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MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit Solutions Surbhi Chapter 19 देशहिताय

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit Chapter 19 अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखो
(क) सिद्धार्थः कस्यां कक्षायां पठति? [सिद्धार्थ किस कक्षा में पढ़ता है?]
उत्तर:
‘सप्तम कक्षायां’

(ख) देशः कस्य तुल्यः अस्ति? [देश किसके समान है?]
उत्तर:
मातृतुल्यः

(ग) “शन्नोवरुणः’ इति कस्याः ध्येयवाक्यम् अस्ति? [‘शन्नो वरुण’ किसका ध्येय वाक्य है?]
उत्तर:
जलसेनायाः

(घ) देशसेवायाः सर्वेषां मार्गाणाम् उद्देश्यं किम्? [देशसेवा के सभी मार्गों का क्या उद्देश्य है?]
उत्तर:
‘देशहितम्’

(ङ) सिद्धार्थस्य मित्रं कः? [सिद्धार्थ का मित्र कौन है?]
उत्तर:
सुधीशः।

प्रश्न 2.
एक वाक्य में उत्तर लिखो
(क) बालचरः इत्युक्ते किं ज्ञायते? [बालचर कहे जाने से क्या प्रतीत होता है?]
उत्तर:
‘बालचरः’ इति बालानां एका सेवासंस्था अस्ति। [‘बालचर’ नामक बालकों की एक सेवा संस्था है।]

(ख) राष्ट्रियछात्रसेनायाः’ (एन.सी.सी.) ध्येयवाक्यं किम्? [राष्ट्रीय छात्र सेना का ध्येय वाक्य क्या है?]
उत्तर:
राष्ट्रियछात्रसेनायाः (एन.सी.सी.) ध्येयवाक्यं ‘अहं न भवान्’ इति। [राष्ट्रीय छात्र सेना का ध्येय वाक्य “मैं नहीं, आप” है।]

(ग) सेनायाः त्रिविधप्रकाराः के सन्ति? [सेना के तीन भेद कौन से हैं?]
उत्तर:
सेनायाः त्रिविधप्रकाराः सन्ति-जल सेना, वायु सेना, स्थल सेना च। [सेना के तीन भेद हैं-जल सेना, वायु सेना और स्थल सेना।]

(घ) बालचरस्य प्रथमा प्रतिज्ञा का अस्ति? [बालचर की पहली प्रतिज्ञा क्या है?]
उत्तर:
बालचरस्य प्रथमा प्रतिज्ञा अस्ति-‘ईश्वरं स्वदेशं प्रति च कर्त्तव्य पालनं’। [बालचर की पहली प्रतिज्ञा है-ईश्वर और अपने देश के प्रति कर्त्तव्य का पालन करना।]

(ङ) छात्रजीवने देशसेवायाः मार्गों को? [छात्र जीवन में देश सेवा के कौन से दो मार्ग हैं?]
उत्तर:
छात्रजीवने देश सेवायाः मार्गौ–’राष्ट्रीय छात्र सेना’, ‘राष्ट्रीय सेवायोजना’ च। [छात्र जीवन में देशसेवा के दो मार्ग (उपाय) हैं- ‘राष्ट्रीय छात्र सेना’ तथा ‘राष्ट्रीय सेवा योजना’।]

प्रश्न 3.
रेखांकित शब्द के आधार पर प्रश्न बनाओ
(क) ‘सिद्धार्थ:’ सप्तम्यां कक्षायां पठति।
(ख) गणवेशधारिणः वयं बालचराः स्मः।
(ग) “सर्वेषां सहायता” इति द्वितीया प्रतिज्ञा।
(घ) जलसेना जलमार्गात् देशसुरक्षां करोति।
(ङ) बालचरः एकं ग्रामं जनसेवायै गच्छति।
उत्तर:
(क) कः सप्तम्यां कक्षायां पठति?
(ख) गणवेशधारिणः वयं के स्मः?
(ग) ‘सर्वेषां का’ इति द्वितीया प्रतिज्ञा?
(घ) जलसेना कस्मात् देश सुरक्षां करोति?
(ङ) बालचरः एक ग्रामं कस्याथै गच्छति?

प्रश्न 4.
मिलान करो-

उत्तर:
(क) → (2)
(ख) → (3)
(ग) → (1)
(घ) → (4)

प्रश्न 5.
कोष्ठक से चुनकर वाक्य बनाओ-

उत्तर:
(क) अहम् लिखामि।
(ख) अहम् गच्छामि।
(ग) अहम् करोमि।
(घ) अहम् प्रेरयामि।
(ङ) भवान् पठति।
(च) भवान् गच्छति।
(छ) भवान् प्रेरयति।
(ज) भवान् रक्षति।
(झ) वयम् अनुपालयामः।
(ब) वयम् कुर्मः।
(ट) वयम् विचरामः।
(ठ) वयम् गच्छामः।
(ड) वयम् भवामः।
(ढ) अहम् शृणोमि।

प्रश्न 6.
उदाहरण के अनुसार रूप लिखो
धातुएँ :
लिख्, दृश् (पश्य), वद्, क्रीड, उपविश।
लकार :
लट्, लोट् (सभी पुरुष व सभी वचनों में)
उत्तर:
लट् लकार (वर्तमान में)

लोट् लकार (आज्ञायां)

प्रश्न 7.
कोष्ठक में दिये गये शब्दों से रिक्त स्थानों को पूरा करो
(कक्षायां, ग्रामम्, सेवासंस्था, मातृतुल्यः, सेना, बालचराः, के मार्गाः, ताः प्रतिज्ञाः, मार्गाभ्याम्)
(क) कस्यां ………।
(ख) एकं ……….।
(ग) एका ……….।
(घ) गणवेशधारिणः ………।
(ङ) काः प्रतिज्ञाः ……….।
(च) देशः ……….।
(छ) एताभ्यां ………।
(ज) एषा ……..।
उत्तर:
(क) कक्षायां
(ख) ग्रामम्
(ग) सेवासंस्था
(घ) बालचरा
(ङ) ताः प्रतिज्ञाः
(च) मातृतुल्यः
(छ) मार्गाभ्याम्
(ज) सेना।

देशहिताय हिन्दी अनुवाद

सुधीश: :
मित्र सिद्धार्थ! भवान् कस्यां कक्षायां पठति?

सिद्धार्थः :
अहं सप्तमकक्षायां पठामि। सुधीशः-एतद् वेशं धृत्वा भवान् कुत्र गच्छति?

सिद्धार्थ :
मित्र! पश्यतु मम गणवेशम्। अहं बालचरः। अतः जनसेवायै एक ग्रामं गच्छामि।

सुधीश: :
‘बालचरः’ इत्युक्ते किं ज्ञायते?

सिद्धार्थः :
बालचरः इति बालानां एका सेवासंस्था अस्ति। तस्याः सदस्यः भूत्वा वयं देशसेवां कर्तुं समर्थाः भवामः।

अनुवाद :
सुधीश :
हे मित्र सिद्धार्थ! आप किस कक्षा में पढ़ते हो?

सिद्धार्थ :
मैं सातवीं कक्षा में पढ़ता हूँ। सुधीश-यह वेश धारण करके आप कहाँ जा रहे हो?

सिद्धार्थ :
मित्र! मेरे गणवेश को देखो। मैं बालचर हैं। इसलिए मनुष्यों की सेवा के लिए एक गाँव को जा रहा हूँ।

सुधीश :
‘बालचर’ इसके कहने से क्या ज्ञात होता है?

सिद्धार्थ :
‘बालचर’ नामक बालकों की एक सेवा संस्था है। उसके सदस्य बनकर हम देश सेवा करने में समर्थ होते हैं।

सुधीश: :
बालचरो भूत्वा भवान् किं किं करोति?

सिद्धार्थः :
गणवेशधारिणः वयं बालचराः सर्वत्र विचरामः। वयं देवालयेषु मेलापकेषु हट्टेषु जनसमूहेषु सामाजिकार्यक्रमेषु भूकम्पादि आपात्कालेषु च उत्साहेन जनानां साहाय्यं कुर्मः। प्रतिज्ञाः अपि अनुपालयामः।

सुधीश: :
काः ताः प्रतिज्ञाः?

सिद्धार्थः :
प्रथमा तु ‘ईश्वरं स्वदेशं प्रति च कर्त्तव्यपालनं’, द्वितीया तावत् ‘सर्वेषां सहायता’ तृतीया प्रतिज्ञा ‘संस्थायाः अनुशासनस्य पालनम्’ इति।

अनुवाद :
सुधीश :
बालचर होकर आप क्या-क्या करते हो?

सिद्धार्थ :
गणवेश धारण किये हुए हम सभी बालचर सर्वत्र घूमते हैं। हम सब मन्दिरों में, मेलों में, हाटों में (पैठ में), मनुष्यों की भीड़ में, सामाजिक कार्यक्रमों में और भूकम्प आदि आपातकाल में उत्साहपूर्वक मनुष्यों की सहायता करते हैं। प्रतिज्ञा का भी पालन करते हैं।

सुधीश :
वह कौन सी प्रतिज्ञा है?

सिद्धार्थ :
पहली (प्रतिज्ञा है) ‘ईश्वर और अपने देश के प्रति कर्त्तव्य का पालन’, दूसरी (प्रतिज्ञा है) ‘सबकी सहायता करना’, तीसरी (प्रतिज्ञा है) ‘संस्था के अनुशासन का पालन करना।’

सुधीशः :
भवन्तं सेवायै कः प्रेरयति? सिद्धार्थः-देशस्तु मातृतुल्यः। मातृसेवायै सर्वे समानयोग्याः। आत्मप्रेरणया एव देशसेवां कुर्मः।

सुधीशः :
कथमहं देशसेवां कर्तुं शक्नोमि? के ते मार्गाः?

सिद्धार्थ: :
देशसेवायाः बहवः मार्गाः सन्ति। छात्रजीवने ‘राष्ट्रियछात्रसेना (एन.सी.सी.)’ इति। ‘राष्ट्रियसेवायोजना (एन.एस.एस.)’ इति देशसेवामार्गौ। ‘एकता अनुशासनञ्च’ राष्ट्रियछात्रसेनायाः ध्येयवाक्यम् एवञ्च ‘अहं न भवान्’ इति राष्ट्रियसेवायोजनायाः ध्येयवाक्यमस्ति। एताभ्यां मार्गाभ्यां वयं व्यक्तित्वविकासेन सह समाजसेवां देशसेवां च कर्तुं शक्नुमः।

अनुवाद :
सुधीश-आपको सेवा करने के लिए कौन प्रेरणा देता है?

सिद्धार्थ :
देश तो माता के समान है। माता की सेवा के लिए सभी समान रूप से योग्य हैं (सक्षम हैं)। आत्मा से प्राप्त प्रेरणा से ही देश की सेवा करते हैं।

सुधीश :
मैं किस तरह देश सेवा कर सकता हूँ? वे कौन से उपाय हैं?

सिद्धार्थ :
देश सेवा के बहुत से योग्य उपाय हैं। विद्यार्थी जीवन में “राष्ट्रीय छात्र सेना (एन. सी. सी.)” होती हैं। ‘राष्ट्रीय सेवायोजना’ (एन. एस. एस.) देश सेवा के उपाय हैं। ‘एकता और अनुशासन’ राष्ट्रीय छात्र सेना का ध्येय वाक्य ही है और ‘मैं नहीं आप’ भी राष्ट्रीय सेवायोजना का ध्येय वाक्य हैं। इन दोनों उपायों से (मार्गों से) हम सभी व्यक्तित्व विकास के साथ ही समाजसेवा और देश सेवा करने में समर्थ हैं।

सुधीशः :
छात्रजीवनस्य अनन्तरं देशसेवायाः के मार्गाः?

सिद्धार्थ: :
जल-वायु-स्थलसेना इति त्रिविधसेनाप्रकाराः देशसेवायाः एव मार्गाः सन्ति।

सुधीश: :
मित्र! एतासां सेनानां विषये किञ्चित् विवरणं ददातु।

सिद्धार्थ: :
जलसेनायाः ध्येयवाक्यं ‘शन्नोवरुणः’ इति अस्ति। एषा जलमार्गात् देशरक्षां करोति। वायुसेना ‘नभः स्पृशं दीप्तम्’ इति ध्येयवाक्यं स्वीकृत्य आकाशमार्गात् देशं रक्षति। स्थलसेनायाः ध्येयवाक्यं-‘सेवा अस्माकं धर्मः’ इति। एषा स्थलात् देशरक्षणं करोति।

सुधीश: :
भवतु, ज्ञातं देशहितमार्गाणां विषयेः, किन्तु एतेषु कः भेदः।

सिद्धार्थ: :
न कोऽपि भेदः। एते सर्वे जाति-धर्म-भाषाभेदरहिताः देशसेवायाः विभिन्नाः मार्गाः वर्तन्ते। सर्वेषामुद्देश्यं तु एकम् एव ‘देशहितम्’ इति।

अनुवाद :
सुधीश :
छात्र जीवन के बाद देशसेवा के कौन से उपाय हैं?

सिद्धार्थ :
जल सेना, वायु सेना तथा थल सेना, जो तीन प्रकार की सेना है, (वह भी) देशसेवा के उपाय हैं।

सुधीश :
हे मित्र! इन सभी सेनाओं के विषय में कुछ विवरण दीजिए।

सिद्धार्थ :
‘जल सेना’ का ध्येय वाक्य ‘शन्नोवरुण:’ (वरुण देवता हमारा कल्याण करे) है। यह जलमार्ग से देश की रक्षा करती है। वायुसेना ‘नभः स्पृशं दीप्तम्’ (आकाश प्रकाश से युक्त हो) इस ध्येय वाक्य को स्वीकार करके आकाशमार्ग से देश की रक्षा करती है। स्थल सेना (थल सेना) का ध्येय वाक्य है-‘सेवा (ही) हमारा धर्म है।’ यह स्थल से देश की रक्षा करती है।

सुधीश :
ठीक है, देश की भलाई के मार्गों (उपायों) के विषय में जानकारी मिली। किन्तु इनमें कौन सा भेद है?

सिद्धार्थ :
कोई भी भेद नहीं है। ये सभी जाति-धर्म और भाषा के भेद से रहित देश सेवा के विभिन्न मार्ग (उपाय) हैं। सभी का एक ही उद्देश्य ‘देश की भलाई (कल्याण)’ है।

देशहिताय शब्दार्थाः

धृत्वा = पहनकर। जनसेवायै = लोगों की सेवा के लिए। मेलापकेषु = मेलों में। हट्टेषु = बाजारों में। मातृतुल्यः = माता के समान।

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 11.2

प्रश्न 1.
एक मेज के ऊपरी पृष्ठ (सतह) का आकार समलंब जैसा है। यदि इसकी समांतर भुजाएँ 1 m और 1.2 m हैं तथा इन समांतर भुजाओं के बीच की दूरी 0.8 m है, तो इसका क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए।

हल:
यहाँ समान्तर भुजाएँ a = 1.2 मी
b = 1 मी
समान्तर भुजाओं के बीच की दूरी h = 0.8 मी
मेज के ऊपरी पृष्ठ का क्षेत्रफल = समलम्ब का क्षेत्रफल
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) समान्तर भुजाओं का योग x उनके बीच की दूरी
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)(a + b) x h
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) (1.2 मी. + 1 मी.) x 0.8 मी
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 2.2 x 0.8 वर्ग मी.
= 0.88 वर्ग मीटर।
अत: मेज के ऊपरी पृष्ठ का क्षेत्रफल = 0.88 वर्ग मीटर।

प्रश्न 2.
एक समलम्ब का क्षेत्रफल 34 cm² है और इसकी ऊँचाई 4 सेमी है। समान्तर भुजाओं में से एक की 10 cm लम्बाई है। दूसरी समान्तर भुजा की लम्बाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
समलम्ब का क्षेत्रफल = 34 सेमी²
ऊँचाई = 4 सेमी
समलम्ब की एक समान्तर भुजा = 10 सेमी
माना कि दूसरी समान्तर भुजा = a सेमी
समलम्ब का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x समान्तर भुजाओं का योग x ऊँचाई
34 सेमी² = \(\frac{1}{2}\) (10 + a) x 4
10 + a = \(\frac{34×2}{4}\) = 17
a = 17 – 10 = 7 सेमी
अतः समलम्ब की दूसरी समान्तर भुजा की लम्बाई = 7 सेमी।

प्रश्न 3.
एक समलम्ब के आकार के खेत ABCD की बाड़ की लम्बाई 120 m है। यदि BC = 48 m, CD = 17 m और AD = 40 m है, तो इस खेत का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए। भुजा AB समान्तर भुजाओं AD तथा BC पर लंब है।

हल:
खेत ABCD की बाड़ की लम्बाई = 120 मी.
BC = 48 मी
CD = 17 मी और
AD = 40 मी
खेत की बाड़ की लम्बाई = AB + BC + CD + DA
120 मी = AB + 48 मी + 17 मी + 40 मी
120 मी = AB + 105 मी
AB = 120 मी – 105 मी = 15 मी
∴ समलम्ब का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\) समान्तर भुजाओं का योग x उनके बीच की दूरी।
∴ समलम्ब का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x (48 + 40) x 15 वर्ग मीटर
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 88 x 15
= 660 वर्ग मीटर।
अतः खेत ABCD का क्षेत्रफल = 660 वर्ग मीटर।

प्रश्न 4.
एक चतुर्भुज आकार के खेत का विकर्ण 24 m है और शेष सम्मुख शीर्षों से इस विकर्ण पर खींचे गए लम्ब 8 m एवं 13 m हैं। खेत का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
यहाँ d= 24 मी
h₁ = 13 मी, h₂ = 8 मी

∴ खेत का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x d (h₁ + h₂)
∴ खेत का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 24 x (13 + 8) मीटर²
\(\frac{1}{2}\) x 24 x 21 मीटर² = 252 मीटर²
अतः चतुर्भुज आकार के खेत का क्षेत्रफल = 252 मीटर

प्रश्न 5.
किसी समचतुर्भुज के विकर्ण 7.5 cm एवं 12 cm हैं। इसका क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
यहाँ, समचतुर्भुज के विकर्ण = 7.5 सेमी और 12 सेमी हैं।
∴ समचतुर्भुज का क्षेत्रफल= \(\frac{1}{2}\) x विकर्णों का गुणनफल
समचतुर्भुज का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x (7.5 x 12) वर्ग सेमी
= 45 वर्ग सेमी।
अतः समचतुर्भुज का क्षेत्रफल = 45 वर्ग सेमी।

प्रश्न 6.
एक समचतुर्भुज का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए जिसकी भुजा 6 cm और शीर्ष लम्ब 4 cm है। यदि एक विकर्ण की लम्बाई 8 cm है तो दूसरे विकर्ण की लम्बाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
समचतुर्भुज की भुजा = 6 सेमी
शीर्ष लम्ब = 4 सेमी
एक विकर्ण की लम्बाई =8 सेमी
दूसरे विकर्ण की लम्बाई =d सेमी
समचतुर्भुज का क्षेत्रफल = आधार x शीर्ष लम्ब
= 6 x 4वर्ग सेमी = 24 वर्ग सेमी।
∴ समचतुर्भुज का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x विकर्णों का गुणनफल
∴ 24 वर्ग सेमी = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 8 x d
∴ d = \(\frac{24×2}{2}\) = 6 सेमी
अतः समचतुर्भुज का क्षेत्रफल = 24 वर्ग सेमी
दूसरे विकर्ण की लम्बाई = 6 सेमी।

प्रश्न 7.
किसी भवन के फर्श में समचतुर्भुज के आकार की 3000 टाइलें हैं और इनमें से प्रत्येक के विकर्ण 45 cm और 30 cm लम्बाई के हैं। ₹ 4 प्रति वर्ग मीटर की दर से इस फर्श को पॉलिश करने का व्यय ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
टाइल के विकर्ण = 45 सेमी और 30 सेमी
टाइलों की संख्या = 3000
पॉलिश का व्यय = ₹ 4 प्रति वर्ग मीटर
∴ 1 टाइल का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x विकर्णों का गुणनफल
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 45 x 30 वर्ग सेमी।
= 675 वर्ग सेमी
∴ 3000 टाइलों का क्षेत्रफल = 3000 x 675 वर्ग सेमी
= 2025000 वर्ग सेमी
= \(\frac{2025000}{100×100}\) वर्ग मीटर
= 202.5 वर्ग मीटर।
∴ फर्श का क्षेत्रफल = 202.5 वर्ग मीटर।
फर्श पर पॉलिश करने का व्यय = ₹ 4 x 202.5
= ₹ 810
अतः फर्श पर पॉलिश करने का व्यय = ₹ 810

प्रश्न 8.
मोहन एक समलम्ब के आकार का खेत खरीदना चाहता है। इस खेत की नदी के साथ वाली भुजा सड़क के साथ वाली भुजा के समान्तर है और लम्बाई में दुगुनी है। यदि इस खेत का क्षेत्रफल 10,500 m हैं और दो समांतर भुजाओं के बीच की लम्बवत् दूरी 100 m है, तो नदी के साथ वाली भुजा की लम्बाई ज्ञात कीजिए।

हल:
खेत का क्षेत्रफल = 10,500 m²
माना कि सड़क के साथ वाली भुजा की लम्बाई = x मीटर
नदी के साथ वाली भुजा की लम्बाई = 2x मीटर
दोनों भुजाओं के बीच की दूरी = 100 मीटर
खेत का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
\(\frac{1}{2}\) x समान्तर भुजाओं का योग x उनके बीच की दूरी
10500 मी² = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x (x + 2x) x 100
3x = \(\frac{10500×2}{100}\)
x = \(\frac{10500×2}{3×100}\)
= 70 मीटर
अतः नदी के साथ वाली भुजा की लम्बाई = 2x = 2 x 70
=140 मीटर।

प्रश्न 9.
एक ऊपर उठे हुए चबूतरे का ऊपरी पृष्ठ अष्टभुज के आकार का है जैसा कि आकृति में दर्शाया गया है। अष्टभुजी पृष्ठ का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कजिए।

हल:
अष्टभुजी पृष्ठ ABCDEFGH का क्षेत्रफल = समलम्ब ABGH का क्षेत्रफल + आयत BCFG का क्षेत्रफल + समलम्ब CDEF का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x (5 + 11) x 4 + 11 x 5 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) x (11 + 5) x 4 वर्ग मीटर
= 32 + 55 + 32 वर्ग मीटर
= 119 वर्ग मीटर।
अतः अष्ठभुजी पृष्ठ का क्षेत्रफल = 119 वर्ग मीटर।

प्रश्न 10.
एक पंचभुज आकार का बगीचा है जैसा कि आकृति में दर्शाया गया है। इसका क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात करने के लिए ज्योति और कविता ने इसे दो विभिन्न तरीकों से विभाजित किया। दोनों तरीकों का उपयोग करते हुए इस बगीचे का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए। क्या आप इसका क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात करने की कोई और विधि बता सकते हैं?

हल:
ज्योति के आरेख द्वारापंचभुज आकार के बगीचे का क्षेत्रफल = 2 x समलम्ब ARCLका क्षेत्रफल
यहाँ, समलम्ब की समान्तर भुजाएँ = 30 मी और 15 मी
समान्तर भुजाओं के बीच की दूरी = \(\frac{15}{2}\) मी = 7.5 मी
अतः बगीचे का क्षेत्रफल = 2 x समान्तर भुजाओं का योग x उनके बीच की दूरी
= 2 x \(\frac{1}{2}\) (30 + 15) x 7.5 वर्ग मी
= 45 x 7.5 वर्ग मी
= 337.5 वर्ग मीटर।
अत: ज्योति के आरेख द्वारा पंचभुज आकार के बगीचे का क्षेत्रफल = 337.5 वर्ग मीटर।

कविता के आरेख द्वारा:

पंचभुज आकार के बगीचे का क्षेत्रफल = ∆ का क्षेत्रफल + वर्ग का क्षेत्रफल
यहाँ, त्रिभुज का आधार = 15 मीटर
त्रिभुज की ऊँचाई = 15 मीटर
वर्ग की भुजा = 15 मीटर

अतः बगीचे का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x आधार x ऊँचाई + वर्ग की भुजा
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 15 x 15 + (15)² वर्ग मीटर
= \(\frac{225}{2}\) + 225 वर्ग मीटर
= 112.5 + 225 वर्ग मीटर
= 337.5 वर्ग मीटर।
अतः कविता के आरेख द्वारा बगीचे का क्षेत्रफल = 337.5 वर्ग मीटर।

अन्य विधि:

अभीष्ट क्षेत्रफल = आयत BDEG का क्षेत्रफल – 2 x ∆ABC का क्षेत्रफल
= 15 x 30 – 2 x \(\frac{1}{2}\) = \(\frac{15}{2}\) x 15 वर्गमीटर
= 450 वर्ग मी – 112.5 वर्गमीटर
= 337.5 वर्ग मीटर
अतः बगीचे का अभीष्ट क्षेत्रफल = 337.5 वर्ग मीटर

प्रश्न 11.
संलग्न पिक्चर फ्रेम के आरेख की बाहरी एवं अंतः विमाएँ क्रमशः 24 cm x 28 cm एवं 16 cm x 20 cm हैं। यदि फ्रेम के प्रत्येक खंड की चौड़ाई समान है, तो प्रत्येक – खंड का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए।

हल:

खण्ड ABQP का क्षेत्रफल = खण्ड CDSR का क्षेत्रफल
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) x (AB + PQ) x 4 सेमी
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) ( 28 + 20) x 4 सेमी²
= 48 x 2 वर्ग सेमी
= 96 वर्ग सेमी।
खण्ड BCRQ का क्षेत्रफल = खण्ड APSD का क्षेत्रफल
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) (BC + QR) x 4 वर्ग सेमी
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) (24 + 16) x 4 वर्ग सेमी
= 40 x 2 = 80 वर्ग सेमी। उत्तर

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 187

ठोस आकार

प्रश्न 1.
ध्यान दीजिए कि कुछ आकारों में दो या दो से अधिक समरूप (सर्वांगसम) फलक हैं। उनको नाम दीजिए। कौन से ठीसों में सभी फलक सर्वांगसम हैं?

हल:
ठोस आकारों में घनाभ, बेलन, घन और पिरामिड में दो या दो से अधिक फलक समरूप सर्वांगसम हैं। घन में सभी फलक सर्वांगसम हैं।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 188

सोचिए, चर्चा कीजिए और लिखिए (क्रमांक 11.2)

प्रश्न 1.
संलग्न आकृति में दर्शाए गए ठोस को बेलन कहना क्यों गलत है?

हल:
बेलन में दो वृत्ताकार सर्वांगसम फलक होते हैं। लेकिन इस आकृति के फलक सर्वांगसम नहीं है।
अतः दिए गए ठोस को बेलन कहना गलत है। उत्तर

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 189

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 11.7)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित घनाभों (आकृति 11.32) का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए –

हल:
(i) लम्बाई l = 6 सेमी
चौड़ाई b = 4 सेमी
ऊँचाई R = 2 सेमी
∵ कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2(lb + bh + hl)
∵ कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2 (6 x 4 + 4 x 2 + 2 x 6) वर्ग सेमी
= 2 (24 + 8 + 12) वर्ग सेमी
= 2 x 44 वर्ग सेमी
= 88 वर्ग सेमी।

(ii) लम्बाई l = 4 सेमी
चौड़ाई b = 4 सेमी
ऊँचाई h = 10 सेमी
∵ कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2(lb + bh + hl)
∵ कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2 (4 x 4 + 4 x 10 + 10 x 4) वर्ग सेमी
= 2 (16 + 40 + 40) वर्ग सेमी
= 2 (96) वर्ग सेमी
= 192 वर्ग सेमी।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 190

इन्हें कीजिए (क्रमांक 11.3)

प्रश्न 1.
1. एकघनाभाकार डस्टर (जिसे आपके अध्यापक कक्षा में उपयोग करते हैं। के पार्श्व पृष्ठ को भूरे रंग के कागज़ की पट्टी से इस प्रकार ढकिए कि यह डस्टर के पृश्ठ के चारों ओर बिल्कुल ठीक बैठे। कागज़ को हटाइए। कागज़ का क्षेत्रफल मापिए। क्या यह डस्टर का पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल है?
2. अपनी कक्षा के कमरे की लम्बाई, चौड़ाई और ऊँचाई मापिए और निम्नलिखित को ज्ञात कीजिए

(a) खिड़कियों और दरवाजों के क्षेत्रफल को छोड़कर कमरे का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल।
(b) इस कमरे का पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल।
(c) सफेदी किए जाने वाला, कमरे का कुल क्षेत्रफल।

हल:
1. हाँ, कागज का क्षेत्रफल डस्टर के पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल के बराबर है।

2. कक्षा के कमरे की लम्बाई, चौड़ाई तथा ऊँचाई मापने पर,
लम्बाई = 6 मी
चौड़ाई = 5 मी तथा
ऊँचाई = 4 मी

(a) कमरे का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2(lb + bh + hl)
= 2(6 x 5 + 5 x 4 + 4 x 6) वर्ग मीटर।
= 2 (30 + 20 + 24) वर्ग मीटर
= 2 (74) वर्ग मीटर
= 148 वर्ग मीटर।

(b) कमरे का पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2 (l + b)h
= 2 (6 + 5) x 4 वर्ग मीटर
= 2 x 11 x 4 वर्ग मीटर
= 88 वर्ग मीटर।

(c) सफेदी किए जाने वाला कमरे का कुल क्षेत्रफल = कमरे का पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल + छत का क्षेत्रफल
= 88 वर्ग मीटर + 6 x 5 वर्ग मीटर
= 88 + 30 वर्ग मीटर
= 118 वर्ग मीटर।

सोचिए, चर्चा कीजिए और लिखिए (क्रमांक 11.3)

प्रश्न 1.
क्या हम कह सकते हैं कि घनाभ का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल + 2 x आधार का क्षेत्रफल।
हल:
हाँ, हम कह सकते हैं कि घनाभ का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल + 2 x आधार का क्षेत्रफल
2 (l + b)h + 2 x lb = 2 (hl + bh + lb)
= 2 (1b + bh + hl)

प्रश्न 2.
यदि हम किसी घनाभ [ आकृति 11.33 (i)] की ऊँचाई और आधार की लम्बाई को परस्पर बदलकर एक दूसरा घनाभ [(आकृति 11.33 (ii)] प्राप्त करलें तो क्या = पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल बदल जाएगा?

हल:
घनाभ (i) का पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल
= 2 (l + b)h ….(1)
तथा घनाभ (ii) का पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल
= 2 (h + b)l …(2)
स्पष्ट है कि दोनों पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल भिन्न हैं।
अतः ऊँचाई और आधार की लम्बाई को बदलने पर पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल बदल जाएगा।

इन्हें कीजिए (क्रमांक 11.4)

प्रश्न 1.
एक वर्गांकित कागज पर दर्शाए गए पैटर्न को खींचिए और उसे काटिए [ आकृति 11.34 (i)]। आप जानते हैं कि यह पैटर्न घन का जाल (नेट) है। इसे रेखाओं के अनुदिश मोडिए[आकृति 11.34 (ii)]और घन बनाने के लिए किनारों पर टेप लगाइए [ आकृति 11.34 (iii) ]।

(a) इस घन की लम्बाई, चौड़ाई और ऊँचाई क्या है? ध्यान दीजिए घन के सभी फलक वर्गाकार हैं। = इसलिए घन की लम्बाई, चौड़ाई और ऊँचाई समान होती है (आकृति 11.35)।

(b) प्रत्येक फलक का क्षेत्रफल लिखिए। क्या सभी फलकों के क्षेत्रफल समान हैं?
(c) इस घन का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल लिखिए।
(d) यदि घन की प्रत्येक भुजा है, तो प्रत्येक फलक का क्षेत्रफल क्या होगा [ आकृति 11:35 (ii)]। क्या हम कह सकते हैं कि । भुजा वाले घन का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल 612 है?
हल:
(a) क्योंकि घन के सभी फलक वर्गाकार आकृति के होते हैं।
अत: घन की लम्बाई = चौड़ाई = ऊँचाई = प्रत्येक 3 इकाई।

(b) प्रत्येक फलक का क्षेत्रफल = (भुजा)²
= (3)² = 9 वर्ग इकाई।
हाँ, सभी फलकों के क्षेत्रफल समान हैं।

(c) घन का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 612 वर्ग इकाई
= 6 x (3)²
= 54 वर्ग इकाई।

(d) घन की प्रत्येक भुजा = l
∴ प्रत्येक फलक का क्षेत्रफल = l x l x l²
भुजा वाले घन का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2 (l x l + l x l + l x l)
= 2(l² + l² + l²)
= 2 x 3l² = 6l²
हाँ, हम कह सकते हैं कि ! भुजा वाले घन का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल 612 है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 191

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 11.8)

प्रश्न 1.
घन A का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल और घन B का पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए।

हल:
घन A की लम्बाई = चौड़ाई = ऊँचाई = 10 सेमी घन का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 6l²
= 6 x (10)² = 6 x 100
= 600 वर्ग सेमी
अतः घन A का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 600 वर्ग सेमी।
घन B की लम्बाई = चौड़ाई = ऊँचाई = 8 सेमी घन B का पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2(l + l) x l
= 2 (8 + 8) x 8 वर्ग सेमी
= 2 x 16 x 8 वर्ग सेमी।
= 256 वर्ग सेमी।
अतः घन B का पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 256 वर्ग सेमी।

सोचिए, चर्चा कीजिए और लिखिए (क्रमांक 11.4)

प्रश्न 1.
1. b भुजा वाले दो घनों को मिलाकर एक घनाभ बनाया गया है (आकृति 11.37) । इस घनाभ का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल क्या है? क्या यह 1252 है? क्या ऐसे तीन घनों को मिलाकर बनाए गए घनाभ का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल 1862 है? क्यों?

2. न्यूनतम पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल का घनाभ निर्मित करने के लिए समान भुजा वाले 12 घनों को किस प्रकार व्यवस्थित करेंगे?

3. किसी घन के पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल पर पेंट करने के पश्चात् उस घन को समान विमाओं वाले 64 घनों में काटा जाता है (आकृति 11.38)। इनमें से कितने घनों का कोई भी फलक पेंट नहीं हुआ है? कितने घनों का 1 फलक पेंट हुआ है? कितने घनों के 2 फलक पेंट हुए हैं ? कितने घनों के तीन फलक पेंट हुए हैं?

हल:
1. b भुजा वाले दो घनों को मिलाकर बने घनाभ की लम्बाई l = b + b = 2b इकाई, चौड़ाई = b इकाई तथा ऊँचाई = b इकाई इस घनाभ का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2 (lb + bh + hl)
= 2 (2b x b + b x b + b x 2b)
= 2 (2b² + b² + 2b²)
= 2 x 5b² = 10b² वर्ग इकाई
अत: घनाभ का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 10b² वर्ग इकाई उत्तर नहीं, यह 12b² नहीं है।
जब ऐसे तीन घनों को मिलाकर घनाभ बनाया जाता है, तब घनाभ की लम्बाई l = 3b, चौड़ाई = b, ऊँचाई = b इस घनाभ का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2 (3b x b + b x b + b x 3b)
= 2 (3b² + b² + 3b²) वर्ग इकाई
= 2 x 7b² = 14b² वर्ग इकाई
नहीं, इस प्रकार बने घनाभ का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल 18b2 नहीं है। क्योंकि घनाभ की चौड़ाई और ऊँचाई में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं हुआ है।

2. प्रथम स्थिति:
घनाभ निर्मित करने के लिए समान भुजा वाले 12 घनों को लम्बाई में व्यवस्थित करने पर

इस स्थिति में, l = 12b
b = b
h = b
पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2 (12b x b + b x b + b x 12b)
= 2(12b² + b² + 12b²)
= 2 x 25b² = 50b²

द्वितीय स्थिति:

इस स्थिति में,
l = 6b
b = b
h = 2b
∴ इस घनाभ का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2(6b x b + b x 2b + 2b x 6b)
= 2(66² + 2b² + 12b²)
= 2 x 20b² = 40b²

तृतीय स्थिति:

इस स्थिति में,
l = 4b
b = b
h = 3b
∴ इस घनाभ का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2 (4b x b + b x 3b + 3b x 4b)
= 2(4b² + 3b² + 12b²)
= 2 x 19b² = 38b²
अतः न्यूनतम पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल का घनाभ निर्मित करने के लिए समान भुजा वाले 12 घनों को तृतीय स्थिति के अनुसार व्यवस्थित करना चाहिए।

3. घनों की संख्या जिनके कोई भी फलक पेंट नहीं हुए = 16
घनों की संख्या जिनका 1 फलक पेंट हुआ = 16
घनों की संख्या जिनके 2 फलक पेंट हुए = 24
घनों की संख्या जिनके 3 फलक पेंट हुए = 8

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 193

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 11.9)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित बेलनों का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए (आकृति : 11.39)

हल:
(i) त्रिज्या r = 14 सेमी
ऊँचाई h = 8 सेमी
बेलन का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2πr (r + h)
= 2 x \(\frac{22}{7}\) 14 (14 + 8)
= 2 x 22 x 2 x 22 वर्ग सेमी
= 1936 वर्ग सेमी
अतः कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 1936 वर्ग सेमी

(ii) यहाँ, त्रिज्या r = \(\frac{2}{2}\) मी = 1 मी
ऊँचाई h = 2 मी
बेलन का पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2πr (r + h)
= 2 x \(\frac{22}{7}\) x 1 (1 + 2) वर्ग मी
= \(\frac{44}{7}\) x 3 वर्ग मी.
= \(\frac{132}{7}\) वर्ग मी.
= 186 वर्ग मी.
अत: बेलन का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 18\(\frac{6}{7}\) वर्ग मी

सोचिए, चर्चा कीजिए और लिखिए (क्रमांक 11.5)

प्रश्न 1.
नोट कीजिए कि किसी बेलन का पार्श्व पृष्ठीय (वक्र पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल) आधार की परिधि x बेलन की ऊँचाई के समान होता है। क्या हम घनाभ के पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल को आधार का परिमाप x घनाभ की ऊँचाई के रूप में लिख सकते हैं?
हल:
माना कि घनाभ की लम्बाई, चौड़ाई और ऊँचाई क्रमशः l, b तथा h हैं, तब
घनाभ का पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 2 (l + b) x h
= आधार का परिमाप x ऊँचाई
अतः हम घनाभ के पार्श्व पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल को आधार का परिमाप – घनाभ की ऊँचाई के रूप में लिख सकते हैं।

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 The Mauryan Empire

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Text Book Exercise

Answer the following questions in (short answer type):

Question 1.
Question (a)
How was Ashoka’s attitude changed?
Answer:
Ashoka was saddened by the wounded and dying soldiers and the unhappiness that Kalinga war had caused to the women and children. When he saw so much bloodsheel, he was very disturbed. He vowed never to go to war again. He then decided that he would not fight any more.

Question (b)
Which Architecture of Ashoka was adopted as our National symbol?
Answer:
We got the Architecture of our National Symbol from the pillar at Sarnath. It was made by Ashoka.

Question (c)
In what scirpt are Ashoka’s petrographs found?
Answer:
Ashoka gave many messages to the people, which are still found in the form of petrographs. These petrographs were inscribed on such places that people could read them and learn something. The petrograph of Ashoka were inscribed in Bramhi, Kharosthi and Aremaic. They all belong to the language Prakrat. The Bramhi script in India, Khorashti in Bangladesh and Pakistan, and Aremic was in Afganistan.

The language and script of common people was used in the petrographs so that they could understand the thoughts of the Emperor.

Question (d)
What was the work of Dharma Mahamatyas?
Answer:
After the war of Kalinga the feelings of remorse and misery led Ashoka to embrace the Buddhist religion. After twelth year of his reign, he began issuing edicts. From that time he exerted himself energetically to propagate Buddhism. He visited the holy places of Buddhism.

He instructed his high officials to proceed oh circuit every five years and to spread the dharma among the people. He instituted a special class of the officers called Dharma Mahamatras whose sole business was to propagate dhamma among the people. Moreover, he enacted a code of morality for his people to lead a peaceful and virtuous life. This he called dharma.

The edicts were written in Prakrit, the language spoken by the common people. In those days, Sanskrit was the language of the learned. To spread the essential features of his dharma he engraved them on rocks, pillars, and caves, throughout his vast dominions.

In Afghanistan Greek was spoken by the common people at that time. So some of Ashoka’s edicts were also composed in Greek and inscribed in Afghanistan.

Question (e)
Who used to give advise to the emperor?
Answer:
There was a council of people called Mantri Parishad to advise the king. The heads of all the departments lived in Patliputra. The empire was divided into four provinces. Each province was governed by a governor. Most of the governers were the princes. Every province was further divided into districts and in districts, villages were also included. There were various officers to look after the law and order.

Answer the following questions in details:

Question 2.
Question (a)
Describe the expansion of the empire of Chandragupta?
Answer:
Chandragupta raised an army and dethroned king Nanda. He himself became the king. The people welcomed the new king. He established his power in Magadah. He turned his eyes towards the Punjab in the northwest. He Soon won over the Punjab. In 305 B.C. after a long compaign in the far north he defeated Alexander’s general Seleucus Nicator, crossed the river Indus and conquered Afghanistan. In this way Chandragupta established his empire over the whole of northern India.

Question (b)
Give the cause of decline of the Mauryan Empire?
Answer:
The vast Mauryan empire established by Emperor Ashoka and his ahcestors lasted for a little over a hundred years It began to break up after the death of Ashoka. It was difficult to maintain contact and to administer such a large empire. The successors of Ashoka were not as capable as him. Adequate taxes needed to run the empire could not be collected.

The several rulers under Ashoka now became independent. Thus, the empire became weak. As a result of this disunity the Greek ruler of Bactria attacked India from the north west but since he did not get help from any other king, he was defeated. After twenty years, in 185 B.C. Pushymitra Shungha murdered the last Mauryan ruler. The Mauryan dynasty thus came to an end.

Question (c)
What did Ashoka do for the public welfare?
Answer:
Ashoka looked upon his subjects as his own children and did all he could to make them lead better and happier life. He writes in his edicts, “Men are my children.” He did the following welfare for the good of his people:

1. He built many hospitals both for men and animals.
2. He made roads, lined with trees and rest houses at regular intervals.
3. He gave sums of money in charity to the poor.
4. He apointed a special group of officers called the dhamma mahamatras to listen to the people and hear their complaints.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Very short answer type questions:

Question 3.
Question (a)
What is called an empire?
Answer:
When the kings expand the limits of their states, then those states are called empire.

Question (b)
Who established the Maurya empire?
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya established the Maurya empire.

Question (c)
What religion did Ashoka believe?
Answer:
Ashoka became the follower of Buddhism. He believed in the high human ideals so that people live in peace and follow moral conduct. He named them Dhamma.

Question (d)
What country did Ashoka send his son and daughter?
Answer:
Ashoka sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghmitra to Sri Lanka for preaching Buddhism.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The capital of Maurya Empire was …………………..
2. Ashoka was the follower of religion …………………..
3. The guru of Chandragupta was ………………..
4. ………………. was the greek ambassador in the state of Chandragupta.

Answer:

1. Patliputra
2. Buddhism
3. Chanakya (Kautilya)
4. Megasthnese

Question 5.
Make Pairs:

Answer:

Project work

Question 1.
Write down what you see on the currency notes and postage stamps?
Answer:
Do yourself.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 The Local Self-Governing Bodies in Cities

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 22 Text Book Exercise

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 22 Short Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Question (a)
What are the local self – governing bodies in cities called?
Answer:
The local self – governing bodies in cities and towns are called Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Committees and Municipal Corporation.They are also called local bodies.

Question (b)
What is the population for which Nagar Panchayats can be formed?
Answer:
Nagar Panchayat forms in town where the population is lying between 5,000 to 20,000.

Question (c)
What is the work of Aldermen?
Answer:
The members of the Nagar Panchayat nominate some experienced people for advice, who are called Alderman. Aldermen can only suggest the Nagar Panchayat but they do not have the right to vote in passing any resolution.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 22 Long Answer type Question

Question 2.
Question (a)
What are the compulsory functions of the local bodies in cities? Mention any five.
Answer:
Following are the main functions of the local bodies:

1. Plan a systematic development of the town/city and give permission for constructions and land utilization.
2. Plan for a social, and economic development of the area.
3. Ensure maintenance of roads, bridges and regular power supply.
4. Work for people’s good health and ensure supply of pure, drinking water and removal of waste material.
5. Provide social security.
6. Plant trees and protect them.
7. Provide security to weaker sections of the society, especially the mentally or the physically challenged.
8. Provide appropriate facilities in slums.
9. Work towards removal of poverty.
10. Work towards beautification of the town/city by developing parks, gardens, play grounds, etc.

Question (b)
What are the optional functions of the local bodies in cities?
Answer:
Besides compulsory works, the municipalities also maintain the fire services for extinguishing fire, construct the parks, museums and toilets etc.

Question (c)
Mention the sources of income of the local bodies in cities.
Answer:
The local bodies function with the help of income from the following sources:

1. Property tax on house, land etc.
2. Tax on trade and business.
3. Fees on water facilities.
4. Fees on electricity facilities.
5. Income and rent earned from the institutions, property like the buildings, markets, etc.
6. Grants from the state government.
7. Income from various kinds of fine on pets or stray animals etc.

Question (d)
What is meant by Ward, Mayor, President and Vice – president?
Answer:
Ward:
Nagars or towns are divided into smaller areas called the wards.

Mayor:
The president of the Municipal Corporation is called the Mayor. The mayor is directly elected and deputy – mayor is elected by the elected corporators.

President of Municipality:
The President of municipality is elected by the people. The meetings of the municipality take place regularly, chaired by the President. In his/ her absence the Vice-President, chairs the meeting.

Vice-President of Municipality:
The vice-president is elected by the elected councellers.

Question (e)
How are Nagar Panchayats and Municipalities constituted? Explain.
Answer:
Constitution of Nagar Panchayat:

1. To be able to become a member, a person has to be atleast 21 years old.
2. The voters elect these members, the voters must be at least 18 years old.
3. Some seat are kept reserved for the schedule caste, schedule tribes, backward class and female members.
4. Once constituted, these bodies have a term period of 5 years.
5. If the period gets over or is dissolved mitlway then a fresh election has to take place within six months.

Constitution of Municipalities:
The municipality is formed on the basis of population of a city. It consists of the elected representatives of the local people. This number is generally between fifteen and sixty, depending upon population of the city. Apart from this some other experienced members known as Eldermen, are elected by the members of the Municipality.

The elected-officer-bearers of the municipality are:

1. The Chairman and
2. The Vice – chairman.

Besides these elected officer bearers there are some salaried officials of the high rank who formed the municipality. They are the Executive Officer, the Secretary, the Sanitary Officer etc,

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

(a) Plantation of trees and looking after them ……………. function of the local bodies in cities.
(b) The work of the Commissioner, Municipal Corporation is to implement …………….
(c) The members of a Municipality are called …………………..
(d) Local bodies get ………… from the state government.

Answer:

(a) compulsory
(b) the works on the decisions taken by the corporation
(c) counselor
(d) their grants

Question 4.
Match the following:

Answer:

Project Work:

Question 1.
Find out the, names of the President, Vice President, Chief Executive Officer and Commissioner of a local body in your city or village.
Answer:
Do with the help of your teacher.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 India: Population

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 7 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Questions 1.
in which of the following period did the growth of population increase steadily?
(a) 1901-21
(b) 1921-51
(c) 1951-81
(d) 1981-2001
Answer:
(b) 1921-51

Questions 2.
According to 2001 census which is the most densely populated state?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Bihar
(c) Kerala
(d) West Bengal
Answer:
(a) Uttar Pradesh

Questions 3.
Which state has highest percentage of literacy?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Kerala
(c) Goa
(d) Delhi
Answer:
(b) Kerala

Questions 4.
Which is the most densely populated Union Territory?
(a) Chandigarh
(b) Pondicherry
(c) Delhi
(d) Lakshadweep
Answer:
(c) Delhi

Fill in the blank:

1. Population density is ……………. in India.
2. ………………. has the highest percentage of literacy in India.
3. The president of national population commission is ……………
4. World population day is celebrated on ………………. every year.
5. Population wise India is the country in the world.
6. In India the female population is ………….. ! ………….. then male population.

Answer:

1. 382
2. Kerala
3. Prime Minister
4. 17 July
5. Second
6. Less.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 7 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is birth rate?
Answer:
The number of live births for every thousand persons is called birth rate.

Question 2.
What is death rate?
Answer:
The number of deaths per thousand population in a year is called death rate.

Question 3.
What was the density of population in India in 2011?
Answer:
In the year 2011 population density of India was 382 persons per square km.

Question 4.
What was the sex – ratio in India in 2011?
Answer:
According to census 2011 the sex – ratio of the country was 943 (there are 943 females per thousand males) meaning that the number of females is less than number of males.

Question 5.
Population – wise and Area – wise what is the position of India in the world?
Answer:
Population – wise India is the second largest and area – wise the seventh largest country in the world.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write about any three problems resulting from population growth.
Answer:
Due to the population growth many problems are coming up in our country. Among many problems, there are given below:

• Poverty
• Unemployment
• Decline of standard of living

Question 2.
Why is the rate of sex – ratio declining in India? Give reasons.
Answer:
The rate of sex – ratio is declining in India due to the following reasons –

• Literacy is low among females.
• High maternal mortality rate.
• Desire of male child in a male dominating society.
• Increasing female foeticide.
• Neglecting girl child and considering girl child as a liability.
• Dowry system in the society causes female foeticide and encourage females towards suicide.

Question 3.
What do you understand by National Population Commission?
Answer:
Following National Population Policy 2000, National Commission on Population has been established. The Prime Minister is the President of this commission. Chief ministers of all States and Union Territories, administrators and ministers, in charge of all related departments and central ministers, renowned demographers and the representatives of public health and professional organizations and non – government organization are its members.

Following the National Population Policy 2000, state level population commissions like the National level population commission have also been formed. The chief ministers of the respective states are their .presidents.

Question 4.
What do you mean by sex – ratio? Explain its distribution in the country.
Answer:
Sex – ratio means number of females per thousand males. According to census 2001 the sex – ratio for the country was 933 (there are 933 females per thousand males) meaning that the number of females is less than number of males. This means that the sex – ratio in India is adverse. When the number of females is more than males the sex – ratio is said to be favorable.

There are wide regional disparities in sex – ratio in India. When we will go through the map of distribution of male-female ratio we find that Kerala records favorable sex – ratio (1058).whereas in Chandigarh it is adverse (773)
The distribution of male – female ratio are as under:

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 7 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the main causes of population growth in India and the measures being taken to control it.
Answer:
The main causes of population growth in India are:

1. Birth – rate and death – rate:
During 1911 to 1921 birth – rale and death – rate were 48.1 and 47.2 respectively, meaning that both were quite high. From 1921 to 1951 though birth – rate decreased slowly but, death rate decreased rapidly. Between 1991 and 2001 difference between the two increased to 17.4 resulting in continuous growth of population. The cause of decline in death – rate was increase in health facilities and adequacy of facilities of livelihood.

2. Increase in Life Expectancy:
The difference between birth – rate and death-rate is called natural growth rate. The average age of life is known as life expectancy. In our country, life expectancy (average age) was 50 years in 1921 which increased to 62 years in 1991. Hence due to longevity population kept on increasing.

3. Lack of Education:
In education gives birth to superstition.. Most of the uneducated people believe that children are gift of God. Believing this they keep on begetting children and hence population also increases. Desire for son is also responsible for many children in one family. The lower class hesitate from adopting family welfare programmer.

4. Other Causes:
Poverty, lack of means of entertainment, low standard of living, child marriage and migration etc. are among the other causes of population growth. Due to population growth many problems are coming up in our country, such as poverty, unemployment, decline of standard of living, hunger, increasing crimes, housing problem, transport problems, lack of medical facilities and increasing pollution etc.

5. Measures to Control Population Growth:
If the population growth is not checked immediately, flow of development will be hampered in the future. Following measures are essential to control the growth of population.

• Family welfare programmer should be accepted.
• Spread of education especially women education should be increased.
• Child marriage should be prevented.
• Standard of living should be improved.
• Social security should be rapidly extended.

Question 2.
Explain with examples the factors affecting the density of population in India.
Answer:
The factors affecting the density of population in India are –

1. Physical factors.
2. Socioeconomic and cultural factors.

1. Physical Factors:
Terrain, climate, soil and minerals are main physical factors. Terrain affects distribution of population the most. On one hand, dense population is found in the plains of Ganga – Yamuna and coastal areas, whereas on the other hand in the hilly state of Arunachal Pradesh density of population is the lowest. Climatic condition also influences density and distribution of population.

Suitable climate is helpful to the health and efficiency of man. The dry deserts of western Rajastan and Arunachal Pradesh are sparsely population due to bad climate. Fertile soil is ideal for agricultrue. The agriculture crops are the fundamental bases of livelihood and sustenance.

Therefore, population clusters around the fertile plains of rivers. Availability of minerals and industrial development based on them has attracted population in the mineral areas of Chottanagpur Plateau. Thus population has become very dense in Chottanagpur Plateau region.

2. Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors:
Socioeconomic and cultural factors also play important role in the distribution and density of population. The cultural, social, historical and political factors have together raised the size and density of Do population in the Mumbai-Pune industrial area.

Many years from today Mumbai area was non – significant, but after the advent of Europeans its importance kept increasing and gradually it turned into commercial and industrial center, as a result its population increased. Today a large group of people go to stay from one place to another and from one country to another. This is called population migration. Population migration also affects a country’s population growth.

Question 3.
On the basis of population density, in how many parts India can be divided?
Answer:
India can be divided in four parts on the basis of density.
1. High Density Areas:
If we look at the population density map of India, we find that more than 501 persons reside in per square km. area in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Kerala. The fertile land and availability of water provide enough facilities of sustenance. In these areas urbanization and industrialization have provided people with sufficient employment opportunities and services.

2, Medium Density Areas:
These include areas having population density of 251 to 500 persons per sq. km. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Jharkhand, Punjab, Haryana, Tripura, Dadra and Nagar Haveli fall under this category. Developed agriculture, availability of minerals and industrial development are some of the reasons for high (medium) population density in these areas.

3. Areas of Normal Density:
These include all those states which have population density ranging from 101 to 250 persons per sq. km. The States included in this category are M.P., Rajasthan, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland. These are hilly and dissected semi arid, forest covered regions. Here the means of livelihood are quite limited.

4. Low Density Areas:
These include Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Sikkim and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Hilly areas, lack of transport facilities, under – development of agriculture and industries are the responsible factors for low density. The means of livelihood are very limited here. In Arunachal Pradesh, density of population is as low as 13 persons per sq. km.

Question 4.
What is National Population Policy 2000?
Answer:
According to the new population policy, qualitative change of life is essential for socioeconomic development. This will ensure use of man as productive capital for the society. The policy has three objectives.

1. Short term objective:
To develop health and basic infra – structure for the extension of contraceptive measures.

2. Mid term objective:
To reduce the total rate of reproduction till 2010 and onward.

3. Long term objective:
To achieve the target of stable population for sustainable economic development till 2045.
In order to meet the above objectives following socio demographic aims were also declared under the new policy.

1. To pay attention to the incomplete needs related to basic reproduction and health services, supplies and basic infrastructure.
2. To impart free and compulsory school education till the age of 14 years. To reduce the number of dropouts among primary and middle standard boy and girl students up to 20%.
3. To bring down the infant mortality rate below 100 per one lakh live births.
4. To implement universal vaccination against diseases which are preventive.
5. To encourage late marriage among girls. To stress the significance of marriage at the age of 20 plus.
6. To ensure presence of trained midwives at all institutions.
7. To find out expensive alternatives of contraception.
8. 100% registration of birth, death, marriage and conception.
9.  To check the spread of AIDS, encourage integration between Aids control organizations with regards Reproductive Track Infection (RTI) and Venereal Diseases (VD).
10. To make, ample efforts for prevention’ and control of infectious diseases!
11. To integrate various types of Indian medicinal systems for providing’ reproductive and child health services at doorstep.
12. To solidly ‘encourage the norm of small family in order to reduce’ fertility rate.
13. To develop family welfare as people – oriented programmer.

Question 5.
What is the status of growth in literacy rate in India? Suggest your views to increase female literacy.
Answer:
After independence we had fast development in ail fields hut in the field of literacy continuous efforts are still needed.

The Status of Growth in Literacy Rate in India:
Literacy rate has increased in last hundred years. It is evident from the table of status.’of literacy’ in India given on the next page that in the. beginning of the century in 1911 the literacy rate was about .6%. After Independence in’ 1951 it’has increased to 18.13%. It has increased . from 52.21% in 1991 to 65.38% in 2001 in female Literacy rate was 1.1% in 1911 which has increased to 54.16% in 2001. It is out come of the policy of Central Government aiming at providing free primary education to all.

Disparities in Literacy Rates:
There are wide regional dis – parities in literacy rate. See the state – wise distribution of literacy in the map. It varies from 47.5% in Bihar to 90.9 in Kerala. Kerala is closely followed by Lakshadweep (87.5 percent) and Mizoram (88.4 per cent). Bihar ranks last in literacy among the states and union territories of India.

Male – female differentials are also wide. Only 54.16 per cent of the females are literate as against 75.85 per cent of males. There is much difference in the literacy rate of rural and urban population. In 2001 the literacy rate in urban areas was 79.9 per cent, whereas in rural areas it was only 58.7 per cent.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 7 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) India is the second most popular country of the world after –
(a) Australia
(b) China
(c) Japan
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) China

Question 2.
The population of Sikkim is –
(a) 2.2 crores
(b) 3.4.crores
(c) 5.4 lacs
(d) 6 crores
Answer:
(c) 5.4 lacs

Question 3.
In our country, life expectancy was 62 in the year –
(a) 1981
(b) 1991
(c) 2001
(d) 1987
Answer:
(b) 1991

Question 4.
Which states ranks first in literacy rate?
(a) West Bengal
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Kerala
(d) Utter Pradesh
Answer:
(c) Kerala

Question 5.
On the basis of population density India can be divided into –
(a) Four Categories
(b) Three Categories
(c) Two Categories
(d) Six Categories
Answer:
(a) Four Categories

Fill in the blank:

1. The first census of India was held in …………….
2. Population census is released in ……………. year.
3. The 500 croreth child was born in ………………..
4. The state with lowest population density in India is …………….
5. The density of population in 2011 was ……………. in Madhya Pradesh.

Answer:

1. 1872
2. 10
3. Yugoslavia
4. Arunachal Pradesh
5. 236.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 7 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where do we find more population – in the plains or in the hilly or desert – areas?
Answer:
We find more population in the plains.

Question 2.
What is the population of Uttar Pradesh?
Answer:
The population of Uttar Pradesh is 19.9 crores.

Question 3.
Define ‘density of population’?
Answer:
The ratio of population of a country or state and its per unit area (square km.) is called its density.

Question 4.
What is the formula used to calculate density of population of a country or state?
Answer:
The formula is:

Question 5.
What was the population density of India in 2001?
Answer:
It was 324 persons per square km.

Question 6.
Divide India into four categories on the basis of population density.
Answer:
The four categories are:

• Areas of high density.
• Areas of medium density.
• Areas of normal density.
• Areas of low density.

Question 7.
Name the areas of high density.
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Kerala.

Question 8.
Name the areas of low density?
Answer:
Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Sikkim and Andman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 9.
What is the natural growth rate?
Answer:
The difference between the birth – rate and tire death – rate is called the natural growth rate per year,

Question 10.
Name the state where we find favorable sex – ratio
Answer:
Kerala.

Question 11.
What was the literacy rate in urban areas in 2001?
Answer:
It was 79.9 per cent.

Question 12.
What will happen if the population growth is not checked?
Answer:
If the population growth is not checked flow of development will be hampered in the future.

Question 13.
Give one term for the number of women per thousand of population.
Answer:
Sex – ratio.

Question 14.
What is the life expectancy in India now?
Answer:
67 years.

Question 15.
Which state has the highest sex – ratio in India?
Answer:
Kerala. It is 1058 females to 1000 males.

Question 16.
What is the main cause of rapid population growth in India after independence?
Answer:
There has been – sharp fall in death – rate but very slow fall in birth – rate.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is density of population? How can density of population be calculated?
Answer:
Density of population is the number of people living per square kilometer of area. It represents the land man ratio. It can be calculated by dividing the total population of a region or country or state by its total area. It is expressed as the number of persons per square kilometer as 180 persons per square kilometer.

The distribution of population of India is extremely uneven. The average density for the country as a whole as per the census 1991 in India is 267 persons per sq. km. The density of population in India can be calculated by dividing total population with total area. Thus density of population = Total population s ÷ Total area.

Question 2.
Describe the areas m normal density.
Answer:
These include all the e states which have population density ranging from 101 to 250 persons per sq. km. The states included in this category are M.P. Rajastan, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Manipur, and Nagaland.

Question 3.
What measures can be taken to control population growth?
Answer:
Following measures can be taken to control the growth of population:

• Family welfare programmer should be accepted.
• Spread of education especially women education should be increased.
• Child marriage should be prevented.
• Standard of living should be improved.
• Social security should b’e rapidly extended.

Question 4.
‘Literacy’ rate has increased in last hundred years. Justify it.
Answer:
In the beginning of the century in 1911 the literacy rate was about 6%. After independence in 1951 it has increased to 18.3%. It has increased from 52.21% in 1991 to 65.38% in 2001. Female literacy rate was 1.1% in 1911 which has increased to 54.16% in 2001. Thus we can say that literacy rate has increased in last hundred years.

Question 5.
Mention the objectives of the National Population Policy 2000.
Answer:
The National Population Policy 2000 has three objectives –

• Short term objectives – To develop health and basic infrastructure for the extension of the contraceptive measures.
• Mid term objective – To reduce the total rate of reproduction till 2010.
• Long term objective – To achieve the target of stable population for sustainable economic development till 2045.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 7 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define birth and death rate. Explain growth rate. Also make a table to show growth rate in India (1901-2001).
Answer:

1. The birth – rate is calculated in terms of number of live birth per thousand population per year.
2. The death – rate is known as number of deaths per thousand population per year in a given area.
3. The difference between these two is called the natural growth rate per year.

Growth rate in India (1901-2001):

The growth rate of a population may be positive or negative. Positive growth rate means growth in the number of people living in an area, whereas negative growth means the number of people living in that area declines. Find out the population growth rate m India from the table given above and see whenever the growth was negative.

Question 2.
What are the main features of population situation in India?
Answer:
The main features of India’s population can be summarized as below:

1. Size of India’s Population:
India is the second largest populated country in the world, after China. Population of India has been constantly rising since 1921. The following figures indicate the size, of India’s population.
Population of India

It will be seen from the above table that in just 34 years after independence another India was added while the territorial limit of the country remained unchanged. It is estimated that if we grow with this number, we will be more than 100 crore mark at the end of this century.

2. Second Largest Populated Country:
India has 2.4 per cent of the total land area of the world, India caters to the needs of 15% of the total world population. This means every seventh person in the world is an Indian.

3. Population Increasing at a Fast Rate:
It is not the overall absolute size of population which is the cause of concern, equally important is the fact that India’s population has been rising at a relatively very fast rate. It has gone up by a little over 2.0 per cent annum during the period 1951 to 1991 and about 2.1% presently.

4. Density of Population:
The density of population of India in 1961 was 216 persons per.sq. km. It rose to 267 in 1991. Thus the land man has been declining fast which indicates that the land will fall short for the in habitation of mankind of the population grow in this rate.

5. Uneven Distribution of Population:
The population is unevenly distributed. The northern plains, coastal plains and some river valley in lower Himalayas are densely populated while other areas of scanty rainfall or desert plateau and mountainous areas are sparsely populated. Thus there are areas which have great population pressure while other rare less inhabited.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 6 India: Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 6 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
State with the minimum forest area in India is –
(a) Assam
(b) Rajastan
(c) Jharkhand
(d) Haryana.
Answer:
(d) Haryana.

Question 2.
Sundari trees are found in –
(a) Tropical forests
(b) Himalayan forests
(c) Mangrove forests
(d) Tropical deciduous forests
Answer:
(c) Mangrove forests

Question 3.
Natural vegetation of Rajastan is –
(a) Tropical moist evergreen forests
(b) Tropical moist semi-evergreen
(c) Tropical thorny forest
(d) Alpine forests
Answer:
(c) Tropical thorny forest

Question 4.
Natural habitat reserved for Indian Loin is –
(a) Gujarat Gir forest
(b) Kaziranga forest area of Assam
(c) Sundarban of West Bengal
(d) Nilgiri forest area
Answer:
(a) Gujarat Gir forest

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 6 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by natural vegetation?
Answer:
Plants, trees, grasses and bushes that grow naturally without man’s interference is called natural vegetation.

Question 2
What is a forest?
Answer:
A large area covered by plants and shrubs is called a forest.

Question 3.
What are mangrove forests?
Answer:
Mangrove is a type of vegetation with submerged roots. It is found on the coastal areas of India where the tides occur.

Question 4.
What is the meaning of Endemic and Exotic vegetation?
Answer:

1. Endemic Vegetation:
The vegetation which is basically Indian is known as Endemic Vegetation.

2. Exotic Vegetation:
Plants which are brought from out of India are called Exotic Plants.

Question 5.
What is a sanctuary?
Answer:
A sanctuary is dedicated to protect, wild life and conserve species. Without permission hunting is restricted in a sanctuary.

Question 6.
Classify the forests on the basis of administration.
Answer:
Forests are classified in three categories from the administrative viewpoint:

• Reserved forests
• Protected forests
• Unclassified forests.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 6 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are migratory birds?
Answer:
Birds coming from North Asia to India for a short period of time are called migratory birds.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of forest conservation?
Answer:
Forest is a national wealth. Looking to.the problems originated due to decreasing forest resources, their conservation is very necessary. Human needs are unlimited whereas the natural resources are limited. Hence, efforts for forestation have been encouraged so that forest may be conserved.

Question 3.
Describe the vegetation of Himalayan region of India.
Answer:
Oak and chestnut are found on eastern Himalayas and pine on western Himalayas. At an altitude of 2000 to 3000 meters forests of deodar, silver, fur, and spruce are sparsely attributed. Sal is mainly found at low altitudes. On the slopes of high altitude mountains, where temperatures are low and rain is less than 100 cm dry temperate vegetation is found.

Question 4.
Differentiate between National Park and Sanctuary.
Answer:
A National Park is relatively a large area where different ecosystems exist. Exploitation and acquisition could not change this region. For special scientific, educative and re-creative interests plant and animal species, with their geomorphological sites and habitats are persevered here. Hunting, grazing and human interference are totally banned in national parks.

A Sanctuary is similar to a national park, but is medicated to protect wild-life and conserve species. Without permission hunting is restricted in a Sanctuary but grazing and regular movement of cow and other animals is permitted. Human activities are allowed in a Sanctuary.

Question 5.
Distribution of plants and vegetation depends on which factors in India? Explain.
Answer:
The geographical factors or elements affect the development of vegetation of a particular area. The important elements are rainfall, temperature, humidity, soil, altitude and geological structure.

Question 6.
Differentiate between Evergreen and Deciduous Forest.
Answer:
Differences between Evergreen Forests and Deciduous Forest.

Evergreen Forests:

1. The forests having trees which remain green throughout the year. This means that seasonal shed – ding of leaves does not take place.
2. Shedding of leaves and growth of new leaves is continuous process and it goes side by side throughout the year.
3. Ever green forests are found mainly in equatorial regions where rainfall is very heavy and where there is no dry season.
4. Trees like eucalyptus, oak, wattle, Mahagony, Man – grove and Rosewood are common in these forests.

Deciduous Forests:

1. The forests consisting of trees which loose their leaves at some season of the year are called deciduous forests.
2. Tropical deciduous forests are found in sub – tropical regions with a distinct dry season such as Monsoon regions of Asia, parts of central America, Brazil and North Australia.
3. These forests have fewer than tropical evergreen forests.
4. In case of Monsoon forests, the trees shed their leaves during the. hot season. Teak, Oak, Elm and Beach are important timber products.

Question 7.
Explain the chief characteristics of tropical moist ever green forests.
Answer:
The chief characteristics of tropical moist evergreen forests are:

1. These forests thrive in areas having annual rainfall above 300 cm and dry season is short.
2. These forests are very dense, length of the trees in 60 m or more.
3. Layers of different height can be seen in these forests. Shrubs, climbers and creepers are found under tall trees.
4. Grass is generally not found in this region.
5. The wood of these trees are hard and heavy,
6. These forests do not have a distinct season of shedding of leaves, so these forests appear to be evergreen.
7. The main trees found here are rubber, mahogany, cinchona, bamboo and palm.

Question 8.
Describe how forests are useful to man?
Answer:
Forest is a natural wealth. It has various uses for humans. Forests contribute in the economic development of the country by functioning in two ways production and conservation. we have two types of benefits from the forests – Direct benefit and Indirect benefit.

Direct Benefits:
They give us timber, fuel wood, fodder, raw material for small and cottage industries, valuable minor products (fruits, flower, grass and leaves) and raw material for medicines. It is a main source of livelihood for many people.

Indirect Benefits:

1. Indirect benefits of forests are more important than direct benefits. They are the essential part of our nature and culture. They increase human values, provide spiritual strength and are the habitat of entertainment ancL recreation.
2. Forests affect the temperature of the air control the speed of wind and control the climate by rainfall.
3. Forests control floods and the soil erosion by controlling the flow of rivers.
4. Forests increase the fertility of soil by adding humus formed due to the decomposition of the leaves and branches of the trees.
5. Forests are the natural habitat of birds and animals.
6. Forests are the symbol of natural beauty.
7. Forests are the source of natural balance.

Question 9.
How are the indirect benefits of forests more important as compared to the direct benefits? Explain.
Answer:
Indirect benefits of forests are more important than direct benefits. We know that forests are the essential part of our nature and culture. They increase human values, provide spiritual strength and are the habitat of entertainment and recreation. Forests affect the temperature of the air. They control the speed of wind. They also control the climate by rainfall. Forests control floods and soil erosion by controlling the flow of rivers. They increase the fertility of soil by adding humus.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 6 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe various types of vegetation in India.
Answer:
1. Tropical Evergreen Forests:
These are of two types.

(A) Tropical wet evergreen forests:
The forests thrive in areas having annual rainfall above 300 cm. and dry season is short. These forests are very dense, length of the trees is 60 m or more. Layers of different height can be seen in these forests. Shrubs, climbers and creepers are found under tall trees.

Grass is generally not found in this region. The wood of these trees is hard and heavy’. These forests do not have a distinct season of shedding of leaves, so these forests appear to be evergreen. The main trees found here are Rubber, Mahogony, Cinchona, Bamboo and Palm.

(B) Tropical wet semi-evergreen forests:
These forests are restricted to the areas where annual rainfall is between 200 to 300 cm. So these evergreen forests are found in the Central parts of temperate moist deciduous forests. These forests are found in Mehgalaya, Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are less dense than wet evergreen forests. The important plants here are Rosewood, Ebony’, Telsur, Champa, Jun, Gurjan, Ice-wood and Laurel.

2. Tropical Deciduous Forests:
This is the largest belt of India, these forests are also known as Monsoon forests. They cover 39% of the total forest area. (See the distribution of these forests in the Vegetation Map) On the basis of availability of water these forests are classified into two parts Moist deciduous forests and Dry deciduous forests.

Moist deciduous forests are found in the area of 100 to 200 cm. rainfall in India, North-east states, foot – hills of Himalayas, Jharkhand, Western Orissa, Chhattisgarh and the eastern slopes of Western Ghats. Teak is the main species of these forests. Other trees are Bamboo, Sal, Shesham, Chandan, Khair, Kusum, Ar-jun and Mulbery.

Trees of these forests shed their leaves during the dry season for 6 to 8 weeks. To fulfill the demand of wood these forests have been exploited and cleared for cultivation. The areas with 70 to 100 cm. rainfall have Dry deciduous forests. The main areas of these forests are Peninsular Plateau, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Main trees are Teak, Sal, Pee-pal, Neem and Mango.

3. Mountainous Forests:
(A) Peninsular mountain forests:

• On the high altitudes of Peninsular Plateau open wavy grasslands are found with the shrubs or undeveloped forests.
• Dense vegetation is found under tall trees in these forests. Heterotrophic plants, mosses and plants with small leaves are found in these areas.
•  Maglonia, Laurel, Elm are the common trees whereas Cinchona and Eucalyptus are brought from foreign countries and planted here.
• There forests are found in Nilgiri, Palni, Annamalai, Western Ghats, Mahabaleshwar and Satpura and Maikal ranges.

(B) Mountainous forests of Himalayan Ranges:
In Himalayan mountainous region due to increasing altitude and decreasing temperature a difference in natural vegetation is seen. In Shivalik ranges, at an altitude of 1000 meters in the foothill region, Bhabar and Tarai tropical deciduous forests are found.

It is then succeeded by temperate moist evergreen forests between 1000 and 20000 meters. These are the dense forests with tall trees. Oak and Chestnut are found on eastern Himalayas and Pine on western Himalayas.

At an altitude of 2000 to 3000 meters forests of Deodar, Silver fur, and Spruce are sparsely distributed. Sal is mainly found at low altitudes. On the slopes of the high altitude mountains, where temperatures are low and rainfall is less than 100 cm dry temperate vegetation similar to that of Mediterranean vegetation, is found. Olive,. Babool and hard Savanna grass is found with Oak and Deodar trees.

Alpine vegetation is found between the altitude of 3000 to 4000 meters. These are less dense forests and the height of the trees decreases towards Snowline. At higher altitudes alpine pastures are found. Silver fur, Juniper, Birch and Pine are the main species of these forests.

4. Mangrove Forests or Tidal Forests:
Mangrove or Tidal vegetation is found on the coastal areas of India where the tides occur. Mangrove is a type of vegetation with submerged roots. This vegetation is found in the delta region of the Ganga, Bhahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers. Sundari is a well – known mangrove tree found in the delta region of Ganga-Bhrahmaputra. Coconut, Palm and Agar trees are also found in this region.

Wild Life of Mangrove Forests:
Royal Bengal Tiger is famous in these forests. Tortoise, Crocodile, Alligators and different types of snake are found here.

5.  Tropical Thorny Forests:
The areas with less than 70 cm annual rainfall have thorny forests and shrubs. This type of vegetation is found in the northwestern parts of the Country. It includes Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and semi-arid regions of Haryana. Date, Palms, Babul, Cactus is the main vegetation here. These plants have long roots spread in a radial pattern in search of water.’ Leaves are small to reduce evaporation.

Question 2.
Why is conservation of forest resources necessary? Give examples of different measures for their conservation.
Answer:
Forest conservation is necessary because our life is dependent on it. Forests provide us food. They help in the maintenance of ecosystem. They give oxygen which is necessary for survival of our life. Forests contribute in the economic development of the country. Different measures for their conservation.

Forest is a national wealth. Looking to the problems originated due to decreasing forest resources, their conservation is very necessary. Human needs are unlimited whereas the natural resources are limited. So, efforts for afforestation has been encouraged by the government.

Following measures have been taken for the conservation of forests:

1. Dangerous tendency of the destruction of forests should be immediately controlled. The main objective of the National Forest Policy is the maintenance of environmental stability and restoration of ecological balance.
2. Forest Conservation Act, 1980 is to prevent the destruction of forests and to prevent use of forest land for other purposes.
3. The main objective of Social Forestry and Agro – forestry is to provide fuel wood and minor wooden resources to the farmers. Farmers are encouraged for plantation.
4. Afforestation and development of waste and degraded land.
5. Reforestation in the existing forest areas.
6. Controlled cutting of forests and by scientific method.
7. Establishment of Watch Towers and surveying to prevent forest fire.
8. Ban on grazing, poaching and cutting trees and shrubs for fuel wood.
9. Controlled and limited trade of timber.
10. Controlled jhuming agriculture.
11. Controlling harmful insects like termites, cockroaches and gubrela.
12. Creating awareness in people regarding Agro – forestry, extensive forestry, development of social forestry and forest conservation, Chipko Movement and Van Mahotsava are all included as the measures of forest conservation.

Question 3.
Write about the different measures taken for wild-life conservation.
Answer:
Out of 5 lakh animal species of the world 75,000 are found in India. Similarly about 12,000 species and 900 sub-species of birds are available in India. Beginning of wild – life conservation was an effort of ecologists movement.

1. In 1972 Wild Life Conservation Act was passed in India. This act gives protection and preservation to endangered species of wild – life and ban the trading of related species.

2. Tiger Development Programmer Project was launched in 1973. Today there are 27 Tiger Reserves in 14 slates of the country.

3. Crocodile Breeding and Management Project was started in 1975 to conserve Crocodiles.

4. To increase the number of elephants, Elephant Project was launched-. Economic and scientific assistance was made available for this project.

5. Project Tiger movement was started to conserve the endangered species of Tiger. 17 Tiger Reserves were established for this purpose. The natural habitat of lion in the country is the Gir forest of Gujarat.

6. For the management and upkeep of zoos Central Zoo Authority is established. Responsibility of 200 zoos established in India is given to this authority.

7. There are 14 Biosphere Reserves set up in different regions of the .country. Out of which Sunderbans (West Bengal), Nanda Devi (Uttaranchal), Gulf of Mannar (Tamilnadu), Nilgiri (Kerala, Karnataka and Tamilnadu) are included in the Biosphere Reserves of the world. Other Biosphere Reserves are Nakrak, Great Nicobar, Manas, Simlipal, Dihang – Dibang, Dibru – Saikhova, Augustmalai, Kanchanjunga, Pachmarhi, Achnakmar – Amarkantak. .

Map Work:
Show the following areas in the outline Map of India.

1. Tropical evergreen forests and tidal forest.
2. Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary and Silent Valley.
3. Kanha Kesli and Corbett National Park.
4. Nanda Devi, Nilgiri and Sundarban Biosphere Reserve.

Project Work
Collect the medicinal herbs from your surroundings and prepare a list and write the uses of medicinal herbs.
Answer:
Do yourself.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 6 Other Important Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:
(1) What is the percentage of total area of forest in Tripura?
(a) 44%
(b) 55%
(c) 66%
(d) 48%
Answer:
(b) 55%

Question 2.
Highest forest area found in –
(a) North – East India
(b) South – West India
(c) East – West India
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) North – East India

Question 3.
Which one is not medicinal herb?
(a) Tulsi
(b) Neem
(c) Sarpgandha
(d) Teak
Answer:
(d) Teak

Question 4.
Wild life Conservation Act was passed in India in –
(a) 1975
(b) 1972
(c) 1980
(d) 1985
Answer:
(b) 1972

Question 6.
From administrative viewpoint forests are classified in –
(a) Four categories
(b) Three categories
(c) Two categories
(d) None of the above.

Fill in the blank:

1. …………….. % are is under forest in Madhya Pradesh and Chhatitisgarh.
2. In …………….. year Wild-Life Conservation Act was passed in India.
3. A large area covered by plants, shrubs etc. growing naturally is called a …………….
4. Tulsi is used in ……………… and ………………..
5. Out of 5 lakh animal species of the world …………….. are found in India.

Answer:

1. 30
2. 1972
3. Forest
4. cold, cough
5. 75,000.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 6 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is water hyacinth called in West Bengal?
Answer:
Water hyacinth in West Bengal is called the terror of Bengal.

Question 2.
In which areas do we find plants with long roots?
Answer:
In desert areas we find plants with long roots.

Question 3.
Which is the most dominant and widespread natural vegetation belt in India?
Answer:
The tropical deciduous forest or the monsoon forest provide the most dominant and widespread natural vegetation belt of India.

Question 4.
In what part of the country are the evergreen forests confined?
Answer:
The evergreen forests are confined to altitudes ranging form 500 – 1500 meters along the windward side of the Western Ghats and up to 1100 meters in the north eastern part of the country.

Question 5.
Name two important products of Tropical deciduous forests.
Answer:
Sal and Sagon.

Question 6.
Name the most important species of tree found in the Western Ghat regions.
Answer:
Teak.

Question 7.
Which forests are called the monsoon forests?
Answer:
The tropical deciduous forests are also called the monsoon forests.

Question 8.
Where are the moist deciduous forests found?
Answer:
They are found along the Shivaliks, the Piedmont plains of the Bhabar and Tarai regions in the north, the Chhotanagpur,  the South East Deccan Plateau and along north – south strip on the coast on the east of Western Ghats.

Question 9.
Name the few species of the vegetation in the Himalayan Region.
Answer:
Sal, chir, chil, pine, cedar, silver fir and spruce.

Question 10.
What are two important trees of the thorn forests?
Answer:
Babul and Kikar.

Question 11.
Name the type of forests in which the following trees are grown mahogany, chestnut; shisham, chir, sal, sundari, cam phor, rubber, kikar, teak, lawrel, sandal wood, oak, fur, spurce, palm.
Answer:

Question 12.
Where are the elephants found in India?
Answer:
Elephants in India are found in the Jungles of Assam and those of Kerala and Karnataka.

Question 13.
Name the most endangered species in India?
Answer:
The tiger, the rhino, the bustard and the lion.

Question 14.
Which is the first biological reserve in India?
Answer:
The first biological reserve was set up in the Nilgiries.

Question 15.
Where is the Gulf of Mannar?
Answer:
Tamilnadu.

Question 16.
How many national parks have been established is our country to protect wild – life?
Answer:
Eighty – nine national parks have been established in our country to protect wild – life.

Question 17.
Where is the natural habitat of lion in India?
Answer:
The natural habitat of lion in India is the Gir forest of Gujarat.

Question 18.
Why are national parks and wild-life sanctuaries developed?
Answer:
They are developed to provide safe habitat and to secure species of the wild – life.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 6 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is bio-reserve?
Answer:
Efforts are being made to protect and preserve every plant and animal species found in India so that this natural heritage can be transmitted to, the future generation in all its natural vigor and glory. With these objectives in mind the biosphere reserve or bio-reserve has been set up.

First such reserve was set up in the Nilgiries consisting of 5500 sq km at the tri junction of the Karnataka, Tamilnadu, and Kerala. Thus protection and conservation of the great biological diversity in its natural form is ‘bio-reserve’. After Nilgiri Bio – reserve, the one at Nanda Devi in U.P., Himalaya was set up in 1988. The other Noktek in Meghalaya was set up in this year itself.

Question 2.
Describe the administrative classification of forests.
Answer:
Forests are classified in three categories from the administrative viewpoint.

1. Reserved Forests:
The forest which are permanently reserved for timber or other forest produce and agriculture and grazing is strictly banned are called Reserved Forests.

2. Protected Forests:
The forests where local inhabitants are allowed to graze their animals and permission of agriculture with normal restrictions is given are called Protected Forests.

3. Unclassified Forests:
The forests, which are neither reserved nor protected, are Unclassified Forests.

Question 3.
Write a short note on medicinal herbs.
Answer:
From the ancient times India is famous for medicinal herbs. 2000 Plants species are described in Ayurveda, out of which at least 500 are in continuous use. Some of important plant species used as medicine are Sarpgandha, Tulsi, Neem, Jamun, Babul, Kachnar, and Arjun, etc.

Sarpgandha is used to control blood pressure, Tulsi is used when we are caught cough and cold, Neem is used as an antibiotic, Jamun is used to improve digestion. It is also useful is diabetes Babul is useful in boils. It is also used to increase physical strength. Kachnar is useful in boils and Asthma and Arjun is used to control blood pressure and ear pain.

Question 4.
Explain the characteristics of tropical deciduous forests.
Answer:
The characteristics of tropical deciduous forests are:

• They shed leaves seasonally.
• They are comparatively open with lesser under growth.
• Teak is the most important species. Others are sandal wood rose wood, shisham and mahua.
• Trees are of economic significance and well exploited.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 6 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a short note on conservation of wild – life
Answer:
The wild-life of a country is a part of its heritage. Every effort should therefore be made to protect – and preserve the wild life. Today there are man – endangered species of wild – life birds and animals. The Indian bustard of Rajasthan and Malwa, number of lions and tigers are some of the endangered species.

In order to conserve this resource, government of India has been taking time-to-time suitable measure, to maintain this great biological diversity of our land. Periodic census undertaken to find out the latest position and trends in this regard. The project tiger has been a great success. Now there are 16 tiger reserves in various parts of the country.

Likewise Rhino Project is being implemented in Assam, The Biosphere Reserves have been set up in the Nilgiries. It consists of 5500 km and is spread at the trijunction of Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Kerala. The other bio – reserves have been set up as Nanda Devi in U.P., Noktek in Meghalaya, Andaman and Great Nicobar etc. The country has 63 national parks, 358 wild life sanctuaries and 35 zoological gardens covering 130000 km² of area.

Question 2.
Describe the factors affecting vegetation.
Answer:
The geographical factors or elements affect the development of vegetation of a particular area. The important elements are rainfall, temperature, humidity, soil, altitude and geological structure.

1. Earth Surface:
It includes relief features and nature of soil.

Land:
Land affects vegetation directly and indirectly. Mountains, Plateaus and Plains do not have same type of vegetation. Plain surface is useful for agriculture. Forests and grasslands are found on rugged and uneven surface, which are the habitat of wild – life.

Soil:
Different type of soil is found on different places which is a base for different type of Vegetation. Mangrove forests are found in delta region of rivers. Whereas conical forests on the slope of high mountains plain areas are favorable for agriculture – and deciduous forests are found on plateau region normally.

2. Climate:
Temperature Favorable temperature is required for the germination, growth and reproduction of the plants. Variety of plants grow in the tropical zone because of high temperatures and humidity. Increase in temperature by 6°C to 9°C results in the stunted of the plants. Temperatures are low on high mountains therefore the growth period of the vegetation is short

Sunlight:
Duration of sunlight at any place depends on latitude altitude from sea level and the season. Plants grow rapidly in summer season because in Summers the duration of day light is more. As the Southern slopes of the Himalaya mountainous regions receives more sunlight as compare to northern slopes, dense vegetation is found here.

Rainfall:
In the areas of heavy rainfall the forests are very dense with tall trees. In the areas of low rainfall dwarf trees, grasses and shrubs are found sparsely. In desert areas plants have long roots. To prevent the loss of moisture due to transpiration some plants have wax-coated and thorny leaves. Vegetation of Thar desert is thorny due to scanty water.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Age of Janpadas and Mahajanpadas

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 Text Book Exercise

Answer the following questions (very short answer type):

Question 1.
Question (a)
What are Janpadas?
Answer:
Aryans were organised into Tribe or Janas. The territory where the tribe or janas had settled was known as Janpad. In the beginning only the people of particular class lived in Janpad.

Question (b)
Give the names of two “Gana Sanghas”?
Answer:
The two Gana Sanghas were:

1. The Vajji of Mithila
2. The Shakya of Kapilavastu.

Question (c)
Who established the Magadha empire?
Answer:
Bimbisar established the Magadha empire.

Question (d)
Give the names of four cities of Mahajanpada age?
Answer:
Rajgriha, Mathura, Kausambi and Kashi were the famous cities of Mahananpada period.

Question (e)
Who was Ajatshatru?
Answer:
Ajatshatru was the son of Bimbisar.

Answer the following in (short answer type):

Question 2.
Question (a)
What are Mahajanpadas?
Answer:
The big and powerful Janpada are called Mahajanpada. Most of the Mahajanpadas were to the north of the Vindhyas and spread from the western border area to Bihar.

Question (b)
What are marked Coins?
Answer:
In this period, regular use of coins (i.e., money) is seen. Coins were usually made of silver and copper. Trade also became easier. These early coins are known as marked coins.

Question (c)
What are Ganasangha and Janpada?
Answer:
At this time there were such states where there were no dynasties like Janpadas and Mahajanpadas, these states were called Ganasangha. The people of the state elected the kings just as we elect our government, The different tracts of the land which were cleared of forects and where people had settled by about 600 BC were called Janpada.

Question (d)
Who was Bimbisar? How did he expand his empire?
Answer:
Bimbisar was the king of Magadha. He ruled Magadha in about 542 B.C. He helped to make it into a powerful kindgom by various methods. Two features of his kingdom are:

1. He maintained friendly relations with other kingdoms.
2. He made good use of large iron deposits by making weapons and implements.

Question (e)
Write three main reasons of expansion of Magadha empire?
Answer:
The three main reasons of expansion of Magadha empire were:

1. The land was fertile enough to produce crops.
2. The area of Magadha had ample amount of iron, which was used to make weapons and equipments.
3. Trade through boats was done in the Ganga river, so the merchants could go abroad through the ports.

Answer the following questions (long answer type):

Question 3.
Question (a)
Write about the life and teachings of Gautam Buddha?
Answer:
Mahatma Buddha was born as prince Siddhartha in Lumbini near Kapilavastu. He taught that world is full of suffering and this is due to desire for wordly things. Mahatma Buddha taught that the world is full of suffering and this is due to desire for worldly things. According to Mahatma Buddha a man should free himself from desire by following eight fold path. Man should follow these five morals:

1. Do not kill any creature.
2. Do not steal.
3. Do not tell a lie.
4. Do not take toxic drugs.
5. Do not be a lecher.

Question (b)
Write about the life and teachings of Mahavir Swami?
Answer:
Jainism was founded by Mahavir Swami in the 6th century BC. Mahavir Swami supported the teachings of twenty – three earlier teachers called, Tirthankaras and added his own thoughts to theirs.

Mahavir Swami emphasised on good deeds. He said it was better to lead a good life and not to do wrong. He told his followers that their deeds should be based on three jewels called Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Action. These three jewels would lead to a virtuous life. People were forbidden to kill any living being, whether man or animal or insect.

Mahavir swami believed that if a man led a good life his soul would be made free and he would not be born again in the world.

Question (c)
Give details about the administrations style of Mahajanpadas?
Answer:
Most of the Mahajanpadas were to the north of the Vindhyas and spread from the western border area to Bihar. There were dynasties in Janpadas and Mahajanpadas but in Gana Sanghas, the kings were elected by the people. Though the various Janpadas and Mahajanpadas has a marital relationship among are another yet they aways fought with one another. Out of the 16 Mahajanpadas, 4 Mahajanpadas became powerful.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks:

1. During Nanda Dynasty …………… invaded India.
2. Sishunaag was the ruler of ……………
3. Mahavir Swami was born on ……………..

Answer:

1. Alexander
2. Kashi
3. 6th century BC.

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks from the words given in the bracket:

1. Bimbisar belonged to the …………………… Dynasty (Hiranyak/Maurya)
2. Chand Pradyot was the ruler of ……………… Mahajanpada (Avanti/Anga)
3. Buddha was born at ………………… (Lumbini/Vajji).

Answer:

1. Maurya
2. Avanti
3. Lumbini

Question 6.
Find the odd one out:

1. Pur, Nagar, Mahanagar, Basti
2. to take toxic drugs, do not be a lecher, do not tell he, do not steal.
3. carpenter, blacksmith, goldsmith, brahman.

Answer:

1. Basti
2. to take toxic drugs
3. Brahmin.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit Solutions Surbhi Chapter 15 मत्स्यत्रयकथा

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit Chapter 15 अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखो
(क) मत्स्याः कुत्र अवसन्? [मछलियाँ कहाँ रहती थीं?]
उत्तर:
जलाशये

(ख) धीवराः कदा जलाशयम् अगच्छन्? [धीवर कब जलाशय पर चले गये?]
उत्तर:
कदाचित्

(ग) प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः कः इव अतिष्ठत्? [प्रत्युत्पन्नमति किसकी तरह हो गयी?]
उत्तर:
मृतः इव

(घ) तृतीयः मत्स्यः कुत्र पतितः? [तीसरी मछली कहाँ गिर पड़ी?]
उत्तर:
जाले

(ङ) अनागतविधाता कुत्र अगच्छत्? [अनागत विधाता कहाँ चली गई?]
उत्तर:
अन्यज्जलाशयम्।

प्रश्न 2.
एक वाक्य में उत्तर लिखो
(क) मत्स्यानां नामानि कानि? [मछलियों के नाम कौन-कौन से हैं?]
उत्तर:
मत्स्यानां नामानि-अनागतविधाता, प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिस्तथा, यद्भविष्यत्। [मछलियों के नाम-अनागतविधाता, प्रत्युत्पन्नमति और यद्भविष्यत् था।]

(ख) प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः किमुक्त्वा निश्चिन्तः अभवत्? [प्रत्युत्पन्नमति क्या कहकर निश्चित हो गयी?]
उत्तर:
प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः नाम मत्स्यः “समयानुगुणं कार्यं करोमि” इति उक्त्वा निश्चिन्तः अभवत्। [प्रत्युत्पन्नमति नामक मछली “समय के अनुसार कार्य करती हूँ” ऐसा कहकर निश्चिन्त हो गई।]

(ग) प्रभाते धीवराः किम् अकुर्वन्? [प्रात:काल में धीवरों ने क्या किया?]
उत्तर:
प्रभाते धीवराः जलाशयं गत्वा जालं प्रसार्य मत्स्यान् अगृह्णन्। [प्रातःकाल धीवरों ने जलाशय पर जाकर जाल फैलाकर मछलियों को पकड़ लिया।]

(घ) अनागतविधाता किम् अवदत्? [अनागतविधाता ने क्या कहा?]
उत्तर:
अनागतविधाता अवदत् ‘श्वः प्रभाते ते धीवराः नूनमेव अत्र आगमिष्यन्ति, सर्वान् च मत्स्यान् जाले बद्धवा नेष्यन्ति’, एतच्चिन्तयित्वा अनागतविधाता अन्यज्जलाशयं अगच्छत्।
[अनागत विधाता ने कहा, “प्रातः काल धीवर अवश्य ही यहाँ आयेंगे और सभी मछलियों को जाल में बाँधकर ले जायेंगे।” ऐसा चिन्तन करके अनागत विधाता दूसरे जलाशय में चली गई।]

(ङ) प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः स्वनामानुगुणं किम् अकरोत्? [प्रत्युत्पन्नमति ने अपने नाम के अनुसार क्या किया?]
उत्तर:
प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः स्वनामानुगुणं मृतः इव अतिष्ठत्। [प्रत्युत्पन्नमति अपने नाम के अनुसार मरी हुई-सी हो गई।]

प्रश्न 3.
रेखांकित शब्द के आधार पर प्रश्न निर्माण करो
(क) मत्स्याः जलाशये अवसन्।
(ख) धीवराः जलाशयम् अवलोकितवन्तः।
(ग) मृतं प्रत्युत्पन्नमति धीवरः जालात् बहिः अकरोत्।
(घ) कस्मिंश्चित् जलाशये त्रयः मत्स्याः अवसन्।
(ङ) धीवराः मत्स्यान् जाले बध्वा नेष्यन्ति।
उत्तर:
(क) मत्स्याः कुत्र अवसन्
(ख) धीवराः किम अवलोकितवन्तः?
(ग) मृतं प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिम् धीवरः कुतः बहिः अकरोत्?
(घ) कस्मिंश्चित् जलाशये कतिः मत्स्याः अवसन्?
(ङ) धीवराः मत्स्यान् कस्मिन् बध्वा नेष्यन्ति?

प्रश्न 4.
पदच्छेद करो (शब्दों को अलग करो)
सन्धियुक्त पद :
(क) अन्यज्जलाशयं
(ख) एतज्ज्ञात्वा
(ग) निश्चिन्तः
(घ) भगवच्छक्त्या
(ङ) तच्चोक्तम्
(च) निश्चयः
(छ) सच्चरित्रः
(ज) सज्जनः
(झ) दुष्चरित्रः
(ज) तपश्चर्या।
उत्तर:
(क) अन्यत् + जलाशयं
(ख) एतत् + ज्ञात्वा
(ग) निः + चिन्तः
(घ) भगवत् + शक्त्या
(ङ) तत् + च + उक्तम
(च) निः + चयः
(छ) सत् + चरित्रः
(ज) सत् + जनः
(झ) दुः + चरित्रः
(ब) तपः + चर्या

प्रश्न 5.
लकार परिवर्तन करो-

उत्तर:
(क) वदति
(ख) गच्छति
(ग) अकथयत्
(घ) अगच्छत्
(ङ) भवति
(च) गृह्णाति
(छ) तिष्ठति
(ज) प्राविशत्
(झ) अपठत्
(ब) अपिबन्।

काल 6.
क्रम से वाक्यों को लिखकर कथा लिखो
(क) द्वितीयमत्स्यः प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः “समयानुगुणं कार्य करोमि” इति निश्चिन्तः अभवत्।
(ख) तृतीयः मत्स्यः जाले पतितः धीवरैः कर्तितः मृतश्च।
(ग) प्रभाते धीवराः जलाशयं गत्वा जालं प्रसार्य मत्स्यान् अगृह्णन्।
(घ) प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः मृतः इव अतिष्ठत्।
(ङ) वेलाग्रामस्य जलाशये त्रयः मत्स्याः अवसन्।
(च) एकदा धीवराणां वार्तालापं श्रुत्वा जीवनरक्षणाय अनागतविधाता अन्यज्जलाशयम् अगच्छत्।
(छ) तृतीयमत्स्यः यद्भविष्यः अचिन्तयत् “जलशयान्तरेण किं प्रयोजनम्।”
(ज) प्रत्युत्पन्नमति: जले अकूर्दत् जलाशयान्तरे प्राविशच्च।
उत्तर:
(ङ) वेलाग्रामस्य जलाशये त्रयः मत्स्याः अवसन्।
(च) एकदा धीवराणां वार्तालापं श्रुत्वा जीवनरक्षणाय अनागतविधाता अन्यज्जलाशयम् अगच्छत्।
(क) द्वितीयमत्स्यः प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः “समयानुगुणं कार्यं करोमि” इति निश्चिन्तः अभवत्।
(छ) तृतीयमत्स्यः यद्भविष्यः अचिन्तयत् “जलशयान्तरेण किं प्रयोजनम्।”
(ग) प्रभाते धीवराः जलाशयं गत्वा जालं प्रसार्य मत्स्यान् अगृह्णन्।
(घ) प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः मृतः इव अतिष्ठत्।
(ज) प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः जले अकूर्दत् जलाशयान्तरे प्राविशच्च।
(ख) तृतीयः मत्स्यः जाले पतितः धीवरैः कर्तितः मृतश्च।

प्रश्न 7.
दिये गये अव्ययों से वाक्य का निर्माण करोश्वः, एव, इति, अत्र, बहिः, यदि-तर्हिः, नूनं, प्रातः, अपि।
उत्तर:

1. श्वः अहम् विद्यालयम् गमिष्यामि।
2. सः अस्मिन् एव ग्रामे वसति।
3. मोहनः इति नामकः छात्रः क्रीडाम् खेलति।
4. अत्र आगत्य कार्यम् कुरु।
5. ग्रामात् बहिः नदी बहति।
6. यदि सः आगमिष्यति तर्हि अहम् तस्य सहायताम् करिष्यामि।
7. सः नूनं नगरम् गमिष्यति।
8. प्रातः भ्रमणार्थम् अहम् गच्छामि।
9. अहम् तस्य अपि सहायताम् करिष्यामि।

मत्स्यत्रयकथा हिन्दी अनुवाद

वेलाग्रामस्य कस्मिञ्चित् जलाशये अनागतविधाता प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः यद्यविष्यश्चेति नामकाः त्रयः मत्स्याः अवसन्। कदाचित् तं जलाशयम् अवलोक्य धीवराः परस्परमवदन्, “अस्मिन् जलाशये बहवः मत्स्याः सन्ति, प्रभाते अस्माभिः अत्र अवश्यमेव आगन्तव्यम् इति।” एतादृशं निश्चयं कृत्वा ते अगच्छन्। एतत् श्रुत्वा तेषु मत्स्येषु अनागतविधाता नाम मत्स्यः अकथयत्, “श्वः प्रभाते ते धीवरा: नूनमेव अत्र आगमिष्यन्ति, सर्वान् च मत्स्यान् जाले बध्दता नेष्यन्ति।” एतच्चिन्तयित्वा अनागतविधाता अन्यज्जलाशयं अगच्छत्। एतज्ज्ञात्वा प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः नाम मत्स्यः “समयानुगणं कार्य करोमि” इति उक्त्वा निश्चिन्तः अभवत्। तृतीयः मत्स्यः यद्मविष्यः अवदत्, “भगवच्छक्त्या अहं जीवामि। यदि मरणमेव निश्चितं तर्हि जलाशयान्तरेण किं प्रयोजनम्? भाग्यानुसारं यद् भविष्यति तद् भवतु” इति।

अनुवाद :
‘वेला’ ग्राम के किसी जलाशय में अनागतविधाता, प्रत्युत्पन्नमति और यद्भविष्यत् नामक तीन मछलियाँ रहती थीं। किसी समय उस तालाब को देखकर धीवर’ आपस में बोले-‘इस जलाशय में बहुत सी मछलियाँ हैं, प्रात:काल हमें यहाँ अवश्य ही आना चाहिए।’ इस तरह का निश्चय करके वे चले गये। इसे सुनकर, उन मछलियों में से ‘अनागतविधाता’ नाम की मछली ने कहा, “कल प्रात:काल ही वे धीवर (मछुआरे) अवश्य ही यहाँ आयेंगे और सभी मछलियों को जाल में बाँधकर ले जायेंगे।” ऐसा सोचकर ‘अनागतविधाता’ तो दूसरे तालाब को चली गई। इसे जानकर ‘प्रत्युत्पन्नमति’ नामक मछली “समय के अनुसार कार्य करती हूँ” ऐसा कहकर चिन्तामुक्त हो गई। तीसरी मछली ‘यद्भविष्यत’ बोली-“भगवान की शक्ति से मैं जीवित हूँ।” यदि मरना ही निश्चय है तो दूसरे जलाशय से क्या लाभ ? भाग्य के अनुसार जो हो, वह हो जाए।”

प्रभाते धीवराः जलाशयं गत्वा जालं प्रसार्य मत्स्यान् अगृणन्। प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः मृतः इव अतिष्ठत्। मृतमिव प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिं दृष्ट्वा धीवरः तं जालात् बहिः अकरोत्। प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः स्वानामानुगुणं मतिप्रयोगेण ततः जले अकूर्दत् जलाशयान्तरे प्राविशच्च। तृतीयः मत्स्यः जाले पतितः धीवरैः कर्तितः मृतश्च अभवत्। तच्चोक्तम्-

“अनागतविधाता च प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिस्तथा।
द्वावेतौ सुखमेधेते यद्भविष्यो विनश्यति॥”

अनुवाद :
प्रात:काल धीवरों (मछुआरों) ने तालाब पर जाकर जाल फैलाकर मछलियों को पकड़ा। ‘प्रत्युत्पन्नमति’ मरे हुए जैसी हो गई। मरी हुई सी प्रत्युत्पन्न मति को देखकर धीवर (मछुआरे) ने उसे जाल से बाहर कर दिया। ‘प्रत्युत्पन्नमति’ अपने नाम के अनुसार मति (बुद्धि) का प्रयोग करके इसके बाद जल में कूद गयी और दूसरे जलाशय में प्रवेश कर गयी। तीसरी मछली जाल में गिर जाने से (फंस जाने से) धीवरों के द्वारा काट डाली गई और मर गई। उसने कहा-

“अनागतविधाता और प्रत्युत्पन्नमति ये दोनों सुख से वृद्धि। को प्राप्त हुईं परन्तु ‘यद्भविष्यत्’ नष्ट हो गई है।”

मत्स्यत्रयकथा शब्दार्थाः

मत्स्याः = मछलियाँ। जलाशयः = तालाब। धीवरः = मछुआरा। अवलोक्य = देखकर। नूनम् = अवश्य। बध्वा = बाँधकर। जलाशयान्तरम् = दूसरे जलाशय में। अगृहणन् = पकड़ लिए। सुखमेधेते = (दोनों) सुख से बढ़ रहे हैं। विनश्यति = नष्ट होता है।

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Vedic Culture

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 10 Text Book Exercise

Answer the following questions in a sentence:

Question 1.
Question (a)
Which texts come under the Vedic Literature?
Answer:
The Vedas, the Upanishads etc. are the religious texts come under the Vedic Literature.

Question (b)
What were coins called in the Vedic Period?
Answer:
Nishka.

Question (c)
Which deities were worshipped in the Vedic Period?
Answer:
In the Vedic Period many deities were worshipped that expressed the power of nature like Agni (fire), Surya (the sun), Vayu (air), Akash (sky), Vriksha (tree). Indra, Agni and Varun were the most respected deities. In the post Vedic Period, the path of wisdom or the “Gyana Marga” was given more importance than Rituals and Yajra.

Answer the following questions:

Question 2.
Question (a)
Why is the period of the Aryans known as the Vedic Period?
Answer:
The period of Aryans is called as the Vedic Period because its reconstruction is based on using the Vedic texts as sources.

Question (b)
What were the castes in which the society was divided in the Vedic Period?
Answer:
The Aryans society was divided into four castes. They were: Kshatriyas, Brahmans, Vaishyas and Surdas.

At first, these castes were based on occupations and activities in society. For instance, a boy could choose whatever occupation he liked. The king and his warriors were called Kshatriyas. Those who performed the religious ceremonies were called Vaishyas. Those who served all the above three castes were called Shudras. But later on sons began to do the same work as their fathers. So birth became the basis of caste.

Question (c)
Discuss the economic life of the people in the Vedic Period?
Answer:
The economic life of the people depended on agriculture, art, handicrafts and trade in the Vedic Period. The bulls and oxen were used for farming and pulling vehicles. Chariots were drawn by horses. The main occupations at the initial stage were making utensils, weaving cloth, carpentry, metallurgy, etc.

Question (d)
Explain that Mathematics and Astronomy was developed in the Vedic Period?
Answer:
All the branches of Mathematics were generally called Ganita which included Ankaganita (Arithmetic), Rekhaganita (Geometry), Beejganita (Algebra), Astronomy and Astrology.

In the Vedic Period people knew how to make a square equal to the area of a triangle. They should make squares equal in area of the total and difference of the areas of the squares within a circle. They had the knowledge of zero and thus could write big numbers. They also had the knowledge of the place value and the root value of every digit in a number. They also knew about cubes, cube roots, square and square roots, and used these in different mathematical operations.

Astronomy was highly developed in the Vedic Period. They knew about the motion of the celestial bodies and could calculate their position at different times. This helped them to prepare calenders and predict solar and lunar eclipses. They knew that the earth rotated on its axis and round the sun. They also knew that the moon moved around the earth.

They even tried to calculate the time taken by the celestial bodies in their rotation and the distance between these celestial bodies.

Question 3.
Match the columns:

Answer:

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks:

1.  ………………… was composed on the banks of the river Saraswati.
2. The society was divided into castes as per the ……………… of the people.
3. The metal used in making arms during the Post Vedic period was …………………
4. The kings or the Kshatriyas were led by ………………….

Answer:

1. Rigveda
2. occupation
3. iron
4. rulers.

Choose the correct alternative:

Question 5.
Question (a)
What among the following was not known to the Aryans in the Vedic Period?
(a) Zero
(b) Astronomy
(c) Copper
(d) Eight fold path
Answer:
(d) Eight fold path

Question (b)
Which among the following was not a social characteristic of the Vedic Period?
(a) Honour of women
(b) Caste division of the society on the basis of occupation
(c) Marriage of young men and women as per their choice
(d) Child marriage.
Answer:
(d) Child marriage.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 The Local Self-Government

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 21 Text Book Exercise

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 21 Short Answer type Questions

Question 1.
Question (a)
What is the head of a Gram-Panchayat called?
Answer:
The head of a Gram-Panchayat is called Sarpanch.

Question (b)
What is tenure of the Panchayats?
Answer:
The tenure of the Panchayats is five years. If the Sarpanch does not fulfil his duties properly, he/she may be removed by bringing a no confidence motion against him/her.

Question (c)
In how many months the meetings of Gram Sabha are held?
Answer:
The Gram Sabha holds its meeting in every three months.

Question (d)
What status is given to the President of the Zila Panchayat?
Answer:
The President of the Zila Panchayat has the status of a State Minister.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 21 Long answer type Questions

Question 2.
Question (a)
Explain the meaning of local self government.
Answer:
1. Participation Activities of the Government. The local self-government lightens the work of the Central and State Government. It understands local problems better than the state or Central government.

2. Setting up of Contact between Citizens and Government. The aim of the local self-government is to solve the local problem by cooperation. Thus it sets up a contact  between the citizens and the Government. The local people alone are interested in the solution of their problems.

3. Creates Civic Responsibilities. The local self-government creates civic responsibilities among the citizens. They also provide training of administration to the people at lower level.

4. Success of Projects. The local self-government promotes the success of various projects and plan. Thus they promote national development. The local people work with speed and with personal interest.

Question (b)
How is a Gram Panchayat constituted? Explain.
Answer:
Gram Panchayat is formed with a minimum population of 1000. Small villages (who’s population is less than 1000) are usually merged with the larger villages. In some places one Gram Panchayat works for more than one village. Every Gram Panchayat is divided in several smaller areas. These are called Panchayat wards. People of every ward elect their own Panch. The elected Panch participate in the election of Gram Panchayat from their wards.

Person attaining maximum votes becomes the Panch. There are minimum 10 and maximum 20 Panch in each Gram Panchayat. merged with the larger villages. In some places one Gram Panchayat works for more than one village. Every Gram Panchayat is divided in several smaller areas. These are called Panchayat wards. People of every ward elect their own Panch. The elected Panch participate in the election of Gram Panchayat from their wards. Person attaining maximum votes be-comes the Panch. There are minimum 10 and maximum 20 Panch in each Gram Panchayat.

Question (c)
What work is done by the Gram Panchayat for the development of the villages.
Answer:
Grain Panchayat performs two types of work. They are called:

1. Compulsory work:
It makes arrangements for water, health, sanitation, upkeep of the roads, lighting arrangements and planting of trees. The Panchayat keeps the village clean, if the drains of urinals or toilets of any house spreads filth in the villages.

2. Voluntary work.
Some of the voluntary functions are: management of health centers, small dispensaries and village markets, helping the immunization of young children organising Akharas or village sports; acquiring and maintaining radio and T.V. sets.

Question (d)
Explain the constitution and functions of the Janpad Panchayat.
Answer:
Constitution of Janpad Panchayat. All the Pradhans and Panchas of the Gram Panchayat in a block elect their representative to the Janpad Panchayat and Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Assembly, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) who are elected from the Block are also members of the Block Samiti.

The Pradhans of the notified and town area committees coming within that Block are also members of the Block Samiti. There are two female representatives and four scheduled castes representatives in every Block Samiti. All the members of the Block Samiti elect a Chairman and Vice-Chairman.

The main functions of Janpad Panchayat:

(a) The Janpad Panchayat has many experts such as an agricultural expert, an educational expert, a veterinary doctor, etc. These experts provide help and advice to the rural people in various fields. The villagers are helped in obtaining good and improved seed and manures.

(b) The experts educate the people on various matters such as agriculture, improving the breed of cattle and keeping them healthy. The experts bring about a change in the outlook of the village people through education and literacy.

(c) It also obtains money from the state government for development of its Block.

(d) janpad Panchayat looks after the work of Gram Panchayat that comes under its jurisdiction.

Question (e)
Who are the members of the Zila Panchayat?
Answer:
The Zila Panchayat is constituted of 10 to 35 elected members. The members are elected for a period of 5 years.

The members of Vidhan Sabha, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are also the members of the Zila Panchayat. Only those members of the Vidhan Sabha and Lok Sabha are members of the Zila Panchayat whose constituency falls fully or partially in a rural area.

Similarly those members of the Rajya Sabha are members of the Zila Panchayat whose names occur in the voter list of a Gram Panchayat. The Presidents of all the Janpad Panchayat are also members of the Zila Panchayat. There is a provision for reservation for scheduled caste, scheduled tribes, backward classes and women.

Project Work:

Question 1.
What are the main problems of your village/city? Make a list of these problems. Who can solve these problems? Write in detail.
Answer:
Please do with the help of your teacher.

Question 2.
Do a role play depicting the activities of Panchayat or any other local self-governing body.
Answer:
Please do with the help of your teacher.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions