valley civilization is also known as the …………….
2. The copper age of the Harappan civilization is also known as ……………….
3.  ………………. occupied the throne of Magadha after Ajat shatru.
4. The ancient name of Ujjain is …………………..
5. The founder of the Nanda Dynasty was ……………………..
6. Shishu Naag was the ruler of ………………. province
7. The 24th Tirthankar of the Jain religion was ……………………
8. Gautam Buddha was known as in ……………….. childhood.
9. Ashoka changed after the ……………. war.
10. The book ‘Indica’ was written by ……………..
11. Shunga dynasty was founded by ………………….
12. India ranks ………………. in the worlds in area.
13. The capital of the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands is …………………
14. The climate of India is ………………….

Answer:

1. Harappan Civilization
2. Chakolithic
3. Udyan
4. Avanti
5. Nandivardhan
6. Kashi
7. Vardhaman Mahavir
8. Sidharth
9. Kalinga
10. Magesthoese
11. Agnimitre
12. Seventh
13. Port Blair
14. Monsoon

Pick the odd one out:

1. Euphrates and Tigris, Indus, Nile, Kalibangan
2. Lothal, Kalibangan, Dhaulabira, Bhopal
3. Rishi, Shreshthi, Mukhiya, Police
4. Brahman, Vaishya, Ksntriya, Sunar
5. Bharat, Avanti, Magadha, Kbsala,
6. Kashi, Vasa, Anga, Ajatshatru
7. Bhil, Bhagoriya, Sahariya, Pithora
8. Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Agartala, Punjab
9. Himadri, Himachal, Aravalli, Shivalik

Answer:

1. Kalibangan
2. Bhopal
3. Police
4. Sunar
5. Bharat
6. Vatsa
7. Pithora
8. Agartala
9. Himachal

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 25 The Main Crops of India

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 25 Text Book Exercise

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 25 Short Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Question (a)
What is the importance of agriculture in India?
Answer:
India is an agricultural country. 70% of the population lives in villages. They depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The country’s economy is also based on agriculture. Agriculture provides raw material to many industries. These industries based on agriculture contribute to the national income and it has immense possibilities of providing employment.

Question (b)
Why did agriculture develop rapidly after Independence?
Answer:
Before independence our villagers were extremely backward. India was under the rule of British Government and British Government paid little attention to the upliftment of villages. Before Independence our agriculture was extremely backward. The following were the causes of its backwardness.

1. The villages did not have modern facilities of irrigation. Most of fields were watered by the Persian wheel and wells. There were almost no electric water pumps.
2. Our farmers did not know anything about improved seeds and manure.
3. Our farmers were illiterate, fatalists and superstitious.
4. Our fields were cultivated with traditional tools and our farmers did not have a scientific outlook.
5. The owners of the land were big zamindars. They paid no heed to the improver tent of the land and charged high rent from the tenants.

Question (c)
Write the names of two crops respectively for Kharif, Rabi and Summer crops?
Answer:
Kharif crops:
These are sown in June and July.
Example: Jowar (Sorghum), Maize, Urad, Moong, Soyabeen Groundnut etc.

Rabi crops:
These are sown between October and December.
Example: Wheat, Gram, Barley, Sweetpeas, Mustard and Barseem etc.

Summer crops:
These are sown between February and March.
Example: Water melon, Bitter gourd, Snakegourd.

Question (d)
The names of some crops are given below. Classify them as pulses and oil – seeds:

Answer:

Question 2.
Pick out the odd one according to foodgrain, oil seed and pulses.

1. paddy, maize, wheat, millet, sugarcane.
2. gram, linseed, cotton, mustard.
3. moong, urad, soyabean, matar, tuar.

Answer:

1. sugarcane
2. cotton
3. soyabeen

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 25 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 3.
Describe the types of soil found in India and the crops that are grown in them?
Answer:
The different types of the soils are:

1. Alluvial soil:
This soil is formed by the silt that comes with the flow of rivers. It is one of the most fertile soils on earth. It is found on the North Indian Plains and Deltas of Rivers in the Indian peninsula.
Example: wheat, rice, sugarcane, etc. are grown

2. Black soil:
This soil is made of volcanic rocks. It can keep moisture for a long time. It is found in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and in some parts of Gujarat.
Example: It is best for growing crops like cotton, wheat, etc.

3. Red soil:
It is made of igneous rocks. It is found in the hot and dry parts of southern and eastern parts of the Indianpeninsula. This soil is not very fertile but with the help of fertilizers good crops can be yielded.

4. Laterite soil:
This type of soil is found in Western Ghats, Plateau of chhota Nagpur and hilly areas of North – Eastern states where the climate is not and much rainfall occurs.

5. Mountainuous soil:
In the hilly areas of the Himalayas the layer of soil is very thin whereat in the valleys it is thick. In the valleys, crops like, tea, rice are grown.

Question 4.
Show the states producing rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and jute in the map of India?
Answer:
See in your text – book.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 भिन्न Ex 7.2

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 154

प्रश्न 1.
संख्या रेखा खींचिए और उस पर निम्नलिखित भिन्नों को बिन्दु रूप में दर्शाइए

हल :
(a)

संख्या रेखा पर भिन्नों में \(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{4}, \frac{3}{4}\) और \(\frac { 4 }{ 4 }\) को क्रमशः A, B, C और D द्वारा दर्शाया गया है।

(b) संख्या रेखा पर \(\frac{1}{8}, \frac{2}{8}, \frac{3}{8}\) और \(\frac { 7 }{ 8 }\) को क्रमश: A, B, C और D द्वारा दर्शाया गया है।

(c) संख्या रेखा पर \(\frac{2}{5}, \frac{3}{5}, \frac{8}{5}\) और \(\frac { 4 }{ 5 }\) को क्रमश: P, Q, S और R द्वारा दर्शाया गया है।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित को मिश्रित भिन्न के रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए

हल :

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित को विषम भिन्नों के रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए

हल :

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 155

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
क्या \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) और \(\frac{2}{7} ; \frac{2}{5}\) और \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\) तथा \(\frac { 2 }{ 9 }\) और \(\frac { 6 }{ 7 }\) तुल्य भिन्नें हैं ? कारण दीजिए।
हल :
(i) \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) और \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\)

यहाँ, आकृतियाँ समान आकार की हैं तथा रेखांकित भाग आकृतियों का बराबर भाग नहीं दर्शाता है। इसलिए \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) और \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\) तुल्य भिन्न नहीं हैं।

(iii) \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) और \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\)

यहाँ, आकृतियाँ समान आकार की हैं तथा रेखांकित भाग आकृतिओं का समान भाग नहीं दर्शाता है। इसलिए \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) और \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\) तुल्य भिन्नै नहीं हैं।

(ii) \(\frac { 2 }{ 9 }\) और \(\frac { 6 }{ 27 }\)

ये आकृतियाँ समान आकार की हैं तथा रेखांकित हिस्सा आकृतिओं का बराबर हिस्सा दर्शाता है। .
इसलिए \(\frac { 2 }{ 9 }\) और \(\frac { 6 }{ 27 }\) तुल्य भिन्नें हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
चार तुल्य भिन्नों का एक अन्य उदाहरण दीजिए।
हल :

इन आकृतियों का समान आकार है तथा रेखांकित भाग आकृतियों का बराबर भाग दर्शाता है। अतः \(\frac{1}{4}, \frac{2}{8}, \frac{3}{12}\) और \(\frac { 4 }{ 16 }\) तुल्य भिन्नें हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
प्रत्येक भिन्न को पहचानिए। क्या ये भिन्नै तुल्य

हल :
(i) दी गई आकृति भिन्न \(\frac { 6 }{ 8 }\) प्रदर्शित करती है।

(ii) दी गई आकृति भिन्न \(\frac { 9 }{ 12 }\) प्रदर्शित करती है।

(iii) दी गई आकृति भिन्न \(\frac { 12 }{ 16 }\) प्रदर्शित करती है।

(iv) दी गई आकृति भिन्न \(\frac { 15 }{ 20 }\) प्रदर्शित करती है।

अतः दी हुई आकृतियाँ तुल्य भिन्न प्रदर्शित करती हैं।

प्रश्न a.
रजनी कहती है कि \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) की समतुल्य भिन्नें हैं

इत्यादि।
क्या आप उससे सहमत हैं? कारण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए।
हल :
हाँ, तुल्य भिन्नों की संख्या काफी होती है, क्योंकि यह दी गई भिन्न के अंश और हर को समान संख्या से गुणा करके प्राप्त की जाती हैं। चूँकि प्राकृत संख्याएँ असीमित होती हैं। अतः तुल्य भिन्नों की संख्या भी असीमित है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 156

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक की पाँच तुल्य भिन्न ज्ञात कीजिए

हल :
(i)

∴ \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\) की पाँच तुल्य भिन्नै \(\frac{4}{6}, \frac{6}{9}, \frac{8}{12}, \frac{10}{15}\) और \(\frac { 12 }{ 18 }\) है।

(ii)

∴ \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) की पाँच तुल्य भिन्नै \(\frac{2}{10}, \frac{3}{15}, \frac{4}{20}, \frac{5}{25}\) और \(\frac { 6 }{ 30 }\) है।

(iii)

∴ \(\frac { 3 }{ 5 }\) की पाँच तुल्य भिन्नै \(\frac{6}{10}, \frac{9}{15}, \frac{12}{20}, \frac{15}{25}\) और \(\frac { 18 }{ 30 }\) है।

(iv)

∴ \(\frac { 5 }{ 9 }\) की पाँच तुल्य भिन्नै \(\frac{10}{18}, \frac{15}{27}, \frac{20}{36}, \frac{25}{45}\) और \(\frac { 30 }{ 54 }\) है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 157

प्रश्न 1.
दी हुई सारणी को पूरा कीजिए। पहली दो पंक्तियाँ पूरी कर दी गयी हैं।
हल :

प्रश्न 2.
उपर्यक्त सारणी से आप क्या निष्कर्ष निकालते हैं ?
हल :
यदि पहली के अंश और दूसरी के हर का गुणनफल दूसरी के अंश और पहली के हर के गुणनफल के बराबर हो, तो भिन्न तुल्य होती हैं।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 159

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न को सरलतम में लिखिए

हल :
(i) \(\frac { 15 }{ 75 }\)
15 = 1 x 3 x 5
∵ 75 = 1 x 3 x 5 x 5
∴ 15 और 75 का म.स. = 15

\(\frac { 15 }{ 75 }\) का सरलतम रूप = \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\)

(ii) \(\frac { 16 }{ 72 }\)
16 = 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
∵ 72 = 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
∴ 16 और 72 का म. स. = 8

\(\frac { 16 }{ 72 }\) का सरलतम रूप = \(\frac { 2 }{ 9 }\)

(iii) \(\frac { 17 }{ 51 }\)
17 = 1 x 17
∵ 51 = 1 x 17 x 3
∴ 17 और 51 का म. स. = 17

\(\frac { 17 }{ 51 }\) का सरलतम रूप = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\)

(iv) \(\frac { 42 }{ 28 }\)
42 = 2 x 3 x 7
∵ 28 = 2 x 2 x 7
∴ 42 और 28 का म. स. = 14

\(\frac { 42 }{ 28 }\) का सरलतम रूप = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\)

(v) \(\frac { 80 }{ 24 }\)
80 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 5
∵ 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
∴ 80 और 24 का म. स. = 8

\(\frac { 80 }{ 24 }\) का सरलतम रूप = \(\frac { 10 }{ 3 }\)

प्रश्न 2.
क्या \(\frac { 49 }{ 64 }\) अपने सरलतम रूप में है?
हल :
∵ 49 = 1 x 7 x 7
64 = 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
यहाँ उभयनिष्ठ गुणनखण्ड 1 है अर्थात् 49 और 64 का 1 के अतिरिक्त कोई उभयनिष्ठ गुणनखण्ड नहीं है।
∴ \(\frac { 49 }{ 64 }\) सरलतम रूप में है।

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 Medieval India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Mahmood Ghazani was the ruler of –
(a) Multan
(b) Ghazni
(c) Bahmani
(D) Iraq.
Answer:
(b) Ghazni

Question 2.
The founder of the Slave dynasty was –
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Mohammad Ghori
(c) Qutub-ud-din Aibak
(d) Balban.
Answer:
(c) Qutub-ud-din Aibak

Question 3.
Who injured Ghori in the 1^st battle of Tarain –
(a) Prithiviraj
(b) Krishnaraya
(c) Govindraj
(d) Deepakraj.
Answer:
(a) Prithiviraj

Question 4.
Which empire did Harihar and Bukka found –
(a) Bahmani Empire
(b) Vijayanagar Empire
(c) Delhi Sultanate
(D) Mohammad Nagar.
Answer:
(b) Vijayanagar Empire

Question 5.
Who killed Afzal Khan –
(a) Shivaji
(b) Raja Ram
(c) Sahu
(D) Tarabai.
Answer:
(a) Shivaji

Fill in the blank:

1. The ancient chola rulers have been described in the …………….
2. The founder of the Parmor Dynasty was ……………….
3. Mahmood Chaznavi made ……………… successful attacks.
4. Balban followed the policy of …………………. for regulating his administration.

Answer:

1. Sangam literature
2. Upendra Raj
3. 17
4. blood and iron.

True or False:

1. The name of Shivaji’s mother was Jijabhi.
2. The battle of Haldighati was between Akbar and Rani Durgawati.
3. After Jehangir, Shahjahan became the emperor.
4. Humayun was the elder son of “Babur”.
5. Krishna Dev Rai had write a bok named “Jambvanti Kalyanam. “

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many times did Mohammad Ghaznavi attack India?
Answer:
Mohammad Ghaznavi attacked India seventeen times.

Question 2.
Who laid the foundation of Mughal Empire in India?
Answer:
Babur laid the foundation of Mughal Empire in India.

Question 3.
Who founded the Vijayanagar Empire?
Answer:
Two brothers Harihar and Bukka founded the Vijayanagar Empire.

Question 4.
Who was the founder of the Bahmani Empire?
Answer:
The Bahmani Empire was founded by the Muslim Amirs.

Question 5.
Who started the religion “Din-e-Illahi”?
Answer:
Akbar.

Question 6.
Who was Guru Go-bind Singh?
Answer:
Guru Go-bind Singh was the tenth Guru who organized the Sikhs into a military organization to fight against the Mughal Empire.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Iltutmish? How did he overcome his difficulties?
Answer:
Iltutmish was one of the most efficient rulers of the Slave dynasty. He was an Ilbari Turk. There were many difficulties in front of Iltutmish after coming to the throne. But he was a great diplomat. He formed a union of the Turks to overcome his difficulties, fie saved Delhi from the attacks of the Mongols.

Iltutmish attacked Ranthambor, Mandor, Nagod, Sambhar, Nayana, Jalore and Gwalior to curtain the rising Rajput power. He won the Gwalior fort in 1232 A.D. Then, due to his foresightedness and diplomacy he overcome all his difficulties.

Question 2.
What was the market policy of Allaudin?
Answer:
Allaudin implemented market control in Delhi. He make goods available to common people on less prices. He also implemented the rationing system. He made Government granaries. Keeping in view the sudden change in the weather, he fixed the rates of goods not on the basis of one’s wishes but in accordance to the cost of production. Excessive taxes were imposed on farmers, traders and Hindus. Taxes were collected strictly.

Question 3.
How did the Tughlaq dynasty establish power over the Delhi Sultanate? Examine.
Answer:
In 1320 A.D. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq removed the last ruler of the Khilji dynasty. Nisir-ud-din Khusro and became the Sultan of Delhi. He led military campaigns to Warangal, Orissa and Bengal after becoming the Sultan. After Ghiyasuddin, his son Muhammad – bin Tughlaq became the Sultan of Delhi. Firozshah Tughlaq became the next Sultan. After coming to the throne Firoz made successful attacks on Bengal, Jainagar, Nagarkot, Thatta etc.

Question 4.
Write the contribution of Shershah’s administrative organisation in Indian History.
Answer:
Shershah ruled for a brief period, no doubt, but it has an important place in Indian history. It was because he rekindled the old administrative system with fundamental reforms which proved to be foundation stones for future. Sher Shah gave out most importance to the welfare of the people and laid the foundation of a strong administration, the advantage of which went to the Mughals.

He started many works in the field of military administration, judicial system and land revenue system which was later adopted by Akbar. Shershah divided his empire into Sarkars and Sarkars into Parganas. He made reforms in the currency system.

Question 5.
Write the contribution of Prithviraj Chauhan in Indian history.
Answer:
Prithviraj Chauhan was an able, brave, valiant and powerful emperor. He had a fine army and army commanders. He faced Ghori in 1191 A.D. on the plains of Ta-rain and made him flee. Ghori managed to escape. But again attacked India the very next year. There was another battle in 1192 in which Prithviraj fought valiantly and compelled the forces of Ghori to retreat.

Question 6.
Describe why Maharana Pratap is famous in Indian history.
Answer:
Maharana Pratap’was the brave son of the Rana Udai Singh of Mewar. When all Rajput princes accepted Akbar’s suzerainty, Maharana Pratap did not do so. After the death of Rana Udai Singh, Maharana Pratap fought against Akbar to defend his state.

A very fierce battle was fought on the plains of Haldi Ghati in 1577 A.D. but Rana Pratap was defeated. He fled away from the battle – field. He wandered from forest to forest, ate bread made of grass, but he did not submit to Akbar. He did not accept Akbar’s dominance. This made Maharana Pratap famous in Indian History.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the objectives of Mahmood Ghaznavi’s and Mohammed Ghori’s attack on India. Write the causes of their success.
Answer:
The objectives of Mahmood Ghaznavi’s attack on India:
Mahmood was an ambitious ruler of a small principality of Western Asia. He needed money for his army. He had heard many legends about Indian wealth. In order to plunder India’s wealth, he invaded many parts of northern India from about 1000 to 1027 A.D. Mahmood made seventeen attacks on India. He destroyed many religious places and looted and carried immense wealth to Ghazni.

The Objectives of Muhammad Ghori’s attack on India:
Muhammad Ghori was a ruler of a small principality. Ghori in Afghanistan in the north-west India. Taking advantage of the mutual conflicts of the Indian rulers Ghori first invaded India in nearly 1175 A.D. and brought Multan and Sindh under his domination. The objective of Muhammad Ghori’s invasion on India was acquiring wealth and propagating Islam.

The Causes of their successes:
Both of them were ambitious ruler. They needed money which they acquired by plundering India. After having huge wealth they did what they wished and got wonderful success. They also took advantage of the mutual conflicts of hie contemporary rulers. These rulers lacked political unity which ultimately paved the way to Mahmood Ghaznavi and Muhammad Ghori and they remained successful in achieving their goal.

Question 2.
Describe the administrative organization of King Krishna DavRai and its impact on the people.
Answer:
The most efficient ruler of Tulva dynasty was Krishna DevRai. He was the cousin brother of Veer Narsihma. He was a brave soldier, successful military commander and able administrator. He – established peace in his Kingdom and paid attention towards economic progress.

He crushed the revolts and by defeating the neighboring states made his frontiers secure. He waged successful wars against Bahmani states Orissa, Golconda and Bijapur. He established friendly relations with the Portuguese for political reasons and promotion of trade.

He was an admirer of know Ladge. and art. His court had eight finest poets and artists. Portuguese traveler Peida has praised him a lot. Krishna DevRai himself was a great learner of Telugu and Sanskrit. Pie wrote many books of which Ayukta Malyad and Jambvanti Kalyanam are available even today. Due to his admiration of literature he is also called the ‘Bhoja of Andhra’.

He got Mandaps and Gopurams with hundred pillars constructed in various parts of his Empire. He got Vijay Bhavan, Hazarram temple and Vitthal temple constructed. He also founded a city called Naglapur. Krishna DevRai wanted his people to be happy. He wanted to improve agriculture and promote trade. People were very happy with their ruler. They were satisfied and led a contented life.

Question 3.
Examine the Rajput and religious policy of Akbar.
Answer:
Akbar’s Rajput Policy:
When Akbar had captured Gwalior, Ajmer and Malwa he came in close contact with the Rajput kingdoms. He was so far-sighted that he saw clearly that he could rule permanently over India, if he made the Rajputs his friends. So he embarked on a definite policy towards the Rajputs. He entered into marriage alliances with many powerful Rajput kingdoms.

Bhara Mai, the ruler of Amber married his younger daughter. He sent his infant prince Dauyal to Amber to be brought up by Bhara Mai’s wives. He gave mans-ab to Bhara Mai and his son. He treated Bhara Mai with great respect and when he dashed to Gujarat in 1572 he placed Bhara Mai in charge of Agra.

Akbar entered into matrimonial relations with a number of other Rajput kingdoms. But he never insisted upon matrimonial relations as a precondition. He gave very high favor to Hadas of Ranthambhore though he did not enter into any matrimonial relations with him.

Akbar’s Rajput policy was combined his religious policy. The Rajput princesses that he married were given full freedom to profess their own religion. The Rajputs who became so related to him became his trusted friends, advisers and his loyal comrades in the battlefield. Bhagwandas and Man Singh were his Rajput generals.

Akbar’s Religious Policy:
Akbar followed a policy of broad religious toleration. He gave full religious freedom to the people. In 1564 he abolished the Jizyah which was used by the Ulema to humiliate the non-Muslims. He abolished the pilgrim’s tax. He gathered at his court a band of talented people and in his Ibadat Khana,

people of all religions:
Christian, Zoroastrians, Hindus, Jains even atheists gathered. He did not like Mullahs who wrangled, shouted, abused each other. He himself read Khutba. He used a royal order called Majhar. He set up a new religion which consisted of many existing religions Hinduism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism etc. This new religion was known as Din-e-Illahi.
By the policy of religious toleration that Akbar followed, he formed a national state in India.

Question 4.
Who were the Indian Kings and rulers who resisted the Mughal power in India and what role did they play? Describe.
Answer:
Babur had laid the foundation of Mughal empire in India in 1526 A.D. by defeating Ibrahim Lodi. The Mughal empire established in 1526 A.D. continues till 1707 A.D. From 1707 A.D.- 1857 A.D. Mughal empire was only nominal in Delhi. From 1526 to 1707 A.D. Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jehangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb followed all methods and tactics, diplomacy and war, friendship ‘ and alliances in order to keep entire India under their sovereignty.

Kings from different parts of India kept challenging them. In order to deal with the problems of the state Hindu Rajput kings had two options Surrender like other Rajput kings in front of Akbar, and become a part of Mughal organization and live a dependent life. Second option was to maintain their independence and defend the glory of their nation.

For following this policy they had to be prepared for fierce wars and leave the pleasures and family life. To protect their values, thoughts and respect of India some Rajput kings decided to’ fight against the Mughals. They gave tough challenge to the Mughal rulers with bravery. The prominent among them were the rulers of Mewir Ran. Sanga, Maharana Pratap, Rani Durgawati of Gond la, Maratha ruler Shivaji, and Sikh leader Govind Singh.

The Ruler of Mewar Maharana Pratap:
Rana Sanga gave stiff resistance in the plains of Khanna. Unfortunately Rana Sanga was defeated. After Rana Sanga Mughal power was resisted by Maharana Udai Singh. After Udai Singh’s death in 1572 A.D. his son Rana Pratap became the ruler of Mewar. He gave a tough challenge to Akbar till he lived.

Rana Pratap started organizing Mewar to give Mughals a fight. He organised feudal lords (Samants) and Bheels. He shifted his residence from Kumbhalgarh to Gogunde so that Akbar could not attack it easily. Through public relations he created awareness against Mughal power.

These efforts brought unity and the entire Mewar rose against the Mughal power. Akbar never liked the independence of Mewar. But Rana Pratap was not ready to accept the suzerainty, friendship or entering into a matrimonial alliance with Akbar. As a result war started between the two. Akbar’s armies conquered Gogunde. But Rana Pratap did not accept defeat. He carried on war against the Mughals and managed to win back many of the lost areas.

Rani Durgawati:
She was a valiant warrior of medieval history. When Akbar heard about the economic prosperity of the Kingdom of Gorha, he sent Asif Khan with a big army to attack on Gorha state for extending his empire. Rani Durgawati decided to fight than surrendering. She bravely fought against the forces of Asaf Khan but in the end she was wounded seriously. When she lost all hopes of winning the battle, she ended her own life.

Chhatrapati Shivaji:
The strongest opposition to the Mughal Empire, was given by Maratha’s under the leadership of Shivaji. Aurangzeb made several plans to trap Shivaji but was not successful. He sent the famous military commander Raja Jai Singh against Shivaji. But nothing happened in the favor of Aurangzeb. When Shivaji went to meet Aurangzeb with Raja Jai Singh, Aurangzeb treacherously imprisoned him. But, Shivaji managed to escape from there which made Aurangzeb extremely angry.

Sikh:
The Sikh also resisted the Mughal power. Guru Govind Singh, the tenth Guru, organized the Sikhs into a military organization to fight against the Mughal armies. He started the practice of prefixing the word ‘Singh’ among Sikhs. Sikh community put challenges in front of the Mughal Empire.

Question 5.
Write down the causes responsible for the decline of the Mughal Empire.
Answer:
Mughal Empire, the foundation of which was laid by Babur, its decline could be seen from the period of Aurangzeb. After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 Mughal power declined rapidly. The chief causes of decline of this massive empire were as follows:

Aurangzeb’s Empire, his Policies and War:
Aurangzeb’s responsibility can be placed prominently as a chief of Mughal empires decline. His religious – orthodox policy and anti-Hindu policy was one of the chief cause. Due to his policy of oppression he made Jats, Rajputs, Maratha’s, Sikhs etc. as his enemies.

He oppressed the Hindus due to which he stopped getting the support of the Rajputs. Marathas and Jats gave severe blows to his empire, due to which Mughal Empire declined. To bring the kingdoms of the south under his subordination Aurangzeb fought for 25 years with the different states of South India, in which he had to face severe loss of men and money. These wars shook the foundation of the empire.

Excessive Taxes:
Mughal rulers imposed heavy taxes on the people for their pleasures and wars, paying which became impossible for the people. There were voices of revolt among the common man.

Vastness of Empire:
The vastness of Mughal Empire in and outside India also became a cause of decline of Mughal Empire. A vast Empire could have only been regulated through a centralized authority. Due to weak central authority the Mughal Empire also started breaking up. Akbar had saved the Empire by his diplomacy but his successors were not successful in this.

Revolts of Chieftains and Princes:
Revolts of Loyal Chieftains and Princes also helped in the decline of Mughal Empire. The revolts of royal leaders like Salem, Khusro, Shahjahan and /uirangzeb also gave a blow to the unity of the Empire.

War of Succession:
The war of succession for power also gave a deep wound to the Mughal Empire. There was no certain rule of succession in Muslim royal power. There were many claimants to tire throne due to which the successor was decided on the bayonet point. The war of succession between the sons of Jahangir and among the sons of Shahjahan for power aided the decline of Mughal Empire.

Moral Decline of Mughal Rulers:
Early Mughal rulers were loyal and virtuous towards their state. But the Mughal rulers after Jahangir were pleasure seeking and com-placement.

Religious Policy:
The religious policy of the Mughals was bias. Most of the rulers were staunch followers of Islam. They supported the spread and growth of Islam, whereas harmed other religions and other religion followers, due to which Mughal Empire could not get their support. Rise of Hindu Powers: The rise of new Hindu powers also played a role in the decline of Mughal Empire. Marathas, Jats, Sikhs, Rajputs etc.

reorganized themselves and rose against the Mughal empire which had struck Hindu culture. Continuous wars, autocratic rule decline of military power, moral decline of Amirs (Nobles), groupism and other reasons also aided the decline of Mughal Empire.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Pallavo Kings ruled for nearly –
(a) 500 years
(b) 600 years
(c) 700 years
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) 500 years

(ii) Which one is not a rulers of the Chalukya dynasty?
(a) Pulakesin – I
(b) Pulakesin – II
(c) Vishnuwardhan
(d) Aparajit Varman.
Answer:
(d) Aparajit Varman.

Question 2.
The capital of Pandya Kingdom was –
(a) Mankhet
(b) Trivendrum
(c) Madurai
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Madurai

Question 3.
Humayun sat on the throne in –
(a) 1530 A.D.
(b) 1540 A.D.
(c) 1630 A.D.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) 1530 A.D.

Question 4.
Khurram was the son of –
(a) Shahjahan
(b) Jahangir
(c) Akbar
(d) Babur.
Answer:
(b) Jahangir

Fill in the blank:

1. In Mughal Empire ………………. got the land measured.
2. Mahmood Ghaznavi attacked India ……………… times.
3. TajMahal was built by …………….
4. The first battle of Panipat was faught in …………….
5. The ruler of Mewar was ………………

Answer:

1. Sher Shah Suri
2. 17
3. Shahjahan
4. 152(A.D.)
5. Maharana Pratap.

True or False:

1. The founder of the slave dynasty was Qutab-ud-Din Aibak.
2. The first battle of Ta-rain was fought between Mohammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan.
3. Qutab Minor is in Agra.
4. Guru Govind Singh started an organization called Khaisa.
5. Jaziya Tax was levied on Hindus.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which period is referred to as the medieval period?
Answer:
The period between the ancient and modern’ period is referred to as the medieval period.

Question 2.
What happened after the death of Harshavardhan?
Answer:
After the death of Harshavardhan there came a political vacuum in India.

Question 3.
Where did the Chalukya dynasty rule in India?
Answer:
The Chalukya dynasty ruled in southern India.

Question 4.
Name the two Rashtrakuta rulers.
Answer:
Navajo and Dantidurga.

Question 5.
Where was the capital of Rashtrakutas?
Answer:
The capital of Rashtrakutas was at Mankhet.

Question 6.
Who was Atikeshari Marvarman?
Answer:
Atikeshari Marvarman was a famous Pandya ruler.

Question 7.
Who was the founder of Solanki dynasty of Gujarat?
Answer:
Moolraj was the founder of Solanki dynasty of Gujarat.

Question 8.
Which dynasty later came to be known as the Chauhan dynasty?
Answer:
The Chauhan dynasty later came to be known as the Chauhan dynasty.

Question 9.
Why did Iltutmish appoint his daughter Razia as his successor?
Answer:
The sons of Iltutmish were incapable but his daughter Razia was able Hence Iltutmish appointed her as his successor.

Question 10.
Who established the Khilji dynasty?
Answer:
Sultan Jalal – ud – dirv Khilji established the Khilji dynasty.

Question 11.
What do you know about Sangam dynasty?
Answer:
Vijayanagar was established by two brothers Harihar and Bukka. Their father’s twine was Sangam. Therefore their dynasty came to be known as Sangam dynasty.

Question 12.
What is Tuzukh-i-Baburi?
Answer:
Tuzukh-i-Baburi is a book written by Babur.

Question 13.
Under whose guardianship did Akbar rule in the beginning?
Answer:
In the beginning Akbar ruled under the guardianship of Bairamkhan.

Question 14.
What do you know about Jazia?
Answer:
Jazia was a tax levied on non – Muslims.

Question 15.
Who abolished Jezia tax?
Answer:
Akbar abolished Jezia tax.

Question 16.
Why were there continuous revolts in Aurangzeb’s Kingdom?
Answer:
Aurangzeb made Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs and Maratha’s his rivals due to which there were continuous revolts in his kingdom.

Question 17.
Who led Akbar’s armies against Rana Pratap?
Answer:
Man Singh led Akbar’s armies against Rana Pratap.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the sources of medieval Indian history.
Answer:
We have adequate archaeological and literary sources to study the history of medieval history.

Literary Sources:

1. Rajtarangini
2. Tuzukh-i-Baburi
3. Prithvi Raj Raso
4. Padmavat
5. Akbarnama etc.

Archaeological Sources:

1. Monuments
2. Coins
3. Copper plates
4. Statues
5. Temples, Mosques, Miners, Forts
6. Paintings and Fresco.

Question 2.
Describe the political vacuum in India after the death of Harshavardhan?
Answer:
After the death of Harshavardhan there was a political vacuum in India. The forces of decentralization led to rise of feudal powers which destroyed the political unity of India. There was rise of new ‘dynasties during this period. For example, Gurjar Pratihars, Pala dynasty, Chalukyas, Parmars and Chauhans in the northern India were the chief dynasties. In southern India Pallavas, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas were the chief kingdoms.

Question 3.
Describe the characteristics of Chola administration.
Answer:
The characteristics of Chola administration were:

• King was the highest official of the State.
• Administration was done with the help of Council of Ministers.
• Empire was (divided into provinces, Mandalams, Vala nadus (districs).
• The smallest unit of administration was the Grama and this important unit Grama was divided into 3 parts (assembly of the common people), Sabha (intellecuals) Brahmin, Nagaram (trades, shopkeepers, sculptors). There were several committees for the administrative organization of the Grama.
• Agriculture and trade was well-developed.
• The chief source of states income was land revenue and tax on trade.
• Trade and means of communication were developed’ and there was foreign trade too.

Question 4.
Describe the ups and downs that came during the reign of Raziva Sultan.
Answer:
The sons of litutmish were incapable therefore he appointed his able daughter Razia as his successor. Raziya sat in the court and lead the wars. Crowning a daughter instead of a son was a novel step’m medieval history – In the whole of medieval period history. Raziya was the first and only Muslim woman Sultan of Delhi Amir Turk Sardars could not tolerate a won’.an Sultan and started conspiring against her and revolting.

The most powerful among the revolts was the one led by Altunia of Bhatinda, Raziya attacked Lahore to crush the revolt. In the war her military commander Yakut was killed and Raziya was murdered. After Raziya Bahram Shah, Alauddin Masood Shah and Nasiruddin Mahmood became the name sake rulers of Delhi Sultanat, while the real power was in the hands of Amir Sardras.

Question 5.
Describe the rise and fall of Bahmani kingdom.
Answer:
After the establishment of Delhi Sultanat in the north, the various states of south remained independent. Due to the difficulties in communication and being located in distant regions the Sultans of Delhi remained away from the politics of south. Alauddin Khilji was the first Sultan of Delhi who established his supremacy over the southern states through force.

‘But after his death Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq established his supremacy over the southern states, but within a short span of time he had to face continuous revolts. During Muhammad Tughlaq’s reign the Muslim Amirs of south revolted and the Bahmani Kingdom was founded. Bahmani Kingdom emerged as a powerful Muslim state.

The foreign Muslim Am/s of south India became angry with the policies, oppression and plans of the Delhi Sultan Muhammad- bin-Tughlaq and revolted. The amies of Sultan were unsuccessful in crushing the revolt. The revolting people established their control over Devgiri.

In about 1357 A.L Hasan Gangu Kohsan Abdul Muzzafar sat on the throne with the name of Alludin Bahman Shah. Bahmani Kingdom remained in south India from 1347 to 1526 A.D, The inefficiency of Sultans, and torture of the people, continuous wars with the neighboring states, struggle between the southern and foreign Amirs, murder of Mahmood Gavan differences between Amirs and other causes hastened the decline of Bahmani kingdom.

Question 6.
‘Aurangzeb’s reign was full of turmoil Justify it.
Answer:
Aurangzeb’s reign was full of turmoil. Aurangzeb made, Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs and Marathas his rivals due to which there were continuous revolts in the Kingdom. Smvaii encountered him due to his anti-Hindu policy and laid the foundation of an independent Maratha Kingdom.

Sikh Guru Teg Bahadur was killed after torture. After this Guru Gobind Singh organized the Sikh army (Khalsa) to face Aurangzeb. Rajputs like Durgadas Rathor challenged Aurangzeb. Tarabai gave a tough resistance to Aurangzeb for independence of Marathas. Aurangzeb died in 1707 A.D. and with him the decline of Mughal empire also started.

Question 7.
Who were the Sikhs? Write a short account of their emergence as a political power.
Answer:
The Sikhs were the followers of Guru Nanak Dev By the seventeenth century, Sikhism new religion had become the religion of the peasants and artisans in many parts of the Punjab. After Guru Nanak Dev, there were other nine Sikh Gurus. The earlier Gurus concentrated mainly on Sikhism.

But the later Gurus became the military leaders of the Sikhs also. To curb the growing power and strength of .he Sikhs. Aurangzeb ordered the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur in 1673 A.D. This enraged the.Sikh.

As a result, the tenth and last Guru Govind Singh organised the Sikhs as soldiers and prepared them for a long battle against the Mughals. Like Marathas, the Sikhs; carried out raids in various places, but unlike Marathas, they could not establish an independent state during the reign of Aurangzeb.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the invasions of Mahmood Ghazni and Mohammad Ghori.
Answer:
Invasions of Mahamood Ghaznavi:
Mahmood was an ambitious ruler of a small principality of Western Asia. He needed money for his army. He had heard many legends about Indian wealth. In order to plunder India’s wealth, he invaded many parts of northern India from about 1000 to 1027 A.D, Mahmood made 17 (seventeen) successful attacks on India.

Punjab, Multan, Bhatinda, Nagarkot, Narainpur, Kashmir, Thanesar, Mathura, Kalinjar and Somnath were prominent centres of invasion. Look at the above places on the given, map. Ghaznavi destroyed many religious places and looted and carried immense wealth to Ghazni.

The famous writer Alberuni who came to India with Mahmood Ghaznavi has written about the carnage of Mahmood’s destruction. His attacks led to great economic and cultural loss to the country. The contemporary Hindu rulers faced Mahmood Ghaznavi but were unsuccessful due to lack of political unity. Mahmood Ghaznavi died ir. 1030 A.D. (approx.)

Mohammad Ghori’s invasion:
After 150 years of Mahmood Ghajnavi’s invasion, Mohammad Ghori ruler of a small principality Ghor in Afghanistan in the north-west India; taking advantage of the mutual conflicts of the Indian rulers Ghori first invaded India in nearly 1175 A.D. and brought Multan and Sindh under his domination.

The objective of Mohammad Ghori’s invasion on India was acquiring wealth and propagating Islam. During this time, Hindu states in northern India included – Chauhan state of Delhi and Ajmer Solanki Kingdom in Kannauj, Sena Kingdom in Bengal-Bihar, and Chandel kingdom in Bundelkhand. In southern India Devgiri and Warangal and Hoysal were prominent states.

Question 2.
Describe the rise of Vijayanagar Kingdom. How did this Kingdom come to an end?
Answer:
The credit for the establishment of Vijayanagar goes to two brothers Harihar and Bukka. Their fathers name was Sangam. Therefore their dynasty is also known as Sangam dynasty. When Muhammed Tughlaq had attacked Warangal and won it, both the brothers were imprisoned and sent to Delhi.

The Sultan was impressed with their ability and service and took them in his army. Both the brothers were sent to South India to crush the revolt. Here they came in contact with the famous Saint Madhav Vidyaranya of South India. Here they were also inspired to protect Hindu Culture. In 1336 A.D; Harihar laid the foundation of Hampi-Hastinavati Kingdom on the southern banks of river Tungabhadra. The city was named Vijayanagar, which later took the form of a big Empire.

Harihar – I:
The first ruler of Vijayanagar was Harihar. He ruled with the help of his brother Bukka and expanded his Empire. In a short span of time he extended his Empire from Krishna river in the north to Kaveri river in the south and till the sea coast in the east and the west. He established a firm administration.

Bukka:
After the death of his brother Harihar he became the ruler of Vijayanagar. Traditional rivalry with Bahmani Kingdom started with Bukkas period. Bukka won the Muslim state of Madurai and expanded his Kingdom to Rameshwaram in farthest-most south.

He did a lot of work for the protection of Hindu culture and took the title of ’Vedmarg-Pratisthan. He gave religious freedom to the believers of Jainism, Buddhism and Islam. He encouraged Telugu literature and centralized administration. He had also sent his ambassador to China.

Harihar – II:
Harihar II became the ruler in about 1377 A.D. He took the title of ‘Maharajadhiraj’. He won the cities of Mysore, Kanijivaram, Chingalpur, Trichnopoly etc. He fought a battle with the Bahmani Kingdom. He invested most of his time in proper organization of administration and religious works.

He got many Hindu temples constructed and donated liberally. Sayan the famous scholar was his Prime Minster. After the death of Harihar II in 1406 A.D. there was a war of succession among his sons Virupaksha – I, Bukka II and Devraya became the rulers. After this Ramchandra and Veer Vijay became the King.

Devraya – II:
Devraya II was the most efficient ruler of Sangam dynastv. There were two terrible wars with Bahmani Kingdom during Devrava’s period in which Vijayanagar had to face severe losses. Devraya attacked Lanka and collected taxes. He promoted sea trade. He patronized literature and Shaivism.

End of Sangria Dynasty:
After Devraya – II Malikarjun (1446-.1465 A.D:) and Virupaksha II (1465-1485 A.D.) were weak rulers. In the end, the feudal leader of Chandragiri Narsingh Sulva in around 1486 A.D. established his control over the Kingdom and laid the foundation of Sulva dynasty” in Vijaynagar.

Question 3.
Describe the administrative organization of Vijayanagar.
Answer:
The form of administration of Vijayanagar Empire was despotic monarchy. Tire powers of the king were uncontrolled and unlimited. The basis of the state was Hindu religion. The administration of Vijayanagar was divided into Central, provincial and local administration. In the Central administration of Vijayanagar the Emperor, minister Council, Kings assembly, Prince played an important role.

The Emperor had the chief position in the State and was called the Raja, All powers of the state were concentrated in his hands. He himself administered the state. Declaration of war and treaty, appointment of officers and workers organization of law and justice etc. were in his hands. There was a central secretariat for the administration of the state in which there were various departments – Chairman, secretaries and officers.

The officials and workers of the state received land in lieu of salaries. This arrangement was called the Naykat arrangement. Military officials were also given cultivable land. Military officers were called Nayak and the land that was given was called Amaram. The king was the highest judge for the administration of justice. He himself appointed the judges. Provincial officers (Prantapati) in the provinces and Panchayats in the village administered justice.

No delay was done in the administration of justice. Hindu code of justice was prevalent. The laws of criminal cases (Faujdari) were severe. Amputation of hands feet and death punishment were mostly given. The state made,efforts for the development of agriculture and irrigation. Spices were exported. The state encouraged irrigation work.

The construction of canals and ponds was considered to be a noble deed. The land revenue was determined according to the fertility of the land. Land revenue was not uniform throughout the state. Grazing tax, marriage tax, property tax, tax on trade, garden tax, tax on handicrafts were improved by the State. The subjects were happy in spite of heavy taxation.

Provincial Administration:
The Empire was divided into Provinces. Provinces were divided into Kottans or Valanadus. Kottam was a district which was divided into Nadus. Nadus were divided into cities. Village was the smallest unit of the state.The responsibility,of the province was in the hands of a member of the royal family or powerful feudal lord.

Local Administration:
The smallest unit of administration was the village. There was representative body (Pratinidhi Sabha) for the administration of the village which had the representatives of the village. The Pradhan (Chief) of the Gram Panchayat was called Iyengar. He was also given some powers of justice and punishment. He also collected royal taxes. Gram Sabha could donate or sell the land under it. Gram Sabha was given the power to decide some diwani (revenue) and Faujdari (criminal) cases.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 भिन्न Ex 7.1

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 147

प्रश्न 1.
छायांकित भाग को निरूपित करने वाली भिन्न लिखिएहल :


हल :
छायांकित भाग को निरूपित करने वाली भिन्नः

प्रश्न 2.
दी हुई भिन्न के अनुसार छायांकित कीजिए
हल :

प्रश्न 3.
निम्न में कोई गलती है, तो पहचानिएयह है।
यह \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) है। यह \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) है। यह \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 }\) है।

हल :
(i) ∵ भाग समान नहीं हैं।
∴ छायांकित भाग \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) नहीं है।

(ii) ∵ भाग समान नहीं हैं।
∴ छायांकित भाग \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) नहीं है।

(iii) ∵ भाग समान नहीं हैं।
∴ छायांकित भाग \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 }\) नहीं है।

प्रश्न 4.
8 घण्टे एक दिन की कौन-सी भिन्न है?
हल :
∵ 1 दिन में 24 घण्टे होते हैं।
∴ अभीष्ट भिन्न \(=\frac{8}{24}=\frac{1}{3}\)

प्रश्न 5.
40 मिनट एक घण्टे की कौन-सी भिन्न है?
हल :
∵ 1 घण्टे में 60 मिनट होते हैं।
∴ अभीष्ट भिन्न \(=\frac{40}{60}=\frac{2}{3}\)

प्रश्न 6.
आर्या, अभिमन्यु और विवेक एक साथ, बाँट कर खाना खाते हैं। आर्या दो सैंडविच लेकर आता है-एक सब्जी वाला और दूसरा जैम (Jam) वाला। अन्य दो लड़के अपना खाना लाना भूल गए। आर्या अपने सैंडविचों को उन दोनों के साथ बाँटकर खाने को तैयार हो जाता है, ताकि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को प्रत्येक सैंडविच में से बराबर भाग मिले।
(a) आर्या अपनी सैंडविचों को किस प्रकार बाँटे कि प्रत्येक को बराबर भाग मिले ?
(b) प्रत्येक लड़के को एक सैंडविच का कौन-सा भाग मिलेगा?
हल :
(a) आर्या प्रत्येक सैंडविच को तीन बराबर भागों में बाँटेगा।
(b) प्रत्येक लड़के को सैंडविच का \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) भाग मिलेगा।

प्रश्न 7.
कंचन ड्रेसों (Dresses) को रँगती है। उसे 30 ड्रेस रँगनी थीं। उसने अब तक 20 ड्रेस रंग ली हैं। उसने ड्रेसों की कितनी भिन्न रँग ली हैं ?
हल :
कंचन की ड्रेस रँगनी थीं = 30
उसने ड्रेस रंग ली = 20
∴ रँगी हुई ड्रेसों की अभीष्ट भिन्न = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)

प्रश्न 8.
2 से 12 तक की प्राकृत संख्याएँ लिखिए। अभाज्य संख्याएँ इनकी कौन-सी भिन्न हैं ?
हल :
2 से 12 तक की प्राकृत संख्याएँ हैं- 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
अभाज्य संख्याएँ हैं- 2, 3, 5, 7 और 11
दी हुई कुल संख्याएँ = 11,
अभाज्य कुल संख्याएँ = 5
∴ अभीष्ट भिन्न = \(\frac { 5 }{ 11 }\)

प्रश्न 9.
102 से 113 तक की प्राकृत संख्याएँ लिखिए। अभाज्य संख्याएँ इनकी कौन-सी भिन्न हैं ?
हल :
102 से 113 तक की प्राकृत संख्याएँ हैं
102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113.
∴ दी हुई कुल प्राकृत संख्याएँ = 12
अभाज्य संख्याएँ = 103, 107, 109, 113
∴ कुल अभाज्य संख्याएँ = 4
अतः अतः अभीष्ट भिन्न = \(\frac { 4 }{ 12 }\)

प्रश्न 10.
इन वृत्तों की कौन-सी भिन्नों में × है?

हल :
वृत्तों की कुल संख्या = 8
× वाले वृत्तों की संख्या = 4
अभीष्ट भिन्न = \(\frac { 4 }{ 8 }\)

प्रश्न 11.
क्रिस्टिन अपने जन्म-दिन पर एक सीडी प्लेयर (CD Player) प्राप्त करती है। वह तब से सीडी इकट्ठी करना प्रारम्भ कर देती है। वह 3 सीडी खरीदती है और 5 सीडी उपहार के रूप में प्राप्त करती है। उसके द्वारा खरीदी गई सीडी की संख्या, कुल सीडी की संख्या की कौन-सी भिन्न है ?
हल :
बाजार से खरीदी गई सीडी की संख्या = 3
उपहार में प्राप्त सीडी की संख्या = 5
∴ सीडी की कुल संख्या = 3 + 5 = 8
∴ खरीदी गई सीडी की अभीष्ट भिन्न = \(\frac { 3 }{ 8 }\)
उपहार से प्राप्त सीडी की अभीष्ट भिन्न = \(\frac { 5 }{ 8 }\)

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 150

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
संख्या रेखा पर \(\frac { 3 }{ 5 }\) को दर्शाइए।
हल :
\(\frac { 3 }{ 5 }\)

प्रश्न 2.
संख्या रेखा पर \(\frac{1}{10}, \frac{0}{10}, \frac{5}{10}\) और \(\frac { 10 }{ 10 }\) को दर्शाइए।
हल :

प्रश्न 3.
क्या आप 0 से 1 के बीच कोई अन्य भिन्न को दर्शा सकते हैं ? ऐसी पाँच भिन्नें और लिखिए जिन्हें आप दर्शा सकते हैं और उन्हें संख्या रेखा पर दर्शाइए।
हल :
हाँ, 0 और 1 के बीच में अन्य भिन्न को दर्शा सकते हैं, ऐसी 5 भिन्नै निम्न हैं

इन्हें संख्या रेखा पर क्रमश: A, B, C, D और E द्वारा दर्शाया गया है।

प्रश्न 4.
0 से 1 के बीच में कितनी भिन्नें स्थित हैं ? सोचिए, चर्चा कीजिए और अपने उत्तर को लिखिए।
हल :
0 और 1 के बीच में असंख्य भिन्न हैं।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 151

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
एक उचित भिन्न लिखिए
(a) जिसका अंश 5 और हर 7 है।
(b) जिसका हर 9 है और अंश 5 है।
(c) जिसके अंश और हर का योग 10 है। आप इस प्रकार की कितनी भिन्न लिख सकते हैं ?
(d) जिसका हर उसके अंश से 4 अधिक है।
(कोई पाँच भिन्न बनाइए। आप और कितनी भिन्न बना सकते हैं ?)
हल :
(a) अंश = 5, हर = 7.
∴अभीष्ट भिन्न = \(\frac { 5 }{ 7 }\)

(b) हर = 9, अंश = 5
∴अभीष्ट भिन्न = \(\frac { 5 }{ 9 }\)

(c) सम्भव युग्म जिनके अंश और हर का योग 10 है- 0, 10; 1, 9; 2, 8; 3, 7; 4, 6;
∴अभीष्ट भिन्ने है- \(\frac{0}{10}, \frac{1}{9}, \frac{2}{8}, \frac{3}{7}, \frac{4}{6}\)

(d) अभीष्ट भिन्ने है- \(\frac{1}{5}, \frac{2}{6}, \frac{3}{7}, \frac{4}{8}, \frac{5}{9}\) इत्यादि।
दी हुई परिस्थिति के अनुसार भिन्नों की संख्या असंख्य हो सकती है।

प्रश्न 2.
एक भिन्न दी हुई है। इसे देखकर आप कैसे बता सकते हैं कि यह भिन्न
(a) 1 से छोटी है?
(b) 1 के बराबर है?
हल :
(a) यदि अंश हर से छोटा है, तो भिन्न 1 से छोटी है।
(b) यदि अंश और हर बराबर हैं तो भिन्न 1 के बराबर है।

प्रश्न 3.
संकेत ‘>’, ‘<‘ या ‘=’ का प्रयोग करके रिक्त स्थानों को भरिए
हल :
(a) \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) < 1
(b) \(\frac { 3 }{ 5 }\) < 1 (c) 1 > \(\frac { 7 }{ 8 }\)
(d) \(\frac { 4 }{ 4 }\) = 1
(e) \(\frac { 0 }{ 6 }\) < 1
(f) \(\frac { 2005 }{ 2005 }\) = 1

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 152

प्रश्न 1.
हर 7 वाली पाँच विषम भिन्नै लिखिए।
हल :
हर 7 वाली पाँच विषम भिन्नें हैं–
\(\frac{8}{7}, \frac{9}{7}, \frac{10}{7}, \frac{11}{7}, \frac{12}{7}\)

प्रश्न 2.
अंश 11 वाली पाँच विषम भिन्नै लिखिए।
हल :
अंश 11 वाली विषम भिन्नें हैं
\(\frac{11}{5}, \frac{11}{6}, \frac{11}{7}, \frac{11}{8}\) और \(\frac { 11 }{ 9 }\)

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 6 पूर्णांक Ex 6.3

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 143

प्रश्न 1.
घटाइए:
(a) 35 – (20)
(b) 72 – (90)
(c) ( – 15) – ( – 18)
(d) ( – 20) – (13)
(e) 23 – ( – 12)
(f) ( – 32) – ( – 40)
हल :
(a) 35 – (20)
= 15 + 20 – 20
= 15 + 0
= 15

(b) 72 – (90)
= 72 – (72 + 18)
= 72 – 72 – 18
= 0 – 18
= – 18

(c) ( – 15) – ( – 18)
= ( – 15) + (योज्य प्रतिलोम – 18)
= – 15 + 18
= – 15 + (15 + 3)
= – 15 + 15 + 3
= 0 + 3
= 3

(d) ( – 20) – (13)
= – 20 – 13
= – (20 + 13)
= – 33

(e) 23 – ( – 12)
= 23 + 12
= 35

(f) ( – 32) – ( – 40)
= – 32 + 40
= – 32 + (32 + 8)
= 32 + 32 + 8
= 0 + 8
= 8

प्रश्न 2.
रिक्त स्थानों को >, < या = से भरिए
हल :
(a) ( – 3) + ( – 6) < ( – 3) – ( – 6)
(b) ( – 21) – ( – 10) > ( – 31) + ( – 11)
(c) 45 – ( – 11) > 57 + ( – 4)
(d) ( – 25) – ( – 42) > ( – 42) – ( – 25)

प्रश्न 3.
रिक्त स्थानों को भरिए
(a) ( – 8)+ …. = 0
(b) 13 + …. = 0
(c) 12 + ( – 12) = …..
(d) ( – 4)+ …. = -12
(e) …. – 15 = – 10
हल :
(a) 8,
(b) – 13,
(c) 0,
(d) – 8,
(e) 5.

प्रश्न 4.
निम्नलिखित के मान ज्ञात कीजिए
(a) ( – 7) – 8 – ( – 25)
(b) ( – 13) + 32 – 8 – 1
(c) ( – 7) + ( – 8) + ( – 90)
(d) 50 – ( – 40) – ( – 2)
हल :
(a) ( – 7) – 8 – ( – 25)
= ( – 7) + ( – 8) + 25
= – 15 + 15 + 10
= 0 + 10
= 10

(b) ( – 13) + 32 – 8 – 1
= ( – 13) + 32 + ( – 8) + ( – 1)
= – (13 + 8 + 1) + 32
= – 22 + 32
= – 22 + 22 + 10
= 0 + 10
= 10

(c) ( – 7) + ( – 8) + ( – 90)
= – 7 – 8 – 90
= – 105

(d) 50 – ( – 40) – ( -2)
= 50 + ( + 40) + (+ 2)
= 50 + 40 + 2
= 92

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions