Prasanna

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 27 The Means of Transport in India

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Text Book Exercise Questions

Answer the following questions:

Question (a)
What are means of transport? Give two examples.
Answer:
All the means used for moving from one place to another are called the means of transport.
Examples: Bus, railway, aeroplane, etc.

Question (b)
Write the names of the main means of transport in India.
Answer:
The means of transport makes important contribution in linking far off places, social integrity and unity and defence of the country. Different means of transport move on different routes.
Example: cycle, bullock cart, buses and car moves on road; trains move on railway tracks aeroplane move in air and boats, ships move on water.

Question (c)
State the difference between National and State Highways.
National Highways:

1. National Highways join capital and the main cities of the country and extend upto the territorial boundaries of our country.
2. These roads are managed and looked after by the Central Government.
3. Grand Trunk Road (G.T. Road) are the National Highways.

State Highways:

1. State Highways join main districts cities with the national highways. These roads limit upto the state boundaries only.
2. These roads are looked after by the state Governments.
3. Roads connecting two cities in a state are examples of State Highways.

Question (d)
Which National Highway connects Jabalpur and Jaipur.
Answer:
National Highway 3 connects Jabalpur and Jaipur.

Question (e)
Into how many zones have the Indian Railways been divided? Name them.
Answer:
The railways in India has been divided into nine zones for proper management. They are:

1. Eastern Railway
2. Northern Railway
3. Southern Railway
4. Central Railway
5. North – East Frontier Railway
6. South Central Railway
7. South – Eastern Railway
8. Western Railway
9. North – Eastern Railway

Question (f)
Which countries are connected by water transport from Mumbai and Kolkata harbours?
Answer:
Karachi, Captown, Africa are connected by water transport from Mumbai and Yangun is connected by water transport from Koikata.

Question (g)
Name any four harbours of India.
Answer:
The four harbours of India are Kandla, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

Question (h)
Why are the rivers of Southern India not appropriate for internal transport through water?
Answer:
The rivers of Southern India flow on the hilly areas of the plateau which have much ups and downs. Therefore, they are not appropriate for water transport.

Question 2.
Mark the following in the given map:

1. National Highway No. 3 and 6.
2. Mumbai – Chennai rail route
3. Water route through Vishakhapatanam.
4. Water route through Paradip.
5. Delhi – Chennai air – route.
6. Kolkata Harbour.

Answer:
Do yourself.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Democracy

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a Democracy?
(a) Government of elected representatives.
(b) Respect of Rights.
(c) Centralization of power in the hands of one person
(d) Free and impartial elections.
Answer:
(c) Centralization of power in the hands of one person

Question 2.
Which is the Democratic concept?
(a) Freedom
(b) Exploitation
(c) Inequality
(d) Individualism.
Answer:
(a) Freedom

Question 3.
Which one of the following is not a demerit of democracy?
(a) Waste of public time and money
(b) Dominance of the wealthy
(c) Partisanship
(d) Public welfare.
Answer:
(b) Dominance of the wealthy

Question 4.
Democracy is a rule of the people, by the people, for the people-
(a) Machaivelle
(b) Lincoln
(c) Roussean
(d) Hautes.
Answer:
(d) Hautes.

Fill in the blank:

1. Aristotle has called Democracy as the …………….
2. The propounders of communism was …………… and ………………
3. A ……………….. constitution is essential for successful Democracy.
4. There is a wastage of ………….. and …………… in Democracy.

Answer:

1. Rule of many
2. Karl Marx and Lenin
3. written
4. time, money.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What has been mentioned with reference to democracy in the later Vedic Period?
Answer:
During the later Vedic Period the Republican Form of Government and local self-governing institutions were prevalent.

Question 2.
What was the basic unit of administration in ancient India?
Answer:
In ancient India the basic unit of administration was Panchyat.

Question 3.
What right does the Marxist principle of democracy lay emphasis on?
Answer:
The Marxist principle believe that the political power must be rested in the hands of the entire society but for this it is important that the economic power should be rested in the hands of the entire society. This principle lays emphasis on a classless and stateless society.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any two definitions explaining the meaning of democracy?
Answer:

• Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.
• Democracy is a form of government where the ruling community is a comparatively bigger part of the entire nation.

Question 2.
State the importance of Democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is a system of governance based on freedom, equality, participation and brotherhood. It can also be called a social system. Under this the entire life of man is based on the democratic belief that every individual has equal importance in the society.

In political sphere of man’s life democracy means a political system in which the power to take decisions does not vest is an individual but in the hands of representatives of the people. Therefore the rule is based on the feelings pf the people. In the social sphere of man’s life democracy gives a society where there is no discrimination on the grounds of caste, religion, color, gender, race, creed or wealth.

Question 3.
What do you understand by indirect or representative democracy?
Answer:
When the people participate in the making of law and controlling the working of administration through the elected representatives, it is called indirect democracy. In present times indirect democracy is practiced. In this the people choose their representatives for a definite period who form the legislature and make the laws. In this system the wishes of the people are expressed through the elected representatives.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by democracy. Write down its chief characteristics.
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from two Greek word ‘Demos’ and ‘Cretin’ which respectively mean ‘people’ and ‘power’. It means a type of governing system where the power to govern rests with the people and administration is either directly done by the people or through their representatives. It is also reformed to as Loktantra’ or ‘Jantantra’.

Characteristics of Democracy:
1. Accountable Ruling System:
The people can make the Government work in an accountable manner by asking question and criticizing it. Here the power to govern is basically with the people which is handed to the representatives for a fixed term. Therefore the accountability of the governing is essential for the people else the people have the right to hand over the power to any alternative in the next elections.

2. Rule based on Equality:
Democracy is based on the principle of equality. In this form of government all citizens without any discrimination have equal civil and political rights. Elections in a fixed time period are essential for democracy. All adult citizens have equal rights to vote and contest elections as candidates in these elections.

The present democracies emphasis on social and economic equality as well. The basic traits of democracy are equal social and economic opportunities and equal importance to an individual personality. Therefore ‘one person one vote’ is the axis of democracy.

3. Strengthening System of Freedom:
In a democracy various types of freedom are given to the criticizers for their all-round development. Besides political freedom rights to various types of religious and cultural freedoms are also given to the citizens. In a democracy elasticize have the right to vote, get elected, hold public offices, give speeches, freedom to express, form associations, organize meetings, address people or practice any profession or trade.

4. Rule of Law:
By rule of law is meant that everyone is equal before law. Similar punishment is given for similar crime, whatever be the status and position.

5. Independent and Impartial Elections:
Conducting elections only is not enough in democracy but elections must be conducted in an independent and impartial manner so that the possibility of winning or losing election for the people in power is also there. There should be no pressure on the voters during elections and the election process should also be impartial.

The will of the people is supreme in a democracy. In this form of Government elections are held from time-to-time. For forming the Government various political parties and independent candidates also have the freedom to participate in these elections.

6. Existence of Written Constitution:
Definite fundamental principles and procedures of administrative organization is the most important feature of Democracy so that any ruling party on the basis of its majority may not define or change it according to its whims and fancies. The constitution of organs of government, procedures etc.

must be clearly defined in the constitution. Therefore, a written constitution is considered to be very important. Democracy is based on equality and freedom of the citizens. Therefore it is necessary to define them in the fundamental laws of the constitution.

7. Independent and Impartial Judiciary:
An independent and impartial judiciary is of paramount importance for putting into practice the provisions of the constitution. The judiciary has been made supreme to make the government work in accordance with the constitution, secure the rights of the citizens and punish those who violate the constitution. Therefore in order to make democracy practical an independent and impartial judiciary is very important.

Question 2.
Describe the merits and demerits of democracy.
Answer:
Merits:
1. Based on Highest Values of Humanity:
Democracy is based on higher values like equality, justice and brotherhood and everyone is treated with equality respecting every individuals dignity. It develops virtues like self-respect and self-reliance in the citizens.

2. Public Welfare:
In a democracy the representatives of the people govern who are elected by the people for a definite period. They are always afraid that if they do not work in accordance with the wishes, feelings and need of the people then they will be defeated in the next elections. Therefore, the government is responsible to the people in a democracy and is always vigilant about their interests. Therefore public welfare is always kept in mind in a democracy.

3. Political Education:
Democracy is the best means of political education. People take interest in political field naturally, due to the right to vote and freedom to hold political position. Freedom of expression and the use of means of communication, promote the tendency to exchange ideas among citizens.

4. Growth of Feeling of Patriotism:
Democracy is the rule of the people for attaining public welfare for the people. People feel associated with the Government and state since they are politically conscious. This association promotes the feelings of love and commitment for the nation. This leads to the cultivation of nationalism.

5. Minimum Possibility of Violent Revolution:
Democracy is a philosophy of peace and tolerance. Its based on understanding and consensus. The opposition also has a right to put forth its views. Therefore, the opposition also criticizes and condemns the Government. If the majority of the people are dissatisfied with the ruling class it can easily remove them through constitutional methods. Therefore there is a least possibility of a violent revolution in the democracy.

Demerits:
1. Emphasis on Quantity rather than on Quality:
In a democracy more importance is given to quantity than quality. Only the votes are counted in this system. The vote of every voter has equal value irrespective of whether he is capable or incapable.

2. Rule of the Incapable:
Governance is an art. For this special knowledge and qualifications are required. The aim of welfare of the entire society cannot be realized if the ruler does not have the knowledge of this art. Only a few people have the art, capability and the potential to govern.

But in a democracy there is a rule of the majority and a capable person is also equated with an incapable. In developing countries the situation is even me e pitiable. Therefore critics also call democracy as a rule of the incapable.

3. Waste of Public Time’ and Money:
Only after a long and complex procedure the legislature is formed. Sometimes it takes years to make important laws. Lot of money is spent on the election process. A lot of money is also spent on the members of parliament.

4. Domination of the Wealthy:
To say that everyone participates in the political process in a democracy is only theoretical. Practically the elections have become so expensive that common people cannot even think of participating in the election for any position. To contest elections on money has become a common features of Democracy system. Candidates contesting elections spend a lot of money in campaigning. This has led to the transformation of Democracy from ‘Rule of the People’ to the ‘Rule of the Rich’.

5. Partisanship:
For the regulation of present Democracy political parties are becoming essential. Political parties are formed on the basis of ideologies but their main aim is to acquire power. To influence people and win popularity political parties levy baseless charges against each other opposition for the sake of opposing and not for principles or values becomes the aim of the political parties.

Political parties become a battling ground for those who influence the feelings of the people through negative campaigning and find ways and means to fulfill their selfish motives and establish their supremacy. Their immoral behavior during elections embitters the entire environment. Partisan interests becomes more important than public welfare and they also use political power to fulfill their selfish interests.

6. Weak during Wars and Emergencies:
There is a need to take quick decisions during a war or an emergency, but democracy proves to be ineffective during such times.

Question 3.
Describe the fundamental principles of democracy.
Answer:
The fundamental principles of democracy are:

1. The Classical Principle of Democracy:
According to this principle the basis of governance is the consent of the people, but if the government does not come up to the expectations of the people, then the people can remove the government through next election. The welfare of the people is the aim of the government. This is also known as the liberal principle of Democracy, because it lays emphasis on the freedom of the people and supremacy of the society.

2. The Elitist Principle of Democracy:
This principle has been propounded in the beginning of the 20^th century. It lays emphasis on the basic natural inequalities among man and believes that in all political systems there are two classes the ruling and the ruled. Though the ruling class is in a minority still as a center of power it is an elite class. The power of governing is in the hands of this elite. class.

Generally people think that they are participating in the political process but actually their influence is confined to elections. The basis of elite is selection on the basis of superiority. Their superiority can be on any basis nature, thought, economic status, social and educational background, which makes them different from common people. Elite also consider themselves different and superior but they act and react with the common people.

Secondly this way integration of peoples sovereignty is attained. Elite have an influential role in deciding the policy or in the money and wealth of the society but in a democracy everyone has an equal opportunity to enter this elite class. On the other hand regulated and open election process acts as a hindrance for elite to work for the welfare of the people.

3. Pluralist Principle:
This principle believes that in a democracy a person has the freedom to organize himself into various groups for the fulfillment of various interests. These groups are autonomous in their region and pressurize the Government for fulfillment of their interest. In this way all groups share power to the extent of fulfillment of their interest.

This principle also believes that actually power is divided among these groups therefore its basic concept is decentralization of power. According to this, the state alone does not have the right to supreme power but in a democracy all groups of a society have a share in political power and power to govern.

4. Marxist Principle:
In the later 19th century a new principle of democracy based on the ideology of modern profounder of communism Karl Marx and Lenin came forward. According to this principle for the establishment of true democracy a classless and stateless society should be established first. Resourceful class is empowered with political therefore state itself becomes a group of exploiters.

The Marxist principle believes that the political power must be rested in the entire society but for this it is important that the economic power should be in the hands of the entire society. In such a condition alone will the administration be regulated for all and in the interests of all. This principle of democracy lays more emphasis on economic equality rather than on political and civil equalities. It recognizes that if a person has no food, clothing or shelter then the right to vote or to get elected is meaningless for him.

Question 4.
Describe the form and importance of democracy in India.
Answer:
Democracy and ideas of democratic institutions are not new for India. It is believed that around 3000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. during the Vedic period the tradition of representative consultation was prevalent among Indians. During the later Vedic period the Republican form of Government and local self – governing institutions were prevalent. In Rigveda and Atharvaveda a reference of Sabha and Samiti is found.

After the war of Mahabharat big empires started disappearing and many republican states rose. During the Mahajanpad period there was a birth of sixteen Mahajanpads which included Kashi, Kaushal, Magadh, Matsya etc. Some of the Mahajanpads were monarchical and others republic. Mahavir and Gautam Buddha both came from Republic.

Many rules of Buddhist monasteries resemble the rules of modern parliamentary system. For example Seating arrangement, various types of proposals, calling attention quorum, whip, counting of votes, motion thoughts related to justice etc. In the Vajji union everyone assembled for a meeting.

It was a form of direct democracy. Union of Vajji was formed by association of six republics. There was an elaborate system of self-government in villages and cities during the Mauryan period in India. Indian society was predominantly agrarian when the fundamental unit was self-governing and independent villages. The political structure was based on these village communities.

The village was administered by an elected Panchayat. The center of the village was a Panchayat Ghar where young and the old assembled. All members of the village elected the Panchayat every year. These elected Panchayats had ail rights in the matters of the village and the right to administer justice.

Panchayats distributed the land and collected taxes for the Government from the entire village. Some committees were formed from the elected members of the Panchayats. Each committee was formed for one year if any member misbehaved he could be immediately removed. If a member was unable to give a proper account of public exchequer he was declared incapable.

At the central level the king ruled. The king did not have autocratic rights based on Divine rights like kings in Europe. If the king misbehaved the subjects had the right to remove the king. There was a state council to give advice to the king. The king worked in accordance with the wisbs of the people and the advisors of the king (ministers / officers) respected the Panchas at the local levels. Therefore in ancient India the meaning , of Rule of Kings’ was serving the subjects.

Question 5.
What is the concept of democracy? Describe the present form of Indian democracy.
Answer:
The main concept of democracy is that the entire power of the state vests in the. people and not in any individual, group or dynasty. Therefore participation of the people is the basic , foundation of democracy. All must participate in the taking of such decisions or work which affects everyone.

By democracy is a meant a system of governance where public welfare is of utmost importance. Democracy is not confined to a system of governance. It is a form of state and society. Therefore, it is a mixture of state, society and governance.

Present Form of Indian Democracy:
In present times India is world’s largest democratic country. After getting independence Indian constitution came into force on 26^th Jan., 1950. India became a sovereign democratic republic after the enforcement of the constitution. Citizens were given universal adult suffrage in accordance with the fundamental principles of democracy by the constitution.

All adult Indian citizens were given . the right to vote without any discrimination by which the people could elect the representatives of their choice and form a popular Government. Indian citizens have shown an active participation and maturity in all the parliamentary and legislative elections. Barring the exception of emergency (1975-1977) holding of timely and impartial elections is an indicator of perpetual democracy in India.

Besides the elections for Panchayats and in cities municipalities and municipal corporation is also an example of Indian democracy being broad based. There are some challenges to Indian democracy. Indian democracy is getting affected i by illiteracy, caste-ism, linguism, regionalism, separatism, communism, political violence, social and economic inequalities, dominance of money and muscle power corruption and politics of vote banks.

Indian democracy can be freed from these problems by removing social – economic inequalities, expansion of education and establishing moral values. The commitment of Indian people towards democracy is clear from the various time bound elections and through change in power from time – to – time through constitutional methods. Therefore we can hope for perpetuation and success of democracy in India

Project Work

Question 1.
Collect information on the student council elections in your school. Write the process or procedure adopted in the elections of class representatives or student council. Make a beautiful chart of all representatives and office bearers.
Answer:
Attempt yourself.

Question 2.
Collect information on the elections of your village Panchayat. Make a chart of winning and defeated candidates. Write the role of people of the village in the election process of the Panchayat.
Answer:
Attempt yourself.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) Who called democracy a rule of many’?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Lincoln
(c) Dicey
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Aristotle

Question 2.
Democratic system believes in –
(a) Inequality
(b) Organised and regular change of the rulers
(c) Classless society
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Organised and regular change of the rulers

Question 3.
Communism was in practice in Soviet Union till –
(a) 1980
(3) 2000
(c) 1990
(d) 2002.
Answer:
(c) 1990

Question 4.
Direct democracy is possible only in –
(a) States with less population
(b) States with big population
(c) Communist states
(d) Society with big population.
Answer:
(a) States with less population

Question 5.
Democracy is a form of government where the ruling community is a comparatively bigger part of the entire nation. Who is related with this statement?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Dicey
(c) Lincoln
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Dicey

Fill in the blank:

1. ………….. means a ruling system in which welfare of people is prominent.
2. Democracy is of …………………. types.
3. At present India is the biggest ……………….. country in the world.
4. After independence Indian constitution came into force on ……………
5. A group formed by definite geographical area, population, government and sovereignty is called a ………….

Answer:

1. Democracy
2. two
3. democratic
4. 26 January , 1950
5. State.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The word democracy has been derived from which two Greek words? What do they refer to?
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from two Greek word ‘demos’ and ‘cratia’ which respectively mean ‘people’ and ‘power’.

Question 2.
What do you mean by direct democracy?
Answer:
When the people residing in a state themselves directly discuss on public issues on the basis of which policies are decided and laws made, then such a governance is called direct democracy.

Question 3.
Why is the accountability of the governing essential for the people?
Answer:
It is essential otherwise the people have the right to hand over the power to any alternative in the next elections.

Question 4.
Mention some freedoms given to the citizens in a democracy to their all round development.
Answer:
Freedom of holding officer, giving speeches, forming associations, organizing meetings, addressing people or practicing any profession or trade.

Question 5.
In which situation can judiciary give verdict against the Government?
Answer:
Judiciary can give verdict against the Government if it works against the constitution.

Question 6.
Where is direct democracy possible?
Answer:
Direct democracy is possible only in states with less population and small in size.

Question 7.
Where is direct democracy prevalent today?
Answer:
Direct democracy today is prevalent in some cautions of Switzerland and under the Panchyati raj system in the Gram Sabhas in India.

Question 8.
Write any two chief features of democracy.
Answer:

• Accountable ruling system.
• Rule based on equality.

Question 9.
On what bases is democratic system established?
Answer:
Democratic system is established on the dignity and equality of citizens, freedom, brotherhood and justice.

Question 10.
What is the fundamental belief of democracy?
Answer:
The fundamental belief of democracy is that the power of the governing must be in the interest of the governed for protecting the rights of the people.

Question 11.
What is democracy?
Answer:
Democracy is a type of governing system where the power to govern rests with the people and administration is either directly done by the people or through their representatives.

Question 12.
Write the main types of democracy?
Answer:
The main types of democracy:

• Direct Democracy
• Indirect Democracy.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What suggestions does Marxism give for the establishment of a real democracy?
Answer:
For the establishment of a real democracy Marxism gives the following suggestions:

• Social ownership of means of production and distribution.
• Equal distribution of wealth and fulfillment of everyone’s fundamental needs.
• For representation of people with similar economic interests the complete power to administer must be in the hands of one party. Marxism believes such a democracy to be actual and best democracy.

Question 2.
What do you know about the pluralist principle of democracy?
Answer:
The pluralist principle believes that in a democracy a person has the freedom to organised himself into various groups for the fulfillment of various interests. These groups are autonomous in their region and pressurize the government for fulfillment of their interest. In this way all groups share power to the extent of fulfillment of their interests.

This principle also believes that actual power is divided among these groups. Therefore its basic concept is decentralization of power. According to this, the state alone does not have the right to supreme power but in a democracy all groups of a society have a share in political power and power to govern.

Question 3.
What is the need and importance of a constitution for a democracy?
Answer:
In the present democratic system the government is formed by the elected representatives of the people. The fundamental belief of democracy is that the power of the governing must be in the interests of the governed for protecting the rights of the people.

In a democracy the common people easily get to know the procedure of formation of the Government and rights and duties of the citizens. There should also be a provision to ensure that the constitution may not be easily changed.

In this manner it is important to have a written constitution for safeguarding democracy. Democracy is therefore called the Rule of Law. Here the Law is above an individual or a group of individuals, which is ensured through written constitution. Therefore a constitution is very important for a Democracy. For strengthening democracies, democratic traditions are also important which give flexibility to a written constitution.

Question 4.
What is the importance of independent and impartial judiciary in the democracy?
Answer:
An independent and impartial judiciary is of paramount importance for putting into practice the provisions of the constitution. The judiciary has been made supreme to make the government work in accordance with the constitution, secure rights of the citizens and punish those who violate the constitution. There fore in order to make democracy practical an independent and impartial judiciary is very important.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write in detail the importance of democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is not only a special type of ruling but it is a special perspective towards life. Democracy is a system of governance based on freedom, equality, participation and brotherhood. It can also be called a social system. Under this the entire life of man is based on the democratic belief that every individual has equal importance in the society. If the importance of a person is only in the political field then democracy will remain incomplete.

For realization of true democracy it is important that individual get equal opportunities of growth in political, social and economic sphere of life. In political sphere of man’s life democracy means a political system in which the power to take decisions, does not vest in an individual but in the hands of the elected representatives of the people. Therefore the rule is based on the feelings of the people.

In the social sphere of mans life democracy imply a society where there is no discrimination on the grounds of caste,, religion, color, gender, race, creed or wealth. Everyone must have equal right and opportunities to grow in one’s life equally without any discrimination and the society must have the underlying feeling of brotherhood and mutual cooperation.

In the economic sphere of man’s life by democracy is mean! a system, where every member of the society gets the freedom and the right to choose his means of livelihood or any profession. An effort to establish such a system is made where there is no exploitation of one by the other.

An effort is made to provide basic facilities so that he may fulfill his minimum economics need and live a dignified life, meaning to provide the facilities of food clothing, shelter, health, education, employment is the basis  democracy. Democratic system believes in an organized and regular change of the rulers.

Democracy also believes that whatever changes have to be done in the political, social arid economic spheres can be done in a peaceful manner. This is the only administrative system which ensures the participation of the people in the political process. Therefore it is valued more than any other system of governance.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 भिन्न Ex 7.5

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 171-172

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न भिन्नों को योग या घटाने के उचित रूप में लिखिए

हल :
(a) +,
(b) -,
(c) +

प्रश्न 2.
हल कीजिए

हल :

प्रश्न 3.
शुभम ने अपने कमरे की दीवार के \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\) भाग पर पेंट किया। उसकी बहन माधवी ने उसकी सहायता की और उस दीवार के \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) भाग पर पेंट किया। उन दोनों ने मिलकर कुल कितना पेंट किया ?
हल :
शुभम द्वारा पेण्ट किया दीवार का भाग = \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\)
माधवी द्वारा पेण्ट किया गया दीवार का भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\)
दोनों द्वारा पेण्ट की गई दीवार

अत: दोनों ने मिलकर पूरी दीवार पेंट की।

प्रश्न 4.
रिक्त स्थानों को भरिए

हल :

प्रश्न 5.
जावेद को सन्तरों की एक टोकरी का \(\frac { 5 }{ 7 }\) भाग मिला। टोकरी में सन्तरों का कितना भाग शेष रहा ?
हल :
माना कि सन्तरों की पूरी टोकरी = 1
जावेद को मिला सन्तरों का भाग = \(\frac { 5 }{ 7 }\)
टोकरी में बचे सन्तरों का भाग

अतः टोकरी में सन्तरों का \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\) भाग शेष रहा।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 173

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
\(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) और \(\frac { 3 }{ 7 }\) को जोड़िए।
हल :
\(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) और \(\frac { 3 }{ 7 }\)
∵ 5 और 7 का ल.स. = 35.

प्रश्न 2.
\(\frac { 5 }{ 7 }\) में से \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) को घटाइए।
हल :
\(\frac{5}{7}-\frac{2}{5}\)
∵ 7 और 5 का ल. स. = 35

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 India’s Relations with the other Asian Countries

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 20 Text Book Exercise

Answer the following questions in (very Short Answer Type):

Question 1.
Question (a)
Why was Roman Historian Pleeny upset?
Answer:
The Historian Pleeny was very much upset due to the increase in the import of silk, cotton, spices and jewellery. The import of these goods caused a lot of Roman wealth reach India.

Question (b)
What was the ancient name of Cambodia?
Answer:
Kamboj was the ancient name of Cambodia.

Question (c)
What do you understand by the silk route?
Answer:
There was a trade route between China and Western Asia through Central Asia. This was called the Silk Route because Chinese silk was one of the main item of trade.

Answer the following questions in (Short Answer Type):

Question 2.
Question (a)
Who preached Buddhism in Sri Lanka? Who established Indian state there?
Answer:
From the older time, India had close relation with Sri Lanka. Ashoka sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghmitra to spread Buddhism to Sri Lanka. The king of Sri Lanka Tiss had adopted Buddhism. Since then Sri Lanka is a Buddhist country. Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa were the famous Sri Lankan Buddhist sources. Raja Rama and Vijay Prince of Kathiawad established and Indian State at Sri Lanka.

Question (b)
Where is Gandhar and why it is famous?
Answer:
Gandhar was situated in Afganistan. Gandhar was the main centre of Buddhism. The oldest statues of Buddha were made here.

Question (c)
What did Arabs learn from India?
Answer:
The Arabs learnt the “Indian numerical system” and “the decimal system” from India. They called the Indian numerical system, “the Hindsa.” The Europeans received this knowledge from the Arabs. Therefore, they call this numerical system “Arabic”. In older times Arabs came to India to study Science, Mathematics, Astrology, Philosophy, Medicine and Literature.

Answer the following questions in detail:

Question 3.
Question (a)
Who was the founder of Islam? Give the main characteristics of this religion?
Answer:
Prophet Muhammad was the founder of Islam.
Main Characteristics of this Religion are:

1. There is only one God called Allah and it is useless to worship many gods.
2. Muslims should pray to God five times a day, they should keep fasts, and perform the pilgrimage at Mecca.
3. Muslims should give one-eleventh of their income in charity.
4. Every one is equal in the eyes of God. All men are brothers.
5. Muslims should not accept the ideas of class or caste.
6. Man should do good deeds to attain Heaven.
7.  Man should lead simple and pious life. Gambling and drinking are sin. Man should always speak the truth.

Question (b)
Who are Parsis? Give information of their religious belief?
Answer:
Parsis are Aryans and their religion was founded by Zarathustra. The preechings of Zarathustra is called in the holy book Zend -e Avesta. According to linguists this is contemperory of the Rigveda of the Indian Aryans. India had relation with Persia since ancient times.

In 936 AD, the Parsis left Iran out of fear of Muslim invasion and came to India. The king of Gujarat Yadav Rana welcomed them. Parsis believe that God had given fire to Zarathustra. They were worshipper of fire before leaving Iran and brought the fire with them. The fire a still burning in Bombay at Udwad. Like Hindus, Parsis also wear the sacred thread Sadar – e – karti. This shows that they resolve to follow the right path.

Question (c)
Who was the founder of Christianity? Write the main characteristics of this religion?
Answer:
The founder of Christianaity, Jesus was a follower of Judaism. Main Characteristics of this Religion are:

Christianity believed in the existence of a single God, who in Almighty. Jesus Christ is the messenger and son of God. It emphasised on love and humanity. It also emphasied on purity of life. Men, according to the Christianity, are sons of God and hence they should live a noble life. The souls of the pure hearted persons will go to heaven and will be united with God.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks choosing correct alternative:

1. In Gandhar ……………… ancient statues were made (Jain/Buddha’s).
2. Emperor Ashok sent ………………. to Sri Lanka to preach Buddhism (Surendra/Mahendra).
3. There is the temple of ……………….. in Ankowat (Vishnu/Shiva)
4. The temple of Jews is called ………………….. (Church/Synagogue).
5. Prophet Muhammad was born at ……………….. (Mecca/Madina).
6. The original coutry of Parsis is ………………. (Iraq/Iran).

Answer:

1. Buddha
2. Mahendra
3. Shiva
4. Synagogue
5. Mecca
6. Iran

Question 5.
Make Pairs:

Answer:

Project Work

Question 1.
See the Atlas of India and make a list of Islands?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 2.
Fill in the map of world with countries to which India had relation?
Answer:
Do yourself.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 भिन्न Ex 7.4

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 165-167

प्रश्न 1.
प्रत्येक चित्र के लिए भिन्नों को लिखिए। भिन्नों के बीच में सही चिह्न ‘<‘, ‘=’, ‘>’ का प्रयोग करते हुए, इन्हें आरोही और अवरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित कीजिए


(c) \(\frac{2}{6}, \frac{4}{6}, \frac{8}{6}\) और \(\frac { 6 }{ 6 }\) को संख्या रेखा पर दर्शाइए। दी हुई भिन्न के बीच में उचित चिन्ह ‘<‘ या ‘>’ भरिए

हल :
(a) आकृति में दर्शाई गयी भिनें \(\frac{3}{8}, \frac{6}{8}, \frac{4}{8}\) और \(\frac{1}{8}\).

(b) आकृति में दर्शाई गयी भिन्नें \(\frac{8}{9}, \frac{4}{9}, \frac{3}{9}\) और \(\frac { 6 }{ 9 }\)

(c) (i) दी हुई भिन्नें हैं \(\frac{2}{6}, \frac{4}{6}, \frac{8}{6}\) और \(\frac { 6 }{ 6 }\)

प्रश्न 2.
भिन्नों की तुलना कीजिए और उचित चिह्न लगाइए

हल :

प्रश्न 3.
ऐसे ही पाँच और युग्म लीजिए और उचित चिह्न लगाइए

हल :

प्रश्न 4.
निम्न आकृतियों को देखिए और भिन्नों के बीच में उचित चिह्न ‘<‘, = या ‘<‘ लिखिए।

ऐसे ही पाँच प्रश्न और बनाइए और अपने मित्रों के साथ उन्हें हल कीजिए।
हल :

पाँच और प्रश्न

उचित चिह्न लगाने पर,

प्रश्न 5.
देखें कितनी जल्दी आप करते हैं ? उचित चिह्न भरिए-(<, =, >)

हल :

प्रश्न 6.
निम्नलिखित भिन्न तीन अलग-अलग संख्याएँ निरूपित करती हैं। इन्हें सरलतम रूप में बदलकर उन तीन तुल्य भिन्नों के समूहों में लिखिए

हल :

तुल्य भिन्नों के समूह

प्रश्न 7.
निम्नलिखित के उत्तर दीजिए। लिखिए और दर्शाइए कि आपने कैसे हल किया है ?
(a) क्या \(\frac{5}{9}, \frac{4}{5}\) के बराबर है ?
(b) क्या \(\frac{9}{16}, \frac{5}{9}\) के बराबर है ?
(c) क्या, \(\frac{4}{5}, \frac{16}{20}\) के बराबर है ?
(d) क्या \(\frac{1}{15}, \frac{4}{30}\) के बराबर है ?
हल :
(a) नहीं,

अतः \(\frac{4}{9}, \frac{4}{5}latex] के बराबर नहीं है।

(b) नहीं,

अतः [latex]\frac{9}{16}, \frac{5}{9}latex] के बराबर नहीं है।

(c) नहीं,

अतः [latex]\frac{4}{5}, \frac{16}{20}latex] के बराबर नहीं है।

(d) नहीं,

अतः [latex]\frac{1}{15}, \frac{4}{30}latex] के बराबर नहीं है।

प्रश्न 8.
इला 100 पृष्ठों वाली एक पुस्तक के 25 पृष्ठ पढ़ती है। ललिता इसी पुस्तक का [latex]\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) भाग पढ़ती है। किसने कम पढ़ा ?
हल :
इला द्वारा पुस्तक का पढ़ा गया भाग \(=\frac{25}{100}=\frac{1}{4}\)
ललिता द्वारा पुस्तक का पढ़ा गया भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)
∵\(\frac{1}{4}<\frac{1}{2}\)
अत: इला ने कम पढ़ा।

प्रश्न 9.
रफीक ने एक घण्टे के \(\frac { 3 }{ 6 }\) भाग तक व्यायाम किया, जबकि रोहित ने एक घण्टे के \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 }\) भाग तक व्यायाम किया। किसने लम्बे समय तक व्यायाम किया ?
हल :
रफीक ने व्यायाम किया = \(\frac { 3 }{ 6 }\) घण्टे
रोहित ने व्यायाम किया = \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 }\) घण्टे
तुलना करने पर, समान अंश होने पर बड़े हर वाली भिन्न छोटी होती है।

अतः रोहित ने लम्बे समय तक व्यायाम किया।

प्रश्न 10.
25 विद्यार्थियों की एक कक्षा A में 20 विद्यार्थी 60% या अधिक अंक लेकर पास हुए और 30 विद्यार्थियों की एक कक्षा B में 24 विद्यार्थी 60% या अधिक अंक लेकर पास हुए। किस कक्षा में विद्यार्थियों का अधिक भाग 60% या अधिक अंक लेकर पास हुआ ?
हल :
कक्षा A में प्रथम श्रेणी में पास हुए विद्यार्थियों का भाग

कक्षा B में प्रथम श्रेणी में पास हुए विद्यार्थियों का भाग

क्योंकि दोनों ही भिन्न समान हैं।
अतः दोनों कक्षाओं में समान संख्या में विद्यार्थी प्रथम श्रेणी में पास हुए।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 168

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
मेरी माँ ने एक सेब को चार बराबर भागों में बाँटा। उन्होंने मुझे 2 भाग और मेरे भाई को एक भाग दिया। उन्होंने हम दोनों को सेब का कितना भाग दिया ?
हल :
माँ ने मुझे सेब का भाग दिया = \(\frac { 2 }{ 4 }\)
मेरे भाई को सेब का भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\)
दोनों का सेब का भाग

अत: माँ ने दोनों को सेब का \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 }\) भाग दिया।

प्रश्न 2.
माँ ने नीलू और उसके भाई से गेहूँ में से कंकड़ बीनने के लिए कहा। नीलू ने कुल कंकड़ों के \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) कंकड़ बीने और उसके भाई ने कुल कंकड़ों के \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) कंकड़ बीने। दोनों ने मिलकर कुल कंकड़ों की कितनी भिन्न बीनी ?
हल :
नीलू ने कंकड़ बीने = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) भाग
उसके भाई ने कंकड़ बीने = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) भाग
दोनों ने कुल मिलाकर कंकड़ बीने

प्रश्न 3.
सोहन अपनी अभ्यास-पुस्तिका पर कवर चढ़ा रहा था। उसने सोमवार को \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) भाग पर कवर चढ़ा लिया। मंगलवार को उसने अन्य \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) भाग पर कवर चढ़ा लिया और शेष बुधवार को। बुधवार को उसने कवर का कौन-सा भाग चढ़ाया ?
हल :
सोमवार को सोहन द्वारा चढ़ाया गया कवर = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\)
मंगलवार को सोहन द्वारा चढ़ाया गया कवर = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\)
सोहन द्वारा बुधवार को चढ़ाया गया कवर

अतः बुधवार को उसने कवर का \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) भाग चढ़ाया। उत्तर इन्हें कीजिए

अपने मित्रों के साथ ऐसे दस प्रश्न बनाइए और उन्हें हल कीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.

1. मैंने एक दिन में किताब का \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) भाग पढ़ा और और अगले दिन \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) भाग पढ़ा। दो दिनों में मैंने किताब का कितना भाग पढ़ा ?
2. मेरा बेटा \(\frac { 5 }{ 2 }\) कप दूध सुबह और \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\) कप दूध शाम को पीता है। वह एक दिन में कितना दूध पीता है ?
3. सुनीता घर से स्कूल जाने में \(\frac { 7 }{ 2 }\) घण्टे तथा लौटने में
   \(\frac { 5 }{ 2 }\) घण्टे लगाती है। वह स्कूल आने-जाने में कितने घण्टे लेती है ?
4. एक वृत्त को 6 भागों में बाँटा गया है। मीनाक्षी ने 2 भाग में लाल रंग तथा 3 भाग में हरा रंग भरा। उसने वृत्त के कितने भाग को रँगा तथा कितना भाग शेष रहा ?
5. एक कपड़े के थान की लम्बाई \(\frac { 13 }{ 2 }\) मीटर है। इसमें से \(\frac { 5 }{ 2 }\) मीटर कपड़ा निकाल लिया। कितना कपड़ा शेष रहा ?
6. विकास अपनी आय का \(\frac { 6 }{ 11 }\) में भाग खाने पर खर्च करता है और \(\frac { 3 }{ 11 }\) भाग बच्चों की पढ़ाई पर खर्च करता है। उसने अपनी आय का कितना भाग खर्च किया ?
7. सूर्यांश ने गणित में \(\frac { 7 }{ 10 }\) अंक प्राप्त किए तथा तान्या ने \(\frac { 8 }{ 10 }\) अंक प्राप्त किए। किसने अधिक अंक प्राप्त किए और कितने ?
8. एक कैन में \(\frac { 11 }{ 3 }\) लीटर तेल आता है तथा दूसरी कैन में \(\frac { 7 }{ 3 }\) लीटर तेल आता है। दोनों कैनों में कुल कितना तेल आता है ?
9. रामू के पास 100 बोरी गेहूँ था। उसने एक में कुल बोरी \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) भाग पहले दिन और \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) भाग दूसरे दिन बेच दिया। अब उसके पास गेहूँ का कितना भाग बचा है ?
10. हल कीजिए \(\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{6}-\frac{1}{3}\)

हल :
1. एक दिन में किताब का पढ़ा गया भाग = \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\)
दूसरे दिन किताब का पढ़ा गया भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\)
दो दिन में किताब का पढ़ा गया भाग = \(\frac{2}{5}+\frac{1}{5}\)
\(=\frac{2+1}{5}=\frac{3}{5}\)

2. बेटे द्वारा सुबह पीया गया दूध = \(\frac { 5 }{ 2 }\) कप
शाम को पीया गया दूध = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\) कप
.:. एक दिन में पिया गया कुल = \(\frac{5}{2}+\frac{3}{2}\)
\(=\frac{5+3}{2}=\frac{8}{2}=4\) कप

3. घर से स्कूल जाने में लगा समय = \(\frac { 7 }{ 2 }\) घण्टे
स्कूल से लौटने में लगा समय = \(\frac { 5 }{ 2 }\) घण्टे
स्कूल आने-जाने में लगा कुल समय = \(\frac { 7 }{ 2 }\) घण्टे + \(\frac { 5 }{ 2 }\) घण्टे
\(=\frac{7+5}{2}=\frac{12}{2}=6\) घण्टे

4. वृत्त का लाल रंग से रँगा भाग = \(\frac { 2 }{ 6 }\)
वृत्त का हरे रंग से रँगा भाग = \(\frac { 3 }{ 6 }\)
वृत्त का कुल रँगा भाग = \(\frac{2}{6}+\frac{3}{6}=\frac{2+3}{6}=\frac{5}{6}\)
वृत्त का शेष बचा भाग

5. कपड़े के थान की लम्बाई = \(\frac { 13 }{ 2 }\) मीटर
थान में से निकाला गया कपडा = \(\frac { 5 }{ 2 }\) मीटर
शेष बचा कपड़ा

6. विकास द्वारा खाने पर किया गया खर्च = \(\frac { 6 }{ 11 }\)
बच्चों की पढ़ाई पर किया गया खर्च = \(\frac { 3 }{ 11 }\)
विकास द्वारा कुल आय का किया गया खर्च

7. सूर्यांश द्वारा प्राप्त अंक = \(\frac { 7 }{ 10 }\)
तान्या द्वारा प्राप्त अंक = \(\frac { 8 }{ 10 }\)
\(\frac{8}{10}>\frac{7}{10}\)
तान्या ने अधिक अंक प्राप्त किए
तान्या द्वारा प्राप्त अधिक अंक

8. पहली कैन में तेल = \(\frac { 11 }{ 3 }\) लीटर
दूसरी कैन में तेल = \(\frac { 7 }{ 3 }\) लीटर
दोनों कैनों में कुल तेल

9. रामू द्वारा पहले दिन बेचा गया गेहूँ = \(\frac{100 \times 1}{4}=\frac{100}{4}\)
दूसरे दिन बेचा गया गेहूँ = \(\frac{100 \times 2}{5}=\frac{200}{5}\)
कुल बेचा गया गेहूँ = \(\frac{100}{4}+\frac{200}{5}\)
= 25 + 40
= 65 बोरी
अब उसके पास गेहूँ का शेष भाग = \(\frac{100}{100}-\frac{65}{100}\)
\(=\frac{100-65}{100}=\frac{35}{100}\)

10.

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 170

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतियों की सहायता से जोड़िए

हल :
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

प्रश्न 2.
\(\frac{1}{12}+\frac{1}{12}\) को जोड़ने पर हम क्या प्राप्त करते हैं ? आप चित्र रूप में इसे कैसे दर्शा सकते हो ? कागज मोड़ने की क्रिया द्वारा कैसे दर्शाया जा सकता है ?
हल :
\(\frac{1}{12}+\frac{1}{12}\) को जोड़ने पर हम प्राप्त करते हैं,

नोट-कागज मोड़ने की प्रक्रिया छात्र स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 3.
प्रश्न 1 और 2 जैसे पाँच और प्रश्न बनाइए। अपने मित्रों के साथ उन्हें हल कीजिए।
पाँच और प्रश्न
चित्र की सहायता से जोडिए

हल :

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 170-171

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
\(\frac { 7 }{ 8 }\) और \(\frac { 3 }{ 8 }\) का अन्तर ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
\(\frac { 7 }{ 8 }\) और \(\frac { 3 }{ 8 }\) का अन्तर

प्रश्न 2.
माँ ने एक गुड़ की पट्टी गोल आकृति में बनायी। उसने उसे 5 बराबर भागों में विभाजित किया। सीमा ने उसमें से एक टुकड़ा खा लिया। यदि मैं एक अन्य टुकड़ा खा लूँ तो कितनी गुड़ की पट्टी शेष रहेगी?
हल :
गुड़ की पट्टी के कुल भाग = 5
सीमा द्वारा खाया भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\)
मेरे द्वारा खाया भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\)
सीमा तथा मेरे द्वारा खाया गया भाग

शेष बचा भाग

प्रश्न 3.
मेरी बड़ी बहन ने एक तरबूज को 16 बराबर भागों में विभाजित किया। मैंने इसके 7 टुकड़े खा लिए। मेरे मित्र ने 4 टुकड़े खाए। हमने मिलकर कुल कितना तरबूज खाया ? मैंने अपने मित्र से कितना अधिक तरबूज खाया ? कितना तरबूज शेष रह गया?
हल :
तरबूज के कुल भाग = 16
मेरे और मित्र द्वारा खाया गया भाग

दोनों ने तरबूज का \(\frac { 11 }{ 16 }\) भाग खाया।
अब, मेरे द्वारा खाया गया अधिक भाग

शेष बचा तरबूज

प्रश्न 4.
इसी प्रकार के पाँच प्रश्न और बनाइए और अपने मित्रों के साथ इन्हें कीजिए।
1. \(\frac { 5 }{ 11 }\) और \(\frac { 9 }{ 11 }\) का अन्तर ज्ञात कीजिए।
2. \(\frac { 1 }{ 21 }\) और \(\frac { 4 }{ 21 }\) को जोड़ने पर हमें क्या प्राप्त होगा?
3. एक किसान ने अपनी जमीन के 5 बराबर भाग किए। उसमें से दो भाग बड़े लड़के को दिये और एक भाग अपनी पत्नी को दे दिया। अब उसके पास कितनी जमीन शेष रही?
4. रानी ने रंगोली सजाने के लिए एक वृत्त के 16 भाग किए। उसने वृत्त के 9 भाग में हरा रंग भरा तथा 3 भाग में लाल रंग भरा। उसने वृत्त का कुल कितना भाग रँगा? उसने कितना अधिक भाग हरे रंग से रँगा है ? शेष कितना भाग बिना रंगा हुआ है ?
5. आयुषी ने एक रस्सी के 7 भाग किए। उसने एक भाग तान्या को दिया और एक भाग अपनी एक सहेली को दिया। अब उसके पास कितनी रस्सी शेष है ?
हल :
1. \(\frac { 5 }{ 11 }\) और \(\frac { 9 }{ 11 }\) का अन्तर

2.

3. जमीन के कुल भाग = 5
बड़े लड़के का भाग = \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\)
पत्नी का भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\)
लड़के और पत्नी का भाग

किसान के पास बची शेष जमीन

4. वृत्त के कुल भाग = 16
वृत्त का हरे रंग से भरा भाग = \(\frac { 9 }{ 16 }\)
लाल रंग से भरा भाग = \(\frac { 3 }{ 16 }\)
वृत्त का कुल रन हुआ भाग

हरे रंग से रंगा गया अधिक भाग

वृत्त का बिना रंगा हुआ भाग

5. रस्सी के कुल भाग = 7
रस्सी का तान्या को दिया भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 7 }\)
रस्सी का सहेली को दिया भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 7 }\)
दोनों को दिया गया रस्सी का कुल भाग = \(\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{7}\)
\(=\frac{1+1}{7}=\frac{2}{7}\)

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 26 Minerals, Sources of Power and Industries in India

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Text Book Exercise

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Answer the following questions 

Question 1.
Question (a).
Name the minerals found in India?
Answer:
The following minerals are found in India: Iron, maganese, copper, lead, mica, zinc, gold and bauxite etc.

Question (b).
In which states of India coal is found?
Answer:
Coal is found in India in West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.

Question (c).
What are the agricultural based industries in India? Describe cotton industry?
Answer:
The agricultural based industries in India are cotton industry, sugar, jute, oil mills, factories of vegetable oil, etc.

Cotton industry:
Fibres of cotton, jute, spinning, wool and silk are used to make clothes. Separating seeds from cotton, carding, spinning, weaving and dyeing are done in cotton industry. This industry provides employment to many people. Cotton industry has developed mainly in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. Mumbai and Ahmedabad also are the main centres of this industry.

Question (d).
Why did sugar industry peed more capital previously?
Answer:
The development of sugar mainly depends on the availability, of sugarcane. Previously machines used in sugar factories were imported from other countries, which required more capital. Now the machines are produced in India. As a result sugar factories are rapidly developing in our country. Most of the the sugar factories in India are in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra.

Question (e).
Write the names of five centres of iron and steel industry and say in which states they are situated?
Answer:
The five centres of iron and steel industry are Durgapur in West Bengal, Tata Nagar in Jharkhand, Rourkela in Orissa, Bhilai in Chattisgarh, Bhadrawati in Mysore.

Question (f).
In which states of India are cement industries situated?
Answer:
The cement producing states of India are Tamil Nadu, Chhatisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Andhar Pradesh and Rajasthan.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Bhilai has ……………… industry. (iron and steel/sugar/paper)
2. Bauxite is extracted in ……………… . (Gujarat/Delhi/Haryana)
3. Mumbai is the biggest ……………… in Inda. (railway/mineral oil area)
4. In Madhya Pradesh, copper is extracted in ……………… district. (Ujjain/Shahdol/Balaghat)

Answer:

1. iron and steel
2. Gujarat
3. mineral oil area
4. Balaghat

Question 3.
Match the following as per the uses of the minerals:

Answer:

Question 4.
Fill in the following table:

Answer:

Question 5.
Choose the correct alternative:

Question (a)
The coal producing area in India is –
(1) Uttar pradesh
(2)West Bengal
(3) Delhi
(4) Jammu – Kashmir
Answer:
(2) West Bengal

Question (b)
90% of this mineral is found in India –
(1) Mica
(2) Iron
(3) Copper
(4) Coal.
Answer:
(1) Mica

Question (c)
Durgapur steel factory is situated in –
(1) Orissa
(2) Jharkhand
(3) West Bengal
(4) Madhya Pradesh
Answer:
(3) West Bengal

Question (d)
An Atomic powder plant is situated in –
(1) Rajasthan
(2) Madhya Pradesh
(3) Jammu – Kashmir
(4) Nagaland
Answer:
(1) Rajasthan

Question 6.
Show in the map the areas of minerals, sources of power and industries.
Answer:
Do yourself.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Sanskrit Solutions Surbhi Chapter 1 स्वराभ्यासः (संस्कृत शब्द परिचयः)

MP Board Class 6th Sanskrit Chapter 1 अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
चित्राणि दृष्ट्वा नामानि लिखत (चित्र देखकर नाम लिखो)

उत्तर:
(क) कमलम् (कमल का फूल)
(ख) खड्गः (तलवार)
(ग) घटः (घड़ा)
(घ) छत्रम् (छाता)
(ङ) ऊष्ट्रः (ऊँट)
(च) एणः (बारहसिंगा)
(छ) धनुषम् (धनुष)
(ज) आम्रम् (आम का फल)
(झ) ढौलः (ढोलक)।

प्रश्न 2.
कोष्ठात् उचितंशब्दं चित्वा चित्रानुसारं लिखत- (कोष्ठक से उचित शब्द चुनकर चित्र के अनुसार लिखो)
(गणेशः, ओष्ठौ, मयूरः, फणी, ऋषिः, बकः, झरः, रथः)

उत्तर:
(क) ऋषिः (ऋषि)
(ख) गणेशः (गणेश)
(ग) औष्ठौ (ऊपर और नीचे के दोनों ओंठ)
(घ) झरः (झरना)
(ङ) मयूरः (मोर)
(च) बकः (बगुला)
(घ) फणी (साँप या सर्प)
(ज) रथः (रथ)।

प्रश्न 3.
अधोलिखितानां शब्दानां वर्णान् पृथक्-पृथक लिखत (नीचे लिखे हुए शब्दों के वर्गों को अलग-अलग लिखो)
(क) चटका
(ख) नरेशः
(ग) पत्रम्
(घ) दर्पणः
(ङ) घटः।
उत्तर:
(क) चटका = च् + अ + ट् + अ + क् + आ।
(ख) नरेशः = न् + अ + र् + ए + श् + अ + :।
(ग) पत्रम् = प् + अ + त्र् + अ + म्।
(घ) दर्पणः = द + अ + र् + प् + अ + ण् + अ + :।
(ङ) घटः = घ् + अ + ट् + अ + :।

प्रश्न 4.
रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत (खाली स्थान भरो)
(क) ज …………… यानम्,
(ख) शश………….
(ग) ग …………… शः
(घ) ………….. क्रम्
(ङ) इ …………….. का।
उत्तर:
(क) जलयानम्
(ख) शशकः
(ग) गणेश:
(घ) चक्रम्
(ङ) इष्टिका।

प्रश्न 5.
वर्णमालानुसार क्रमेण स्थापयत (वर्णमाला के अनुसार क्रम से रखिए)
ऊर्णाः, बकः, औषधम्, हलम्, सरः, मयूरः, रथः, आम्रम्, घटः, कमलम्।
उत्तर:
आम्रम्, ऊर्णा, औषधम्, कमलम्, घटः, बकः, मयूरः, रथः, सरः, हलम्।

योग्यताविस्तारः
प्रश्न 1.
पशूनां,शाकानां, फलानां च पञ्च-पञ्च नामानि लिखत। (पशुओं, शाक (सब्जी) और फलों के पाँच-पाँच नाम लिखो)।
उत्तर:

1. पशुनाम् नामानि :
   अश्वः, ऊष्ट्रः, एणः, भल्लूकः, शशकः (घोड़ा, ऊँट, बारहसिंगा, भालू, खरगोश)।
2. शाकानाम् नामानि :
   लशुनम्, आलु, पलाण्डुम्, कूष्माण्डं, शिम्बां (लहसुन, आलू, प्याज, कुम्हड़ा, सेम)।
3. फलानाम् नामानि :
   आम्रम्, नारिकेलम्, जम्बीरम्, जम्बूफलम्, नारङ्गफलम् (आम, नारियल, नीबू, जामुन, नारंगी)।

स्वराभ्यासः शब्दार्थाः

स्वराः
अश्वः = घोड़ा। आम्रम् = आम्र। इष्टिका = ईंट। ईशः = ईश्वर। ऊष्ट्रः = ऊँट। ऊर्णा = ऊन। ऋषिः = ऋषि। एण: = बारहसिंगा। ऐन्द्रजालिकः = जादूगर। ओष्ठौ = ऊपर और नीचे के दोनों ओंठ। औषधम् = दवाई।

व्यञ्जनानि :
कमलम् = कमल। खड्गः = तलवार। गणेशः = गणेश। घटः = घड़ा। गङ्गा = गंगा नदी। चक्रम् = पहिया। छत्रम् = छाता। जलयानम् = पानी का जहाज। झरः = झरना। चञ्चु : = चोंच। टङ्कणयंत्रम् = टाइप करने की मशीन। ठठकः = ठठेरा। डमरूः = डमरू। ढौलः = ढोलक। बाणः = तीर। तरुः = पेड़, वृक्ष। थः = मरुद्यान। दर्पणः = शीशा। धनुः = धनुष। नरेशः = राजा। पर्णम् = पत्ता। फणी = साँप, सर्प। बकः = बगुला। भल्लूकः = भालू। मयूरः = मोर। यज्ञः = हवन। रथः = रथ। लड्डुः = लड्डू। वटः = बरगद। शशकः = खरगोश। षट्पदः = भौंरा। सरः = तालाब। हलम् = हल।

संयुक्त व्यञ्जनानि :
क्षत्रियः = क्षत्रिय। त्रसम् = बगीचा, या वृक्षों का झुरमुट। ज्ञानी = ज्ञानी (जानकार)।

MP Board Class 6th Sanskrit Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 Major Cultural Trends

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Where has the chariot driven bronze statue been found from?
(a) Diamabad
(b) Mohen-jo-daro
(c) Kalibanga
(d) Punjab.
Answer:
(b) Mohen-jo-daro

Question 2.
When did the first urbanization take place?
(a) New stone age
(b) Indus Civilization
(c) Mauryan period
(d) Gupta period.
Answer:
(a) New stone age

Question 3.
Who did talk about scientific basis of teaching?
(a) Vatsayan
(b) Asoka
(c) Samudra Gupta
(d) Kumar Gupta.
Answer:
(b) Asoka

Question 4.
Which dynasty did start coins with the Vina emblem?
(a) Maurya dynasty
(b) Gupta dynasty
(c) Vardhan dynasty
(d) Rajput dynasty.
Answer:
(b) Gupta dynasty

Question 5.
Who was the originator of Qauwali?
(a) Akbar
(b) Shahjahan
(c) Tansen
(d) Amir Khusro
Answer:
(d) Amir Khusro

Match the following:

Answer:
1. (d) Jainendra Vyakaran
2. (a) Temple of Khajuraho
3. (b) Mt. Abu
4. (c) Mohan-jo-daro and Harappa
5. (f) Mattavilasa Prahasana
6. (e) Gupta period

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The longest inscription of Indus civilization has how many alphabets there?
Answer:
The longest inscription of Indus civilization has 17 alphabets.

Question 2.
DeepavanSa, Mahavansa and Divyadan are related to which literature?
Answer:
Deepavansa, Mahavansa and Divyadan are related to Buddhist literature.

Question 3.
Kalpa Sutra and Parishishta Pawan are literary creations of which religion?
Answer:
Kalpa Sutra and Parishishta Pawan are literary creations of Jain religion.

Question 4.
Tulsidas, Surdas, Meerabai, Raskhan were follower of which Bhakti worship?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 5.
In which period were the Ellora temples constructed?
Answer:
The Ellora temples, were constructed during Gupta period.

Question 6.
Who built the Taj Mahal?
Answer:
Mughal emperor Shahjahan built the Taj Mahal.

Question 7.
Who was Tansen?
Answer:
Tansen was an accomplished singer at Akbar’s court.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the feature of the Gupta period paintings?
Answer:
The features of Gupta period paintings are following:

• Paintings was based on scientific lines.
• The finest examples of paintings are in the Ajanta caves. These paintings are mostly based on religious themes.
• They have depicted Buddha and Bodhisatva.
• Descriptive scenes from Jataka stories can also be seen.
• These paintings are original, lively and impressive.
• During Gupta period beautiful colors in the pictures have been used.

Question 2.
Write the Characteristics of architecture during the Indus civilization.
Answer:
The excavations at Indus valley provide information about the contemporary architecture. People of this period were experts, in the field of architecture. Big granaries, well – planned houses and cities, big palaces, ports, great bath throw suffice . light on the architecture.

Covered drains, doors and windows of buildings, direction away from the main road, kitchen inside the buildings, bathroom, adequate provision of ventilators, construction of ordinary and state buildings etc. are unique examples of architecture of Indus Civilization.

Question 3.
Write a note on Asoka pillars.
Answer:
The best specimen of Mauryan architecture are the pillars of Asoka, which were constructed by him for propagation of Dharma. These pillars are nearly 20 is number and located in various parts of India, Sarnath, Prayag, Kausmbhi in Uttar Pradesh. Pillars have been found in Lumbini and Nigilva in the plains of Nepal. Besides these at Sanchi, Lorya, Nandgarh and at various other places too, Asoka pillars have been found in Sanchi. The capital on the pillars was extremely creative.

Question 4.
Mention the features of temples of Gupta period.
Answer:
The special achievement of the period was in the field of temple construction. Temples were constructed with stones and bricks. The temples constructed during the Gupta period had flat roof. First Shikhar was constructed at Dasavatara in Devgarh temples (Jhansi U.P.).

After the construction of this temple, construction of Shikhars in the temples started. Many of these temples still exist such as Buddhist shrine in Sanchi, in Vidisha district of M.P., Bheetaragaon in Uttar Pradesh and temple at Deogarh are a few examples.

Question 5.
Write the differences between Nagara and Dravidian styles.
Answer:
The temples constructed during the early medieval period are classified into turn styles:

1. Nagara style
2. Dravidian style.

Differences between these two styles
1. Nagara style:

• Nagar style temples were mainly constructed in north India.
• In Nagar style the Shikhar is nearly spiral.
• On the top is found around dome and kalash.

2. Dravidian style:

• Dravidian style temples were constructed is south India.
• In Dravidian style teiriples
• the likars re rectangular constructed by placing rectangular blocks one over the other.

Question 6.
Write the differences between Mathura and Gandhara art.
Answer:
Mathura art:

• Remains of Buddhist, Jain and Brahmanicai ali three religions have been found at Mathura.
• The statues of Lord Buddha and Bodhisattva have been found in Mathura art.
• The statues of Buddha are covered with drapery.
• Statues have been constructed using the sand stone.

Gandhara art:

• The subjects of Gandhara art were Indian while the . technique was Greek.
• Statues were mostly built of slate.
• Creased clothes have been shown on the statues.
• Mahatma Buddha is also shown to be seated on a throne.

Question 7.
State the features of medieval period paintings.
Answer:
Medieval period paintings declined during the Sultanat period. Painting was looked down upon by the Sultans. Still painting remained alive in Gujarat, Rajasthan and regions of Malwa. Scenes related to religious and day-to-day life were presented. The books written on birch barke in Gujarat by Jain monks have a very high quality of small illustrations.

Mughal style painting is the Hamzanana which is also popular as Dastan-e-Amir Hamza. The specialy of these paintings are foreign plants, trees and their leaves and flowers. Fresco painting was started for the first time during Akbar period. During Jehangir’s period portrait painting, natural scenes and paintings related to person’s life started.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which are the main cultural trend of India? Write a comparative description of any one with reference to ancient and medieval period. Describe
Answer:
The contemporary social, cultural and political life can be understood through literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance and music and other performing arts. By cultural trend we mean the form of Indian culture which includes literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance, music and other performing arts. (In this chapter we will study these in a sequential manner.) Comparative description of painting with reference to ancient and medieval period:

Painting:
The growth of painting depicts on the expression of man’s thoughts through paintings. The rich tradition of Indian painting reflects the sensitivity of Indian art towards colors. During different periods paintings have been made by the painters of contemporary society. In India paintings of prehistoric times, can be seen on various rocks and stones.
In Bhimbetka caves near Rock Art of Bhimbetka Bhopal we can see a fine examples of this art.

People of Indus valley civilization had knowledge of painting. We have enough evidence of this. Many paintings can be seen in the utensils and seals found here. Painting was also done on the walls of the buildings. In paintings natural scenes and animals both can be seen. Co-lours were also used in the paintings. On the basis of literature it can be said that these people expressed their feelings on walls, utensils and also through embroidery on the clothes.

Mayryan period painting grew as folk – art. Paintings were depicted on Mauryan buildings and pillars. Some of the paintings in Ajanta caves belong to the 1st century E.C. The painting of Chhadat Jatak in cave No. 10 is worth mentioning. Painting was based on scientific lines during the Gupta period. The finest examples of paintings are in the Ajanta caves. These . have been included in the world heritage sites.

These paintings are mostly based on religious themes. They have depicted Buddha and Bodhisattva. Descriptive scenes from Jataka stories can also be seen. These paintings are original, lively and impressive. The paintings of this period can be seen in the caves of Bagh (in M.P. Dhar district). The themes of the pictures in these caves are worldly. During this period beautiful colors in the pictures have been used.

During Harsha’s period paintings were made on the clothes. Reference of skilled painters during marriage celebrations have been found. These painters have painted various scenes. Women on this” occasion painted on utensils of clay. During Rajput period the art of painting had fully developed During this period many regional styles of painting had developed. Such as Gujarat style, Rajputana style etc.

Gujarat style has scenes depending Jain life style and religion. In Rajputana style, romantic scenes of Radha Krishna have been depicted. Frescoes were made to decorate temples and palaces. The art of Miniature painting also developed during this period. These paintings were made to decorate the books.

Question 2.
How did literature grow from ancient to the medieval period?
Answer:
The Indian literature is as prosperous as glorious in Indian history. It has a vast store of Sanskrit literature. Indus civilization has the knowledge of script. Vedic period literature is very prosperous from the creativity point of view. The literature of this period was a very lively description of ancient life and values. Jain literature has three branches religious books, philosophical and secular writings.

These chiefly have prose, legends, grammar and dramas. Buddhism has greatly enriched the Pali and Sanskrit languages. There are enough evidences of Mauryan period literature. Though the inscriptions of Asoka it seems that two types of scripts were used – Brahmi and Kharosthi. During the Sunga Satvahana period there were scholars like Patanjali who wrote Mahabhasya on Panini’s Ashtadhyas and presented the rules of Sanskrit in revised form.

Gutpa period was the Golden age of literature. This period gave Sanskrit the status of the language. There were literary creations in many fields of Science and knowledge. Nalanda university was established during this period. Kashi, Mathura, Ayodhya and Patliputra were chief centers of education. Harsavardhan respected the scholars. Banabhatta was a great writer of this period ,who wrote two books – Harsha Charita and Kadambari.

Harshavardhan himself wrote three Sanskrit plays Naga Nanda, Ratnavali and Priyadarsika. The creation of literary and extremely flowery work was towards rise during the Rajput period. Literature was predominantly romantic. Rajput rulers were scholars of highest order. King Munja, Bhoja, Amoghvarsha were prominent among them. During this period books were written on medicine, astrology, grammar, sculpture and various other subjects.

Along with North India there was literary creations worth- mentioning in South India as well. Pulkesin’s vassal wrote a book called Shabdavatar. Scholar Udaidev wrote a book called Jainendra Vyakaran. South India had special contribution to Sanskrit literature during the Pallava rule. Mehandra Verman – I wrote a book “Matvilas Prahsan”. There was growth of Tamil language during the Pallavas and Cholas.

The famous writer of the Tamil period was Jaigondar who wrote Kaligtuprani. Kamban wrote Ramayana in Tamil. Karichi was the chief center of learning where people from far off came for education. The growth of literature continued in the medieval period. The creation of religious and secular literature started during the period. Doha’s and puzzles became popular. Compositions of  Namdev, Ramanand, Guru Nanak, Kabir, etc.

have a place of special importance in Hindi. Literary writings were done is Persian and Turkish language during the period. Urdu literature developed the most during the Mughal period.

Question 3.
Write the features of painting from the ancient to the medieval period.
Answer:
The contemporary social, cultural and political life can be understood through literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance and music and other performing arts. By cultural trend we mean the form of Indian culture which includes literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance, music and other performing arts. (In this chapter we will study these in a sequential manner.) Comparative description of painting with reference to ancient and medieval period:

Painting:
The growth of painting depicts on the expression of man’s thoughts through paintings. The rich tradition of Indian painting reflects the sensitivity of Indian art towards colors. During different periods paintings have been made by the painters of contemporary society. In India paintings of prehistoric times, can be seen on various rocks and stones. In Bhimbetka caves near Rock Art of Bhimbetka Bhopal we can see a fine examples of this art.

People of Indus valley civilization had knowledge of painting. We have enough evidence of this. Many paintings can be seen in the utensils and seals found here. Painting was also done on the walls of the buildings. In paintings natural scenes and animals both can be seen. Co-lours were also used in the paintings. On the basis of literature it can be said that these people expressed their feelings on walls, utensils and also through embroidery on the clothes.

Mayryan period painting grew as folk – art. Paintings were depicted on Mauryan buildings and pillars. Some of the paintings in Ajanta caves belong to the 1st century E.C. The painting of Chhadat Jatak in cave No. 10 is worth mentioning. Painting was based on scientific lines during the Gupta period. The finest examples of paintings are in the Ajanta caves. These . have been included in the world heritage sites.

These paintings are mostly based on religious themes. They have depicted Buddha and Bodhisattva. Descriptive scenes from Jataka stories can also be seen. These paintings are original, lively and impressive. The paintings of this period can be seen in the caves of Bagh (in M.P. Dhar district). The themes of the pictures in these caves are worldly. During this period beautiful colors in the pictures have been used.

During Harsha’s period paintings were made on the clothes. Reference of skilled painters during marriage celebrations have been found. These painters have painted various scenes. Women on this” occasion painted on utensils of clay. During Rajput period the art of painting had fully developed During this period many regional styles of painting had developed. Such as Gujarat style, Rajputana style etc.

Gujarat style has scenes depending Jain life style and religion. In Rajputana style, romantic scenes of Rad-ha Krishna have been depicted. Frescoes were made to decorate temples and palaces. The art of Miniature painting also developed during this period. These paintings were made to decorate the books.

Question 4.
Describe the Mughal period architecture.
Answer:
The influence of Islamic architecture can be dearly seen on the medieval architecture. The buildings constructed during the reign of various Sultans and Mughals. There was intermingling of Indian architecture with Persian, Turkish and Indian styles and architecture prevalent in other Islamic countries. Primarily Mosques, Mausoleums, Palaces, Massive gates (Torans), domes, Mehrabs and minar were constructed in Islamic architecture.

The Qutub-ul-islam mosque ih Mehrauli (Delhi) was constructed in 1139 A.D. and is recognized as the first mosque in India. The Qutub minar was constructed during the Sultanat period. It is 238 ft. tall and narrow towards the top. At various heights there are open balconies, which makes it distinct. The mosques of the period bad minarets four sides.

There are enough evidences of Mughal period architecture. In the history of architecture a new era started during the period. Scholars have called the new architectural style as Mughal architect. Mughal style developed as a result of fusion between foreign and Indian styles. Hence Mughal period architecture a mixed influence of Jain, Buddhist, Rajput, Persian, Baghdad style can be seen.

The engraving of diamonds in white marble, pietra dura and running water in the palaces are some of the salient features of Mughal architecture. The chief architectural places were Mosque of Qutub Minar Kabuli Bagh, Mosque of Panipat, Babri Mosque at Ayodhya, mosque at Agra fort. Not much progress in the field of achitecture was made during Humayun’s reign. During his reign two mosques were constructed at Ferozabad in Hissar. Shershah showed great interest towards architecture.

The most important architectural structure of Shershah’s period is a mosque constructed on a raised platform in the midst of a lake at Sasaram in Bihar. Beautiful amalgamation of Indian and Islamic architecture can be seen here. During Akbar’s period there was an intermingling of Persian style with Hindu and Buddhist architectural styles. Buildings of Akbar’s period were constructed by red sandstone.

Akbar got Fatehpur Sikri built. The chief features are intermingling of Chapakar and Dharnik styles. Fatehpur Sikri’s Diwan – i – Aam, Diwan – i – Khas, Agra Fort, Palace of Jodhabai, Panch Mahal, Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza are specimens of Akbar period architecture. Jehangir got Akbars and Itmad – ud – daulas mausoleum built. Raja Manning’s palace at Gwalior and Jaisinghs palace at Jaipur are unparalleled examples of architecture.

Shahjahan’s period is known as the golden age of Mughal architecture. The chief features of architecture of the period were carved Mehrabs, and Minars. The famous buildings of Shahjahan’s period are Red Fort, at Delhi, Diwan-i-Khas, Jama Masjid and Taj Mahal at Agra. The biggest accomplishment of the period is the Taj Mahal when architecture reached its pinnacle of progress. Taj Mahal is 313 ft.

high square mausoleum made of white marble which has been built on 22 ft. high platform. The four corners 146 of the Mausoleum have a minar. It is two – stored on the top of a dome. In Gurudwaras Harminder at Amritsar is a unique creation of the contemporary period. It was constructed between 588 to 1601 A.D. After Shahjahan Mughal period architecture started declining.

Question 5.
How did sculpture develop in the medieval period?
Answer:
There was a splendid development in the field of sculpture in south India during the medieval period. Statues ‘and sculptures were used to decorate the interiors and outside of the temples. Islam did not believe in idol worship. This affected medieval sculpture. The art of sculpture began during the Akbar’s period. Sculpture was also encouraged during Jahangir’s region.

In Agra Fort, Amar Singh’s and Kama Singh’s statues were put up beneath ‘ the window. Tire palace of Fatehpur Sikri’s Elephant gate entrance is decorated with two massive elephants. The art declined during Aurangzeb’s reign. On the whole sculpture did not receive encouragement during the medieval period which affected it.

Question 6.
Give an analytical description of growth of music and j dance during the medieval period.
Answer:
The tradition of dance and music of ancient period was carried forward in the medieval period. Some of the books were compiled on dance and music. Of these Bhoja, Someshwar and Sarangdev’s Sangeet Ratnakar are very famous books. In the later period many more books on music were written. Jaydev’s Gita Govind in the 13th century can be called an important step in this direction.

Bhakti or devotional music received more importance in the medieval period. People sang with devotion the Bhajans (devotional songs) of Meei ibai, Tulsidas, Kabirdas and Surdas. Hindustani music was introduced to new instruments and Ragas in the Sultanat period. Though Quran prohibits music but it was encouraged from time – to – time by Sultans vassal and Khalifas.

The famous musician of the period was Amir Khusro who has described his music in the book Noor Siphr. The book describes that Indian music touches the heart and the soul. It not only affects human beings but also hypnotizes animals. Deers stand still while listening to the music and are easily hunted. Amir Khusro invented new ragas through the fusion of Indian and Persian music. The originator of Quwali was Amir Khusro.

Due to new trends in music like Khayal and Tarana there were changes in the form of music in the contemporary period. Music was the chief means of recreation. The art of dance and music flourished during the Mughal period. Babur himself was fond of music. In Tuzukh – i – Babri description of music meeting is found. Humayun and Sher Shah Suri were also fond of music. Mughal Emperor Akbar patronized musicians.

He himself played exquisitely on the Indian instrument Naggarah. He was interested in science of music. Of the nine gems at Akbar’s court the most renowned was Miya Tansen who was. an accomplished singer as Abul Fazl writes about Miyan Tansen that ” a singer like him has not been in India for the last thousand years.” Tansen received his education in Gwalior. Baba Haridas of Vrindavan was his Guru.

Besides Tansen 36 other singers received patronage at Akbar’s court. Of these Bazbahadur, Baizbaksh, Gopal, Haridas, Ramdas, Sujan Khan, Mianlal, Baiju Bawara were prominent. In course of time Dhrupad singing was replaced by Khayal singing. During Mughal period in Jehangir’s reign Khurramdad, Makhu ‘Chatur Khan, Hamja etc. were prominent musicians.

Similarly during Shahjahan’s reign Ramdas, Jagannath, Sukhsen and Lai Khan were prominent musicians. After the death of Shahjahan the art of music declined as Aurangzeb was against music. The classical styles of Indian dance can be seen in the medieval period as well of these Bharatnatyam, Kuchipuddi, Kathakali classical styles Were prevalent in south Indian regions.

Bharatnatyam and Kuchipuddi dances were based on Krishnalilas. This was confined to the Bahaman families of south Indian. Whereas Kathak was initially confined to Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan Punjab and Madhya Pradesh. Dances were based on Krishna Lilas and Puranic stories – in these dances and music was a part of courts.

Question 7.
How did fine arts develop from ancient to medieval period?
Answer:
Fine arts were in practice during the Indus civilization. The ‘Agnivedica’ built on a raised platform found at Rakhigahri, Decorated bricks were found on the floor of Kalibanga made of baked brick, statues, decorated ornaments, glossy paint on the utensils and circle on them. Geometrical lines and depiction of birds and animals, sacred symbols of well being like Swastik, Chakra, sun etc.

throw light on tire practice of performing arts of the contemporary society. Besides a place like theatre has also been mentioned in the contemporary time which was probably used for drama, dance and music. Mention of Fine Art has been mentioned in the Vedic period. During this period folk culture developed along with religion. During this period also sacred symbols, decoration of building art of magic and references of Yagyavedika has been found.

Folk art was prevalent during the Maurya period. There were many people who performed shows for entertaining people. References of dancers, people imitating voices to entertain, dancing on the ropes, people working in dramatize for livelihood have been mentioned. Fine arts were also prevalent in the Gupta period. Beautiful depiction on Gupta period coins is the best example.

Many dramas were written in the contemporary period in Sanskrit literature. Interesting themes have been brought alive throw these dramas, romantic .songs along with these, wood sculpture, stone sculpture, metals sculpture, Talisman, ivory ornaments are examples of contemporary art.

The ornamentation in caves, temples, paintings on the walls, dancing girls,’Sentries with spears, statues with Elaborate hairstyles. Yaksha, birds, animals depiction of fountains etc. are unique example of the same. Theatre was also developed in the contemporary period. Terms like ‘Prekshagraha’ and Rangshala’ have been used for dramatic schools.

Harsh Period:
The growth of fine arts continued in the Harsh period as well. These arts were prevalent in the early medieval period also. References of Nata, Magicians, Craftsmen who worked with ivories are found in context with beautiful art work. In the same way beautiful decoration are found on Rajput coins. Statues made on the walls of temples, Raga-Ragini, pictures of actor-actresses, plants, flowers and animals.

Besides, historical and Puranic dance drama also had an ; important place in the early medieval contemporary art. The creative expression continued during the medieval period. RasLilas were staged in Vrindavan and Mathura. During this period, besides epics, dramas were also based on historical characters. Vijayanagar’s ruler Harihar IPs son Veerupaksha wrote a play narayana Vilas and Unmata Raghav.

Goswami composed Vidaghmodhav, Lalit Madhav and Dankeli Chandrika. In the same j sequence Ramchandra wrote a drama Jagannath Vallabh. In staging dramas social and religious dramas were given preference. Calligraphy also developed during the contemporary period. Besides decorated utensils, decorated walls carvings on minars and mausoleums, clothes of Jari, Kashidakari, art of Pactukari, carved fountains, carpets etc. throw light on the art of the period.

Question 8.
Collect the pictures of Nagar style and Dravid style temples and write the differences. Collect the picture of Buddhist statues and Dravid style temples and write the differences. Teacher can divisive the class into groups and divide the work among them for collecting information on Literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance music other performing arts from ancient to Mughal period. Arrange this information in a chronological order and prepare a scrap book on any one which can depict any one cultural trend in a sequential manner.
Answer:
Try yourself

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Jain literature has –
(a) Two branches
(b) Three branches
(c) Four branches
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Three branches

Question 2.
Buddhism has greatly enriched –
(a) The Pali language
(b) The Hindi language
(c) The Punjabi language
(d) The English language.
Answer:
(a) The Pali language

Question 3.
Which language developed the most during the Mughal period?
(a) Persian
(b) Urdu
(c) Hindi
(d) Punjabi.
Answer:
(b) Urdu

Question 4.
Who has written Padmavat?
(a) Malik Mohammad Jayasi
(b) Tulsidas
(c) Abul Fazl
(d) Gulbadan.
Answer:
(a) Malik Mohammad Jayasi

Question 5.
Whose period is known as the golden period of’Mughal paintings?
(a) Shahjahan’s
(b) Jehangir’s
(c) Babur’s
(d) Akbar’s
Answer:
(b) Jehangir’s

Match the following:

Answer:
1. (c) Raghuvansh
2. (d) Ain-e-Akbari
3. (b) Mudra Rakshas
4. (e) Tamilnadu
5. (a) Panchatantra

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by cultural trend?
Answer:
By cultural trend we mean the form of Indian cultural which includes literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance, music and other performing arts.

Question 2.
What does Vedic literature include?
Answer:
Vedic literature includes Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyaka, Upanishads, Vedants, epics, Smirtis, Purans.

Question 3.
Name the oldest Vedic literature.
Answer:
Rigveda.

Question 4.
Who did write the Arthashastra?
Answer:
Kautilya wrote the Arthashastra.

Question 5.
In which period was Smriti literature composed?
Answer:
Smriti literature was composed during Gupta period.

Question 6.
Name the best specimen of Mauryan architecture.
Answer:
The pillars of Asoka.

Question 7.
Where is the Kalika Devi Temple situated?
Answer:
The Kalika Devi Temple is situated at Chittorgarh.

Question 8.
What is sculpture?
Answer:
Sculpture is an art of making statue.

Question 9.
Turkish Sultans were interested in which literature?
Answer:
Turkish sultans were interested in Persian literature.

Question 10.
Which Mughal emperor did establish a painting school (Chitrashala)?
Answer:
Mughal emperor Jahangir established a painting school (Chitrashala).

Question 11.
What was Aurangzeb’s opinion about painting?
Answer:
Aurangzeb considered painting to be against Islam and banned them.

Question 12.
Where is Raja Mansingh’s palace situated?
Answer:
Raja Mansingh’s palace is situated at Gwalior.

Questionb 13.
Name the mosque which is recognized as the first mosque in India.
Answer:
The Qutab-ul-Islam mosque.

Question 14.
Whose period is known as the golden age of Mughal architecture?
Answer:
Shahjahan’s period is known as the golden age of Mughal architecture.

Question 15.
Name the two dances which are based on Krishnalilas?
Answer:
Bharatnatyam and Kuchipuddi dances.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write about Jain literature.
Answer:
Jain literature has three branches – Religious books, philosophical and secular writings. These chiefly have prose, legends, grammar and dramas. Out of these most of the compositions are still in the form of manuscripts and are found in the Chaityas of Gujarat and Rajasthan. The compositions are Angas, Pangas, Prakrin, Cheda, Sutra and Malsutra.

Towards the last stages while writing discourses, Sanskrit language instead of Prakrit was used. The work in grammar and poetry writing in Sanskrit contributed a lot to the growth of this language. The prominent books in Jain literature are Kalpasurta of Bhadrabahu, Parishisht Parwan of Hemachandra.

Question 2.
Describe the Mauryan period art of sculpture.
Answer:
During the Mauryan period the art of sculpture grew. The sculpture of Mauryan period bear Persian influence. Some scholars consider it as Indian influence. The Asoka pillars, the animal statues in the capital and beautifully decorated with plants point towards the sculpture of the stone statues have been found from Patalipurta, Mathura, Vidisha and other regions. A distinct glossy polish can be seen on those. The statues of the Yaksha and Yakshinis are the most beautiful and realistic.

Question 3.
Describe the growth of dance and music during the Gupta period.
Answer:
The art dance and music prospered during the Gupta period like earlier period during this period too people were fond of music. Dance and music were practiced in the contemporary period during Vasant Utsav, Kaumidi Utsav, Deepotsav etc. Information of . ‘Ganikas’ in the contemporary period is also found whose job was to dance and sing. Gupta rulers themselves patronized artistes. Samudra Gupta himself was an accomplished Veena player.

In order to keep this memory alive he got coins struck showing him playing flute. In the Bagh caves of Gupta period an important scene of dance and music has been found which is a symbol of splendor of dance and music in the contemporary period.

From Malvikagnimitra we come to know that there were art buildings for the education in music in towns. There were Acharyas (teachers) in the towns for teaching dance. In Malvikagnimitra Ganadas is referred to as music dance Acharyas (teachers). In this way ample evidence of music and dance during the Gupta period are found.

Question 4.
Describe the progress in the field of architecture made during Akbar’s reign.
Answer:
During Akbar’s period there was an intermingling of Persian style with Hindu and Buddhist architectural styles. Buildings of Akbar’s period were constructed by. red sandstone. Akbar got Fatehpur Sikri built. The chief features are intermingling of Chapakar and Dharmik styles. Fatehpur Sikri’s Diwan – i – Aam, Diwan – i – Khas, Agra Fort, Palace of Jodhabai, Panch Mahal, Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaja are specimens of Akbar’s period architecture.

Question 5.
Gupta period was the golden age of literature.
Answer:
Gupta period was the Golden age of literature. Gupta period gave Sanskrit the status of the language. The form in which literature flourished during the period of Gupta rulers is unparalleled. During this period there were literary creations in many fields of science and knowledge. Smriti literature was composed ‘during this period. Yajanvalkya, Narad Smriti, Kavyava Smriti are chief among them. Ramayana and Mahabharat was written in this period.

Buddhist philosopher Asanga composed the Mahayan Sutrankar and Yogacharya Bhoomi Shastra. Vasubandh composed the Abhidarma Kosha. The chief Jain writers were Jenchandra, Siddhasena and Devnandini. From the Gupta period literature we can understand that prevailing education system must have been excellent. Nalanda University was established during this period. Kashi, Mathura, Ayodhya and Pataliputra were chief centers of education.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the growth of painting during the Sultanat and Mughal periods.
Answer:
Painting declined during the Sultanat period. Painting was looked down upon by the Sultans. Still painting remained alive in Gujarat, Rajasthan and regions  of Malwa. Scenes related to religious and day – to – day life were presented. Slowly Malwa and Rajasthan School of art developed. The books written on birch barke in Gujarat by Jain monks have a very high quality of small illustrations.

In Bengal and Bihar too manuscripts written by the Buddhist monks had small images drawn by using lives. The paintings drawn on the temples of southern India have also used lives. Mughal paintings were started during the rule of Tumayun. Akbar gave an organised form to Mughal paintings. He established a separate department for the painters and Muglud period painting famous painters were housed there.

The first Mughal period painting collection in Mughal style painting is the Hamzanama which is also popular as Dastan – e – Amir Hamza the speciality of these paintings foreign plants, trees and their leaves and flowers minutest obtain of decoration architecture images of women. Exceptional Rajasthani paintings with decorative elements. Rajmanama, Ramayana and Akbarnama are illustrated manuscripts of the period.

Fresco painting started for the first time during the Akbar period. Jehangir’s period is known on the golden period of Mughal paintings. Jehangir himself was a painter. Jehangir established a painting school (Chitrashala) under guidance of famous painter Akarizh. During Jehangir’s period Portrait painting, natural scenes and paintings related to persons life started.

Jehangir also gave titles to the forest’painters which includes famous bird specialist painter, Ustad Mansoor and portrait painter Abul Hasan. During Shahjahan’s reign borders and underlines in paintings progressed. Aurangzeb considered painting to be against Islam and banned them. Therefore painting in the courts came to an end and painters settled elsewhere. In this way styles of regional paintings developed.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 The Gupta Period and The Post-Gupta Period

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 19 Text Book Exercise

Answer the following questions

Question 1.
Question (a)
Name the famous rulers of the Gupta Dynasty?
Answer:
The first famous ruler of the Gupta dynasty was Chandragupta – I. He found his kingdom in about 320 A.D.

Question (b)
Which kingdoms were conquered by Samudragupta?
Answer:
Samudragupta was the son of Chandragupta – I. He was a successful ruler and a great military genius. His court poet Harishena wrote a glowing account of the military exploits of his patron. He proceeded on a long campaign which brought him the following victories:

1. Conquests of Delhi and West Uttar Pradesh:
Samudragupta defeated four, kings of Northern India and added the territories of the present Delhi and Western Uttar Pradesh of his kingdom.

2. Conquests of Orissa, Andhra and Tamil Nadu:
He fought against a number of kings in Deccan and South India, such as those in Orissa, Andhra and Tamil Nadu.

3. Assam, the Ganga Delta, Nepal and Northern India:
He received tributes from the kings of Assam, the Ganga delta, Nepal and northern India and from the nine tribal republics of Rajasthan, from the Kushana, the Shakas and the Ceylon kings.

Moreover, he campaigned against kings in eastern India. He also attacked the forest tribes in the Deccan. Above all, Samudra – gupta was never defeated. Thus, by his military exploits, he unified the greater part of India under his banner and his power was felt in a much larger area.

Main source of our knowledge about Samudragupta’s conquests is from an inscription engraved on a pillar at Allahabad, which describes his achievement.

Question (c)
In how many parts was the Gupta empire divided?
Answer:
The Gupta empire was divided into provinces for running the administration smoothly. The provinces were further divided into districts. The lowest unit of the administration was the village. In this way the administration was well planned.

Each province was governed by an Uparika Maharaj. The districts, called the Vishayas, were placed under a Vishaypati. The village head man along with the elders of the village looked after the village administration.

Question (d)
Describe the victories of Harsha vardhana?
Answer:
Harsha vardhana made Kannauj his capital and thus Thanesvara and Kannauj became one. Harsha conquered Punjab, Eastern Rajasthan, Assam and regions in the Gangetic valleys and annexed them to his kingdom. Harsha’s empire extended over Magadha, Eastern Bengal, Orissa, Gujarat, Saurashtra, Sindh and Malwa.

Question (c)
Name the famous writers of the Gupta Period?
Answer:
The famous writers of the Gupta Period were Kalidasa, Acharya Vyasa, Kamandak and Varahmihir.

Question (f)
Name the states conquered by Chandragupta – II?
Answer:
Chandragupta – II conquered Malwa, Soupare, the area beyond the seven rivers of Punjab, the coast of the Arabian Sea, Assam, Bengal, the valleys of the Himalayas and the banks of the river Narmada in the South.

Answer the following questions in detail:

Question 2.
Question (a)
The Gupta Period is known as the ‘golden period’ in Indian History. Explain?
Answer:
The citizen of Gupta period were happy and rich. The emperor was just so the citizens were also honest and followed the law of the state. Trade was highly developed in the Gupta Period. Trade was carried on at the National and International level. Land and water routes were used for trade and commerce. Mathura, Vidisha, Koshambi, Ujjain, Gaya, Madurai, Jamralipta and Banaras were the main centres of trade.

Trade was carried on with Burma, Kampuchia, Suvarabhoomi and other countries in South – East Asia. The society was developed due to the development of trade. Life was peaceful. Therefore, the Gupta period is known as the ‘Golden Period.’

Question (b)
Explain the political and social conditions in 300 A.D. to 800 A.D?
Answer:
Most of the people were vegetarians. The society was divided into castes. The Brahamans, Kshatriyas, Vaishya, Shudra and other castes were well established as social groups. However, intercaste marriages were in practice. Most of the castes lived together but there was a category which was considered untouchable.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The father of Chandragupta-II was …………………….
2.  …………………. was a Chinese traveller.
3.  Meghdoot was written by ………………..
4.  …………………. situated in Mehrauli.

Answer:

1. Samudragupta
2. Hiuen – Tsang
3. Kalidasa
4. Iron pillar

Question 4.
Match the following:

Answer:

Project Work

Question 1.
Prepare a list of writers, mathematicians, astrologists and astronomists and astrologists of the Gupta period?
Answer:
Kalidasa, Acharya Vyasa, Kamandak and Varahmihir.

Question 2.
Prepare a list of the literary works of the Gupta Period?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 3.
Prepare a list of the main kings of the Gupta Period?
Answer:
Chandragupta – I, Samudragupta, Chandragupta – II, Kumargupta and Skandagupta are the main kings of the Gupta Period.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 12 घातांक और घात Ex 12.2

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न संख्याओं को मानक रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए –

1. 0.0000000000085
2. 0.00000000000942
3. 6020000000000000
4. 0.00000000837
5. 31860000000

हल:
1. 0.0000000000085 = \(\frac{85}{ 10000000000000}\)
= \(\frac { 85 }{ 10^{ 13 } } \)
= \(\frac { 8.5×10 }{ 10^{ 13 } } \) = 8.5 x 10 x 10^-13
= 8.5 x 10^-12

2. 0.00000000000942 = \(\frac{942}{ 100000000000000 }\)
= \(\frac { 942 }{ 10^{ 14 } } \)
= \(\frac { 8.42×10 }{ 10^{ 14 } } \)
= 9.42 x 10² x 10^-14
= 9.42 x 10^-12

3. 6020000000000000 = 602 x 10¹³
= 6.02 x 100 x 10¹³
= 602 x 10² x 10¹³
= 6.02 x 10¹⁵

4. 0.00000000837 = \(\frac{837 }{ 100000000000 } = \frac { 837}{ 10^{ 11 } } \)
= \(\frac { 8:37×100 }{ 10^{ 11 } } \)
= 8.37 x 10² x 10^-11
= 8.37 x 10^-9

5. 31860000000 = 3186 x 10⁷
= 3.186 x 10³ x 10⁷
= 3.186 x 10¹⁰

प्रश्न 2.
निम्न संख्याओं को सामान्य रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए –

1. 3.02 x 10^-6
2. 4.5 x 10⁴
3. 3 x 10^-8
4. 1.0001 x 10⁹
5. 5.8 x 10¹²
6. 3.61492 x 10⁶

हल:
1. 3.02 x 10^-6 = \(\frac{302}{100}\) x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10^{ 6 } } \)
= \(\frac { 302 }{ 10^{ 8 } } \)
= \(\frac{302}{100000000}\)

2. 4.5 x 10⁴ = \(\frac{45}{10}\) x 10⁴
= 45 x 10³
= 45000

3. 3 x 10^-8 = \(\frac{3}{100000000}\)
= 0.00000003

4. 1.0001 x 10⁹ = \(\frac{10001}{10000}\) x 10⁹
= 10001 x 10⁹ x 10^-4
= 10001 x 10⁵
= 1000100000

5. 5.8 x 10¹² = \(\frac{58}{10}\) x 10¹²
= 58 x 10¹² x 10^-1
= 58 x 10¹¹
= 5800000000000

6. 3.61492 x 10⁶ = \(\frac{361492}{100000}\)
= 361492 x 10⁶ x 10^-5
= 361492 x 10
= 3614920

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित कथनों में जो संख्या प्रकट हो रही है उन्हें मानक रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए –

1. 1 माइक्रॉन \(\frac{1}{100000}\) m के बराबर होता है।
2. एक इलेक्ट्रॉन का आवेश 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,16 कूलॉम होता है।
3. जीवाणु की माप 0.0000005 m है।
4. पौधों की कोशिकाओं की माप 0.00001275 m
5. मोटे कागज की मोटाई 0.07 mm है।

हल:
1. 1 माइक्रॉन = \(\frac{1}{1000000}\)m
= 1 x 10^-6m

2. एक इलेक्ट्रॉन का आवेश = 0.000,000,000,000,000,00016
= \(\frac{16}{100000000000000000000}\)
= \(\frac { 16 }{ 10^{ 20 } } \) = \(\frac { 1.6×10 }{ 10^{ 20 } } \)
= 1.6 x 10 x 10^-20
= 1.6 x 10^-19 कूलॉम

3. एक जीवाणु की माप 0.0000005 m
= \(\frac{5}{10000000}\)
= 5 x 10^-7 m

4. पौधों की कोशिकाओं की माप 0.00001275 m
= \(\frac{1275}{100000000}\)
= \(\frac { 1.275×1000 }{ 10^{ 8 } } \)
= 1.275 x 10³ x 10^-8
= 1.275 x 10^-5 m

5. एक मोटे कागज की मोटाई 0.07 mm
= \(\frac{7}{100}\)
= 7 x 10^-2 mm

प्रश्न 4.
एक ढेर में पाँच किताबें हैं जिनमें प्रत्येक की मोटाई 20 mm तथा पाँच कागज की शीटें हैं जिनमें प्रत्येक की । मोटाई 0.016 mm है। इस ढेर की कुल मोटाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
यहाँ, 1 किताब की मोटाई = 20 mm
∴ 5 किताबों की मोटाई = 5 x 20 mm
= 100mm
∴ 1 कागज की शीट की मोटाई = 0.016 mm
∴ 5 कागज की शीटों की मोटाई = 5 x 0.016 mm
= 0.080 mm
∴ ढेर की कुल मोटाई = 5 किताबों की मोटाई + 5 कागज की शीटों की मोटाई
= 100 mm + 0.080 mm
= 10008 mm
\(\frac{1.0008×10000}{100}\)
= 1.0008 x 10⁴ x 10^-2
= 1.0008 x 10² mm

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions