Prasanna

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 8 दशमलव Ex 8.2

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 187-188

प्रश्न 1.
पाठ्य-पुस्तक में दिये गये बाक्सों की सहायता से सारणी को पूरा कर दशमलव रूप में लिखिए :
हल :

प्रश्न 2.
स्थानीय मान सारणी को देखकर दशमलव रूप में लिखिए

हल:
(i) दशमलव रूप = 0 x 100 + 0 x 10 + 3 x 1 + 2 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) + 5 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 100 }\) + 0 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\)
= 0 + 0 + 3 + \(\frac { 2 }{ 10 }\) + \(\frac { 5 }{ 100 }\) + 0
= 3 + 0.2 + 0.05
= 3.25

(ii) दशमलव रूप = 1 x 100 + 0 x 10 + 2 x 1 + 6 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) + 3 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 100 }\) + 0 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\)
= 100 + 0 + 2 + \(\frac { 6 }{ 10 }\) + \(\frac { 3 }{ 100 }\) + 0.
= 102 + 0.6 + 0.03
= 102.63

(iii) दशमलव रूप = 0 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 0 x 1 + 0 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) + 2 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 100 }\) + 5 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\)
= 0 + 30 + 0 + 0 + \(\frac { 2 }{ 100 }\) + \(\frac { 5 }{ 1000 }\)
= 30 + 0.02 + 0.005
= 30.025

(iv) दशमलव रूप = 2 x 100 + 1 x 10 + 1 x 1 + 9 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) + 0 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 100 }\) + 2 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\)
= 200 + 10 + 1 + \(\frac { 9 }{ 10 }\) + 0 + \(\frac { 2 }{ 1000 }\)
= 211 + 0.9 + 0 + 0.002
= 211.902

(v) दशमलव रूप = 0 x 100 + 1 x 10 + 2 x 1 + \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) + 4 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 100 }\) + 1 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\)
= 0 + 10 + 2 + \(\frac { 2 }{ 10 }\) + \(\frac { 4 }{ 100 }\) + \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\)
= 12 + 0.2 + 0.04 + 0.001
= 12.241

प्रश्न 3.
निम्न दशमलवों को स्थानीय मान सारणी बनाकर लिखिए
(a) 0.29
(b) 2.08
(c) 19.60
(d) 148.32
(e) 200.812
हल:

प्रश्न 4.
निम्न में से प्रत्येक को दशमलव रूप में लिखिए

हल :
(a) \(20+9+\frac{4}{10}+\frac{1}{100}\)
= 29 + 0.4 + 0.01
= 29.41

(b) \(137+\frac{5}{100}\)
= 137 + 0-05
= 137.05

(c) \(\frac{7}{10}+\frac{6}{100}+\frac{4}{1000}\)
= 0.7 + 0.06 + 0.004
= 0.764

(d) \(23+\frac{2}{10}+\frac{6}{1000}\)
= 23 + 0.2 + 0.006
= 23.206

(e) \(700+20+5+\frac{9}{100}\)
= 725 + 0.09
= 725.09

प्रश्न 5.
निम्न दशमलवों को शब्दों में लिखिए
(a) 0.03
(b) 1.20
(c) 108.56
(d) 0.032
(e) 5.008
हल :
(a) 0.03 → शून्य दशमलव शून्य तीन
(b) 1.20 → एक दशमलव दो शून्य
(c) 108.56 → एक सौ आठ दशमलव पाँच छः
(d) 0.032 → शून्य दशमलव शून्य तीन दो
(e) 5:008 → पाँच दशमलव शून्य शून्य आठ

प्रश्न 6.
संख्या रेखा के किन दो बिन्दुओं के बीच निम्न संख्याएँ स्थित हैं ?
(a) 0.06
(b) 0.45
(c) 0.19
(d) 0.66
(e) 0.92
(f) 0.57
हल :
(a) 0.06 स्थित है 0 और 0.1 के बीच में
(b) 0.45 स्थित है 0.4 और 0.5 के बीच में
(c) 0.19 स्थित है 0.1 और 0.2 के बीच में
(d) 0.66 स्थित है 0.6 और 0.7 के बीच में
(e) 0.92 स्थित है 0.9 और 1.0 के बीच में
(f) 0.57 स्थित है 0.5 और 0.6 के बीच में।

प्रश्न 7.
न्यूनतम रूप में भिन्न बनाकर लिखिए
(a) 0.60
(b) 0.05
(c) 0.75
(d) 0.18
(e) 0.25
(f) 0.125
(g) 0.066
हल :
(a) 0.60

(b) 0.05

(c) 0.75

(d) 0.18

(e) 0.25

(f) 0.125

(g) 0.066

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Miscellaneous Questions 3

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Miscellaneous Questions 3 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was the last ruler of the Mauryan Dyanasty?
Answer:
The last ruler of the Mauryan Dynasty was Brahdrath.

Question 2.
What is meant by Sangam Literature?
Answer:
Three literary councils were held in Madurai town. In the second council, two thousand poems were compiled into 8 books. These books are called the ‘Sangam Sahitya’. Sangam Sahitya is written in Tamil.

Question 3.
The Kings of which dynasty built the Rath temples of Mahabalipuram?
Answer:
Pallavas

Question 4.
Which God did Alwar worship?
Answer:
Vishnu.

Question 5.
Write the name of the famous king of the Chola Dynasty?
Answer:
Ader was the famous king of the Chola Dynasty.

Question 6.
Write the names of two rulers of the Pallava Dynasty?
Answer:
The famous rulers of the Pallavas Dynasty were Mahendra Varman – I, Narsingh Varman – I and Narsingh Varman – II.

Question 7.
Which kingdom was ruled by Pulkeshin – II?
Answer:
Pulakeshin – II was Harsha’s contemporary king who ruled over Vatapi in South India.

Question 8.
Who was Fa – Hien? In whose regin did he come to India?
Answer:
Fa – Hien was a Chinese traveller who came to India during the reign of Gupta. He wrote a vivid account of the administration of Gupta period.

Question 9.
What was the ancient name of Thailand?
Answer:
The ancient name of Thailand was Shyam.

Question 10.
Who is the Chief Executive officer of a Nagar Panchayat?
Answer:
The Chief Administrative officer of the Nagar Panchayat is the Chief Executive officer. His job is to take action on the decisions taken by the Nagar Panchayat.

Question 11.
What are the members of a Municipality called?
Answer:
Counsellars.

Question 12.
Write any two functions of the Zila Panchayat?
Answer:

1. The main function of the Zila Panchayat is to look after the working of the Janpad and Gram Panchayat.
2. It makes arrangements for the required finance for the Janpad and Gram Panchayat.
3. It coordinates the different government departments.
4. It also appoints people on certain posts.

Question 13.
What is the difference between civil and criminal cases?
Answer:
The civil cases are related to property and money disputes. These are heard in Civil Courts (Civil Judge).

Question 14.
Where is the high Court of Madhya Pradesh?
Answer:
Jabalpur.

Question 15.
Write the names of the two cities where the branches of the Madhya Pradesh High Court are situated?
Answer:
Indoreand Gwalior.

Question 16.
Write the difference between Rabi and Kharif corps?
Answer:
1. Kharif Crops:
These are sown in June and July. For example: Jowar (Sorghum), Maize, Urad, Moong, Soyabeen Groundnut etc. October and December. For example: Wheat, Gram, Barley, Sweetpeas, Mustard and Barseem etc.

2. Rabi Crops:
These are sown between October and December. For example: Wheat, Gram, Barley, Sweetpeas, Mustard and Barseem etc.

3. Summer Crops:
These are sown between February and March. For example: Water Melon, Bitter gourd, Snake gourd.

Question 17.
What do you understand by fibrous corps? Give examples?
Answer:
Cotton and jute are two crops which give fibres. The cotton plant grows well is the black soil of Deccan Plateau and it also gets enough sunlight. Cotton is produced in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra while jute is produced in the delta of the Ganga in West Bengal.

Question 18.
What are the sources of power?
Answer:
The resources that generate energy are called sources of power. These are coal, mineral oil, natural gas, hydro – electricity, atomic minerals, etc.

Question 19.
Which route mainly connects India to the neighbouring countries?
Answer:
Sea routes.

Question 20.
What do you understand by harbours?
Answer:
A harbour is a place on the sea coast where ship carry goads and passengers from the harbours to other harbours.

Question 21.
What did Huen – Tsang write about India? Describe?
Answer:
Huen – Tsang was a Chinese traveller. He travelled in India for many years and then went back to China. According to Huen – Tsang Buddhist religion was popular in eastern India. He also visited Nalanda. The descriptions of Huen – Tsang show that people at the time of Harsha was happy and prosperous. The rich and the poor, all lived with religious tolerance and harmony. Some people took both the vegetarian and non vegetarian meals. People were hot tempered but honest. Death sentence was not given in the state of Harsha.

Question 22.
Write the names of the famous rulers of the Chola Dynasty?
Answer:
Ader was the famous king of the Chola Dynasty.

Question 23.
Write the names of the famous rulers of the Pallava Dynasty?
Answer:
The famous rulers of the Pallavas Dynasty were Mahendra Varman – I, Narsingh Varman – I and Narsingh Varman – II.

Question 24.
Who did Pulikeshin – II defeat?
Answer:
Narshing Varman-I defeated the Chalukya King Pulkeshin – II.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Miscellaneous Questions 3 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the victories of Harsh – vardhan?
Answer:
Harshvardhana made Kannauj his capital and thus Thanesvara and Kannauj became one. Harsha conquered Punjab, Eastern Rajasthan, Assam and regions in the Gangetic valleys and annexed them to his kingdom. Harsha’s empire extended over Magadha, Eastern Bengal, Orissa, Gujarat, Saurashtra, Sindh and Malwa.

Question 2.
Write short notes on:

1. Relation of India with the Western Countries.
2. Relation of India with the Arabian Countries.
3. Relation of India with Centra, Asia.
4. Relation of India with china.

Answer:
1. The relation of India with Western Countries:
The excavation of Harappan civilisation has provided the in formation that India had trade and cultural relations with Mesopotamia since 3000 BC. Even before 600 BC India had relation with Arabs, Greeks and Romans. Relation were made with the Greeks after the invasion of Alexander. Megasthnese was the Greek ambassador in in the court of Chandra Gupta Maura.

The Historian Pleeny was very much upset due to the increase in the import of silk, cotton, jwellery and spices. The import of these goods caused a lot of Roman wealth reach India. The persons who came from abroad were called ‘Yavan’ in ‘Sangam Sahitya’. There was a habitation of Roman in Aricmendu in Tamil Nadu.

2. Relation of India with the Arabian Countries:
The relation of India with the Arabian Coipitries is quite old. The Arabs learnt the Indian numerical system and the decimal system from India. They called the Indian numerical system the Hindsa. The Europeans received this knowledge from the Arabs.

Therefore they call this numerical system Arabic. After the emergence of Islam, the Arabs captured the land route between India and Europe. Thus they became a link between India and Europe. In olden times Arabs came to India to study science. Mathematics, Astrology, Medicine, Philosophy and Literature.

3. Relation of India with Central (Middle):
The cities of Khotan, Kuchi, Caiso and Kashgar were situated in hilly areas. Therefore they were not in easy reach. But they had trade and cultural relations with each other. In Mahabharata Dhritrashtra’s wife was Gandhari. Gandhari was situated here. Now it is called Afganistan. Gandhar was the main centre fo Buddhism. The oldest statues of Buddha were made here. Emperor Ashoka had sent his preachers to Middle Asia also. Two records have been found here which prove this.

In the southern parts of Russia too we get the proofs of Indian civilisation. The excavation at Surkhan river and Dalverjin Tepe in the south of Ujbekistan gives information about the development of art during the Kushan period and the effect of the Indian culture on it.

4. India’s relation with China:
The Buddhist religion of India reached China during the period of Huan Dynasty (202 BC to 600 AD) Buddhism was preached at Khotan (a place between India and China). Buddhism spread in China from this place. The people of China had started coming to India from 2nd century B.C. for education and to get knowledge of Buddhism. Kashyap matang was the first person to the first translate the Buddhist religious books into Chinese. He had gone to China in 56 AD. Buddhism spread in 372 AD to Korea From China and from there it spread to Japan in 538 AD.

Amodhbajra was an Indian Buddhist writer who went the China in 8th century. Many Chinese scholars travelled in India. Fattien travelled in India during the reign of Chandragupta – II (405-411 AD) stayed in India for 6 years. The next traveller Huen – Sang came to India during the region of Harshavardhan.

Question 3.
What do you understand by the three – tier Panchayati Raj system? Describe the constitution of Gram Panchayat and Zila Panchayat?
Answer:
That part of the local self government which runs the administration of the rural areas is called Panchayati Raj. In the system, the villagers run their own affairs. Panchayati decides most of the village disputes. The Panchayati Raj System consists of Village Panchayat, Block Samiti and Zilla Panchayati. There are three institutions that work for the development of the rural areas. They are:
1. Gram Panchayat:
It works at the village level.

2. Janpad Panchayat:
All the Village Panchayats join together to form a Janpad Panchayat. These are formed at the Block level.

3. Zilla Panchayat:
The highest body in the three – tier Panchayti Raj system is the Zila Panchayat. It works at the district level. Therefore all the Janpad Panchayat of the district are under the Zilla Panchayat. The above three institutions of local government are called the Panchayati Raj.

Question 4.
Where and how is a Municipality constituted?
Answer:
The local bodies function with the help of income from the following sources:

1. Property tax on house, land etc.
2. Tax on trade and business.
3. Fees on water facilities.
4. Fees on electricity facilities.
5. Income and rent earned from the institutions, property like the buildings, markets, etc.
6. Grants from the state government.
7. Income from various kinds of fine on pets or stray animals etc.

Question 5.
Explain the constitution of a Municipal Corporation?
Answer:
The corporation is established in large cities. The head of a corporation is the Mahapaur or Mayor. He is elected by the members of the corporation. Besides the Mayor, a Deputy Mayor is also elected. The number of elected members is generally between fifty and one hundred fifty. They are elected for a term of five years on the basis of adult franchise. These representatives elected by the people, sometime elect special members called the Elderman.

Question 6.
State the divisions of India as per Neutral Vegetation and describe any one of them?
Answer:
The major forests of India are the following:

1. Tropical Evergreen or Rain Forests
2. Tropical Deciduous Forests or Monsoon Forests
3. Thorn Forests and Bushes
4. Mangrove Forests

Question 7.
Write short notes on:

1. Tropical Deciduous forests.
2. Mangrove forests.

Answer:
The major forests of India are the following:

1. Tropical Evergreen or Rain Forests
2. Tropical Deciduous Forests or Monsoon Forests
3. Thorn Forests and Bushes
4. Mangrove Forests

The major forests of India are the following:

1. Tropical Evergreen or Rain Forests
2. Tropical Deciduous Forests or Monsoon Forests
3. Thorn Forests and Bushes
4. Mangrove Forests

Question 8.
Describe the minerals found in India?
Answer:
The following minerals are found in India: Iron, magnese, copper, lead, mica, zinc, gold and bauxite etc.

Question 9.
Write the characteristics of the Indian Population?
Answer:
The main scheduled tribes lived in Madhya Pradesh are Bhil, Kir, Nehal, Bhaina, Bhumia, Gond, Korku, Baiga, and Sahariya, etc. The districts where the scheluded tribes live are Balaghat, Mandia, Dindori, Chhindware, Shahdol, Sindhi, Jhabua, Anuppur, Khandwa, Shivpuri, Dhar and Khargon.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Miscellaneous Questions 3 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 1.
The Shaka rulers made their capital?
(a) Delhi
(b) Ujjain
(c) Ajmer
(d) Bhopal
Answer:
(b) Ujjain

Question 2.
Who wrote “Harsha Charita”?
(a) Harsha vardhan
(b) Huen – Sang
(c) BanaBhatt
(d) Kalidasa
Answer:
(c) BanaBhatt

Question 3.
What was Bhukti?
(a) State
(b) District
(c) City
(d) Village
Answer:
(a) State

Question 4.
The painting in the caves of Bagh are the example of the paintings of which period?
(a) Kushana period
(b) Gupta period
(c) Harrappan period
(d) Vedic period
Answer:
(b) Gupta period

Question 5.
The senior most officer in a district is:
(a) District Superintendent of Police
(b) District Education Officer
(c) Collector
(d) District Project Officer
Answer:
(c) Collector

Question 6.
The first iron and steel factory in India was established at:
(a) Bhilai
(b) Rourkela
(c) Vishakapattanam
(d) Kulti
Answer:
(a) Bhilai

Question 7.
The first cement factory in India was established in:
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Bihar
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Tamilnadu
Answer:
(d) Tamilnadu

Question 8.
The rank of India in production of coal is:
(a) first
(b) third
(c) fifth
(d) second
Answer:
(c) fifth

Question 9.
Which is harbour?
(a) Chennai
(b) Delhi
(c) Bhopal
(d) Mahabaleshwar
Answer:
(a) Chennai

Question 10.
The number of zones in the Indian Railways are:
(a) 7
(b) 8
(c) 9
(d) 10
Answer:
(c) 9

Pick the odd one out:

1. Kushana, Naga, Cher, Kanva.
2. Meghdoot, Raghuvansha, Abhigyan Shakuntalam, Neetisar.
3. Jawa, Yuvadweep, Indonesia, Burma.
4. Chandragupta-I, Chandra Gupta-II, Raghvendra Gupta, Samudra Gupta.
5. Gram Panchayat, Rajya Panchayat, Zila Panchayat, Nagar Panchayat.
6. Sagaun, Sheesham, Coconut, Sal.
7. Accacia, babul, water plant, cactii.
8. Patato, sesame, mustard, groundnut.
9. Chennai, Bhopal, Kolkata, Mumbai.

Answer:

1. Chet
2. Neetisaar
3. Yavadweep
4. Raghvendra Gupta
5. Rajya Panchayat
6. Coconut
7. water plant
8. sesame
9. Bhopal

Fill in the blanks:

1. The last ruler of the Shung Dynesty was …………………..
2. The Arch gate of Sanchi Stupa was built in the period of ………………………
3. The title of Vikramaditya was given to ……………………
4. The period of ……………….. is called the golden period.
5.  ………………….. wrote Raghuvansha.
6. The Chinese traveller Huen – Sang visited India in the period of ………………….
7. Presently Nalanda is situated in the state of ………………….
8.  ……………….. first translated the Buddhist books in Chinese.
9. The founder of Christianity was …………………
10. In the ancient times Iran was called …………………..

Answer:

1. Brahdrath
2. Satvahana
3. Chandragupta – II
4. Gupta
5. Kalidasa
6. Harsha
7. Bihar
8. Kashyap Matang
9. Jesus
10. Black Copper

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 8 दशमलव Ex 8.1

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 181-183

प्रश्न 1.
पाठ्य-पुस्तक में दिये गये चित्रों के लिए दी गई सारणी में संख्याएँ लिखिए
हल :
(a) पाठ्य-पुस्तक में 3 टॉवर हैं प्रत्येक में 10 इकाई हैं, 4 ब्लॉक हैं (1 इकाई) और 2 छोटे भाग (प्रत्येक दशांश के बराबर है)।
(b) पाठ्य-पुस्तक में 1 सैकड़ा, 1 दहाई, 0 इकाई और 4 दशांश हैं।
सारणी –

प्रश्न 2.
निम्न दशमलव संख्याओं को स्थानीय मान सारणी में लिखिए
(a) 19.4
(b) 0.3
(c) 10.6
(d) 205.9
हल:

प्रश्न 3.
निम्न में से प्रत्येक को दशमलव रूप में लिखिए
(a) 7 दशांश
(b) 2 दहाई, 9 दशांश
(c) चौदह दशमलव छः
(d) एक सौ और 2 इकाई
(e) छः सौ दशमलव आठ।
हल :
(a) 7 दशांश = 7 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) = 0.7
(b) 2 दहाई, 9 दशांश = 2 x 10 + 9 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\)
= 20 + \(\frac { 9 }{ 10 }\)
= 20 + 0.9
= 20.9
(c) चौदह दशमलव छः = 14.6
(d)एक सौ और 2 इकाई = 1 सौ + 0 दहाई + 2 इकाई + 0 दशांश
= 100 + 0 + 2 + 0.0
= 102.0
(e) छः सौ दशमलव आठ = 600.8

प्रश्न 4.
निम्न को दशमलव रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए


हल :

प्रश्न 5.
निम्न दशमलव संख्याओं को भिन्न के रूप में लिखकर न्यूनतम (सरलतम) रूप में बदलिए
(a) 0.6
(b) 2.5
(c) 1.0
(d) 3.8
(e) 13.7
(f) 21.2
(g) 6.4
हल :
(a) भिन्न = 0.6 = \(\frac { 6 }{ 10 }\)
सरलतम रूप = \(\frac{6 \div 2}{10 \div 2}=\frac{3}{5}\)

(b) भिन्न 2.5 = \(\frac { 25 }{ 10 }\)
सरलतम रूप = \(\frac{25 \div 5}{10 \div 5}=\frac{5}{2}\)

(c) भिन्न 1.0 = \(\frac { 10 }{ 10 }\) = 1
सरलतम रुप = \(\frac{10 \div 10}{10 \div 10}=\frac{1}{1}=1\)

(d) भिन्न = 3.8 = \(\frac { 38 }{ 10 }\)
सरलतम रूप = \(\frac{38 \div 2}{10 \div 2}=\frac{19}{5}\)

(e) भिन्न = 13.7 = \(\frac { 137 }{ 10 }\)
सरलतम रूप = \(\frac { 137 }{ 10 }\)

(f) भिन्न = 21.2 = \(\frac { 212 }{ 10 }\)
सरलतम रूप = \(\frac{212 \div 2}{10 \div 2}=\frac{106}{5}\)

(g) भिन्न = 6.4 = \(\frac { 64 }{ 10 }\)
सरलतम रूप = \(\frac{64 \div 2}{10 \div 2}=\frac{32}{5}\)

प्रश्न 6.
सेमी का प्रयोग कर निम्न को दशमलव रूप में बदलिए
(a) 2 मिमी
(b) 30 मिमी
(c) 116 मिमी
(d) 4 सेमी 2 मिमी
(e) 11 सेमी 52 मिमी
(f) 83 मिमी
हल :
(a) 2 मिमी = \(\frac { 2 }{ 10 }\) सेमी = 0.2 सेमी
(b) 30 मिमी = \(\frac { 30 }{ 10 }\) सेमी = 3.0 सेमी
(c) 116 मिमी = \(\frac { 116 }{ 10 }\) सेमी = 11.6 सेमी
(d) 4 सेमी 2 मिमी = 4 सेमी + \(\frac { 2 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 4 सेमी + 0.2 सेमी
= 4.2 सेमी
(e) 11 सेमी 52 मिमी = 11 सेमी + \(\frac { 52 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 11 सेमी + 5.2 सेमी
= 16.2 सेमी
(f) 83 मिमी = \(\frac { 80 }{ 10 }\) सेमी + \(\frac { 3 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 8 सेमी + 0.3 सेमी
= 8.3 सेमी

प्रश्न 7.
संख्या रेखा पर किन दो पूर्ण संख्याओं के बीच निम्न संख्याएँ स्थित हैं ? इनमें से कौन-सी पूर्ण संख्या दी हुई दशमलव संख्या के अधिक निकट है ?
(a) 0.8
(b) 5.1
(c) 2.6
(d) 6.4
(e) 9.0
(f) 4.9

हल :
(a) 0.8 संख्या 0 और 1 के बीच में स्थित है और 1, 0.8 के अधिक निकट है।
(b) 5.1 संख्या 5 और 6 के बीच में स्थित है और 5, 5.1 के अधिक निकट है।
(c) 2.6 संख्या 2 और 3 के बीच में स्थित है और 3, 2.6 के अधिक निकट है।
(d) 6.4 संख्या 6 और 7 के बीच में स्थित है और 6, 6.4 के अधिक निकट है।
(e) 9.0 स्वयं 9 पूर्ण संख्या है।
(f) 4.9 संख्या 4 और 5 के बीच में स्थित है और 5, – 4.9 के अधिक निकट है।

प्रश्न 8.
निम्न को संख्या रेखा पर दर्शाओ
(a) 0.2
(b) 1.9
(c) 1.1
(d) 2.5
हल :
संख्या रेखा

प्रश्न 9.
दी हुई संख्या रेखा स्थित A, B, C, D बिन्दुओं के लिए दशमलव संख्या लिखिए

हल :
A → 0.8,
B → 1.3,
C → 2.2,
D → 2.9.

प्रश्न 10.
(a) रमेश की कॉपी की लम्बाई 9 सेमी 5 मिमी है। सेमी में इसकी लम्बाई क्या होगी?
(b) चने के एक छोटे पौधे की लम्बाई 65 मिमी है। इसकी लम्बाई सेमी में व्यक्त कीजिए।
हल :
(a) रमेश की कॉपी की लम्बाई
= 9 सेमी 5 मिमी
= 9 सेमी + \(\frac { 5 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 9 सेमी + 0.5 सेमी
= 9.5 सेमी
अतः रमेश की कॉपी की लम्बाई = 9.5 सेमी

(b) चने के पौधे की लम्बाई = 65 मिमी = \(\frac { 65 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= \(\frac { 60 }{ 10 }\) सेमी + \(\frac { 5 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 6.5 सेमी
अतः चने के पौधे की लम्बाई = 6.5 सेमी।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 183

प्रश्न 1.
पाठ्य-पुस्तक में पृष्ठ संख्या 184 पर दी गई आकृतियों में यदि हम बड़े वर्ग के 8 वर्ग छायांकित करें, 15 वर्ग छायांकित करें, 50 वर्ग छायांकित करें, 92 वर्ग छायांकित करें तो वह पूरे वर्ग का कौन-सा भाग होगा ?
हल :

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 28 The Population and Its Distribution in India

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Text Book Exercise Questions

Answer the following Questions

Question 1.
Question (a)
What are the characteristics of the Indian population? Describe one characteristic in detail.
Answer:
The characteristics of the Indian population are:

1. Disparity in occupation
2. Condition of the women population gender ratio
3. Composition of the population as per age
4. Literacy
5. Variety in urban and rural population
6. Culture difference

1. Disparity in Occupation:
There is disparity in occupation of the people in India. Two – thirds of the population still depends on agriculture. Only 10% of the total population is engaged in industry and other services. Thus only a little part of the population is engaged in commercial activity. It is the commercial activity which prepares useful commodities from raw material and increases their value. Thus, there is disparity in the occupation of the people.

2. Condition of the women population gender ratio:
The first and foremost component of gender statistics revealed by Census 2001, 532 million constituting 52 percent are males and 497 million constituting remaining 48 percent are females in the population. In sheer numbers, males outnumber females by 35 million in population.

3. Composition of the population as per age:
Age structure is one of the most important characteristics of population composition. Almost all population characteristics vary significantly with age. The usefulness of age data is more noticeable when it is cross classified by variables like marital status, literacy educational attainment, economic activity which vary with age in different patterns.

4. Literacy:
Literacy is one of the characteristic. Literacy means the ability to read and write.

5. Variety in urban and rural population:
The rural/urban unemployment rates show clear differences, ranging from an estimated 8.6 per cent in urban areas (1.8 million people), to 5.2 per cent in rural areas (260,000 people). The employment rate is higher and inactivity rate lower than the national average in rural areas.

6. Culture difference:
Cultural differences are the various beliefs, behaviors, languages, practices and expressions considered unique to members of a specific ethnicity, race or national origin.

Question (b)
Name the states of India which are thickly populated.
Answer:
West Bengal.

Question (c)
Describe the distribution of scheduled tribes in India.
Answer:
One – third of the Indian population belongs to the scheduled tribes. This means that a large part of the population still resides is far hilly and forest areas where the facilities of life are negligible. These people have their own culture and life styles.

The distribution of the tribal population is also uneven. The scheduled tribes in the different states of India can be divided into three major groups.

1. North – Eastern Area:
This is the most densely populated area. It consists of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Assam, Meghalaya and Nagaland. The tribes that live there are Angami, Cargo, Bodo, Kuli, Naga, Mikir, Lusai, Khampa and Khasi etc.

2. Southern Area:
It consists of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The tribes that live here are Koddar, Kannikar, Karumba, Bhuralo, Nipyam, Toda, Durula, Chechu, Purwa, Muthuwan, Bhurali, Malkuswas and Nipyon, etc. The tribes that live in Andaman and Nicobar are Jarawa, Centali, Andman and Nicobare.

3. Central Area:
It consists of southern Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Orissa, Chhatisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. The tribe that live here are Korku, Gond, Korba, Maria, Jwang, Kol, Santhal, Uraon Birhor, Bhuiya, Khariya, Bhil and Munda, etc.

Question (d)
Which scheduled tribes live in Madhya Pradesh? Name any three.
Answer:
The main scheduled tribes lived in Madhya Pradesh are Bhil, Kir, Nehal, Bhaina, Bhumiya, Gond, Korku, Baiga, and Sahariya, etc.

The districts where the scheduled tribes live are Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori, Chhindwara, Shahdol, Sindhi, Jhabua, Anuppur, Khandwa, Shivpuri, Dhar and Khargon.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

(a) ……….. percentage of the Indian population lives in villages.
(b) The literacy rate of Madhya Pradesh is …………
(c) The proportion of male, female in the population is called ……….
(d) Two – thirds of the Indian population depends on ………..

Answer:

(a) 74.28
(b) 64.11%
(c) gender ratio
(d) agriculture

Question 3.
Match the following:

Answer:

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 8 दशमलव Intext Questions

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 179

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
क्या आप निम्न को दशमलव रूप में लिख सकते हैं?

हल :
(i) 5 सैकड़ा + 3 दहाई + 8 इकाई + 1 दशांश
= 5 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 8 x 1 + 1 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\)
= 500 + 30 + 8 + \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\)
= 538 + 0.1
= 538.1

(ii) 2 सैकड़ा + 7 दहाई + 3 इकाई + 4 दशांश
= 2 x 100 + 7 x 10 + 3 x 1 + 4 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\)
= 200 + 70 + 3 + \(\frac { 4 }{ 10 }\)
= 273 + 0.4
= 273.4

(iii) 3 सैकड़ा + 5 दहाई + 4 इकाई + 6 दशांश
= 3 x 100 + 5 x 10 + 4 x 1 + 6 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\)
= 300 + 50 + 4 + 6 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\)
= 300 + 50 + 4 + \(\frac { 6 }{ 10 }\)
= 354 + 0.6
= 354.6

प्रश्न 2.
रवि और राजू की पेंसिलों की लम्बाइयों को दशमलव का प्रयोग कर सेमी में लिखें जबकि रवि की पेंसिल की लम्बाई 7 सेमी और 5 मिमी तथा राजू की पेंसिल की लम्बाई 8 सेमी 3 मिमी है। हल :
रवि की पेंसिल की लम्बाई = 7 सेमी और 5 मिमी
= 7 सेमी + \(\frac { 5 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 7 सेमी + 0.5 सेमी
= 7.5 सेमी
राजू की पेंसिल की लम्बाई = 8 सेमी और 3 मिमी
= 8 सेमी + \(\frac { 3 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 8 सेमी + 0.3 सेमी
= 8.3 सेमी

प्रश्न 3.
प्रश्न 1 के समरूप तीन अन्य उदाहरण बनायें और उन्हें हल करें।
उदाहरण

हल :
(i) 6 सैकड़ा + 3 दहाई + 8 इकाई + 3 दशांश
= 6 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 8 x 1 + 3 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\)
= 600 + 30 + 8 + \(\frac { 3 }{ 10 }\)
= 638 + 0.3
= 638.3

(ii) 4 सैकड़ा + 5 दहाई + 9 इकाई + 5 दशांश
= 4 x 100 + 5 x 10 + 9 x 1 + 5 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\)
= 400 + 50 + 9 + \(\frac { 5 }{ 10 }\)
= 459 + 0.5
= 459.5

(iii) 2 सैकड़ा + 7 दहाई + 1 इकाई + 4 दशांश
= 2 x 100 + 7 x 10 + 1 x 1 + 4 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\)
= 200 + 70 + 1 + \(\frac { 4 }{ 10 }\)
= 271 + 0.4
= 271.4

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 179

प्रश्न 1.
क्या अब आप 2.3 को संख्या रेखा पर दर्शा सकते हैं? जाँचिए कि 2.3 में कितनी इकाइयाँ और कितने दशांश हैं? संख्या रेखा पर यह कहाँ स्थित होगी?
हल :
संख्या रेखा

हाँ, हम 2.3 को संख्या रेखा पर दर्शा सकते हैं।
2.3 में 2 इकाई और 3 दशांश हैं। यह संख्या रेखा पर 2 और 3 के बीच बिन्दु A पर स्थित होगी।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 181

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
\(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{4}{5}, \frac{8}{5}\) को दशमलव रूप में लिखिए।
हल :

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Election

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Out of these, who can be granted adult Franchise –
(a) Minor male and female
(b) Only male
(c) Adult male and female
(d) Only Female.
Answer:
(c) Adult male and female

Question 2.
Who does not have right to vote –
(a) Insane or mentally handicapped
(b) Minor age group
(c) Declared bankrupt by court
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 3.
In India, the election procedure is said to start after which of the following –
(a) After filing of nomination paper by candidate
(b) After notification of election
(c) After beginning of campaigning
(d) With organizing public meetings.
Answer:
(b) After notification of election

Fill in the blank:

1. In our country all citizens who have attained the age of …………… years have the right to vote.
2. When few parties to gather form a government, that is …………… called as government.
3. …………….. commission has been formed for registration and recognition of political parties.
4. The granting of the right to vote an adult citizen of the country without any discriminate is called ………………….

Answer:

1. 18
2. Coalition
3. Election
4. Universal Adult Franchise.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by election? Write.
Answer:
Election is a process through which people of democratic countries elect their representatives for a fixed period of time.

Question 2.
What is franchise? Write.
Answer:
The granting of right to vote to an adult male or female of country without any discrimination, is called as franchise or universal adult franchise.

Question 3.
What are political parties? Write.
Answer:
Political parties are organised groups of citizens having similar ideology who are committed to their policies and programmers.

Question 4.
Who appoints the chief election commissioner?
Answer:
The president appoints the chief election commissioner.

Question 5.
In India, where is the office of the Election Commission situated?
Answer:
The office of Election commission is situated at Delhi.

Question 6.
What is coalition government?
Answer:
When there is no majority of single party then two or more parties unite to form the government. This type of government is called coalition government.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is known as National Political Parties? Write.
Answer:
National political parties are formed at national level. The party symbol of such parties remains identical in the whole country. Although a party is a national party but it does not mean that it will have equal popularity in every state. The influence of national parties varies from state to state.

To be recognized as a national political parties, any one of the following conditions should be fulfilled. Any political party which obtains at least 6% in the election of parliament or legislative or if any political parties obtains at least 2 per cent of total seats of the parliament and this place should be minimum in three states.

Question 2.
Write about the characteristics of political parties.
Answer:
Characteristics of political parties are as following:

• To maintain clear identity.
• To opine clearly regarding policy matters.
• To obtain continuously public opinion in support of its policy.
• Registration in election commission.
• United by govern by one regulation.
• Main aim to win election for obtaining power.
• To create public opinion against anti-public policies by keeping an eye on ruling party.
• An election symbol for identity.

Question 3.
What is mid – term election?
Answer:
It the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly are dissolved before their tenure is over, then the elections which take place are mid – term election. Mid – term elections are held due to the failure of any party to form the majority government.

Question 4.
Write about the main functions of Election Commission.
Answer:
The main functions of Election Commission are:

• Delimitation of the constituencies.
• Preparation of electoral rolls.
• Allotment of election symbols.
• Registration and recognition of political parties.
• Holding election.
• Give opinion for fixation of dualities of member of parliament and legislature.
• Preparation and implementation of moral code of conduct.
• Miscellaneous functions.

Question 5.
What is an electoral roll? Write its uses.
Answer:
Electoral roll is the list of citizens who are eligible to vote. This is prepared by the Election Commission before elections. Preparation of electrical roll is the most important stage of election. Without it elections can’t be held.

Question 6.
Write four functions of political parties.
Answer:
Political parties have many important functions is democracy. Four of them are given below:

• They work as a bridge between Government and public.
• They form public opinion in favor of national interest.
• They make efforts to control the arbitrariness of the ruling party.
• The main function of political parties is to get victory in elections and to form government.

Question 7.
Write four characteristics of political parties.
Answer:
Different political parties are essential for. parliamentary type of democracy. Political parties are organized group of citizens having similar ideology. They are committed to their policies and programmers. They work is form of power and they are always attempting to gain power and continue it. There are some general characteristics of political parties.

Four of them are:

• To maintain clear identity.
• To obtain continuously public opinion to support its policies
• To create public opinion against anti – public policies by keeping an eye on ruling party.
• An election symbol for identity.

Question 8.
Describe the role of the opposition party.
Answer:
The parties which are not in government are called parties of the opposition. Opposition parties have an important role to play in a democracy. They protect the rights of citizens in restricting the anti – people activities of government. Thus, existence of opposition is necessary to correct the wrong. One of the most important functions of the opposition is to criticize the government.

The opposition exposes the anti – people activities of the government. The opposition also provides the political alternative. In case the government some time fails to continue its rule owing to the different reasons, the opposition is given an opportunity to prove their majority and form the government. The opposition parties also play an important role in the formation of public opinion.

In fact, opposition makes democracy real and effective. The opposition parties play an important role in the working of the democratic setup. Opposition may delay legislation by opposing it in the parliament or by creating the public opinion against it. It is however important to not that opposition parties do help in making laws.

Question 9.
Write the function of Election Commission.
Answer:
The main functions of Election Commission are:

• Delimitation of the constituencies.
• Preparation of electoral rolls.
• Allotment of election symbols.
• Registration and recognition of political parties.
• Holding election.
• Give opinion for fixation of dualities of member of parliament and legislature.
• Preparation and implementation of moral code of conduct.
• Miscellaneous functions.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the type of political parties on the basis of the number of political parties.
Answer:
In any country, on the basis of number of political parties the party system is divided into three categories.

1. Single Party System:
It in a country where there is only one political party then it is called single – party system. In the constitution of the countries having single – party system generally describes that political party for example, them is single party is recognized, existence of other ideologists are restricted.

2. Bi – party System:
In a country if only two main parties exist and the ruling power shifts between these two parties only, then this system is called Bi – party system. For example in America the main two parties are democratic and republican parties, and in Britain Labor and Conservative Parties. Thus the bi – party system is prevalent in United States of America and Britain.

3. Multiparty System:
When in a country several political parties exist then it is called multi – party system. We have multiparty system in our country. In election majority of one party is not necessary. When there is no majority of single party then coalition government is formed in the country or state. Two or more parties are united in a collation government.

The main demerit of multi – party system is changing of party. During election several types of problems arise. In this system it becomes very difficult to differentiate between the policies of different political parties. Number of individual parties increases in the multiple party system. Due to political ambitions, begins the formation of new parties and breaking of political parties.

Question 2.
What is the political party system? Explain its importance.
Answer:
Different political parties are essential for parliamentary type of democracy. Political parties are organised groups of citizens having similar ideology. They are committed to their policies and programmers. They work in form of power and they are always attempting to gain power and continue it. There are some general characteristics of political parties.

The importance of political parties in democracy can be explained in the following way:

• Formation and expression of public opinion is possible only through political parties. The political parties organised processions and conferences for the formation of public opinion.
• Today adult franchise is adopted by all countries of the world. Parties nominate their candidates from their parties and campaign for them.
• Today in the huge democratic ruling system, opposition parties are essential minorities or opposite parties have equal importance in democracy like parties with majority.

Question 3.
Explain the major demerits of the Indian Election procedure.
Answer:
The future of the democracy depends upon the unbiasedness of elections and independent voting i.e. without any inducement and pressure. The Election Commission makes efforts for an unbiased and independent election even then there are some problems. Following are the main defects of our electoral system

1. Lack of Complete Participation of Voting:
The aim of universal Adult Franchise is to make every citizen participate in the government indirectly. We have seen that a large number of voters do not exercise their right to vote in the parliamentary and state legislative elections. Therefore the elected candidate getting maximum votes does not represent the public. Therefore participation of all citizens in franchise is desirable.

2. Use of Money in Elections:
The increasing expenses in elections is a big problem. For every election ceiling on election expenses is fixed but a lot of money is spent by the candidates. Therefore sometimes due to lack of money honest and wise person are not able to contest the election. Tire use of money in elections is an immoral act on the part a person, which is a very serious problem from the point of view of reformation in election system.

3. Influence of Muscle Power in Elections:
Sometimes the candidates try to win the election by any type of means. For this they take help of criminals also. Often with the use of muscle power, booth capturing is restored to and voters are made to vote in one’s favor by threatening them or illegal voting is exercised.

4. Misuse of Government Machinery:
Before the time of election charming promises being done by the ruling party. During the elections, high officials are transferred and government, money ‘and vehicles and other means are misused. They also try to influence the election officers. All these influence the unbiasedness of elections.

5. Number of Independent Candidates:
Sometimes there are too many numbers of candidates in the elections. This creates problems to the election management. Thus too many independent candidates enter the election area and confuse the voters.

6. To Influence the Sentiments of the Voters:
At the time of election some candidates try to influence the sentiments of the voters on the basis of religion, caste, region and language. Political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste. The biggest defect of the Indian election system is to influence the election by provoking the sentiments of the public.

7. Hypothetical Franchise:
Sometimes some persons vote in place of other persons, to include ones name in more than one electoral roll, casting of vote without the inclusion of his name in the electoral roll etc. all are hypothetical franchise. This is also a big problem of our election system.

8. Other Defects:
The name of the citizen should compulsorily be included in the electoral roll to vote for a candidate in an election. We often see that several names of the voters are not included in the electoral roll while the names of persons who have left that constituency or have expired are not deleted from the electoral rolls. The political parties do not originate awareness among the people.

Too many numbers of voters on one voting booth is also a cause of problem. Sometimes one candidate contest from more than one constituency. If he wins in both the constituencies then he resigns from one constituency- In that condition bi – elections takes place. The government money as well as the money of the candidates is again used, it is surely extravagancy.

In our country the Election Commission is continuously trying for free and impartial election. The Election Commission makes efforts to remove the defects of elections. The identity card system of the voters are the gift of the Election Commission. Continuous efforts are being made to remove the defects of our election system.

Question 4.
Write about the Indian election procedure.
Answer:
Election is an important task. It is done through a specific procedure. You are the future citizen of India therefore its necessary for you to know about it. The election procedure is same weather it is general election, mid-term election or bi-election. The whole procedure of election can be complied in the following way:

1. Preparation of Electoral Rolls:
This is the first and the most important stage of election. Before each and every election electoral rolls are prepared by District Election Officer as per the directions of Election Commission. Any Indian citizen who is 18 years of age can get his name included in this. Voters Identity Cards are also prepared by the district election officer. In the absence of voters identity card the citizens have to bring other documents for their identity.

2. Notification of Election:
Every election procedure begins with notification of election. Notification of general, mid-term or bi-election to parliament is issued by the President, notification to State Legislative Assembly is issued by the Governor.

After the deliberation with the Election Commission the notification is published in the Government Gazette. After issuing the election notification the Election Commission announces the election programmer. Along with this the moral code is enforced for the political parties.

3. Nomination for Election:
Different political parties decide the names of their candidate for participation in the election. The candidates who want to fight election file their nomination papers and deposit them in front of the election officer. After the scrutiny of. the nomination papers the list of nominees is announced on a fixed date. Within a fixed period any candidate can withdraw his name. The final list of nominees is issued after the time for withdrawal of name expires.

4. Election Symbols:
The election symbol of each recognized party is already fixed. The election symbol of their part)’ is allotted to the concerning candidate. At the time of election, the election symbol of candidate is printed on ballot papers, against his name. In India, a large number of voters are illiterate, therefore the election symbols are helpful for the identification of the candidate.

5. Election Campaign:
Election campaign is an important aspect of the voting procedure. Each candidate presents his party’s programmer on election manifesto regarding the work which will be done by his party in the coming five years, before the people and try to get favor of the voters in different ways.

The political parties issue their election manifesto which consists of their programmer and policies. Public meetings and rallies are arranged. Newspapers, posters, banners, pamphlets are used for canvassing. Now time is given to political parties on radio and television also. Canvassing is stopped forty-eight hours before the polling.

6. Polling:
Each constituency is divided into many polling centers. The polling centers are fixed for each voter, where he casts his vote on the day of polling. An identity card bearing the photograph of the voter is issued to each voter for his identity. This is known as identity card of the voter. The voters’ who do not possess their identity card, can prove their identity through his ration card, driving licence or any document related to his identity.

On a poling booth a presiding officer and polling officers are appointed as per the requirement. On the day of polling voters come and line up in a queue. Before casting of vote the voter’s identity is verified then the voter who has come to cast his vote has to append his signature / thumb impression on the voters’ list. If electronic voting machine is used then the voter appends his signature or thumb impression on the counterfoil of the ballot. After the marking of indelible ink he can cast his vote.

Voting can be done in two ways:

• by Electronic Voting Machine
• Old Ballot System.

To keep the vote confidential two or more polling booths are made at every polling center, where electronic voting machine or ballot box is kept. In electronic voting machine, the vote is cast by pressing the button in front of the name of the candidate and its corresponding election symbol. In the ballot paper voting system, a ballot paper with the signature of election officer is given to the voters.

The voter goes to the polling room with that, ballot paper and puts tire seal on the symbol of the desired candidate. The ballot paper is folded and put in the ballot box. After the period of voting is over, the electronic voting machine is closed and sealed. After the ballot box are used, these are closed first, then through the special paper seal obtained along with the voting material, these boxes are sealed.

7. Counting:
All ballot boxes and electronic voting machines are collected on a fixed date. Counting takes place in front of district election officer. The candidate who attains maximum number of votes is declared elected. The elected candidate is the representative of his area. After the result of election are declared the elected candidate gets a certificate of winning the election through the district election officer.

Question 5.
Describe the importance and functions of political parties.
Answer:
Importance of Political Parties The party system makes democratic rule possible. In modern age the work of government is done with the help of political parties. They help government make policies. Also by their help it becomes easier to bring changes in the polices.’Due to party system, the government becomes welfare eaten and works in the interest of people.

They stop arbitrariness of government. The desires and expectations of public reach the government through them. They impart political education to people. Everybody gets an opportunity to become a part of government through these parties. Political parities protect the independence of citizens. They establish unity of nation.

The importance of political parties in democracy can be explained in the following way:
1. Formation and expression of public opinion is possible only through political parties. The political parties organised processions and conferences for the formation of public opinion.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Intext Questions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Chapter 13 पाठान्तर्गत प्रश्नोत्तर

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 209

भूमिका

प्रश्न 1.
मोहन स्वयं अपने और अपनी बहन के लिए चाय बनाता है। वह 300 mL पानी, 2 चम्मच चीनी, 1 चम्मच चाय पत्ती और 50 mL दूध का उपयोग करता है। यदि वह पाँच व्यक्तियों के लिए चाय बनाए, तो उसे प्रत्येक वस्तु की कितनी मात्रा की आवश्यकता होगी?
हल:
यहाँ, दो व्यक्तियों के लिए पानी = 300 mL, चीनी = 2 चम्मच, चायपत्ती = 1 चम्मच, दूध = 50 mL.
∴ 2 व्यक्तियों के लिये पानी की मात्रा = 300 mL
∴ 5 व्यक्तियों के लिए पानी की मात्रा = 5 x \(\frac{300mL}{2}\)
= 750 mL
∴ 2 व्यक्तियों के लिए चीनी की मात्रा = 2 चम्मच
∴ 5 व्यक्तियों के लिए चीनी की मात्रा = \(\frac{2×5}{2}\) चम्मच
= 5 चम्मच
∴ 2 व्यक्तियों के लिए चायपत्ती = 1 चम्मच
∴ 5 व्यक्तियों के लिए चायपत्ती = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 5
= 2\(\frac{1}{2}\) चम्मच
∴ 2 व्यक्तियों के लिए दूध की मात्रा = 50 mL
∴ 5 व्यक्तियों के लिए दूध की मात्रा = \(\frac{50}{2}\) x 5 mL
= 125 mL
अतः मोहन को 5 व्यक्तियों के लिए चाय बनाने के लिए 750 mL पानी, 5 चम्मच चीनी, 29 चम्मच चायपत्ती और 125 mL दूध की आवश्यकता होगी।

प्रश्न 2.
यदि दो विद्यार्थी किसी सभा के लिए कुर्सियाँ व्यवस्थित करने में 20 मिनट का समय लगाते हैं तो इसी कार्य को करने में 5 विद्यार्थी कितना समय लेंगे?
हल:
∴ 2 विद्यार्थियों को कुर्सियाँ व्यवस्थित करने में लगा समय = 20 मिनट
∴ 5 विद्यार्थियों को कुर्सियाँ व्यवस्थित करने में लगा समय = 2072 मिनट
= 8 मिनट
अत: 5 विद्यार्थियों को कुर्सियाँ व्यवस्थित करने में 8 मिनट लगेंगे।

प्रश्न 3.
ऐसी पाँच और स्थितियाँ लिखिए, जहाँ एक राशि में परिवर्तन होने से दूसरी राशि में परिवर्तन होता है।
उत्तर:
इस प्रकार की पाँच स्थितियाँ निम्नलिखित हैं –

1. यदि हम बैंक से अधिक धन उधार लेंगे तो हमें अधिक ब्याज देना होगा।
2. किसी गैस पर दबाब बढ़ाने से गैस का आयतन कम हो जाएगा।
3. किसी कार्य को करने के लिए मजदूरों की संख्या बढ़ाने पर पहले की अपेक्षा कम दिन लगेंगे।
4. अधिक दूरी तय करने के लिए किसी वाहन को अधिक पेट्रोल/डीजल की आवश्यकता होगी।
5. किसी मैस में विद्यार्थियों की संख्या बढ़ जाने पर पहले की अपेक्षा अधिक भोजन की आवश्यकता होगी।

पाठ्यपुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 210 सीधा समानुपात

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित सारणी का अध्ययन कीजिए –
हल:

प्रश्न 2.
अब निम्नलिखित सारणी को पूरा कीजिए –
हल:

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 211-212

इन्हें कीजिए (क्रमांक 13.1)

प्रश्न 1.
एक घड़ी लीजिए और उसकी मिनट वाली (बड़ी) सुई को 12 पर स्थिर कीजिए।
मिनट की सुई द्वारा अपनी प्रारम्भिक स्थिति में घूमे गए कोणों एवं बीते हुए समय को निम्नलिखित सारणी के रूप में लिखिए –

आप T और A के बारे में क्या देखते हैं? क्या इनमें साथ-साथ वृद्धि होती है? क्या – प्रत्येक समय वही रहता है?
क्या मिनट की सुई द्वारा घूमा गया कोण व्यतीत हुए समय के अनुक्रमानुपाती (directly proportional) है? हाँ! उपर्युक्त सारणी से, आप यह भी देख सकते हैं कि –
T₁ : T₂ = A₁ : A₂, क्योंकि
T₁ : T₂ = 15 : 30 = 1 : 2
A₁ : A₂ = 90 : 180 = 1 : 2
जाँच कीजिए कि क्या T₂ : T₃ = A₂ : A₃ तथा T₃ : T₄ = A₃ : A₄ है।
आपस्वयं अपने समय अन्तराल लेकर, इस क्रियाकलाप को दोहरा सकते हैं।
हल:
घूमा गया कोण –
A₂ → 180°
A₃ → 270°
A₄ → 360°

यहाँ, हम देखते हैं कि T में वृद्धि होने पर A में वृद्धि होती है।
हाँ, इनमें साथ-साथ वृद्धि होती है।
हाँ, प्रत्येक समय \(\frac{T}{A}\) = \(\frac{1}{6}\) रहता है।
“हाँ, मिनट की सुई द्वारा घूमा गया कोण व्यतीत हुए समय के अनुक्रमानुपाती है।

यहाँ, सत्यापन होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
अपने मित्र से निम्नलिखित सारणी के भरने के लिए कहिए तथा उसकी आयु और उसकी माँ गत आयु का अनुपात ज्ञात करने के लिए भी कहिए –

आप क्या देखते हैं? क्या F और M में साथ-साथ वृद्धि (या कमी) होती है? क्या \(\frac{F}{M}\) प्रत्येक बार वही रहता है? नहीं। आप इस क्रियाकलाप को अपने अन्य मित्रों के साथ दोहरा सकते हैं तथा अपने प्रेक्षणों को लिख सकते हैं।
हल:
सारणी को भरने पर,

यहाँ, हम देखते हैं कि F और M में साथ-साथ वृद्धि (या कमी) होती है।
नहीं, \(\frac{F}{M}\) प्रत्येक बार वही नहीं है।
इस क्रियाकलाप को हम अपने अन्य मित्रों के साथ दोहरा सकते हैं। हम यही स्थिति पाएँगे।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 212

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 13.1)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित सारणियों को देखिए तथा ज्ञात कीजिए कि क्या x और y अनुक्रमानुपाती हैं –
1.

2.

3.

हल:
1.

अतः x और ‘ के संगत मानों का अनुपात , ही रहता है। इसलिए, x और y अनुक्रमानुपाती हैं जिनका अनुपात \(\frac{1}{2}\) अचर है।

2.
यहाँ,

यहाँ x और y का अनुपात अचर नहीं हैं। इसलिए, x और y अनुक्रमानुपाती नहीं हैं।

3.

यहाँ, हम देखते हैं कि x और y के संगत अनुपात अचर नहीं हैं।
अतः x और y अनुक्रमानुपाती नहीं हैं। उत्तर

प्रश्न 2.
मूलधन = ₹ 1,000 ब्याज दर = 8% वार्षिक निम्नलिखित सारणी को भरिए तथा ज्ञात कीजिए कि किस प्रकार ब्याज (साधारण या चक्रवृद्धि) समय अवधि के साथ प्रत्यक्ष अनुपात में बदलता या परिवर्तित होता है।

हल:
यहाँ, मूलधन = ₹ 1,000, ब्याज दर = 8% वार्षिक
साधारण ब्याज = \(\frac{pxrxt}{100}\)

= ₹ 1259.712 – ₹ 1000
= ₹ 259.712
अब, सारणी भरने पर

अतः साधारण ब्याज समय अवधि के साथ प्रत्यक्ष अनुपात में बदलता है।
लेकिन चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज समय अवधि के साथ प्रत्यक्ष अनुपात में नहीं बदलता है।

सोचिए, चर्चा कीजिए और लिखिए (क्रमांक 13.1)

प्रश्न 1.
यदि हम समय अवधि और ब्याज की दर स्थिर रखें, तो साधारण ब्याज मूलधन के साथ प्रत्यक्ष अनुपात में परिवर्तित होता है। क्या ऐसा ही सम्बन्ध चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज के लिए भी होगा? क्यों?
हल:
नहीं, ऐसा सम्बन्ध चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज के लिए नहीं होगा। क्योंकि चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज में मूलधन समय अवधि के साथ बदलता रहता है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 215

इन्हें कीजिए (क्रमांक 13.2)

प्रश्न 1.
अपने राज्य का एक मानचित्र लीजिए। वहाँ पर प्रयुक्त पैमाने को लिख लीजिए। पैमाने (तनसमत) का प्रयोग करते हुए, मानचित्र पर किन्हीं दो नगरों की दूरी मापिए। इन दोनों नगरों के बीच की वास्तविक दूरी परिकलित कीजिए।
हल:
माना कि पैमाना 1 सेमी. = 200 किमी
माना कि दो नगरों के बीच की दूरी = 4 सेमी
तब, दो नगरों के बीच वास्तविक दूरी = 4 x 200 किमी
= 800 किमी

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 भिन्न Ex 7.6

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 174-175

प्रश्न 1.
हल कीजिए

हल :

प्रश्न 2.
सरिता ने \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) मी रिबन खरीदा और ललिता ने \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 }\) मी। दोनों ने कुल कितना रिबन खरीदा ?
हल :
सरिता द्वारा खरीदा रिबन = \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) मी
ललिता द्वारा खरीदा रिबन = \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 }\) मी
दोनों द्वारा खरीदा रिबन

अत: दोनों ने \(\frac { 23 }{ 20 }\) मी रिबन खरीदा। उत्तर

प्रश्न 3.
नैना को केक का \(1\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) भाग मिला और नजमा को \(1\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) भाग। दोनों को केक का कितना भाग मिला ?
हल :
नैना को मिला केक का भाग = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\)
नजमा को मिला केक का भाग = \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\)
दोनों को मिला केक का भाग

अत: दोनों को मिला केक का भाग = \(\frac { 17 }{ 6 }\)

प्रश्न 4.
रिक्त स्थान भरिए

हल :

प्रश्न 5.
योग-व्यवकलन तालिका को पूरा कीजिए

हल :

प्रश्न 6.
\(\frac { 7 }{ 8 }\) मीटर तार के दो टुकड़े हो जाते हैं। इनमें से एक टुकड़ा \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) मीटर है। दूसरे टुकड़े की लम्बाई क्या है ?
हल :
∵तार के टुकड़े की कुल लम्बाई = \(\frac { 7 }{ 8 }\) मीटर
और एक टुकड़े की लम्बाई = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) मीटर
∴दूसरे टुकड़े की लम्बाई = \(\frac { 7 }{ 8 }\) मी – \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) मी

अतः तार के दूसरे टुकड़े की लम्बाई = मीटर।

प्रश्न 7.
नन्दिनी का घर उसके स्कूल से \(\frac { 9 }{ 10 }\) किमी दूर है। वह कुछ दूरी पैदल चलती है और फिर \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) किमी की दूरी बस द्वारा तय करके स्कूल पहुँचती है। वह कितनी दूरी पैदल चलती है ?
हल :
नन्दिनी के घर से स्कूल की दूरी = \(\frac { 9 }{ 10 }\) किमी
नन्दिनी द्वारा बस से तय की गई दूरी = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) किमी
नन्दिनी द्वारा पैदल चली दूरी = \(\frac { 9 }{ 10 }\) किमी – \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) किमी

अतः नन्दिनी द्वारा पैचल चली दूरी = \(\frac{4}{10}\left(=\frac{2}{5}\right)\)

प्रश्न 8.
आशा और सेमुअल के पास एक ही माप की पुस्तक रखने वाली दो अलमारियाँ हैं। आशा की.अलमारी पुस्तकों से \(\frac { 5 }{ 6 }\) भाग भरी है और सेमुअल की अलमारी पुस्तकों से \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) भाग भरी है। किसकी अलमारी अधिक भरी हुई है और कितनी अधिक ?
हल :
आशा की अलमारी का पुस्तकों से भरा भाग = \(\frac { 5 }{ 6 }\)

सेमुअल की अलमारी का पुस्तकों से भरा भाग = \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\)

अत: आशा की अलमारी अधिक भरी है।

अत: आशा की अलमारी \(\frac { 13 }{ 30 }\) भाग अधिक भरी है।

प्रश्न 9.
जयदेव स्कूल के मैदान का \(2\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) मिनट में चक्कर लगा लेता है। राहुल इसी कार्य को करने में \(\frac { 7 }{ 4 }\) मिनट का समय लेता है। इसमें कौन कम समय लेता है और कितना कम?
हल :
स्कूल के मैदान का चक्कर लगाने में
जयदेव द्वारा लिया गया समय = \(2\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) मिनट = \(\frac { 11 }{ 5 }\) मिनट

राहुल द्वारा लिया गया समय

अत: राहुल मैदान का चक्कर लगाने में कम समय लेता है।

राहुल, जयदेव से \(\frac { 9 }{ 20 }\) मिनट कम समय लेता है।

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 27 The Means of Transport in India

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Text Book Exercise Questions

Answer the following questions:

Question (a)
What are means of transport? Give two examples.
Answer:
All the means used for moving from one place to another are called the means of transport.
Examples: Bus, railway, aeroplane, etc.

Question (b)
Write the names of the main means of transport in India.
Answer:
The means of transport makes important contribution in linking far off places, social integrity and unity and defence of the country. Different means of transport move on different routes.
Example: cycle, bullock cart, buses and car moves on road; trains move on railway tracks aeroplane move in air and boats, ships move on water.

Question (c)
State the difference between National and State Highways.
National Highways:

1. National Highways join capital and the main cities of the country and extend upto the territorial boundaries of our country.
2. These roads are managed and looked after by the Central Government.
3. Grand Trunk Road (G.T. Road) are the National Highways.

State Highways:

1. State Highways join main districts cities with the national highways. These roads limit upto the state boundaries only.
2. These roads are looked after by the state Governments.
3. Roads connecting two cities in a state are examples of State Highways.

Question (d)
Which National Highway connects Jabalpur and Jaipur.
Answer:
National Highway 3 connects Jabalpur and Jaipur.

Question (e)
Into how many zones have the Indian Railways been divided? Name them.
Answer:
The railways in India has been divided into nine zones for proper management. They are:

1. Eastern Railway
2. Northern Railway
3. Southern Railway
4. Central Railway
5. North – East Frontier Railway
6. South Central Railway
7. South – Eastern Railway
8. Western Railway
9. North – Eastern Railway

Question (f)
Which countries are connected by water transport from Mumbai and Kolkata harbours?
Answer:
Karachi, Captown, Africa are connected by water transport from Mumbai and Yangun is connected by water transport from Koikata.

Question (g)
Name any four harbours of India.
Answer:
The four harbours of India are Kandla, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

Question (h)
Why are the rivers of Southern India not appropriate for internal transport through water?
Answer:
The rivers of Southern India flow on the hilly areas of the plateau which have much ups and downs. Therefore, they are not appropriate for water transport.

Question 2.
Mark the following in the given map:

1. National Highway No. 3 and 6.
2. Mumbai – Chennai rail route
3. Water route through Vishakhapatanam.
4. Water route through Paradip.
5. Delhi – Chennai air – route.
6. Kolkata Harbour.

Answer:
Do yourself.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Democracy

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a Democracy?
(a) Government of elected representatives.
(b) Respect of Rights.
(c) Centralization of power in the hands of one person
(d) Free and impartial elections.
Answer:
(c) Centralization of power in the hands of one person

Question 2.
Which is the Democratic concept?
(a) Freedom
(b) Exploitation
(c) Inequality
(d) Individualism.
Answer:
(a) Freedom

Question 3.
Which one of the following is not a demerit of democracy?
(a) Waste of public time and money
(b) Dominance of the wealthy
(c) Partisanship
(d) Public welfare.
Answer:
(b) Dominance of the wealthy

Question 4.
Democracy is a rule of the people, by the people, for the people-
(a) Machaivelle
(b) Lincoln
(c) Roussean
(d) Hautes.
Answer:
(d) Hautes.

Fill in the blank:

1. Aristotle has called Democracy as the …………….
2. The propounders of communism was …………… and ………………
3. A ……………….. constitution is essential for successful Democracy.
4. There is a wastage of ………….. and …………… in Democracy.

Answer:

1. Rule of many
2. Karl Marx and Lenin
3. written
4. time, money.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What has been mentioned with reference to democracy in the later Vedic Period?
Answer:
During the later Vedic Period the Republican Form of Government and local self-governing institutions were prevalent.

Question 2.
What was the basic unit of administration in ancient India?
Answer:
In ancient India the basic unit of administration was Panchyat.

Question 3.
What right does the Marxist principle of democracy lay emphasis on?
Answer:
The Marxist principle believe that the political power must be rested in the hands of the entire society but for this it is important that the economic power should be rested in the hands of the entire society. This principle lays emphasis on a classless and stateless society.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any two definitions explaining the meaning of democracy?
Answer:

• Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.
• Democracy is a form of government where the ruling community is a comparatively bigger part of the entire nation.

Question 2.
State the importance of Democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is a system of governance based on freedom, equality, participation and brotherhood. It can also be called a social system. Under this the entire life of man is based on the democratic belief that every individual has equal importance in the society.

In political sphere of man’s life democracy means a political system in which the power to take decisions does not vest is an individual but in the hands of representatives of the people. Therefore the rule is based on the feelings pf the people. In the social sphere of man’s life democracy gives a society where there is no discrimination on the grounds of caste, religion, color, gender, race, creed or wealth.

Question 3.
What do you understand by indirect or representative democracy?
Answer:
When the people participate in the making of law and controlling the working of administration through the elected representatives, it is called indirect democracy. In present times indirect democracy is practiced. In this the people choose their representatives for a definite period who form the legislature and make the laws. In this system the wishes of the people are expressed through the elected representatives.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by democracy. Write down its chief characteristics.
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from two Greek word ‘Demos’ and ‘Cretin’ which respectively mean ‘people’ and ‘power’. It means a type of governing system where the power to govern rests with the people and administration is either directly done by the people or through their representatives. It is also reformed to as Loktantra’ or ‘Jantantra’.

Characteristics of Democracy:
1. Accountable Ruling System:
The people can make the Government work in an accountable manner by asking question and criticizing it. Here the power to govern is basically with the people which is handed to the representatives for a fixed term. Therefore the accountability of the governing is essential for the people else the people have the right to hand over the power to any alternative in the next elections.

2. Rule based on Equality:
Democracy is based on the principle of equality. In this form of government all citizens without any discrimination have equal civil and political rights. Elections in a fixed time period are essential for democracy. All adult citizens have equal rights to vote and contest elections as candidates in these elections.

The present democracies emphasis on social and economic equality as well. The basic traits of democracy are equal social and economic opportunities and equal importance to an individual personality. Therefore ‘one person one vote’ is the axis of democracy.

3. Strengthening System of Freedom:
In a democracy various types of freedom are given to the criticizers for their all-round development. Besides political freedom rights to various types of religious and cultural freedoms are also given to the citizens. In a democracy elasticize have the right to vote, get elected, hold public offices, give speeches, freedom to express, form associations, organize meetings, address people or practice any profession or trade.

4. Rule of Law:
By rule of law is meant that everyone is equal before law. Similar punishment is given for similar crime, whatever be the status and position.

5. Independent and Impartial Elections:
Conducting elections only is not enough in democracy but elections must be conducted in an independent and impartial manner so that the possibility of winning or losing election for the people in power is also there. There should be no pressure on the voters during elections and the election process should also be impartial.

The will of the people is supreme in a democracy. In this form of Government elections are held from time-to-time. For forming the Government various political parties and independent candidates also have the freedom to participate in these elections.

6. Existence of Written Constitution:
Definite fundamental principles and procedures of administrative organization is the most important feature of Democracy so that any ruling party on the basis of its majority may not define or change it according to its whims and fancies. The constitution of organs of government, procedures etc.

must be clearly defined in the constitution. Therefore, a written constitution is considered to be very important. Democracy is based on equality and freedom of the citizens. Therefore it is necessary to define them in the fundamental laws of the constitution.

7. Independent and Impartial Judiciary:
An independent and impartial judiciary is of paramount importance for putting into practice the provisions of the constitution. The judiciary has been made supreme to make the government work in accordance with the constitution, secure the rights of the citizens and punish those who violate the constitution. Therefore in order to make democracy practical an independent and impartial judiciary is very important.

Question 2.
Describe the merits and demerits of democracy.
Answer:
Merits:
1. Based on Highest Values of Humanity:
Democracy is based on higher values like equality, justice and brotherhood and everyone is treated with equality respecting every individuals dignity. It develops virtues like self-respect and self-reliance in the citizens.

2. Public Welfare:
In a democracy the representatives of the people govern who are elected by the people for a definite period. They are always afraid that if they do not work in accordance with the wishes, feelings and need of the people then they will be defeated in the next elections. Therefore, the government is responsible to the people in a democracy and is always vigilant about their interests. Therefore public welfare is always kept in mind in a democracy.

3. Political Education:
Democracy is the best means of political education. People take interest in political field naturally, due to the right to vote and freedom to hold political position. Freedom of expression and the use of means of communication, promote the tendency to exchange ideas among citizens.

4. Growth of Feeling of Patriotism:
Democracy is the rule of the people for attaining public welfare for the people. People feel associated with the Government and state since they are politically conscious. This association promotes the feelings of love and commitment for the nation. This leads to the cultivation of nationalism.

5. Minimum Possibility of Violent Revolution:
Democracy is a philosophy of peace and tolerance. Its based on understanding and consensus. The opposition also has a right to put forth its views. Therefore, the opposition also criticizes and condemns the Government. If the majority of the people are dissatisfied with the ruling class it can easily remove them through constitutional methods. Therefore there is a least possibility of a violent revolution in the democracy.

Demerits:
1. Emphasis on Quantity rather than on Quality:
In a democracy more importance is given to quantity than quality. Only the votes are counted in this system. The vote of every voter has equal value irrespective of whether he is capable or incapable.

2. Rule of the Incapable:
Governance is an art. For this special knowledge and qualifications are required. The aim of welfare of the entire society cannot be realized if the ruler does not have the knowledge of this art. Only a few people have the art, capability and the potential to govern.

But in a democracy there is a rule of the majority and a capable person is also equated with an incapable. In developing countries the situation is even me e pitiable. Therefore critics also call democracy as a rule of the incapable.

3. Waste of Public Time’ and Money:
Only after a long and complex procedure the legislature is formed. Sometimes it takes years to make important laws. Lot of money is spent on the election process. A lot of money is also spent on the members of parliament.

4. Domination of the Wealthy:
To say that everyone participates in the political process in a democracy is only theoretical. Practically the elections have become so expensive that common people cannot even think of participating in the election for any position. To contest elections on money has become a common features of Democracy system. Candidates contesting elections spend a lot of money in campaigning. This has led to the transformation of Democracy from ‘Rule of the People’ to the ‘Rule of the Rich’.

5. Partisanship:
For the regulation of present Democracy political parties are becoming essential. Political parties are formed on the basis of ideologies but their main aim is to acquire power. To influence people and win popularity political parties levy baseless charges against each other opposition for the sake of opposing and not for principles or values becomes the aim of the political parties.

Political parties become a battling ground for those who influence the feelings of the people through negative campaigning and find ways and means to fulfill their selfish motives and establish their supremacy. Their immoral behavior during elections embitters the entire environment. Partisan interests becomes more important than public welfare and they also use political power to fulfill their selfish interests.

6. Weak during Wars and Emergencies:
There is a need to take quick decisions during a war or an emergency, but democracy proves to be ineffective during such times.

Question 3.
Describe the fundamental principles of democracy.
Answer:
The fundamental principles of democracy are:

1. The Classical Principle of Democracy:
According to this principle the basis of governance is the consent of the people, but if the government does not come up to the expectations of the people, then the people can remove the government through next election. The welfare of the people is the aim of the government. This is also known as the liberal principle of Democracy, because it lays emphasis on the freedom of the people and supremacy of the society.

2. The Elitist Principle of Democracy:
This principle has been propounded in the beginning of the 20^th century. It lays emphasis on the basic natural inequalities among man and believes that in all political systems there are two classes the ruling and the ruled. Though the ruling class is in a minority still as a center of power it is an elite class. The power of governing is in the hands of this elite. class.

Generally people think that they are participating in the political process but actually their influence is confined to elections. The basis of elite is selection on the basis of superiority. Their superiority can be on any basis nature, thought, economic status, social and educational background, which makes them different from common people. Elite also consider themselves different and superior but they act and react with the common people.

Secondly this way integration of peoples sovereignty is attained. Elite have an influential role in deciding the policy or in the money and wealth of the society but in a democracy everyone has an equal opportunity to enter this elite class. On the other hand regulated and open election process acts as a hindrance for elite to work for the welfare of the people.

3. Pluralist Principle:
This principle believes that in a democracy a person has the freedom to organize himself into various groups for the fulfillment of various interests. These groups are autonomous in their region and pressurize the Government for fulfillment of their interest. In this way all groups share power to the extent of fulfillment of their interest.

This principle also believes that actually power is divided among these groups therefore its basic concept is decentralization of power. According to this, the state alone does not have the right to supreme power but in a democracy all groups of a society have a share in political power and power to govern.

4. Marxist Principle:
In the later 19th century a new principle of democracy based on the ideology of modern profounder of communism Karl Marx and Lenin came forward. According to this principle for the establishment of true democracy a classless and stateless society should be established first. Resourceful class is empowered with political therefore state itself becomes a group of exploiters.

The Marxist principle believes that the political power must be rested in the entire society but for this it is important that the economic power should be in the hands of the entire society. In such a condition alone will the administration be regulated for all and in the interests of all. This principle of democracy lays more emphasis on economic equality rather than on political and civil equalities. It recognizes that if a person has no food, clothing or shelter then the right to vote or to get elected is meaningless for him.

Question 4.
Describe the form and importance of democracy in India.
Answer:
Democracy and ideas of democratic institutions are not new for India. It is believed that around 3000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. during the Vedic period the tradition of representative consultation was prevalent among Indians. During the later Vedic period the Republican form of Government and local self – governing institutions were prevalent. In Rigveda and Atharvaveda a reference of Sabha and Samiti is found.

After the war of Mahabharat big empires started disappearing and many republican states rose. During the Mahajanpad period there was a birth of sixteen Mahajanpads which included Kashi, Kaushal, Magadh, Matsya etc. Some of the Mahajanpads were monarchical and others republic. Mahavir and Gautam Buddha both came from Republic.

Many rules of Buddhist monasteries resemble the rules of modern parliamentary system. For example Seating arrangement, various types of proposals, calling attention quorum, whip, counting of votes, motion thoughts related to justice etc. In the Vajji union everyone assembled for a meeting.

It was a form of direct democracy. Union of Vajji was formed by association of six republics. There was an elaborate system of self-government in villages and cities during the Mauryan period in India. Indian society was predominantly agrarian when the fundamental unit was self-governing and independent villages. The political structure was based on these village communities.

The village was administered by an elected Panchayat. The center of the village was a Panchayat Ghar where young and the old assembled. All members of the village elected the Panchayat every year. These elected Panchayats had ail rights in the matters of the village and the right to administer justice.

Panchayats distributed the land and collected taxes for the Government from the entire village. Some committees were formed from the elected members of the Panchayats. Each committee was formed for one year if any member misbehaved he could be immediately removed. If a member was unable to give a proper account of public exchequer he was declared incapable.

At the central level the king ruled. The king did not have autocratic rights based on Divine rights like kings in Europe. If the king misbehaved the subjects had the right to remove the king. There was a state council to give advice to the king. The king worked in accordance with the wisbs of the people and the advisors of the king (ministers / officers) respected the Panchas at the local levels. Therefore in ancient India the meaning , of Rule of Kings’ was serving the subjects.

Question 5.
What is the concept of democracy? Describe the present form of Indian democracy.
Answer:
The main concept of democracy is that the entire power of the state vests in the. people and not in any individual, group or dynasty. Therefore participation of the people is the basic , foundation of democracy. All must participate in the taking of such decisions or work which affects everyone.

By democracy is a meant a system of governance where public welfare is of utmost importance. Democracy is not confined to a system of governance. It is a form of state and society. Therefore, it is a mixture of state, society and governance.

Present Form of Indian Democracy:
In present times India is world’s largest democratic country. After getting independence Indian constitution came into force on 26^th Jan., 1950. India became a sovereign democratic republic after the enforcement of the constitution. Citizens were given universal adult suffrage in accordance with the fundamental principles of democracy by the constitution.

All adult Indian citizens were given . the right to vote without any discrimination by which the people could elect the representatives of their choice and form a popular Government. Indian citizens have shown an active participation and maturity in all the parliamentary and legislative elections. Barring the exception of emergency (1975-1977) holding of timely and impartial elections is an indicator of perpetual democracy in India.

Besides the elections for Panchayats and in cities municipalities and municipal corporation is also an example of Indian democracy being broad based. There are some challenges to Indian democracy. Indian democracy is getting affected i by illiteracy, caste-ism, linguism, regionalism, separatism, communism, political violence, social and economic inequalities, dominance of money and muscle power corruption and politics of vote banks.

Indian democracy can be freed from these problems by removing social – economic inequalities, expansion of education and establishing moral values. The commitment of Indian people towards democracy is clear from the various time bound elections and through change in power from time – to – time through constitutional methods. Therefore we can hope for perpetuation and success of democracy in India

Project Work

Question 1.
Collect information on the student council elections in your school. Write the process or procedure adopted in the elections of class representatives or student council. Make a beautiful chart of all representatives and office bearers.
Answer:
Attempt yourself.

Question 2.
Collect information on the elections of your village Panchayat. Make a chart of winning and defeated candidates. Write the role of people of the village in the election process of the Panchayat.
Answer:
Attempt yourself.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) Who called democracy a rule of many’?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Lincoln
(c) Dicey
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Aristotle

Question 2.
Democratic system believes in –
(a) Inequality
(b) Organised and regular change of the rulers
(c) Classless society
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Organised and regular change of the rulers

Question 3.
Communism was in practice in Soviet Union till –
(a) 1980
(3) 2000
(c) 1990
(d) 2002.
Answer:
(c) 1990

Question 4.
Direct democracy is possible only in –
(a) States with less population
(b) States with big population
(c) Communist states
(d) Society with big population.
Answer:
(a) States with less population

Question 5.
Democracy is a form of government where the ruling community is a comparatively bigger part of the entire nation. Who is related with this statement?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Dicey
(c) Lincoln
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Dicey

Fill in the blank:

1. ………….. means a ruling system in which welfare of people is prominent.
2. Democracy is of …………………. types.
3. At present India is the biggest ……………….. country in the world.
4. After independence Indian constitution came into force on ……………
5. A group formed by definite geographical area, population, government and sovereignty is called a ………….

Answer:

1. Democracy
2. two
3. democratic
4. 26 January , 1950
5. State.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The word democracy has been derived from which two Greek words? What do they refer to?
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from two Greek word ‘demos’ and ‘cratia’ which respectively mean ‘people’ and ‘power’.

Question 2.
What do you mean by direct democracy?
Answer:
When the people residing in a state themselves directly discuss on public issues on the basis of which policies are decided and laws made, then such a governance is called direct democracy.

Question 3.
Why is the accountability of the governing essential for the people?
Answer:
It is essential otherwise the people have the right to hand over the power to any alternative in the next elections.

Question 4.
Mention some freedoms given to the citizens in a democracy to their all round development.
Answer:
Freedom of holding officer, giving speeches, forming associations, organizing meetings, addressing people or practicing any profession or trade.

Question 5.
In which situation can judiciary give verdict against the Government?
Answer:
Judiciary can give verdict against the Government if it works against the constitution.

Question 6.
Where is direct democracy possible?
Answer:
Direct democracy is possible only in states with less population and small in size.

Question 7.
Where is direct democracy prevalent today?
Answer:
Direct democracy today is prevalent in some cautions of Switzerland and under the Panchyati raj system in the Gram Sabhas in India.

Question 8.
Write any two chief features of democracy.
Answer:

• Accountable ruling system.
• Rule based on equality.

Question 9.
On what bases is democratic system established?
Answer:
Democratic system is established on the dignity and equality of citizens, freedom, brotherhood and justice.

Question 10.
What is the fundamental belief of democracy?
Answer:
The fundamental belief of democracy is that the power of the governing must be in the interest of the governed for protecting the rights of the people.

Question 11.
What is democracy?
Answer:
Democracy is a type of governing system where the power to govern rests with the people and administration is either directly done by the people or through their representatives.

Question 12.
Write the main types of democracy?
Answer:
The main types of democracy:

• Direct Democracy
• Indirect Democracy.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What suggestions does Marxism give for the establishment of a real democracy?
Answer:
For the establishment of a real democracy Marxism gives the following suggestions:

• Social ownership of means of production and distribution.
• Equal distribution of wealth and fulfillment of everyone’s fundamental needs.
• For representation of people with similar economic interests the complete power to administer must be in the hands of one party. Marxism believes such a democracy to be actual and best democracy.

Question 2.
What do you know about the pluralist principle of democracy?
Answer:
The pluralist principle believes that in a democracy a person has the freedom to organised himself into various groups for the fulfillment of various interests. These groups are autonomous in their region and pressurize the government for fulfillment of their interest. In this way all groups share power to the extent of fulfillment of their interests.

This principle also believes that actual power is divided among these groups. Therefore its basic concept is decentralization of power. According to this, the state alone does not have the right to supreme power but in a democracy all groups of a society have a share in political power and power to govern.

Question 3.
What is the need and importance of a constitution for a democracy?
Answer:
In the present democratic system the government is formed by the elected representatives of the people. The fundamental belief of democracy is that the power of the governing must be in the interests of the governed for protecting the rights of the people.

In a democracy the common people easily get to know the procedure of formation of the Government and rights and duties of the citizens. There should also be a provision to ensure that the constitution may not be easily changed.

In this manner it is important to have a written constitution for safeguarding democracy. Democracy is therefore called the Rule of Law. Here the Law is above an individual or a group of individuals, which is ensured through written constitution. Therefore a constitution is very important for a Democracy. For strengthening democracies, democratic traditions are also important which give flexibility to a written constitution.

Question 4.
What is the importance of independent and impartial judiciary in the democracy?
Answer:
An independent and impartial judiciary is of paramount importance for putting into practice the provisions of the constitution. The judiciary has been made supreme to make the government work in accordance with the constitution, secure rights of the citizens and punish those who violate the constitution. There fore in order to make democracy practical an independent and impartial judiciary is very important.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write in detail the importance of democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is not only a special type of ruling but it is a special perspective towards life. Democracy is a system of governance based on freedom, equality, participation and brotherhood. It can also be called a social system. Under this the entire life of man is based on the democratic belief that every individual has equal importance in the society. If the importance of a person is only in the political field then democracy will remain incomplete.

For realization of true democracy it is important that individual get equal opportunities of growth in political, social and economic sphere of life. In political sphere of man’s life democracy means a political system in which the power to take decisions, does not vest in an individual but in the hands of the elected representatives of the people. Therefore the rule is based on the feelings of the people.

In the social sphere of mans life democracy imply a society where there is no discrimination on the grounds of caste,, religion, color, gender, race, creed or wealth. Everyone must have equal right and opportunities to grow in one’s life equally without any discrimination and the society must have the underlying feeling of brotherhood and mutual cooperation.

In the economic sphere of man’s life by democracy is mean! a system, where every member of the society gets the freedom and the right to choose his means of livelihood or any profession. An effort to establish such a system is made where there is no exploitation of one by the other.

An effort is made to provide basic facilities so that he may fulfill his minimum economics need and live a dignified life, meaning to provide the facilities of food clothing, shelter, health, education, employment is the basis  democracy. Democratic system believes in an organized and regular change of the rulers.

Democracy also believes that whatever changes have to be done in the political, social arid economic spheres can be done in a peaceful manner. This is the only administrative system which ensures the participation of the people in the political process. Therefore it is valued more than any other system of governance.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions