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MP Board Class 10th Special Hindi सहायक वाचन Solutions Chapter 10 दीपक की आत्मकथा (आत्मकथा, संकलित)

दीपक की आत्मकथा अभ्यास

आत्मकथा

प्रश्न 1.
ज्ञान और दीपक के आपसी सम्बन्ध को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (2013, 16)
उत्तर:
ज्ञान और दीपक का आपस में घनिष्ठ सम्बन्ध है। ज्ञान का अर्थ प्रकाश से है तथा प्रकाश का सीधा सम्बन्ध दीपक से है। जिस प्रकार दीपक चारों ओर प्रकाश फैलाता है और अन्धकार को नष्ट करता है,उसी प्रकार ज्ञान का प्रकाश भी दीपक की भाँति होता है। ज्ञान मन के अन्दर के अहंकार को नष्ट करता है तो दीपक बाहरी अन्धकार को दूर करता है। इस प्रकार दीपक और ज्ञान एक-दूसरे के सहयोगी तथा सहधर्मी एवं पूरक हैं। दोनों का एक-दूसरे पर प्रभाव देखा जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 2.
जीवन में आने वाले संघर्षों और चुनौतियों को विकास का मार्ग क्यों कहा गया है?
उत्तर:
जीवन में आने वाले संघर्षों और चुनौतियों को विकास का मार्ग इसलिये कहा है, क्योंकि ईश्वर किसी भी महान् कार्य के लिए जब किसी व्यक्ति को चुनते हैं, तब उस व्यक्ति को जीवन की चुनौती को सबसे पहले स्वीकार करना पड़ता है। जब व्यक्ति किसी चुनौती को स्वीकार करके कोई कार्य करने को आगे बढ़ता है तो उसके मन में सदा यही भाव रहता है कि मैं अपने कार्य में सफल रहूँ चाहे कार्य पूर्ण करने के लिए कितनी भी कठिनाइयों का सामना करना पड़े। जीवन एक खेल है जिसमें प्रतिपल जुटे रहकर आगे बढ़ना है। किसी कवि का निम्न कथन देखिये-
“वह नया कच्चा खिलाड़ी
खेल के जो बीच में ही,
पूछता है साथियों से,
बंद होगा खेल कब तक।”

प्रश्न 3.
दीपक से मानव जीवन की तुलना किस रूप में की गई है? (2012, 17)
उत्तर:
दीपक से मानव जीवन की तुलना इस प्रकार की है जैसे दीपक को बनाने से पूर्व कुम्हार मिट्टी को कूटता और कंकड़-पत्थर निकालकर उसे साफ-सुथरा करके पैरों से रौंद कर, मिट्टी को गूंथ कर लौंदे का रूप देकर चाक पर रख देता है तथा धूप में सुखाकर तथा आग पर तपा कर दीपक की आकृति प्रदान करता है।

दीपक की भाँति मानव को भी संघर्ष का सामना करना चाहिए। उसे यही सोचकर संघर्ष करना चाहिए कि इन संघर्षों के उपरान्त व्यक्ति को जीवन में नया प्रकाश मिलेगा। जिस प्रकार दीपक का प्रकाश चारों ओर फैलता है। उसी प्रकार मनुष्य भी अपने सत्कर्मों के प्रकाश से इस संसार को प्रकाशित करेगा।

प्रश्न 4
‘दीपक की आत्मकथा’ नामक पाठ से आपको क्या प्रेरणा मिलती है? (2009, 11)
उत्तर:
‘दीपक की आत्मकथा’ कहानी से प्रेरणा मिलती है कि मानव को संघर्षों की भट्टी में जलकर भी दीपक की भाँति प्रकाशित होना चाहिए।

मानव का तप और त्याग दीपक की भाँति होना चाहिए दीप स्वयं जलकर दूसरों को प्रकाश प्रदान कर अपना जीवन अर्पित कर देता है। दीपक की भाँति मनुष्य को भी विषम परिस्थितियों से जूझना चाहिए। जीवन की सार्थकता तभी है,जब वह जीवन में दीपक की भाँति त्याग करे तथा विश्व को आलोकित करे।

प्रश्न 5.
दीपक ने किस-किस को नमन किया और क्यों?
उत्तर:
दीपक ने पाँचों तत्त्वों को नमन किया है,क्योंकि उन्हीं के सहयोग से उसके भौतिक शरीर ने साकार रूप धारण किया तथा मातृभूमि उसकी माँ है जिसे उसने कृतज्ञ भाव से नमन किया।

प्रश्न 6.
माता की कुक्षि कब धन्यता प्राप्त करती है? (2018)
उत्तर:
माता की कुक्षि तब ही धन्य होती है जब बालक में अपनी मातृभूमि के प्रति समर्पण व प्रेम की भावना हो।

प्रश्न 7.
दीप ने अपने आपको ‘सच्चा दीप’ कैसे सिद्ध किया है? (2009)
उत्तर:
दीप ने अपने दुःख और कष्ट के समय के झंझाओं को सहन करके तथा कठिन संघर्षों का सामना करके भी चुनौती को स्वीकार किया।

इस प्रकार कष्टों को सहन करके अपने आपको सच्चा दीप सिद्ध किया वास्तव में दीपक स्वयं जलकर त्याग करता है तथा लोगों को प्रकाश प्रदान कर उनके जीवन में उजाला कर देता है। इस प्रकार दीपक वास्तव में सच्चा दीप है।

प्रश्न 8.
मानव जीवन को सार्थकता कैसे प्राप्त होती है?
उत्तर:
मानव जीवन की सार्थकता तभी सम्भव है जब वह दीपक से सच्चा ज्ञान प्राप्त करे। जिस प्रकार दीपक वक्त के थपेड़ों को सहता हुआ संघर्ष करके भी स्वयं जलकर दूसरों को निरन्तर प्रकाश देकर अपना जीवन समर्पित कर देता है। उसी प्रकार मनुष्य को भी जीवन के संघर्षों और कष्टों को सहन करते हुए बिना किसी रुकावट के आगे बढ़ते रहना चाहिए वास्तव में,राष्ट्र के हित में अपना सर्वस्व बलिदान करने के लिए दीपक से प्रेरणा लेकर निरन्तर सचेष्ट भाव से आगे बढ़ते रहना चाहिए। इसी में मानव जीवन की सार्थकता निहित है,क्योंकि जो सुख दूसरों के लिए त्याग करने में है, वैसा सुख अन्यत्र दुर्लभ है।

प्रश्न 9.
“गुरु कुम्हार सिष कुम्भ है ……… बाहर मारे चोट।” इन पंक्तियों का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिये।
उत्तर:
लेखक का कथन है गुरु तो कुम्हार है तथा शिष्य कुम्भ (घड़े) के समान है।

जिस प्रकार कुम्हार घड़े को बनाते समय हाथ से प्रहार करके उसके खोट अर्थात् टेढ़ेपन को निकालकर सीधा करता है। उसी प्रकार गुरु भी अपने शिष्य की बुराई को दूर करने के लिए विभिन्न प्रकार से डाँटता-फटकारता एवं प्रताड़ित करता है।

कुम्हार मटके को सीधा करने के लिए उसमें हाथ डालकर बाहर से प्रहार कर सीधा करता है लेकिन साथ ही भीतर से सहारा भी देता है।

इसी प्रकार उत्तम गुरु भी शिष्य के विकारों को दूर करके उसके हृदय में ज्ञान का प्रकाश प्रज्ज्वलित कर उसके अन्तर्मन को प्रकाशित करता है।

वास्तव में,उत्तम गुरु ही शिष्य को श्रेष्ठता के शिखर पर पहुँचा देता है। कबीरदास जी ने तो गुरु को ईश्वर से भी अधिक उच्च स्थान प्रदान किया है। देखिये-
“गुरु गोविन्द दोऊ खड़े काके लागूं पाँय।
बलिहारी गुरु आपने गोविन्द दियो मिलाय॥”

इस प्रकार गुरु की महिमा अनन्त है। गुरु के बिना ज्ञान असम्भव है। चिन्तामय हृदय तथा थके हुए प्राणों को गुरु ही सांत्वना प्रदान करता है।

दीपक की आत्मकथा महत्त्वपूर्ण वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

दीपक की आत्मकथा बहु-विकल्पीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
जीवन की सार्थकता है
(क) त्याग
(ख) बल
(ग) तप
(घ) उपर्युक्त सभी।
उत्तर:
(घ) उपर्युक्त सभी।

प्रश्न 2.
माता की कुक्षि कब धन्यता प्राप्त करती है?
(क) तमस् को दूर कर
(ख) मूक नमन कर
(ग) मातृभूमि के प्रति कृतज्ञता का भाव रखकर
(घ) उपर्युक्त सभी।
उत्तर:
(घ) उपर्युक्त सभी।

प्रश्न 3.
मिट्टी के बर्तन बनाने वाले को कहते हैं (2009)
(क) सुतार
(ख) कुम्हार
(ग) लुहार
(घ) सुनार।
उत्तर:
(ख) कुम्हार

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति

1. मेरे तो डर के मारे ………… फूल गये।
2. मेरी धरती भी तो कितना कुछ सहन करती है, इसीलिए तो वह …………. से भी महान है।
3. क्योंकि त्याग के सुख का आनन्द ………… होता है, अतुलनीय होता है।

उत्तर:

1. हाथ-पाँव
2. स्वर्ग
3. अनिवर्चनीय

सत्य/असत्य

1. कुम्हार चाक को चलाते समय विचारमग्न रहता है।
2. ‘दीपक’ को बेचकर कुम्हार अपनी जीविका नहीं चलाता है।
3. आज भी कुछ लोग घड़े के पानी का उपयोग करते हैं।
4. दीपक अंधकार को मिटाता है। (2014)

उत्तर:

1. सत्य
2. असत्य
3. सत्य
4. सत्य।

सही जोड़ी मिलाइए

उत्तर:
1. → (क)
2. → (ग)
3. → (ख)

एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर

1. हमारा शरीर किससे मिलकर बना है?
2. कुम्हार बर्तन को धूप में सुखाने के बाद किस पर पकाता है?
3. कौन स्वयं जलकर भी दूसरों को प्रकाश देता है? (2015)

उत्तर:

1. पाँच तत्त्वों से
2. आवे पर
3. दीपक।

MP Board Class 10th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Special Hindi सहायक वाचन Solutions Chapter 9 रक्षाबंधन (कहानी, विश्वम्भरनाथ शर्मा ‘कौशिक’)

रक्षाबंधन अभ्यास

कहानी

प्रश्न 1.
धनश्याम ने अपनी माता और बहिन की खोज कहाँ-कहाँ की?
उत्तर:
घनश्याम एक स्वस्थ तथा सुन्दर युवक था। जो धन कमाने दक्षिण को गया था। इस दौरान उसका अपनी माँ तथा छोटी बहन से सम्पर्क टूट गया। जो उससे बिछुड़ गये उनको विभिन्न शहरों; जैसे-कानपुर, लखनऊ, उन्नाव आदि में तलाश किया। अन्त में जब उसकी काफी कोशिश के पश्चात् भी उसकी माँ तथा बहन न मिली, तो वह निराश हो गया।

प्रश्न 2.
नाटकीय ढंग से हुए माँ-बेटे और बहिन के मिलन दश्य का वर्णन कीजिये।
उत्तर:
घनश्याम माँ तथा बहन से बिछुड़ने के पश्चात् नितान्त अकेला रह गया था। उसका एक मित्र अमरनाथ जो उसके भविष्य को लेकर चिन्तित रहता था; उसके लिए विवाह योग्य कन्या की तलाश में रहता था। काफी तलाश के पश्चात् अपने मित्र घनश्याम के योग्य एक कन्या देखी। वह अपने मित्र घनश्याम के साथ उस कन्या को देखने हेतु उसके घर पहुँचा उस कन्या का घर यहियागंज की गली में एक छोटा-सा मकान था। वहाँ उसकी माँ उसको देखकर बेहोश हो गई। अमरनाथ ने पानी लेकर घनश्याम की माता की आँखें तथा मुख धो दिये। थोड़ी देर में उसे होश आया। उसने आँखें खोलते ही फिर घनश्याम को देखा। वह शीघ्रता से उठकर बैठ गयी और बोली-ऐ, मैं क्या स्वप्न देख रही हूँ? घनश्याम क्या तू मेरा खोया घनश्याम है? या कोई और? माता ने पुत्र को उठाकर छाती से लगा लिया। लड़की यह सब देख सुनकर भैया-भैया कहती हुई घनश्याम से लिपट गयी घनश्याम ने देखा-लड़की कोई और नहीं,वही बालिका है जिसने पाँच वर्ष पूर्व उसके राखी बाँधी थी और जिसकी याद प्रायः उसे आया करती थी। इस प्रकार घनश्याम का अपनी माँ तथा बहन से मिलन हुआ।

प्रश्न 3.
“अमरनाथ एक सच्चा मित्र है।” क्यों कहा गया है? (2016)
उत्तर:
अमरनाथ एक सच्चा मित्र है,क्योंकि एक सच्चे मित्र में जो गुण होते हैं वह समस्त गुण अमरनाथ में हैं। घनश्याम एक सुन्दर धनी युवक है। वह अपने खोई माँ तथा बहिन के लिए चिन्तित रहता है। उसका मित्र अमरनाथ उसकी परिस्थितियों को समझता है। उसकी सहायता करने के लिए प्रयास करता रहता है।

हालांकि उसका मित्र घनश्याम धनी है। फिर भी वह उससे धन तथा अन्य किसी भी प्रकार के स्वार्थ की भावना नहीं रखता है। अमरनाथ के प्रयास से ही घनश्याम का बिछुड़ी हुई माँ तथा बहिन से मिलना होता है।

यद्यपि वह अपने विवाह के लिए कन्या देखने गया था लेकिन वहाँ उसकी मुलाकात अपनी खोई हुई माँ और बहिन से होती है। अमरनाथ में एक सच्चे मित्र का गुण है। जो अपने मित्र को अकेला परेशानियों में देखकर उसे छोड़ नहीं देता अपितु वह उसका हर परिस्थिति में साथ देता है। वास्तव में अमरनाथ एक उत्तम मित्र सिद्ध हुआ है।

इस सन्दर्भ में महाकवि तुलसी ने भी कहा है-
“धीरज, धर्म, मित्र और नारी,
आपति काल परखिए चारी।”

प्रश्न 4.
“यह सब मेरे ही कर्मों का फल है” घनश्याम के इस कथन के आलोक में माँ-बेटे के बिछुड़ने की घटना का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
घनश्याम एक पढ़ा-लिखा स्वस्थ, सुन्दर तथा महत्त्वाकांक्षी युवक था। जैसा कि युवावस्था में होता है प्रत्येक नवयुवक के मन में उमंगें होती हैं। उसी प्रकार धन कमाने की इच्छा भी घनश्याम को थी। परिणामस्वरूप घनश्याम धन कमाने दक्षिण को चला गया। वहाँ वह धन कमाने के लिए परिश्रम में इतना डूब गया कि उसको अपनी माँ तथा बहिन का ख्याल ही न रहा। परिणामस्वरूप जब वह धन कमाकर वापिस लौटा तो उसकी माँ तथा बहिन उससे निराश होकर कहीं चली गयीं। घनश्याम को अपनी गलती का आभास हुआ। उसने अपनी माँ तथा बहन को ढूँढ़ने का बहुत प्रयास किया वह विभिन्न शहरों में भटकता रहा लेकिन काफी प्रयास के पश्चात् भी उसकी माँ तथा बहिन नहीं मिलीं। निराश होकर वह कहने लगा यह सब मेरे कर्मों का फल है। क्योंकि न मैं इतना व्यस्त होता,न ही मेरा,मेरी माँ तथा बहिन से सम्पर्क टूटता अतः घनश्याम अब पछताने लगा। अतः किसी ने उचित ही कहा है-
“जो जस करहिं सो तस फल चाखा।”

प्रश्न 5.
प्रस्तुत कहानी के माध्यम से कहानीकार क्या सन्देश देना चाहता है?
उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत कहानी के माध्यम से कहानीकार ने यह बताने का प्रयत्न किया है कि खून के रिश्ते कभी झूठे नहीं होते हैं, क्योंकि यह सम्बन्ध भावात्मक होता है। व्यक्ति चाहे अपने प्रियजन से कितना भी दूर क्यों न हो लेकिन उसके हृदय में आत्मीयता अवश्य होती है। इस कहानी के माध्यम से लेखक ने यह बताने का प्रयत्न किया है कि मनुष्य को रुपया-पैसा कमाने के चक्कर में इतना व्यस्त नहीं होना चाहिए कि आपसी सम्बन्धी बिछुड़ जायें जीवन की धूप-छाँव में व्यस्त रहते हुए भी अपने प्रियजनों को कुछ समय अवश्य देना चाहिए।

रक्षाबन्धन कहानी के द्वारा लेखक ने भाई-बहन, माँ-पुत्र के रिश्तों की गरिमा को समझाते हुए उसका महत्त्व बताया है। लेखक का कथन है मानव को कर्म करते हुए अपने आत्मीय सम्बन्धों को भूलना नहीं चाहिए। यदि वे इस प्रकार की भूल करते हैं तो उन्हें जीवन भर पछतावे के अलावा कुछ नहीं मिलता है। इस कहानी के द्वारा लेखक सन्देश देना चाहता है कि धन और सत्ता के पीछे जो मानव आवश्यकता से अधिक भागता है,उसका परिणाम हमेशा दुःखद ही होता है। अतः आवश्यकता से अधिक धन कमाने के फेर में नहीं पड़ना चाहिए। जब मानव पारिवारिक सम्बन्धों को मन-मानस में गहराई से स्थान देता है,तब रोती हुई घटाओं में हँसती हुई बहारें बरसने लगती हैं। मुसीबतों का अँधेरा उजाले में परिवर्तित हो जाता है।

रक्षाबन्धन महत्त्वपूर्ण वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

रक्षाबन्धन बहु-विकल्पीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
‘रक्षाबन्धन’ पाठ की विधा है (2014)
(क) कविता
(ख) कहानी
(ग) आत्मकथा
(घ) संस्मरण।
उत्तर:
(ख) कहानी

प्रश्न 2.
“सब तेरे ही कर्मों से नाश हो गया”; कथन किसका है?
(क) बालिका का
(ख) घनश्याम का
(ग) बालिका की माँ का
(घ) अमरनाथ का।
उत्तर:
(ग) बालिका की माँ का

प्रश्न 3.
घनश्याम की बहन का नाम क्या था? (2009)
(क) शारदा
(ख) सुन्दरी
(ग) श्यामा
(घ) सरस्वती।
उत्तर:
(घ) सरस्वती।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति

1. राखी बंधवा कर युवक ने जेब में हाथ डाला और ……………… निकालकर बालिका को देने लगा।
2. मेरे हृदय में सुख शान्ति नहीं तो धन किस ……………. की दवा है।
3. आखिर यह …………… बाँधा किसने है?

उत्तर:

1. दो रुपये
2. मर्ज
3. डोरा।

सत्य/असत्य

1. घनश्याम अपनी माँ और बहिन से बिछुड़ा नहीं था।
2. राखी का त्योहार श्रावणी कहा जाता है।
3. घनश्याम के पिता का निधन हो गया था।

उत्तर:

1. असत्य
2. सत्य
3. सत्य।

सही जोड़ी मिलाइए

उत्तर:
1. → (घ)
2. → (ख)
3. → (क)
4. → (ग)

एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर

1. श्रावण मास की पूर्णिमा को कौन-सा पर्व मनाया जाता है? (2009)
2. घनश्याम के लिए सुन्दर सी दुल्हन किसने ढूँढ़ ली?
3. “यह सब मेरे ही कर्मों का फल है।” कथन किसका है?

उत्तर:

1. रक्षाबन्धन
2. अमरनाथ ने
3. घनश्याम का।

MP Board Class 10th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Economics Important Questions Unit 1 Statistics for Economics Introduction

Statistics for Economics Introduction Important Questions

Statistics for Economics Introduction Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct option:

Question (a)
Arthashashtra originated in:
(a) 17th century
(b) 18th century
(c) 19th century
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) 18th century

Question (b)
“Economics is the study of economic welfare” who said this:
(a) Marshall
(b) Prof. Pigou
(c) J. K. Mehta
(d) Keynes.
Answer:
(a) Marshall

Question (c)
He is known as father of statistics:
(a) Bowley
(b) Bodington
(c) Gottfried Achenwall
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Bodington

Question (d)
Statistics is:
(a) Facts
(b) Presentation
(c) Numerical data
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Presentation

Question (e)
Name of the book by Kautilya:
(a) Economics
(b) Varta
(c) Krishna, Valmiki and Vashista
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Economics

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Adam Smith is known as …………………………. of Economics.
2. There is difference between wants and …………………………..
3. Collection is an example of ……………………….
4. Statistics is an art as well as ………………………..
5. When six economists gather they have …………………………. opinion.

Answer:

1. Father
2. Intensity
3. Statistics
4. Science
5. 7.

Question 3.
Match the columns:

Answer:

1. (c)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (e)
5. (d).

Question 4.
State true or false:

1. There are limited wants of humans.
2. “Principles of Economics” is written by Pigou.
3. Statistical data is numerical data.
4. Statistics is not important in speculation market.
5. Rules of economics are universal.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False.

Question 5.
Answer in one word:

1. According to Marshall, Economics is what type of science?
2. Who wrote the book, “Discovery of Nation’s Wealth and Reasons”?
3. What is statistics in singular?
4. Who gave analytical definition of economics?
5. From which language statistics has been derived?

Answer:

1. Social
2. Adam Smith
3. Rules
4. Robbins
5. English.

Statistics for Economics Introduction Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are economic goods?
Answer:
The goods which are made by humans are called economic goods.

Question 2.
Who is propagator of modern economics?
Answer:
The propagator of modem economics is Prof. Marshall.

Question 3.
Who is known as service provider?
Answer:
The person who works for others for remuneration is called service provider.

Question 4.
Who is known as service man?
Answer:
The person who keep others to do his work for remuneration is called service man.

Question 5.
What is economic activity?
Answer:
Activities which are performed to earn wealth are called economic activities.

Question 6.
What is economic interest?
Answer:
The problem of selection during the situation of scarcity is called economic interest.

Question 7.
Why are you not successful in fulfilling your own wants?
Answer:
Because we are having limited resources available compared to the resources required.

Question 8.
What is gross domestic product?
Answer:
That income which is received through production in the nation is called gross domestic product.

Question 9.
What are non – economic goods?
Answer:
Those goods which can be achieved without any labour and expenses is called non – economic goods.

Question 10.
Which measures have been called as policy in economics?
Answer:
Those measures are called as policies in economics which helps in solving any economic problem.

Question 11.
Define economics in the words of Marshall?
Answer:
According to Marshall, “economics is the study of man in the ordinary business oflife.”

Question 12.
Define a consumer?
Answer:
A consumer is one who consumes goods and services for the satisfaction of his wants.

Question 13.
Define production?
Answer:
Production is the process of converting raw material into useful thing.

Question 14.
Define consumption?
Answer:
Consumption’s the process of using up utility value of goods and services for the direct satisfaction of our wants.

Question 15.
Define distribution?
Answer:
Distributing national income as wages, rent, interest and profit is called distribution.

Question 16.
Define economics?
Answer:
Economics is the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life, it examines that part of individual and social action which is mostly connected with attainment and with the use of the material requisites of well being.

Question 17.
Define statistics in singular sense?
Answer:
It refers to techniques on methods relating to collection, classification, presentation analysis and interpretation of quantitative data.

Question 18.
Define statistics in plural sense?
Answer:
Statistics refers to information in terms of numbers or numerical data such as: population, statistics, employment statistics etc.

Statistics for Economics Introduction Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“The government and policy makers use statistical data to formulate suitable policies of economic development.” Illustrate with two examples?
Answer:
The statistical data provide the base for the government and the policy makers to formulate policies. The statistical data not only help them to analyse and evaluate the outcomes of the past policies but also assist them to take corrective measures and to formulate new policies.

1. National output:
National output, then it formulates its investment expenditure policy based on the capital output ratio in the past few years. The previous data of inflation and economic growth are taken into consideration for estimating the money supply required in the next period.

2. Monetary Policy:
Monetary policy is referred to as either being expansionary or contractionary. Expansionary policy is when a monetary authority uses its tools to stimulate the economy. An expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy more rapidly than usual. It is traditionally used to try to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rates in the hope that easy credit will entice businesses into expanding.

Also, this increases the aggregate demand (the overall demand for all goods and services in an economy), which boosts growth as measured by gross domestic product (GDP). Expansionary monetary policy usually diminishes the value of the currency, thereby decreasing the exchange rate.

Question 2.
“You have unlimited wants and limited resources to satisfy them.” Explain by giving two examples?
Answer:
The problem of scarcity is the most basic economic problem. Human wants are unlimited and resources to satisfy these wants are limited and these limited resources have alternative uses. ‘Scarcity of resources’ implies that there are unlimited wants to be fulfilled by limited resources.

Which leads to lesser supply of resources as compared to demand for them. The basic concern of an economy is to allocate the scarce resources to the best possible use in order to satisfy maximum wants.

For example:
1. In macro level:
An economy endowed with a given level of resources has to make a choice between the production of capital goods and consumer goods. The choice of the economy (i.e. what to produce and in what quantities) depends on the need of the economy. While the production of consumer goods will hamper the capital formation in the country for future production, the production of capital goods will not provide sufficient goods for consumption to the present population.

2. In micro Level:
The same problem of scarcity can be felt at an individual level. e.g., with a given amount of money say, Rs. 10,000, one cannot buy a refrigerator and a washing machine simultaneously. Thus, the individual needs to make a choice between the alternatives according to his/her priority.

Question 3.
How will you choose the wants to be satisfied?
Answer:
An individual may have unlimited wants but these wants are in an order of priority according to their intensity. The wants of highest intensity will be fulfilled first as they provide the highest satisfaction or utility to the individual and hence, the individual attaches the top most priority to these wants.

Further, the choice of want also depends on the need or priority in the given situation, availability of the goods and services which can satisfy the wants and the purchasing power to realize a particular want.

Question 4.
What are your reasons for studying Economics?
Answer:
The basic,concern of economics is to allocate the scarce resources to the best possible use in order to derive maximum benefit from the scarce resources. Due to the scarcity of resources having alternative uses, an economy needs to allocate the scarce resources to the areas with maximum possible and optimum returns. The following are the reasons that make the study of economics important:

1. To study the Consumer behaviour:
The theory of consumer behaviour in Economics deals with the study of the behaviour of the consumers in different types of market situations. This theory helps us understand how a rational consumer makes his/her decisions to get the maximum possible satisfaction in the given income and given prices of the goods and services.

2. To study the Production theory:
The theory of production studies the production decisions of the producers in different types of market. The theory explains how a producer takes production decisions related to maximisation of output in given cost or the minimisation of cost for a given level of output.

3. To study the Distribution of Income:
The study of Economics makes us aware about the distribution of national income. In other words, it tells us how the income arising from the total production in an economy is distributed in the form of wage, rent, interest and profit to different factor owners (like labour, land, capital and entrepreneur).

4. To study the Macroeconomic problems faced by an Economy:
Economics proves to be the most powerful tool to understand and analyse the root cause of basic macroeconomic problems faced by an economy like poverty, unemployment, inflation, recession etc.

Question 5.
Statistical methods are no substitute for common sense. Comment?
Answer:
It is absolutely true that statistical methods are no substitute for common sense. Statistical data should not be believed blindly as they can be misinterpreted or misused. Statistical data and methods are subject to the errors committed by an investigator while surveying and collecting data. Thus, one should use his/her common sense while working with the statistical methods.

This point can be understand with the help of an example Ram a person who wanted to cross a river with his family but did not know how to swim. He knew the average depth of the river to be 125 cm. His height was 175cm, that of his wife was 152 cm and his two children measured 120 cm and 90 cm respectively in height.

He calculated the average height of his family and found it to be around 134 cm. He analysed that the average depth of the river was less than the average height of his family and concluded that they all could cross the river safely on foot. This resulted in drowning of his children. This example proves that common sense must supersede statistical methods.

Question 6.
Write characteristics of statistics as numerical data?
Answer:
The main characteristics are as follows:

1. It is an aggregate of facts
2. It is expressed numerically.
3. It is affected by multiplicity of courses.
4. It is collected in a systematic manner.
5. Statistics may be collected by enumeration.

Question 7.
Distinguish statistics in singular and plural sense?
Answer:
The difference between statistics in singular and plural sense:

1. In singular sense it is statistically analytical while in plural sense it is statistically consequential.
2. In singular sense statistics is functional while in plural sense it is descriptive.
3. In singular sense facts are aggregated and analyzed to reach to a conclusion while in plural sense it is aggregating facts.

Question 8.
“Statistics is defined as the science which deals with the analysis of statistical data?” Discuss?
Answer:
In terms of singular sense statistics is that science which studies statistical methods. Analysis of data is important in these methods conclusion can not be reached with unrefined data so, it is essential to analyse datas. Datas are organized and after that it is properly analysed.

Question 9.
Distinguish between ‘quantitative’ and ‘qualitative’ data with examples?
Answer:
The difference between Qualitative and Quantitative data:
Quantitative Data:

1. These refers to the data whose variables can be measured in numerical terms.
2. E.g., price of commodities, heights, weights of individual etc.

Qualitative Data:

1. These refers to the data whose variables cannot be measured in numerical terms.
2. Beauty of individuals, intelligence of individuals etc.

Question 10.
Explain the function of statistics?
Answer:
The function of statistics are as follows:

1. Statistics deals with numerical facts only: statistics are numerically expressed.

2. Helps in formulation of plans and policies: Statistics helps in policy formulation in social and political field.

3. Increase in knowledge: Like other sciences statistics helps in increasing knowledge and experience.

4. Represents facts in comparable form: Statistical devices offer best way of comparison between two phenomena.

5. Makes complicated facts simpler: Statistics makes huge numerical data simple and easy to understand.

Question 11.
Discuss the role of statistics in economic planning?
Answer:
Statistics are used in economic planning for the following purposes:

1. Statistical data help us in comparing the rate of development of one country with the rate of development of the other country.

2. The importance of consumption, production, distribution etc., can be known from available statistical data.

3. The success that a plan achieves is measured best by the use of statistical meth¬ods.

4. Statistical datas are used for knowing about the progress in the techniques of production, volume of production, imports, exports etc.

5. Planning involves fixation of targets and priorities. Targets which are fixed have to be achieved within a specific period of time. It will be possible only when data are available.

Question 12.
Discuss the rule of statistics in economics?
Or
“The science of economic is becoming statistical in its method.” Explain?
Or
“Statistics are straw out of which any other economist have to make bricks.” Discuss?
Answer:
Statistics is useful in all the fields of economics viz., consumption, production, exchange, distribution and public finance. There are a number of economic laws which are evolved by statistical analysis viz., Engel’s law of family expenditure, Malthus theory of population etc. Presentation of economics law through diagrams, graphs etc., shows the application of statistical methods.

For finding out the solution of rising prices, growing population, unemployment, distribution of national income etc. one has to rely heavily on statistical methods. Most of the policies of economics would be in dark in the absence of appropriate statistical information. Statistical methods help not only in formulating economic policies but also in evaluating their effect.

MP Board Class 11th Economics Important Questions

MP Board Class 10th Special Hindi सहायक वाचन Solutions Chapter 8 बेटियाँ पावन दुआएँ हैं (कविता, अजहर हाशमी)

बेटियाँ पावन दुआएँ हैं अभ्यास

कविता

प्रश्न 1.
कवि ने बेटियों को गौरव कथाएँ क्यों कहा है? स्पष्ट कीजिये। (2009, 12, 15)
उत्तर:
कवि ने बेटियों को गौरव कथाएँ इसलिये कहा है,क्योंकि बेटियाँ संसार में ईश्वर के वरदान के समान हैं। बेटियाँ पैगम्बर और गुरु ग्रन्थ साहिब की वाणी की भाँति पवित्र हैं। बेटियाँ वेदों की ऋचाओं की भाँति ईश्वर की पवित्र वाणी हैं। बेटियाँ उन प्रार्थनाओं की भाँति हैं, जो साक्षात् ईश्वर का दर्शन कराती हैं।

शास्त्रों में भी कहा है कि नारी का सम्मान करने से ईश्वर प्रसन्न होता है-
“यत्र नार्यस्तु पूजयन्ते रमन्ते तत्र देवता।”

प्रश्न 2.
‘जीवन में बेटियों का महत्त्व’ विषय पर अपने विचार प्रकट कीजिये।
उत्तर:
जीवन में बेटियों का महत्त्व समझाते हुए कवि ने कहा कि वे जीवन को सुन्दर आकांक्षाओं से भर देने वाली होती हैं। बेटियाँ उन प्रार्थनाओं की भाँति हैं,जो साक्षात् ईश्वर का दर्शन कराती हैं। बेटियाँ जल की घटाओं के समान हैं। वे ही मानव को दुःख की घड़ी में सांत्वना प्रदान करती हैं। बेटियाँ ईश्वर ने इस प्रकार बनाई हैं कि वे जीवन के लू-लपटों अर्थात् कष्टों से भरे दिनों में ममता व दुलार से शान्ति प्रदान करने वाली होती हैं।

जीवन के दुःख भरे कठिनाइयों के समय वे संवेदना का मरहम लगाने वाली होती हैं। जीवन राह की कठिनाइयों में वे आशीष बन जाती हैं। पतझड़ में बसन्त की आभा विकीर्ण करती हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
‘आज के बच्चे कल के नागरिक हैं’ विषय पर दस पंक्तियाँ लिखिये।
उत्तर:

1. आज का बच्चा ही कल का एक संभ्रान्त नागरिक होगा, यह बात अक्षरशः सत्य है।
2. हमारे देश के बच्चे ही बड़े होने के पश्चात इसकी बागडोर थामेंगे।
3. वे ही देश के विकास के लिए प्रयत्नशील रहेंगे।
4. मार्ग में आने वाली समस्त बाधाओं का निराकरण करके अपने पथ को प्रशस्त करेंगे।
5. हम यह कदापि नहीं जानते कि आगे चलकर कौन-सा बच्चा, गाँधी, नेहरू अथवा बोस की भाँति वीर और सत्यवक्ता होगा।
6. हमें इन बच्चों को उत्साहित करके आगे बढ़ने में सहायता करनी चाहिए जिससे देश का भविष्य उज्ज्वल हो।
7. बीज के सृदश बालक के मन-मानस में विकास की सम्भावनाएँ निहित होती हैं।
8. इतिहास साक्षी है कि बालकों ने असम्भव कार्य को भी सम्भव किया है।
9. बालक अच्छे बनकर देश की फुलबगिया में पुष्प के समान पल्लवित होंगे।
10. बच्चे कल के नागरिक बनकर देश की यश-सुरभि को विकीर्ण करेंगे।

प्रश्न 4.
‘बेटियाँ’ कविता का केन्द्रीय भाव स्पष्ट कीजिये।
उत्तर:
‘बेटियाँ पावन दुआएँ हैं’ इस कविता के रचयिता अजहर हाशमी हैं। उन्होंने इस कविता की रचना करके बेटियों को सम्मान प्रदान किया है। उन्होंने बेटियों के महत्त्व को स्वीकारा जो इस प्रकार है। कवि का कथन है कि बेटियाँ ईश्वर के वरदान के समान जीवन को शुभ आकांक्षाओं से भर देने वाली हैं। बेटियाँ पवित्र दुआएँ हैं, वे आशीर्वाद का साकार स्वरूप हैं। बेटियाँ पैगम्बर के अमूल्य उपदेशों की भाँति हैं और बेटियाँ ही गौतम बुद्ध के आदर्श चरित्र कथाओं की भाँति हैं। बेटियाँ गुरु ग्रन्थ साहब की वाणी की भाँति पवित्र हैं। बेटियाँ वेदों की ऋचाओं की भाँति ईश्वर की वाणी हैं। ईश्वर स्वयं इनमें निवास करता है। बेटियाँ उन प्रार्थनाओं की भॉति हैं,जो साक्षात् ईश्वर का दर्शन कराती हैं।

बेटियाँ ईश्वर ने इस प्रकार बनाई हैं कि वे जीवन के ल-लपटों से अर्थात भयंकर कष्टों से भरे दिनों को घटाओं से जल बरसाने की भाँति शीतल करने वाली हैं अर्थात् कष्ट के दिनों में सांत्वना देने वाली बेटियाँ ही होती हैं।

आज के वातावरण में वैचारिक प्रदषण बढ़ गया है। इस प्रकार के भ्रष्टाचार और अनाचार के युग में बेटियाँ वातावरण में सुगन्ध बिखेरती हुई प्रतीत होती हैं। इस भाँति जीवन के कठिन और दुःख भरे दुर्दिनों में बेटियाँ ही संवेदना प्रकट करके हमारे कष्टों पर मरहम लगाने वाली होती हैं।
बेटियों के सम्बन्ध में किसी कवि का निम्न कथन है-
“पड़े तुम्हारे पाँव जहाँ हो,
तीरथ वहाँ सबेरे का।”

बेटियाँ पावन दुआएँ हैं महत्त्वपूर्ण वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

बेटियाँ पावन दुआएँ हैं बहु-विकल्पीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
बेटियाँ वेदों की ऋचाओं की भाँति वाणी हैं
(क) गुरु ग्रन्थ की
(ख) वीरता की
(ग) साहस की
(घ) सभी की।
उत्तर:
(क) गुरु ग्रन्थ की

प्रश्न 2.
बेटियों को कवि ने बताया है
(क) वेदों की ऋचाएँ
(ख) पावन दुआएँ
(ग) जल की घटाएँ
(घ) ये सभी।
उत्तर:
(घ) ये सभी।

प्रश्न 3.
जब वातावरण में प्रदूषण का भ्रष्टाचार छाया हो तो बेटियाँ
(क) शुभकर्म करती हैं।
(ख) वातावरण सुगंधित करती हैं
(ग) शक्ति प्रदान करती हैं
(घ) इनमें से कोई नहीं।
उत्तर:
(ख) वातावरण सुगंधित करती हैं

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति

1. दुर्दिनों के दौर में देखा बेटियाँ …………. हैं।
2. मुस्कुरा के पीर पीती बेटियाँ ………… व्यथाएँ हैं।
3. बेटियाँ पावन ………. हैं।

उत्तर:

1. संवेदनाएँ
2. हर्षित
3. दुआएँ।

सत्य/असत्य

1. बेटियाँ पावन दुआएँ हैं,कविता में बेटियों का महत्त्व दर्शाया है।
2. बेटियों को गौरव कथा कहा है। (2009)
3. बेटियों में ईश्वर स्वयं बसता है।

उत्तर:

1. सत्य
2. सत्य
3. सत्य

सही जोड़ी मिलाइए

उत्तर:
1. → (ख)
2. → (ग)
3. → (क)

एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर

1. ‘बेटियाँ पावन दुआएँ’ हैं कविता के रचयिता कौन हैं?
2. कवि ने बेटियों को लू-लपट को दूर करने वाली क्या कहा है?
3. बेटियाँ प्रदूषण के युग में किसके समान हैं?

उत्तर:

1. अजहर हाशमी
2. जल की घटाएँ
3. सुरभित फिजाओं के।

MP Board Class 10th Hindi Solutions

 MP Board Class 11th Business Studies Important Questions Chapter 1 Nature And Purpose Of Business

Nature And Purpose Of Business Important Questions

Nature And Purpose Of Business Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following does not characterise business activity –
(a) Production of goods and services
(b) Presence of risk
(c) Sale or Exchange of goods and services
(d) Salary or wages.
Answer:
(d) Salary or wages.

Question 2.
Which of the following cannot be classified as an auxiliary to trade –
(a) Mining
(b) Insurance
(c) Warehousing
(d) Transport.
Answer:
(a) Mining

Question 3.
The industries which provide support services to other industries are known as –
(a) Primary industries
(b) Secondary industries
(c) Commercial industries
(d) Tertiary industries.
Answer:
(d) Tertiary industries.

Question 4.
Which of the broad categories of industries covers oil refinery and sugar mills –
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Secondary

Question 5.
Which of the following cannot be classified as an objective of business –
(a) Investment
(b) Productivity
(c) Innovation
(d) Profit Earning.
Answer:
(a) Investment

Question 6.
The occupation in which people work for others and get remunerated in return is known as –
(a) Business
(b) Employment
(c) Profession
(d) None of them.
Answer:
(b) Employment

Question 7.
Business risk is not likely to arise due to –
(a) Change in govt, policy
(b) Good management
(c) Employee dishonesty
(d) Power failure.
Answer:
(b) Good management

Question 8.
Free Guidance by a teacher to his son is –
(a) An economic activity
(b) Profession
(c) Employment
(d) A non – economic activity.
Answer:
(d) A non – economic activity.

Question 9.
Specialized knowledge and skill is needed in –
(a) Employment
(b) Non – Economic activity
(c) Profession
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Profession

Question 10.
Capital is not an essential element in –
(a) Employment
(b) Profession
(c) Business
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Employment

Question 11.
The rework of risk is –
(a) Success
(b) Failure
(c) Profit
(d) Loss.
Answer:
(c) Profit

Question 12.
Economic activity –
(a) Business + Profession
(b) Profession + Employment
(c) Business + Employment
(d) Business + Profession + Employment.
Answer:
(d) Business + Profession + Employment.

Question 13.
It is not included in code of conduct –
(a) Rules
(b) Dishonesty
(c) Integrity
(d) Morality.
Answer:
(b) Dishonesty

Question 14.
Business is –
(a) Art
(b) Science
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

Question 15.
Which has the large scope –
(a) Trade
(b) Commerce
(c) Industry
(d) Business.
Answer:
(b) Commerce

Question 2.
Write true or false:

1. Human activities directed towards acquisition of wealth are called economic activities.
2. Activities performed for self-satisfaction and to fulfil social obligations are known as economic activities.
3. All business risk are controllable.
4. Activities based on specialized knowledge, training and experience is called profession.
5. Risk element is compulsory for business.
6. Only economic activities are included in business.
7. Commerce is a indifferent part of business.
8. Non – Economic activities are those which gives mental satisfaction.
9. Doctors treats her mother is a economic activity.
10. The main reason of risk in business is uncertainty of business.
11. Business needs economic activities at regular interval.
12. Creating new customer is a important objective of business.
13. Teacher teaches his son at home is a economic activity.
14. Employment needs capital.
15. Postal Department is a part of Tertiary Sector.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. True
7. False
8. True
9. False
10. True
11. True
12. True
13. False
14. False
15. True.

Question 3.
Question (A)
Fill in the blanks:

1. Business is a ……………. activities.
2. Profit is the reward of …………….
3. There are some ……………. of business towards society.
4. ……………. activities measured in monetary terms.
5. A human activities of business which is related with sale or purchase of goods is for earning …………….
6. The economic activities on the basis of special knowledge, training and experiences are called …………….
7. The risk element in business is called …………….
8. Profession needs ……………. skill.
9. For getting services on the basis of contract from men or Institution is called …………….
10. In business all the ……………. services of men are included.
11. Business is ……………. both.
12. Business gives inspiration of …………….
13. Business is undertaking within the boundries of a country is called …………….

Answer:

1. Economic
2. Risk
3. Moral duties
4. Economic
5. Wealth
6. Profession
7. Business risk
8. Specific
9. Service
10. Economic activities
11. Art and science
12. Skill
13. Internal Trade.

Question (B)
Fill in the blanks:

1. External Trade are ……………. types.
2. …………… is a base of industry.
3. Parameter of profession is …………….
4. Services are provided for …………….
5. Commerce, Industries and ……………. are the elements of business.
6. ……………. is transferable.

Answer:

1. 3
2. Commerce
3. Earning profit
4. Payment
5. Trade
6. Business.

Question 4.
Give answer in one word/sentence:

Question 1.
Which work require specialize knowledge?
Answer:
Profession.

Question 2.
When trading is done by one country to another country by which name is called?
Answer:
Foreign trade.

Question 3.
What is result of Business risk?
Answer:
The result of Business risk is profit.

Question 4.
Which activity is related to service and welfare?
Answer:
Non – economic activities are related to service and welfare.

Question 5.
What is objective of Economic activities?
Answer:
The main objective of economic activities to earn profit and wealth.

Question 6.
What kind of activity is teaching of a teacher in school?
Answer:
It is economic activity.

Question 7.
What kind of activity is teaching of a teacher to his son?
Answer:
It is non – economic activity.

Question 8.
What is given to the person who render services is called?
Answer:
It is called as salary or wages.

Question 9.
What is last result of non – economic activities?
Answer:
Satisfaction is the last result of non – economic activities.

Question 10.
Why an entrepreneur voluntarily gets ready to have risk?
Answer:
An entrepreneur voluntarily gets ready to have risk in order to earn profit.

Question 11.
What kind of activity is Business?
Answer:
Economic activity.

Question 12.
By what the probability of loss in Business is called?
Answer:
Business risk.

Question 13.
What kind of Business is fishing?
Answer:
Primary Industry.

Question 14.
Which subsidiary Industry removes the problem of communication?
Answer:
Advertisement.

Question 15.
What is called as the person w ho takes risk in Business?
Answer:
Entrepreneur.

Question 16.
Which activities are not related to the wealth?
Answer:
Non – economic activities.

Question 17.
By what name exchange of goods and services for mutual benefit is called?
Answer:
Goods Exchange.

Question 18.
By what name the reward of risk is called?
Answer:
Profit.

Question 19.
By what name those activities which are done for earning Income?
Answer:
Economic Activities.

Question 20.
Which activity is the treatment of Doctor in the Hospital ?
Answer:
Economic Activity,

Nature And Purpose Of Business Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are Economic Activities?
Answer:
Those activities which are related to earning of money or wealth is called as Economic Activities, e.g. purchase and sale of goods, work of advocate, job in factory, etc.

Question 2.
What are Non – economic Activities ?
Answer:
Those activities which are not related to earning of money or wealth is called as Non – Economic activities, e.g., Teaching of teacher to his son.

Question 3.
Give any three examples of Economic Activities?
Answer:
The three examples of Economic Activities are:

1. Working of Labour in factory.
2. Working of Doctor in his clinic.
3. Teaching by teacher in school,

Question 4.
Give any three examples of Non – economic Activities?
Answer:
The three examples of Non – economic Activities are:

1. Helping old man to cross road.
2. Teaching by teacher to his son.
3. Cooking of food by house wife for his family.
4. Care of child by mother.

Question 5.
Into how many categories Economic Activities are divided?
Answer:
They are divided into three categories:

1. Business
2. Profession
3. Employment.

Question 6.
What do you mean by business?
Answer:
Production of goods, purchase and sale of goods and rendering services with objective of earning profit is called as business.

Question 7.
“Business is an Economic Activity.” Discuss?
Answer:
Business is such kind of Economic Activity whose main objective is exchange of goods and services continuously with bearing of risk. Hence, it is such economic activity which is related to earning of profit.

Question 8.
What do you mean by ‘Profession’?
Answer:
A profession is an occupation which requires specialized know ledge and skills and services are rendered personally against some remuneration for example, the services of doctors, lawyers, accountants, engineers, etc.

Question 9.
W hat do you mean by uncertainty of profit in the business?
Answer:
Uncertainty of profit means that profit which is not fixed when business is done for a particular period of time.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Employment?
Answer:
Employment is related to those jobs where people do work for other and get remuneration against it.

Question 11.
What is Industry?
Answer:
The place where increase in utility of commodity is done is called as Industry, e.g. Making of sugar from cane, Rearing of cattles for milk.

Question 12.
What do you mean by trade?
Answer:
Sale and purchase of goods for earning profit is called as trade.

Question 13.
What is commerce?
Answer:
Commerce is the sum total of those process which are engaged in the removal of the hindrances of person (Trade;, place (Transport and Insurance), time (Warehousing) and finance (Banking) in exchange of commodities.

Question 14.
List subsidiary activities or Auxiliaries to trade?
Answer:
Auxiliaries to trade are Transport, Bank, Insurance, Warehousing, Communication, Advertisement, Packaging, etc.

Question 15.
What do you mean by Innovation?
Answer:
Inclusion of new ideas or techniques in the work is called as Innovation.

Question 16.
What is warehousing?
Answer:
The process of keeping the produced goods safely is called as warehousing.

Question 17.
What is advertisement?
Answer:
Propoganda and spread of goods in order to increase the sales is called as advertisement.

Question 18.
What is transport?
Answer:
The process of transferring goods and human from one place to another is called .as transport.

Question 19.
What do you mean by business risk?
Answer:
That less profit or probability of having loss which occurs due to incontrollable factors of evidences in the business is called as business risk.

Question 20.
Give the meaning of Inland trade?
Answer:
The Business which is done within the borders of a country is called as Inland trade. In this the purchaser and seller belongs to the same country.

Question 21.
Explain the meaning of foreign trade?
Answer:
When the businessmen of one country have selling and purchasing of goods from the other country businessmen then it is called as foreign trade.

Question 22.
What is import trade?
Answer:
Purchase of goods from foreign countries is called as import trade, e.g., Purchase of goods by India from America.

Question 23.
What is export trade?
Answer:
Selling of goods to foreign countries is called as export trade, e.g.. Selling of goods by India to America.

Question 24.
What is Entreport trade ?
Answer:
The trade where goods are purchased from one country and then it is sold to other country is called as entreport trade.

Nature And Purpose Of Business Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
State the different types of economic activities?
Answer:
Economic activities are those by which we can earn our livelihood. Economic activities may. be further divided into three categories, namely business, profession and employment e.g.. a person running a garment business, a doctor operating in his clinic and a teacher teaching in a school, all three are doing so to earn their livelihood and are. therefore, engaged in an economic activity.

Question 2.
Explain the concept of business?
Answer:
The term ‘business’ is derived from the word ‘busy’. Thus, business means being busy. However, in a specific sense, business refers to any occupation in which people regularly engage in an activity with an objective of earning profit. The activity may consist of production or purchase of goods for sale, or exchange of goods or supply of services to satisfy the needs of other people in the society.

Question 3.
What are various types of industries?
Answer:
Industry refers to economic activities which are connected with conversion of resources into useful goods. Industries may be divided into three broad categories namely primary, secondary and tertiary:

1. Primary industries include all those activities which are connected with the extraction and production of natural resources and reproduction and development of living organisms, plants, etc.

2. Secondary industries are concerned with using or processing the materials which have already been extracted at the primary stage.

3. Tertiary industries are concerned with providing support services to primary and secondary industries. They also include activities relating to trade.

Question 4.
How would you classify business activities ?
Answer:
Various business activities may be classified into two broad categories:
Industry and commerce. Industry is concerned with the production or processing of goods and materials. Industries may be divided into three broad categories namely primary, secondary and tertiary. Commerce includes all those activities which are necessary for facilitating the exchange of goods and services. Commerce includes two types of activities, viz.

1. Trade and
2. Auxiliaries.

Question 5.
What is the role of profit in business?
Answer:
Every business operates with an aim to earn more than what has been invested and profit is the excess of revenue over cost. Profit plays an important role in business.

1. It is a source of income for business persons.
2. It can be a source of finance for meeting expansion requirements of business.
3. It indicates the efficient working of business.
4. It can be taken as society’s approval of the utility of business.
5. It builds up the reputation of a business enterprise.

Question 6.
What is business risk? What is its nature?
Answer:
The term ‘business risk’ refers to the possibility of inadequate profits or even losses due to uncertainties or unexpected events. Business risks are of two types speculative and pure speculative risks involve both the possibility of gall as well as the possibility of loss speculative risks arise due to changes in market conditions, changes in prices or changes in fashion and tastes of customers. Pure risks involve only the possibility of loss or no loss. The chances of fire, theft or strike are examples of pure risks.

Nature of business risks can be understood in terms of the following characteristics:

1. Business risks arise due to uncertainties.
2. Risk is an essential part of every business.
3. Degree of risk depends mainly upon the nature and size of business.
4. Profit is the reward for risk taking.

Question 7.
“Business, Commerce and Industry are inter – related”. Discuss?
Answer:
In commerce all those activities which helps in the purchase and sale of goods are included. Business is the main organ of the commerce. Business commerce and industry have separate existence but then also directly or indirectly they are inter-related to each other. Commerce and Business is impossible without the industry because exchange of goods and services are possible only when they are produced.

Similarly industries are useless without Business and Commerce. Until the produced goods and services are not made available to the customers their production is of no use and will not generate any profit. This all is possible only the commerce, Hence it can be said that Business, Commerce and Industry are inter related to each other.

Question 8.
“Maximum profitability is not only the objective of the business”. Discuss?
Answer:
There is no doubt that maximum profit earning is the main objective for keeping business in existence, for its expansion and development and for its fame and goodwill but this only should not be the objective of the business as it should be appropriate keeping in view social objectives, human objectives and national objectives.

Question 9.
Write characteristics of Economic Activities?
Answer:
Following are the characteristics of Business activities:
1. Economic objective:
Every economic activity have the objective of Earning or spending money. These activities can be measured with money.

2. Social Activities:
Man is a social animal. It has no existence other than society. Social rituals always guide us rather than when we go at wrong deeds. Hence, they cannot be overlooked hence man do his economic work in context to social needs.

3. Legality:
Only those activities which are done as per the rules of state and society will only be included in the economic activities. They should be always done along with values, justice and public welfare. Earning from theft, robbery and gambling cannot be considered as economic activities.

Question 10.
Compare business with profession and employment?
Answer:
Economic activities may be divided into three major categories:
1. Business:
Business refers to those economic activities, which are connected with the production or purchase and sale of goods or supply of services with the main object of earning profit. People engaged in business earn income in the form of profit.

2. Profession:
Profession includes those activities, which require special knowledge and skill to be applied by individuals in their occupation. Those engaged in professions are known as professionals and are generally subject to guidelines or codes of conduct laid down by professional bodies, e.g. lawyers are engaged in the legal profession, governed by the Bar Council of India and Chartered Accountants belonging to the accounting profession are subject to the regulations of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

3. Employment:
Employment refers to the occupation in which people work for others and get remunerated in return. Those who are employed by others are known as employees. Thus, people who  work in factories, offices of banks, insurance companies or government department, etc. at various posts are the employees of these organizations. They receive wages and salaries.

Comparison of Business, Profession and Employment:

Nature And Purpose Of Business Long Answer Type Questions – I

Question 1.
Explain the characteristics of business?
Answer:
Business refers to any occupation in which people regularly engage in an activity with an objective of earning profit. The activity may consist of production or purchase of goods for sale or exchange (If goods or supply of services to satisfy the needs of other people in the society), Business has the following characteristics:

1. Economic Activity:
Business is considered to be an economic activity because it is undertaken with the aim of earning money or livelihood and not because of any sentimental reason like love, affection or sympathy.

2. Production or Procurement of Goods and Services:
Goods are offered to consumers after they are either produced or procured by business enterprises. Thus, every business enterprise either manufactures the goods. It deals in or it acquires them from other producers, to be further sold to consumers or users.

3. Sale or Exchange of Goods and Services:
Business involves transfer or exchange of goods and services for value addition. If goods are produced for self – consumption and not for selling purpose, it cannot be called a business activity, cooking food at home for the family is not business, but cooking food and selling it to others in a restaurant is business. Thus, one essential characteristic of business is that there should be sale or exchange of goods or services between the seller and the buyer.

4. Regular Dealings in Goods and Services:
Business involves dealings in goods or services on a regular basis. Therefore, one single transaction of sale or purchase does not constitute business e.g., if a person sells his/her old washing machine even at a profit. It will not be considered a business activity. But if he/she sells washing machines regularly it will be termed as a business,

5. Profit Earning:
One of the main objectives of business is to earn profit. No business can survive for long without earning profit. It is a source of income for business persons and a source of finance for meeting expansion requirements of business. Hence, businessmen make all possible efforts to maximize profits, by increasing the sales revenue or reducing costs.

Question 2.
Explain with examples the various types of industries?
Answer:
Industries may be divided into three broad categories namely primary, secondary and tertiary.

1. Primary Industries:
These include all those activities, which are connected with the extraction and production of natural resources and reproduction and development of living organisms, plants, etc.

These industries may be further sub – divided as follows:

(a) Extractive Industries:
These industries extract or draw out products from natural sources. Extractive industries are suppliers of basic raw materials that are mostly products of the geographical or natural environment products of these.

(b) Genetic Industries:
These industries are concerned with breeding of plants and animals for their use in further reproduction seeds and nursery companies can lead breeding farms, poultry farms, and fish hatchery are examples of genetic industries.

2. Secondary Industries:
These are concerned with using and processing the materials which have already been extracted by the primary sector to produce goods for final consumption or for further processing by other industrial units e.g. the iron ore extracted by mining which is a primary industry, is processed into steel and hence, steel industry is a secondary industry. Secondary industries may be further divided as follows:

(a) Manufacturing Industries:
These industries are engaged in producing goods for intermediate or final consumption through processing of raw materials and thus creating form utilities. Manufacturing industries may be further divided into four categories on the basis of method of operation for production.

• Analytical industry which analyses and separates different elements from the same materials, e.g. oil refinery.
• Synthetical industry which combines various ingredients into a new product, e.g. cement industry.

(b) Construction Industries:
These industries are involved in the construction of buildings, dams, bridges, roads, tunnels and canals. Engineering and architectural skills play an important role in construction industries. These industries are important for infrastructure development.

3. Tertiary Industries:
These comprise of support services to primary and secondary industries as well as activities relating to trade. These industries provide service facilities. These may be considered as a part of commerce because as auxiliaries to trade they assist trade. Transport, banking, insurance, warehousing, communication. Packaging and advertising are examples of tertiary industries.

Question 3.
Explain with importance of Industries?
Answer:
Following are the importance of the Industries:
1. Economic Development of the Nation:
The economic Development of a country completely depends on the establishment of industries. Industrially developed nations are considered rich.

2. Increase in National income:
Industries help to utilize the resources of a country to the fullest possible extent. This increases the national income of the country.

3. Increase in Employment Opportunities:
The establishment of maximum number of large scale and small – scale industries ensures generation of large scale employment opportunities.

4. Capital formation:
Increase in income leads to savings. By the small savings only big capitals are formed.

5. Encourages Research and Development:
Development of industries lead to new discoveries. New methods of production and new machines are invented for the same purpose.

6. Increase in trade:
New industries will lead to increase in selling and purchases of goods. Moreover there will be increase in the allied activities like banking, insurance, transportation, marketing etc.

Question 4.
Differentiate between Profession and Employment.
Answer:
Differences between Profession and Employment:

Question 5.
Differentiate between Economic Activities and Non – Economic Activities?
Answer:
Differences between Economic Activities and Non – Economic Activities:

Question 6.
What are auxiliaries to trade? Explain any five auxiliaries in brief?
Answer:
Commerce includes two types of activities, viz. (i) Trade and (ii) Auxiliaries to trade. Buying and selling of goods is termed as trade. On the other hand, activities that are required to facilitate the purchase and sale of goods are called services or auxiliaries to trade. The various activities included in commerce are discussed below.

1. Trade:
The hindrance of persons is removed by trade thereby making goods available to the consumers from the producers. Trade is an essential part of commerce. It refers to sale, transfer or exchange of goods. It helps in making the goods produced available to ultimate consumers or users. Businessmen are engaged in trading activities as middlemen like wholesalers and retailers to make the goods produced at a large scale in one place, available to consumers in different markets. Trade may be internal or external.

2. Auxiliaries to Trade:
Activities which are meant for assisting trade are known as auxiliaries to trade. These activities are generally, referred to as services because these are in the nature of support service facilitating the activities relating to industry and trade. These activities help in removing various hindrances which arise in connection with the production and distribution of goods. Auxiliaries to trade are briefly discussed below.

(a) Transport and Communication:
Transport removes the hindrances of place. Transport facilitates through road, rail or coastal shipping facilitate movement of raw material to the place of production and the finished products from factories to the place of consumption. Along with the transport facility, there is also a need for communication facilities to enable the producers, traders and consumers to exchange information with one another. Thus, postal services and telephone facilities are also regarded as auxiliaries to business activities.

(b) Banking and Finance:
Capital required to acquire assets and meeting the day-to¬day expenses is provided by banking and financing institutions. Commercial banks lend money to business organizations by providing; loans and advances. Banks also undertake collection of cheque, remittance of funds to different places, and discounting of bills on behalf of traders. In foreign trade, payments are arranged by commercial banks on behalf of importers and exporters.

(c) Insurance:
The risk of loss or damage to the factory building, machinery, furniture, goods held in stock or goods in course of transport due to theft, fire, accidents, etc. is removed by insurance of goods. By payment of a nominal premium, the amount of loss or damage and compensation for injury, if any can be recovered from the insurance company.

Nature And Purpose Of Business Long Answer Type Questions – II

Question 1.
Differentiate between Trade, Industry and Commerce.
Answer:
Differences between Trade, Industry and Commerce:

Question 2.
Differentiate between Business, Profession and Employment?
Answer:
Differences between Business Profession and Employment:

Question 3.
What are multiple objectives of a Business? Explain any five such objectives.
Answer:
Objectives are needed in every area where performance and results affect the survival and prosperity of business. Five of the objectives of business are described below:

1. Profit Maximization:
Profit is defined as excess of revenue over cost profitability refers to profit in relation to capital investment. Although earning profit cannot be the only objective of business, its importance cannot be ignored. Every business makes an attempt to reap maximum profit as possible in the given market conditions. Profit may be regarded as an essential objective of business for various reasons:

• It is a source of income for business persons.
• It can be a source of finance for meeting expansion requirements of business.
• It indicates the efficient working of business.

2. Market Standing:
Market standing refers to the position of an enterprise in relation to its competitors. A business enterprise must aim at standing on stronger footing. In terms of offering competitive products to its customers and provide customer satisfaction.

3. Innovation:
Innovation is the introduction of new ideas or methods. There are two kinds of innovation in every business.

(i) Product Innovation:
In product innovation a new product or service or an improved version of existing product is developed.

(ii) Process Innovation:
This involves innovation in the methods, skills and activities needed to produce or supply products.

4. Productivity:
Productivity is calculated by comparing the value of outputs with the value of inputs. It is used as a measure of efficiency. Higher productivity leads to reduction in costs as the same amount of output is produced with lesser amount of inputs. This ensures survival and growth of the enterprise.

5. Social Responsibility:
Every business operates within a society. It uses the resources of the society and depends on the society for its functioning. This creates an obligation on the part of business to look after the welfare of society. So, all the activities of the business should be such that they will not harm, rather they will protect and contribute to the interests of the society.

Question 4.
What factors are important to be considered while starting a business? Explain.
Answer:
Business firms encounter some basic problems while starting a business. Various decisions have to be taken regarding the business while starling it. Some of the basic factors to be considered while starting a business are as follows:

1. Selection of Line of Business:
The first thing to be decided by any entrepreneur of a new business is the nature and type of business to be undertaken. One should enter an industry which is in growth phase and thus, has a higher possibility of profits. Technical knowledge and interest the entrepreneur has for producing a particular product is also important in this regard.

2. Size of the Firm:
Size of the firm refers to the scale of its operation. Business can be started at a large scale if the entrepreneur is confident that the demand for the proposed product is likely to be high over time and he has the necessary skills and capital for business. Business should be started at a small or medium scale if the market conditions are uncertain and risks are high.

3. Form of Ownership:
There are various forms of ownership in a business organization like sale proprietorship, partnership or a joint stock company. The choice of the suitable form of ownership will depend on such factors as the capital requirements, liability of owners, division of profit, transferability of interest and so on.

4. Location of Business:
Enterprise Plant location is an important factor to be considered at the start of the business. Availability of raw materials and labour, power supply; and services like banking, transportation, communication, warehousing, etc. are important factors while making a choice of location.

5. Plant Layout:
Plant layout refers to a layout plan showing the arrangement of physical facilities such as machines and equipments for production. It should be drawn by the entrepreneur after deciding about the scale of operation and physical facilities to be acquired.

6. Tax Planning:
Every business has to pay certain taxes as levied by the government. Tax planning and management for reducing tax liability as far as possible is acceptable both legally and ethically. The entrepreneur must consider in advance the tax liability under various tax laws and its impact on business decisions.

Question 5.
Explain the nature of Business risk.
Answer:
Nature or Characteristics of Business risks:
Following are the few of the basic characteristics of business risks:

1. Uncertainty:
Uncertainty is an important feature of any business concern, e.g., change in production, wrong estimate of demand sudden hike in the prices, technological changes, changes in government policies, fluctuation in demand and supply, natural calamities are the few examples which influences the business.

2. Profit is Reward of Business Risks:
The principle of no risk no gain is applicable practically to all types of business. An entrepreneur invests capital in the business, does labour day and night and as a consideration for the same he gets his reward, i.e., profit.

3. Business Risks cannot be Eliminated:
In today’s computer age forecast can be done of weather, demand financial status, etc. which may help to reduce the business risks but it cannot be eliminated totally.

4. Degree of Risk Depends on Nature of Business:
The nature of business and the volume of production purchases, sales, etc. determines the degree of risk for any business. Degree of risk is high where changes taken place frequently. For example, in fashion industry, the items (product) are very costly and the taste of people changes frequently. Thus, there exists a high degree of risk in such business.

5. Quantum of Risk on Basis of Time:
The degree of risks is influenced by time factor also. A business may have to incure huge losses when there is political instability, terrorism communal riots, natural calamity, etc.

Question 6.
Explain the functions of Commerce.
Answer:
Functions of Commerce:
The various functions of commerce can be stated below:

1. Removal of Hindrances of Persons:
Hindrances of persons refers to the lack of communication between producers and consumers. Producers always search for a customer, who can pay a handsome price for his product. Similarly, consumers are always in search of products which are suitable to their purchasing power.

Hence, there is a need of persons who can buy the products from producers and sell them to the ultimate consumers. Traders have emerged to fill the gap between producer and consumers. Wholesalers, retailers and agents operate to remove the hindrance of person.

2. Removal of Hindrance of Exchange:
Purchaser and seller generally reside away from each other. After the completion of transaction the seller wants the payment at his place of convenience and purchaser like to pay from where he lies. This hindrance is removed by banks and insurance companies. The payment is done through bank drafts, bills of exchanges, cheques, etc. which fall within the scope of commerce.

3. Removal of Hindrance of Time:
There is always a time lag between the production and consumption of goods. Purchaser demands the immediate supply of goods, whereas it is obvious for the seller to take some time to supply goods. Thus, it becomes essential for the seller to produce goods and keep it safe.

The function of storage is performed by the warehouses which remove the hindrances of time by balancing the time lag between production and consumption, thus, creating time utility. Here, insurance play a vital role by providing risk cover for the loss of goods due to theft or fire.

4. Removal of Hindrance of Place and Distance:
Various fastest means of communication (Telephone, telegram, e – mail, etc.) helps to remove the hindrance of distance. Two traders residing at distant place can contact through the various means of communication for dealings. The goods produced at a place needs to be transported to the place of its demand.

Here, various mode of transport (Roadways, Railways and Waterways) help to remove the hindrance of place. Here again, insurance provides the risk cover during transit and storage

MP Board Class 11 Business Studies Important Questions

MP Board Class 10th Special Hindi सहायक वाचन Solutions Chapter 7 यक्ष प्रश्न (वार्ता, संकलित)

यक्ष प्रश्न अभ्यास

वार्ता

प्रश्न 1.
विषैले तालाब के नजदीक युधिष्ठिर ने क्या देखा?
उत्तर:
युधिष्ठिर जैसे ही तालाब के पास पहुँचे, वहाँ पर उन्होंने अपने चारों भाइयों को मृत अवस्था में देखा।

प्रश्न 2.
यक्ष के, संसार के सबसे बड़े आश्चर्य सम्बन्धी प्रश्न पर युधिष्ठिर ने क्या उत्तर दिया? (2015, 18)
उत्तर:
यक्ष के, संसार के सबसे बड़े आश्चर्य सम्बन्धी प्रश्न पर युधिष्ठिर ने उत्तर दिया कि प्रतिदिन आँखों के समक्ष न जाने कितने प्राणियों को मौत के मुख में जाते देखकर भी बचे हुए प्राणी इस बात की इच्छा रखते हैं कि हम अमर रहें, यह कितने आश्चर्य की बात है।

प्रश्न 3.
युधिष्ठिर ने नकुल को जीवित करवाने का निश्चय क्यों किया?
उत्तर:
युधिष्ठिर ने नकुल को जीवित करने के लिए इसलिए कहा क्योंकि उनके पिता की दो पत्नियाँ थीं। उनमें से एक पत्नी कुंती के पुत्र वे स्वयं थे। अतः यदि यक्ष नकुल को जीवित करेंगे तो माता माद्री का भी एक पुत्र जीवित हो जायेगा। इस प्रकार दोनों का एक-एक पुत्र जीवित रहेगा।

प्रश्न 4.
यक्ष ने आशीर्वाद देते हुए युधिष्ठिर से क्या कहा? (2009)
उत्तर:
यक्ष ने युधिष्ठिर को आशीर्वाद देते हुए कहा कि मैं तुम्हारे सद्गुणों और शिष्टाचार से प्रसन्न हूँ। अब बारह वर्ष के वनवास की अवधि पूर्ण होने जा रही है लेकिन एक वर्ष तक तुम्हें अज्ञातवास करना है, वह भी सफलता से पूरा हो जायेगा। मेरे आशीर्वाद से इस अवधि में कोई भी व्यक्ति तुम्हें पहचान नहीं पायेगा।

प्रश्न 5.
वनवास की कठिनाइयों के बीच अर्जुन, भीम और युधिष्ठिर ने क्या-क्या प्राप्त किया? (2010)
उत्तर:
वनवास की कठिन घड़ी में अर्जुन, भीम और युधिष्ठिर को कुछ न कुछ अनुभव और आशीर्वाद प्राप्त हुए-

1. अर्जुन को वनवास के समय ही इन्द्रदेव के दिव्य अस्त्र प्राप्त हुए।
2. भीम को हनुमान से भेंट और आलिंगन करने के पश्चात् हनुमान का बल प्राप्त हुआ।
3. युधिष्ठिर को मायावी सरोवर के समीप धर्मदेव ने दर्शन दिये तथा उन्हें गले लगाकर आशीर्वाद प्रदान किया।

इस प्रकार वनवास की कठिनाइयों के मध्य तीनों ने विभिन्न प्रकार के वरदान प्राप्त किये।

प्रश्न 6.
युधिष्ठिर के द्वारा दिये गये उत्तरों की यक्ष पर क्या प्रतिक्रिया हुई?
उत्तर:
युधिष्ठिर के द्वारा दिये गये उत्तरों को सुनकर यक्ष, युधिष्ठिर के सद्गुणों से प्रभावित हुए; क्योंकि युधिष्ठिर के द्वारा दिये गये सभी प्रश्नों के उत्तर सटीक और सार्थक थे। उन्होंने हर प्रश्न का उत्तर बुद्धि और विवेक का प्रयोग कर निरपेक्ष भाव से दिया था। यक्ष युधिष्ठिर के बुद्धि, कौशल और चातुर्य से प्रभावित थे। मन ही मन यक्ष, युधिष्ठिर के मनोभावों को भी पढ़ते जा रहे थे।

लेकिन युधिष्ठिर ने यक्ष के हर प्रश्न का उचित उत्तर देकर परीक्षा में सफलता प्राप्त की। साथ ही धर्मदेव बने यक्ष से आशीर्वाद भी प्राप्त किया। यथार्थ में मानव का विवेक एवं बुद्धि कौशल सफलता की सीढ़ी है।

प्रश्न 7.
यक्ष-युधिष्ठिर संवाद से आपको क्या शिक्षा मिलती है?
उत्तर:
यक्ष और युधिष्ठिर के संवाद से यह शिक्षा मिलती है कि मानव को कभी भी किसी की अवहेलना नहीं करनी चाहिए। प्रत्येक व्यक्ति का कर्तव्य है कि किसी भी वस्तु का उपयोग उस वस्तु के स्वामी से पूछकर ही करें।

ईश्वर व्यक्ति की किसी भी समय परीक्षा ले सकता है। अतः व्यक्ति को सदैव सत्य, निष्ठा और धर्म का आचरण करना चाहिए। यदि व्यक्ति सद्गुणों पर चलेगा, तो सदैव कर्तव्य के मार्ग में आगे बढ़ता रहेगा। जीवन में सफलता प्राप्त करने के लिए व्यक्ति को सत्यनिष्ठ व धर्मनिष्ठ होना चाहिए। यही सफलता का मूलमन्त्र है।

यक्ष प्रश्न महत्त्वपूर्ण वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

यक्ष प्रश्न बहु-विकल्पीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
युधिष्ठिर ने विषैले तालाब के पास देखा
(क) दोनों भाई मूर्छित हैं
(ख) भाई अदृश्य थे
(ग) वहाँ कोई नहीं था
(घ) चारों भाई मृत से पड़े हुए थे।
उत्तर:
(घ) चारों भाई मृत से पड़े हुए थे।

प्रश्न 2.
हवा से भी अधिक तेज चलने वाला कौन है? (2009, 15)
(क) तितली
(ख) मन
(ग) मस्तिष्क
(घ) मक्खी
उत्तर:
(ख) मन

प्रश्न 3.
किस वस्तु को गँवाकर व्यक्ति धनी बनता है?
(क) प्रेम को
(ख) क्रोध को
(ग) स्त्री को
(घ) लालच को।
उत्तर:
(घ) लालच को।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति

1. उन्होंने युधिष्ठिर के सद्गुणों से मुग्ध होकर उन्हें …………. से लगा लिया।
2. युधिष्ठिर की माता का नाम …………. है। (2009)
3. ………… राजा विराट बड़े शक्तिसम्पन्न थे।

उत्तर:

1. छाती
2. कुन्ती
3. मत्स्याधिपति

सत्य/असत्य

1. धैर्य मनुष्य का सबसे बड़ा साथी होता है।
2. युधिष्ठिर ने यक्षराज से सहदेव को जीवित करवाना चाहा।
3. बारह वर्ष तक कौरवों को अज्ञातवास करना पड़ा।

उत्तर:

1. सत्य
2. असत्य
3. असत्य

सही जोड़ी मिलाइए

उत्तर:
1. → (ग)
2. → (क)
3. → (ख)

एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर

1. भीमसेन में कितने हाथियों के बराबर बल था?
2. बर्तनों में सबसे बड़ा बर्तन कौन-सा है?
3. हवा से भी तेज चलने वाला कौन है? (2013)
4. मायावी सरोवर के पास युधिष्ठिर को किसके दर्शन हुए?
5. किस चीज़ को गँवाकर मनुष्य धनी बनता है? (2014)

उत्तर:

1. दस हजार
2. भूमि ही सबसे बड़ा बर्तन है
3. मन
4. धर्मदेव
5. लालच को।

MP Board Class 10th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 14 Statistics Ex 14.3

Question 1.
A survey conducted by an organisation for the cause of illness and death among the women between the ages 15 – 44 (in years) worldwide, found the following figures (in %):

1. Represent the information given above graphically.
2. Which condition is the major cause of women’s ill health and death worldwide?
3. Try to find out, with the help of your teacher, any two factors which play a major role in the cause in (ii) above being the major cause.

Solution:
1.

2. Major cause of women’s ill health and death worldwide is reproductive health conditions (RHC).
3. Try to do it with the help of your teacher.

Question 2.
The following data on the number of girls (to the nearest ten) per thousand boys in different sections of Indian society is given below.

1. Represent the information above by a bar graph.
2. In the classroom discuss what conclusions can be arrived at from the graph.

Solution:
1.

2. From the graph we can say that ratio of girls/boys is more in sched¬uled tribe of Indian society.

Question 3.
Given below are the seats won by different political parties in the polling outcome of a state assembly elections:

1. Draw a bar graph to represent the polling results,
2. Which political party woe the maximum number of seats? Sol. (0

Solution:
1.

2. Political party ‘A’ won the maximum number of seats.

Question 4.
The length of 40 leaves of a plant are measured correct to one millimetre, and the obtained data is represented in the following table:

1. Draw a histogram to represent the given data.
2. Is there any other suitable graphical representation for the same data?
3. Is it correct to conclude that the maximum number of leaves are 153 mm long? Why?

Solution:
1. The given frequency distribution is in discontinuous (inclusive) form. To draw histogram, first it is to be converted into continuous form as given in the table below:

Histogram is shown in Fig.

2. Frequency polygon.
3. No.

Question 5.
The following table gives the life times of 400 neon lamps:

1. Represent the given information with the help of a histogram.
2. How many lamps have a life time of more than 700 hours?

Solution:
1.

2. No. of lamps having a life time more than 700 h = 74 + 62 + 48 = 184.

Question 6.
The following table gives the distribution of students of two sections according to the marks obtained by them:

Represent the marks of the students of both the sections on the same graph by two frequency polygons. From the two polygons compare the performance of the two sections.
Solution:

As the marks cannot be negative, we will not join the lines to – 5 but will end on the Y – axis as shown in the figure.

Question 7.
The runs scored by two teams A and B on the first 60 balls in a cricket match are given below:

Represent the data of both the teams on the same graph by frequency polygons.
Solution:

As the runs scored cannot be negative, we will not join the lines to – 2.5 but will end on the Y – axis as shown in the figure.

Question 8.
A random survey of the number of children of various age groups playing in a park was found as follows:

Draw a histogram to represent the data above.
Solution:
As the class sizes are different, we have to adjust the frequency and histogram is drawn by taking age in X-axis and ajiusted frequency in E-axis on a suitable scale.

Question 9.
100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directory and a frequency distribution of the number of letters in the English alphabet in the surnames was found as follows:

1. Draw a histogram to depict the given information.
2. Write the class interval in which the maximum number of surnames lie.

Solution:
1.


2. The class interval in which the maximum number of surnames lie is 6-8.

Graphical Representation Of Statistical Data:
Through classification and tabulation, we present the data in such a way that the essential characteristics of the raw data become readily under¬stood. The further step in analysis is to represent the statistical data in either of the two ways:

1. Diagrams
2. Graphs

Diagrams and graphs appeal to the eyes and mind of every man. This is the reason why newspapers and periodicals represent diagram in advertisements. There are many different methods used to represent data by means of pictures.

Graphs: The important types of graphs are as follows:

1. Bar Diagram
2. Histogram or frequency histogram
3. Frequency polygon
4. Cumulative frequency curve or an ogive.

1. Bar Diagram:
This is common type of representation used by businessmen and economists. Census uses it to denote population density etc. in different states. If we have to compare simple magnitudes, we use this graphical representation.

As the name suggests, it consists of wide thick lines whose width is not taken into account. It is only the length of the bar which gives comparative analysis. It is for this reason that we call it one dimensional.

2. Histogram or Frequency Histogram:
A histogram is a graph which represents the class frequencies in grouped frequency distribution by vertical adjacent rectangles with class- intervals as bases and the corresponding frequencies as heights.

Drawing of Histogram:
To draw the histogram of a given frequency distribution, we go through the following steps:

• We represent the class-limits along T – axis on a suitable scale.
• We represent the frequencies along Y – axis on a suitable scale.
• We construct rectangles with bases along X – axis and heights of X – axis.

3. Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon is a graphical representation of a frequency distribution in which the mid-points of the class-intervals represent the entire class-intervals.

Drawing of Frequency Polygon:
When a grouped frequency distri – bution with equal class-intervals is being given, then to draw the frequency polygon, we go through the following steps:

• We represent the class marks along Y – axis on a suitable scale.
• We represent the frequencies along Y – axis on a suitable scale.
• Plot these points and join them by a straight line.
• We complete the diagram in the form of a polygon by taking two more classes, one at the beginning and the other at the end.

4. Cumulative Frequency Curve or an Ogive:
The cumulative frequency curve or an ogive is a graph of cumulative frequency distribution. To represent an ogive or cumulative frequency curve, we mark the upper class limits along the X – axis and the cumulative frequencies along the Y – axis. Plot the points and join them by a free hand smooth curve. This graph is a rising curve.

Drawing an Ogive or Cumulative Frequency Curve:
There are two types of methods to constructing an ogive or cumulative frequency curve:

• Less than method
• More than method.

Example 5:
The birth per thousand in five countries over a period of time is shown below:

Solution:
Take country on X – axis and birth rate per thousand on Y – axis. Bar graph is shown in Fig.

Example 6:
The time taken, in seconds, to solve a problem for each of 25 pupils is as follows:
20, 52, 64, 60, 59, 58, 53, 50, 49, 48, 46, 46, 46, 46, 43, 42, 40, 38, 37, 33, 30, 28, 27, 26, 20, 16

1. Construct a frequency distribution for these data, using a class – interval of 10 seconds.
2. Draw a histogram to represent the frequency distribution.

Solution:
1. The required frequency distribution table is given below:

2. Bar Diagram

Example 7:

Draw a histogram and a frequency polygon to represent the above data.
Solution:
Now first we convert the given class-intervals into continuous class-intervals. Then the given frequency distribution takes the following form:

Example 8:
The following table shows the yield of pulses, mustard and cotton in the year 2000-2001 in the State of U.P. Prepare a bar diagram.

Solution:

1. Draw a horizontal line on a sheet of paper (or graph paper). It is called Y – axis.
2. Leaving little space on the left draw a line perpendicular to the horizontal line. It is called Y – axis.

3. On the horizontal line i.e., X-axis, mark number of points equal to number of items (in the given question only three) at the equal distances.

4. Write down items (in the given question i.e., mustard, cotton and pulse) on the X-axis i.e., horizontal line below marked points.

5. Show the other variable, after taking suitable scale, on the vertical line i. e., Y-axis. The biggest number to be shown is 10 metric ton. So we take 10 small divisions i.e., 1 cm on Y-axis equal 2000 metric ton.

Example 9:
Heights of 100 persons (in cm) are given below. Show this by a histogram.

Solution:

Example 10:
Weights of 60 persons (in kg) are given below. Show this by a frequency polygon.

Solution:

Example 11:
Make a cumulative frequency curve of the following data:

Solution:
Cumulative frequency table

Example 12:
Make a cumulative frequency curve for following distribution

Solution:
The cumulative frequency table for the given distribution is as under:

Example 13:
Following are the date of births of students of class 9, born different months, show it by a bar graph.

Solution:

Measures Of Central Tendency:
An average of a data is the value of the variable which describes the characteristics of the entire data and representative of entire distribution. An average is called measure of central tendency because its values lie between two extremes, largest and smallest observation. The measures of central tendency which are useful for analyzing data are.

1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode.

1. Mean:
The sum of the values of all the observations divided by the total number of observations.
It is denoted by the symbol \(\overline { x } \), read as x bar.

Example 14:
Find the mean of the numbers 96, 98, 100, 102, 104.
Solution:
Here number of observations are x = 5, and given numbers are 96, 98, 100, 102, 104.

Example 15:
The following table shows the age distribution of cases of a certain disease reported during a year is a particular city.

Find the average age (in years) per case reported.
Solution:

Hence, average age per case reported is 34.88 years.

2. Median:
The median is that value of the given number of observa-tions, which divides it into exeactly two parts. After arranging the given data in ascending or descending order of magnitude, the middle value of the observation is called the median.

• Arrange the given data is ascending or descending order.
• Find the total no of observations (n) in the given data.
• In case of odd observation (n)

Median = Value of (\(\frac{n+1}{2}\)) observation
In case of even number observation (n)

Example 16:
Find the median of the following values of a variable:
5, 10, 3, 7, 2, 9, 6, 2, 11
Solution:
Arranging the data in ascending order, we get
2, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11
Here, n = 9, which is odd
Median = Value of (\(\frac{n+1}{2}\))th term
= Value of (\(\frac{9+1}{2}\))th term = Value of 5th term
Thus the median of given data is 6.

Example 17:
Find the median of the following data:
38, 70, 48, 34, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44
Solution:
Arranging the data is ascending order, we get 34, 38, 42, 44, 46, 48, 54, 55, 63, 70
Here, n = 10, which is even

Thus, the median of given data is 47.

Example 18:
The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of electricity of 68 consumers of a locality. Find the median.

Solution:
Here, N = 68. i.e., Value of (\(\frac{N}{2}\))th term = 34
So, median class is 125 – 145,
l = 125, F = 22, h = 20

Example 19:
Obtain the median for the following distribution:

Solution:

Here, N = 130, so Value of (\(\frac{N}{2}\))th term = 65.
The cumulative frequency just greater than 65 is 90 in the table and the variable corresponding to 90 is 4. Hence, median is 4.

3. Mode:
The mode is that value of observation which occurs most frequently i.e., an observation with maximum frequency is called the mode.

Example 20:
Find the mode for the following data:
110, 120, 130, 120, 110, 140, 130, 120, 140, 120
Solution:
Arranging the data is the form of a frequency table

Since the value 120 occurs maximum number of items, i.e., 4. Hence the modal value is 120.

Example 21:
A survey conducted on 20 households in the following frequency table for the number of family members.

Find die mode of above data.
Solution:
Here, Maximum frequency = 8
The corresponding class interval = 3 – 5
So, for the given table, we have
l₁ = lower limit of modal class = 3
h = Class size = 2
f₁ = frequency of modal class = 8
f₀ = frequency of class preceding the modal class = 7
f₂ = frequency of class succeeding the modal class = 2
We know that,

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Special Hindi सहायक वाचन Solutions Chapter 6 निंदा रस (व्यंग्य निबन्ध, हरिशंकर परसाई)

निंदा रस अभ्यास

व्यंग्य निबन्ध

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक ने निन्दकों को पास में रखने की सलाह क्यों दी है?
उत्तर:
हीनता की भावना ही निन्दा की जन्मदात्री है। निन्दा की प्रवृत्ति आलस्य तथा प्रमाद से उत्पन्न होती है। निठल्ला इन्सान दूसरों को कार्य में जुटा देखकर उनसे अकारण ईर्ष्या करने लगता है। प्रमादी मानव कार्य करने से जी चुराता है। यही अकर्मण्यता व्यक्ति को निन्दक के रूप में परिवर्तित कर देती है। निन्दा से बचने का एकमात्र साधन कर्म में प्रतिपल जुटे रहना है। कर्म से आत्म-सन्तुष्टि मिलती है।

प्रश्न 2.
अपने निन्दकों को उचित उत्तर देने का लेखक ने क्या उपाय सुझाया है?
उत्तर:
लेखक ने निन्दकों को उचित उत्तर देने का सर्वश्रेष्ठ उपाय बताया है कि कठोर श्रम से हम ईर्ष्या,जलन, ढाह आदि बुरी भावनाओं का समूल नाश कर सकते हैं। निन्दकों को उचित उत्तर देने का यही सर्वश्रेष्ठ उपाय है।

प्रश्न 3.
निन्दा की प्रवृत्ति से बचने के लिए क्या करना चाहिए? (2009)
उत्तर;
जो इन्सान निन्दा में प्रवृत रहता है, उसका मन कमजोर तथा अशक्त होता है। उसके मन में हीनता की भावना विद्यमान रहती है। निन्दा के माध्यम से वह दूसरों को अपने से हीन तथा तुच्छ करार देता है। इस प्रकार के कृत्य से वह अपने अहम् को पारितोष देता है। निन्दा से छुटकारा पाने का एकमात्र उपाय काम में जुटे रहना है। कर्म में प्रवृत्त रहने से धीरे-धीरे निन्दा का अवगुण समाप्त हो जाता है। कठिन कर्म ही निन्दा को नष्ट करता है। कार्यरत मानव को दूसरे की निन्दा करने का अवकाश ही नहीं मिलता।

प्रश्न 4.
“छल का धृतराष्ट्र जब आलिंगन करे तो पुतला ही आगे बढ़ाना चाहिए।” कथन का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिये।
उत्तर:
पुतला निर्जीव एवं भावना-शून्य होता है। लेखक की धारणा है कि जब कोई इन्सान छल-कपट की भावना मन-मानस में छिपा कर हमसे मिले तो हमें भी ऐसे इन्सान के साथ मिलने तथा प्रेम-प्रदर्शन की औपचारिकता को ही निभाना चाहिए। इनके साथ हमें इसी भाँति मिलना चाहिए जिस तरह कि कृष्ण ने धृतराष्ट्र के समक्ष भीम की जगह पर भीम का पुतला आगे बढ़ा दिया था। इस कथन का तात्पर्य यह है कि कपटी तथा छली धृतराष्ट्र भी भीम के आलिंगन का इच्छुक न होकर,उसको मौत के घाट उतारना चाहता था।

प्रश्न 5.
“कुछ लोग बड़े निर्दोष मिथ्यावादी होते हैं।” कथन की विवेचना कीजिये। (2009, 14, 16)
उत्तर:
कुछ इन्सान बड़े निर्दोष-मिथ्यावादी स्वभाव वाले होते हैं। वे स्वभाववश झूठ का आश्रय लेते हैं। बिना किसी कारण निष्प्रयास असत्य बोलते हैं। ठीक बात उनके मुख से कभी निकलती ही नहीं है। इस प्रकार के मिथ्यावादियों के लिए लेखक ने निर्दोष शब्द का जो प्रयोग किया है, वह उचित प्रतीत होता है। जो इन्सान इस प्रकार का झूठ बोलता है, वह किसी को नुकसान नहीं पहुँचाता। वे झूठ का सहारा स्वभाववश लेते हैं। दुनिया में अक्सर लोग अपने व्यक्तिगत स्वार्थ हेतु या दूसरों को नुकसान पहुँचाने के लिए झूठ का सहारा लेते हैं, परन्तु निर्दोष मिथ्यावादी अपनी प्रकृति के वशीभूत होकर ही असत्य बोलता है।

प्रश्न 6.
इस पाठ से आपने क्या शिक्षा ग्रहण की और क्या निश्चय किया? स्पष्ट कीजिये।
उत्तर:
हीनता की भावना से निन्दा का जन्म होता है। जिस इन्सान में हीनता की भावना होती है, निन्दक बन जाता है। हीनता की भावना से ग्रसित होकर व्यक्ति अपनी श्रेष्ठता का प्रभाव जमाना चाहता है। अपने अहम् को सन्तुष्ट करने के लिए वह निन्दा करता है। निन्दक की प्रवृत्ति आलस्य तथा प्रमाद से उत्पन्न होती है। प्रमादी मानव कार्य करने से जी चुराता है। निन्दा रस से बचने का एकमात्र साधन कर्म में प्रतिपल जुटे रहना है। कर्म से आत्म-सन्तुष्टि मिलती है। इस पाठ से हमने यह शिक्षा ग्रहण की है कि निन्दा रस से बचने के लिए हमेशा कर्म में जुटे रहना चाहिए जिसके परिणामस्वरूप हमारे भीतर की निन्दा रस रूपी बुराई समूल नष्ट हो जाती है। इस पाठ के अध्ययन के उपरान्त हमने निश्चय किया कि हम प्रतिक्षण अपने कर्म में जुटे रहेंगे तथा निन्दा रस रूपी बुराई अपने हृदय से निकालकर अपना तथा आसपास के वातावरण को खुशहाल बनायेंगे।

निन्दा रस महत्त्वपूर्ण वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

निन्दा रस बहु-विकल्पीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सूरदास जी ने निन्दा के विषय में लिखा है
(क) ‘निन्दा सबद रसाल’
(ख) विशाल निन्द
(ग) रस निन्दा
(घ) इनमें से कोई नहीं।
उत्तर:
(क) ‘निन्दा सबद रसाल’

प्रश्न 2.
निन्दा का उद्गम है
(क) दीनता
(ख) निन्दक
(ग) हीनता और कमजोरी
(घ) कमजोरी।
उत्तर:
(ग) हीनता और कमजोरी

प्रश्न 3.
निन्दा कुछ लोगों की पूँजी होती है, इससे वे फैलाते हैं
(क) बुराई
(ख) प्रतिष्ठा
(ग) पूँजी
(घ) लम्बा चौड़ा व्यापार।
उत्तर:
(घ) लम्बा चौड़ा व्यापार।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति

1. छल का धृतराष्ट्र जब आलिंगन करे, तो ………… ही आगे बढ़ाना चाहिए।
2. निंदा रस नामक निबन्ध में ………… तत्त्व की प्रधानता है। (2009)
3. मनुष्य अपनी ……………. से दबता है।

उत्तर:

1. पुतला
2. व्यंग्य
3. हीनता।

सत्य/सत्य

1. कुछ लोग बड़े निर्दोष मिथ्यावादी होते हैं।
2. कठिन कर्म ही ईर्ष्या और द्वेष को जन्म देता है।
3. बड़ी लकीर को कुछ मिटाकर छोटी लकीर बनती है।
4. निन्दा रस व्यंग्य निबन्ध है। (2010)
5. निंदक समाज में सम्मान के पात्र होते हैं। (2015)

उत्तर:

1. सत्य
2. असत्य
3. सत्य
4. सत्य
5. असत्य

सही जोड़ी मिलाइए

उत्तर:
1. → (ख)
2. → (ग)
3. → (क)
4. → (घ)

एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर

1. लेखक ने किसको अपने पास रखने की सलाह दी है?
2. कौन-सा रस आनन्ददायक है?
3. किस व्यक्ति की स्थिति बड़ी दयनीय होती है?
4. निन्दा रस के लेखक कौन हैं? (2017)

उत्तर:

1. निन्दकों को
2. निन्दा रस
3. निन्दक की
4. हरिशंकर परिसाई।

MP Board Class 10th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Special Hindi सहायक वाचन Solutions Chapter 5 भगिनी निवेदिता (संस्मरण, प्रवाजिका आत्मप्राणा)

भगिनी निवेदिता अभ्यास

संस्मरण

प्रश्न 1.
स्वामी विवेकानन्द से निवेदिता की मुलाकात कब, कहाँ और कैसे हुई? (2013, 17)
उत्तर:
स्वामी विवेकानन्द से निवेदिता की मुलाकात सन् 1893 के शिकागो के विश्वधर्म सम्मेलन में हई स्वामीजी लन्दन अपने मित्रों के आग्रह पर आये थे यहीं पर मार्गरेट (निवेदिता) ने स्वामीजी के प्रवचन सुने और अपना आदर्श मान लिया।

प्रश्न 2.
स्वामी जी के साथ हिमालय यात्रा में निवेदिता को क्या अनुभव हुए?
उत्तर:
स्वामीजी के साथ हिमालय यात्रा में निवेदिता पैदल ही चलीं। मार्ग में वे पटना, वाराणसी, लखनऊ, पंजाब, रावलपिण्डी, बारामुला होते हुए कश्मीर पहुँचे। उन्होंने पहली बार भारत की पवित्र भूमि पर पाँव रखा था।

भारत के पवित्र तीर्थस्थान गाँव, पर्वत, नदियाँ तथा भारत के श्रद्धालुओं से मिलने का अवसर उन्हें प्राप्त हुआ।

वे अमरनाथ की दुर्गम यात्रा पर स्वामी जी के साथ अकेली ही गयीं इस यात्रा के पश्चात् उनकी जीवन शैली में बहुत बड़ा परिवर्तन आ गया। वे स्थान-स्थान पर व्याख्यान देने लगीं। उन्होंने शिक्षा के उत्थान के लिए अपनी अदम्य शक्ति लगायी और निरन्तर प्रयास किया कि सभी महिलाएँ शिक्षित हो जायें। उनका कहना था यह सम्पूर्ण देश तुम्हारा है और देश को तुम्हारी आवश्यकता है। अतः अपने मूल्यवान समय को देश के हित के लिए लगाओ।

प्रश्न 3.
अमरनाथ यात्रा से भगिनी निवेदिता को भारत को समझने में किस प्रकार सहायता मिली?
उत्तर:
अमरनाथ यात्रा से भगिनी निवेदिता को भारत के रहन-सहन, खान-पान एवं वेश-भूषा की पर्याप्त जानकारी मिली। स्थान-स्थान पर रुकने से वहाँ के लोगों की बोली और विचारों से अवगत हुई।

भगिनी निवेदिता भारत के ज्ञान,दर्शन,संस्कृति व परम्पराओं से परिचित हुईं। वे यहाँ की संस्कृति और सभ्यता से इतना अधिक प्रभावित हुईं कि उन्होंने स्वयं को भारत की माटी में ही एकाकार (समाहित) कर लिया।

उन्होंने यहाँ महिलाओं के आचार-व्यवहार व रहन-सहन तथा वात्सल्यपूर्ण व्यवहार को देखा। यात्रा के दौरान उन्होंने प्रकृति का अपूर्व आनन्द लिया। उनका कहना था कि भारत में जितनी शान्ति है, उतनी अन्य कहीं नहीं वास्तव में इस देश की सभ्यता एवं संस्कृति, दुनिया को एक नई रोशनी प्रदान करने वाली है। यहाँ के प्रत्येक दृश्य एवं संस्कार अपनी अलौकिक छटा विकीर्ण कर रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
कलकत्ता में फैले प्लेग के समय निवेदिता ने किस प्रकार सेवा की?
उत्तर:
निवेदिता ने 13 नवम्बर, सन् 1896 को कलकत्ता (कोलकाता) में अपने निवास स्थान के समीप एक बालिका विद्यालय की स्थापना की, लेकिन अगले वर्ष जैसे ही निवेदिता को कलकत्ता (कोलकाता) में प्लेग फैलने का समाचार मिला, वे अपने सभी शिष्यों के साथ टोली बनाकर रोगियों की सेवा में जुट गयीं। वे रात-दिन भूखी-प्यासी रहकर और अपनी चिन्ता छोड़कर रोगियों की चिकित्सा में निःस्वार्थ भाव से जुटी रहती थीं। रोगियों की सेवा के उपरान्त उन्हें हार्दिक प्रसन्नता प्राप्त होती थी। उन्हें रोगियों से पर्याप्त स्नेह और आदर मिलता था। उनके विषय में जिला चिकित्सा अधिकारी ने एक रिपोर्ट में लिखा है-
“निवेदिता अपने आराम, स्वास्थ्य, भोजन तक की चिन्ता न कर गन्दी बस्तियों में घूमती रहीं।”
इस प्रकार निवेदिता ने निःस्वार्थ भाव से रोगियों की सेवा की।

प्रश्न 5.
स्त्री शिक्षा पर निवेदिता के विचार स्पष्ट कीजिये। (2018)
उत्तर:
निवेदिता जब भारत आयीं, उस समय उनके मन में एक विद्यालय स्थापित करने की भावना ने जन्म लिया। अतः सन् 1896 में 13 नवम्बर को उन्होंने अपने घर के पास बालिका विद्यालय की स्थापना की थी, माँ ने इस विद्यालय का विधिवत् उद्घाटन किया। इस विद्यालय में लड़कियों को पढ़ने-लिखने के अतिरिक्त चित्रकारी, मिट्टी का काम भी सिखाया जाता था। उनको इस कार्य में अपूर्व सुख की अनुभूति होती थी। लगभग छः माह बाद धनाभाव के कारण विद्यालय चलाने में असुविधा हुई। अतः धन संग्रह के लिए वे पुनः विदेश गयीं और वहाँ उन्होंने देखा कि विदेशों में भारतवासियों की झूठी और घृणित तस्वीर प्रस्तुत की जा रही है। विशेषकर भारत की स्त्रियों की निन्दा की जा रही है। उन्होंने स्त्रियों की उचित स्थिति को व्यक्त किया।

प्रारम्भ में बालिका विद्यालय में कोई भी अपनी बालिका को नहीं भेजना चाहता था, लेकिन निवेदिता ने अपनी सेवा तथा सरल चित्तवृत्ति के द्वारा लोगों के मन को आकर्षित किया और लोगों ने अपनी बालिकाओं को विद्यालय भेजना शुरू कर दिया।

धीरे-धीरे विद्यालय बढ़ने लगा और आज भी यह विद्यालय सुव्यवस्थित रूप से चल रहा है।

प्रश्न 6.
भारतीय स्त्रियों के कौन-कौन से गुणों ने निवेदिता को प्रभावित किया? (2015)
उत्तर:
भारतीय स्त्रियों के निम्नलिखित गुणों ने निवेदिता को प्रभावित किया-
(1) ममतामयी माँ :
निवेदिता ने भारत की महिलाओं को आदर्श माँ के रूप में पाया। वात्सल्य भाव की जो छवि भारत की स्त्रियों में पायी जाती है,वह अन्यत्र दुर्लभ है। वे वास्तव में ममता और प्रेम से परिपूर्ण हैं।

(2) आदर्श पत्नी :
निवेदिता ने भारत की स्त्रियों को आदर्श पत्नी के रूप में पाया। माँ-बाप तथा सास-ससुर की सेवा का जो आदर्श भाव यहाँ की महिलाओं में है, वह अन्य कहीं नहीं है। वह अपने पति की रक्षा के लिए अपने प्राणों का भी बलिदान कर देती हैं।

(3) वीरता की साक्षात् प्रतिमूर्ति :
भारत की स्त्रियाँ वीरता की साक्षात् मूर्ति हैं। रानी लक्ष्मीबाई और अहिल्याबाई इसका साक्षात् उदाहरण हैं। वास्तव में यहाँ की महिलाएँ देश की रक्षा के लिए अपने प्राणों को न्योछावर करने वाली हैं।

(4) दया और सद्भावना :
भारत की स्त्रियों में दया और सद्भावना अधिक है। यह बात निवेदिता ने यहाँ की स्त्रियों के सम्पर्क में आकर ही जानी भारत आने के बाद ही उन्हें स्त्रियों के समुचित गुणों का सही रूप में ज्ञान हुआ। वास्तव में भारत की महिलाएँ धन्य हैं। अतः किसी विद्वान ने उचित ही कहा है-
“यत्र नार्यस्तु पूज्यन्ते रमन्ते तत्र देवता।”

भगिनी निवेदिता महत्त्वपूर्ण वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

भगिनी निवेदिता बहु-विकल्पीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
भगिनी निवेदिता पर लिखा गया ‘संस्मरण’ के लेखक हैं- (2011)
(क) अजहर हाशमी
(ख) प्रवासिका आत्मप्राणा
(ग) डॉ.श्यामसुन्दर दुबे
(घ) डॉ. यतीन्द्र अग्रवाल।
उत्तर:
(ख) प्रवासिका आत्मप्राणा

प्रश्न 2.
निवेदिता ने गुरु मान लिया था
(क) दयानन्द को
(ख) रामानुजाचार्य को
(ग) विवेकानन्द को
(घ) रामानन्द को।
उत्तर:
(ग) विवेकानन्द को

प्रश्न 3.
भगिनी निवेदिता का वास्तविक नाम था (2009)
(क) मार्गरेट थेचर
(ख) मिस वीन्स
(ग) मार्गरेट एलिजाबेथ नोबुल
(घ) लिली।
उत्तर:
(ग) मार्गरेट एलिजाबेथ नोबुल

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति

1. उनकी लन्दन में एक संन्यासी …………… से भेंट हुई।
2. समुद्री यात्रा पर उन्होंने अपने ……………. से बहुत कुछ सीखा।
3. वे भारत को महान ………….. का देश कहा करती थीं।
4. कलकत्ता में …………. फैला था। (2016)

उत्तर:

1. विवेकानन्द
2. गुरु
3. महिलाओं
4. प्लेग।

सत्य/असत्य

1. निवेदिता भारत आकर अप्रसन्न थीं।
2. निवेदिता गीता का निरन्तर अध्ययन करती थीं।
3. रामकृष्ण शारदा मिशन भगिनी निवेदिता बालिका विद्यालय आज भी चल रहा है।
4. भगिनी निवेदिता संस्मरण नहीं है। (2010)

उत्तर:

1. असत्य
2. सत्य
3. सत्य
4. असत्य

सही जोड़ी मिलाइए

उत्तर:
1. → (ग)
2. → (ख)
3. → (क)

एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर

1. निवेदिता नाम का क्या अर्थ है?
2. शिक्षा के लिए धन एकत्र करने उन्हें कहाँ जाना पड़ा?
3. अपने विद्यालय में उन्होंने क्या चलाना सीखा?

उत्तर:

1. समर्पण
2. विदेश
3. चरखा।

MP Board Class 10th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions Chapter 8 Body Movement

Body Movement Textbook Exercises

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Joints of the bones help in the ……………………… of the body.
2. A combination of bones and cartilages forms the …………………… of the body.
3. The bones at the elbow are joined by a …………………….. joint.
4. The contraction of the …………………….. pulls the bones during movement.

Answer:

1. Movement
2. Skeleton
3. Balls socket
4. Muscles.

Question 2.
Indicate true (T) and false (F) among the following sentences.

1. The movement and locomotion of all animals is exactly the same.
2. The cartilages are harder than bones.
3. The finger bones do not have joints.
4. The fore arm has two bones.
5. Cockroaches have an outer skeleton.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True.

Question 3.
Match the items in Column I with one or more items of Column II.

Answer:

(i) – (d)
(ii) – (a) and (g)
(iii) – (e)
(iv) – (f)
(v) – (b) and (c).

Question 4.
Answer the following:

Question (a)
What is a ball and socket joint?
Answer:
The round end of one bone fits into the hollow space of the other bone. Such a kind of joint allows movements in all directions. Such joints are called ball and socket joints.

Question (b)
Which of the skull bones are movable?
Answer:
The facial bones of our skull comprises upper and lower jaw, in which lower jaws is movable.

Question (c)
Why can our elbow not move backwards?
Answer:
Elbow cannot move backwards because it has hinge joint which allows only back and forth movements.

Projects And Activities

Activity 1.
Make a table to show how do animals move from place to place?
Answer:
Movement of Animals

Activity 2.
Make a table to show the movements of different parts in our body?
Answer:
Movement of different parts in our body:

Activity 3.
Observe a cockroach and explain how is it move?
Answer:
Cockroaches walk and climb as well as fly in the air. They have three pairs of legs. These help in walking. The body is covered with a hard outer skeleton. This outer skeleton is made of different units joined together and that permits movement.

There are two pairs of wings attached to the breast. The cockroaches have distinct muscles those near the legs move the legs for walking. The breast muscles move the wings when the cockroach flies.

Body Movement Intex Questions

Question 1.
Boojho wonders about movements in plants. He knows they do not move from place to place, but, do they show any other kind of movement?
Answer:
Yes

Body Movement Additional Important Questions

Body Movement Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question (a)
Our finger has ……………………… bones?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(b) 3

Question (b)
Cockroach has …………………….. pairs of joint legs?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(b) 3

Question (c)
Our skeleton has bones?
(a) 206
(b) 306
(c) 406
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) 206

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The animals which has back bone are called …………………………..
2. The back bone has ………………………… regions.
3. Our foot has ………………………… longer bones.
4. In the fore – arm, there are ………………………. bones.
5. Fishes move in water with the help of ………………………….
6. The ancient Greek philosopher …………………………… write the book on “Gait of Animals”.
7. Snails move with the help of a ……………………………… foot.

Answer:

1. Vertebrate
2. Five
3. Five
4. Two long
5. Fins
6. Aristotle
7. Muscular.

Question 3.
Which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. We have ten organ systems.
2. Cartilage is hard and bones are soft.
3. The place where two or more bones meet together is called a joint.
4. The hard covers of crabs and insects are called exoskeleton.
5. Strong muscles and light bones work together to help the birds fly.
6. We can bend or. move our body only at those points where bones meet.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. True.

Question 4.
Match the items in Column A with the Column B:

Answer:

(i) – (d)
(ii) – (e)
(iii) – (a)
(iv) – (c)
(v) – (b)

Body Movement Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How are animals move from are place to another?
Answer:
The animals move from one place to another by one of the following ways: Walk, run, jump, creep, fly, slither, swim and crawl.

Question 2.
Do you get a feel of something hard pressing against your fingers?
Answer:
Yes, the hard structures are the bones.

Question 3.
What are joints?
Answer:
The places (points) where we are able to bend or rotate our body.

Question 4.
How are bones joined together?
Answer:
Bones are held together at joints by strong cords called ligaments.

Question 5.
What are hinge joints?
Answer:
These joints allow movement only in one plane not more than 180 degrees.

Question 6.
Name any two parts of your body which you are able to (i) bend (ii) rotate?
Answer:

1. Elbow
2. Arms.

Question 7.
Where do you find hinge joints?
Answer:
Knee and Elbow.

Question 8.
How do muscles move the bones?
Answer:
The muscles move the bones by contraction.

Question 9.
What is ball and socket joint?
Answer:
The rounded end of one bone fits into the cavity of the other bone is called as ball and socket joint.

Question 10.
Where do you find pivotal joint?
Answer:
The joint where our neck joints the head is a pivotal joint.

Question 11.
Define movement?
Answer:
When organisms move their body parts without changing their position.

Question 12.
Define fixed joints?
Answer:
The joint where movement of bone is not allowed is called fixed joint.

Question 13.
What is skeleton?
Answer:
All the bones in our body form a framework to give a shape to our body. This framework is called the skeleton.

Question 14.
What is locomotion?
Answer:
When animals move from one place to another place. This kind of movement is called locomotion.

Question 15.
Define cartilage?
Answer:
The cartilage is additional part of skeleton, not as hard as the bone and can be bent.

Question 16.
Is cartilage also found in the joints of the body?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 17.
How may bones are there in human skeleton?
Answer:
There are 206 bones in human skeleton.

Question 18.
What is X – rays?
Answer:
The X – rays show the shapes of the bones in our bodies.

Question 19.
Define skull?
Answer:
The skull is made of many bones joined together. It encloses and protects a very important part of the body, the brain.

Question 20.
How do fishes move?
Answer:
They move with the help of tail fins and anal fines.

Question 21.
Does the earthworm have bones?
Answer:
No.

Question 22.
How does a cockroach move?
Answer:
Cockroach has distinct muscles attached with skeleton process. These muscles move the body.

Question 23.
What is streamlined?
Answer:
The lead and tail of the fish are smaller than the middle portion, of the body. The body’tapers at both ends. This body shape is called streamlined.

Question 24.
How does snails move?
Answer:
The snails move with the help of a muscular food.

Body Movement Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are bone joints and from what are they joint?
Answer:
The place where two bones or more than two bones meet together is called a joint. There are various kinds of joints. They are held together at joints by strong cords called ligaments.

Question 2.
Define pivotal joint?
Answer:
The joint where our neck joins the head is called pivotal joint. It allows us to bend our head forward and backward and turn the head to our left or right. In a pivotal joint a cylindrical bone rotates in a ring. Thus, we can say that pivotal joint is a very important joint for our body.

Question 3.
Draw a diagram of hinge joints?
Answer:
The hinge joint allows a back and forth movement. For example, the elbow has a hinge joint that allows only a back and forth movement.

Question 4.
Describe rib cage with the help of a diagram?
Answer:
Just feel your chest bones and the back bone by gently pressing the middle of the chest and back at the same time. From the figure also, we see that the ribs are curiously bent. They join the chest bone and the backbone together to form a box. This is called the rib cage. Some important internal parts of our body lie protected inside this cage.

Question 5.
How many regions are there is our backbone? Draw the diagram of backbone also?
Answer:
The backbone has five regions. From the top they are the neck, chest, hip, tail and belly regions. The five vertebrae of the hip are inseparable. They are fused together. The four vertebrae of the tail are also fuse.

Body Movement Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define with diagram the bones present in our hand?
Answer:
The hand comprises the upper arm, fore – arm, wrist, palm and fingers. The upper arm has one long bone, and forearm has two long bones. Wrist is made up of several small bones. The palm is composed of fine slightly longer bones. There are three small bones in each finger.

Question 2.
Define shoulder bones and pelvic bones with neat diagrams?
Answer:
If some one stands pressing against a wall, two bones becomes visible at the shoulder. These are called shoulder bones. While as shown in Fig. (b), this Fig. Bones of the hand. structure is made of pelvic bones. They enclose the portion of your body below the stomach. This is the part you sit on.

Question 3.
How many parts does our skull have? Draw its diagram also?
Answer:
Our skull has two main parts i.e., cranium or the brain case and the facial bone. The bones of cranium are flat and held firmly. It protects brain, the facial bones comprise upper and lower jaw. Lower jaw is movable. The’ skull has a pair of eye sockets. Fig. The skull.

Question 4.
Draw the diagram of the human skeleton?
Answer:

Question 5.
Draw the diagram of skeleton of a bird?
Answer:

Question 6.
Define the movement of snake?
Answer:
Snakes have a long backbone. They have many thin muscles. They are connected to each other even though they are far from one another. They also interconnect the backbone, ribs and skin. The snake’s body curves into many loops.

Each loop of the snake gives it a forward push by pressing against the ground. Since its long body makes many loops and each loop gives it this push, the snake moves forward very fast and not in a straightline.

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions