Prasanna

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.1

प्रश्न 1.
एक रेलवे स्टेशन के निकट कार पार्किंग शुल्क इस प्रकार है –

• 4 घण्टों तक – ₹ 60
• 8 घण्टों तक – ₹ 100
• 12 घण्टों तक – ₹ 140
• 24 घण्टों तक – ₹180

जाँच कीजिए कि क्या कार पार्किंग शुल्क पार्किंग समय के प्रत्यक्ष अनुपात में है?
हल:
∴ \(\frac{4}{60}\) ≠ \(\frac{8}{100}\) ≠ \(\frac{12}{140}\) ≠ \(\frac{24}{180}\)
∴ कार पार्किंग शुल्क पार्किंग समय के प्रत्यक्ष अनुपात में नहीं है।

प्रश्न 2.
एक पेंट के मूल मिश्रण (base) के 8 भागों में लाल रंग के पदार्थ का 1 भाग मिलाकर मिश्रण तैयार किया जाता है। निम्नलिखित सारणी में, मूल मिश्रण के वे भाग ज्ञात कीजिए जिन्हें मिलाए जाने की आवश्यकता है –

हल:
यहाँ, माना कि लाल रंग के पदार्थ का भाग x, मूल मिश्रण के ” भाग में मिलाया जाता है, तथा x और y प्रत्यक्ष अनुपात में हैं।
अतः x और y का अनुपात अचर रहेगा।
तब \(\frac{x}{y}\) = \(\frac{1}{8}\)
अतः अभीष्ट अनुपात = \(\frac{4}{32}\), \(\frac{7}{56}\), \(\frac{12}{96}\), \(\frac{20}{160}\)
सारणी में रखने पर,

प्रश्न 3.
प्रश्न 2. में यदि लाल रंग पदार्थ के 1 भाग के लिए 75 mL मूल मिश्रण की आवश्यकता है, तो मूल मिश्रण के 1800 mL में हमें कितना लाल रंग का पदार्थ मिलाना चाहिए?
हल:
माना कि 1800 mL में x भाग लाल रंग का पदार्थ मिलाना चाहिए।
सारणी में रखने पर,

अतः मूल मिश्रण में हमें 24 भाग लाल रंग का पदार्थ मिलाना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 4.
किसी सॉफ्ट ड्रिंक फैक्ट्री में एक मशीन 840 बोतलें 6 घण्टे में भरती है। वह मशीन पाँच घण्टे में कितनी बोतलें भरेगी?
हल:
माना कि 5 घण्टे में x बोतलें भरी जा सकती हैं। तब सारणी के रूप में रखने पर,

अतः मशीन 5 घण्टे में 700 बोतलें भरेगी।

प्रश्न 5.
एक बैक्टीरिया या जीवाणु के फोटोग्राफ (चित्र) को 50,000 गुना आवर्धित करने पर उसकी लम्बाई 5 cm हो जाती है, जैसा कि संलग्न चित्र में दिखाया गया है। इस बैक्टीरिया की वास्तविक लम्बाई क्या है ? यदि फोटोग्राफ को केवल 20,000 गुना आवर्धित किया जाए, तो उसकी आवर्धित लम्बाई क्या होगी?

हल:
बैक्टीरिया की आवर्धित लम्बाई = 50,000 गुना
बैक्टीरिया की लम्बाई = 5 cm

अतः बैक्टीरिया की वास्तविक लम्बाई = 10_-4 cm
यहाँ, फोटोग्राफ की लम्बाई तथा आवर्धित लम्बाई अनुक्रमानुपाती हैं।
माना कि आवर्धित लम्बाई x cm है
सारणी के रूप में लिखने पर,

यहाँ आवर्धित लम्बाई तथा आवर्धित फोटोग्राफ परस्पर अनुक्रमानुपाती हैं।

अतः आवर्धित लम्बाई = 2 cm

प्रश्न 6.
एक जहाज के मॉडल में उसका मस्तूल (mast) 9 cm ऊँचा है, जबकि वास्तविक जहाज का मस्तूल 12 m ऊँचा है। यदि जहाज की लम्बाई 28 m है तो उसके मॉडल की लम्बाई कितनी है?
हल:

स्पष्ट है, मॉडल की लम्बाई और वास्तविक लम्बाई परस्पर – अनुक्रमानुपाती हैं।
\(\frac{9}{12}\) = \(\frac{x}{28}\)
x = \(\frac{9×28}{12}\) = 21
अतः जहाज के मॉडल की लम्बाई = 21 cm

प्रश्न 7.
मान लीजिए 2 kg चीनी में 9x 10 क्रिस्टल हैं। निम्नलिखित चीनी में कितने क्रिस्टल होंगे?

1. 5 kg
2. 1.2 kg.

हल:
माना कि 5 kg चीनी और 1.2 kg चीनी में क्रमशः x और y क्रिस्टल हैं। इन्हें सारणी रूप में लिखने पर,

स्पष्ट है कि यहाँ क्रिस्टल की संख्या और चीनी की मात्रा परस्पर अनुक्रमानुपाती हैं।
1.

अतः 5 kg चीनी में 2.25 x 10₇ क्रिस्टल होंगे।
2.

अतः 1.2 kg चीनी में 5.4 x 10₆ क्रिस्टल होंगे।

प्रश्न 8.
रश्मि के पास एक सड़क का मानचित्र है, जिसके पैमाने में 1 cm की दूरी 18 km निरूपित करती है। वह उस सड़क पर अपनी गाड़ी से 72 km की दूरी तय करती है। उसके द्वारा तय की गई दूरी मानचित्र में क्या होगी?
हल:
यहाँ, 1 cm की दूरी = 18 km.
माना कि रश्मि के द्वारा तय की गई दूरी मानचित्र में x cm है, तब दी हुई सूचना को सारणी के रूप में निरूपित करने पर,

यहाँ, मानचित्र में दूरी तथा वास्तविक दूरी परस्पर अनुक्रमानुपाती हैं।
\(\frac{1}{18}\) = \(\frac{x}{72}\)
या x = \(\frac{1×72}{18}\) cm = 4 cm
अतः मानचित्र में दूरी = 4 cm

प्रश्न 9.
एक 5 m 60 cm ऊँचे ऊर्ध्वाधर खम्भे की छाया की लम्बाई 3 m 20 cm है। उसी समय पर ज्ञात कीजिए –

1. 10 m 50 cm ऊँचे एक अन्य खम्भे की छाया की लम्बाई।
2. उस खम्भे की ऊँचाई जिसकी छाया की लम्बाई 5 m है।

हल:
1. माना कि x m उस खम्भे की लम्बाई है जिसकी छाया की लम्बाई 10 m 50 cm है। y m उस खम्भे की ऊँचाई है जिसकी छाया 5 m है।
इन्हें सारणी के रूप निरूपित करने पर,

यहाँ, यह स्पष्ट है कि खम्भे की ऊँचाई और छाया परस्पर अनुक्रमानुपाती हैं।

अतः छाया की लम्बाई = 6 m
2.

अतः खम्भे की ऊँचाई = 8 m 75 cm

प्रश्न 10.
माल से लदा हुआ एक ट्रक 25 मिनट में 14 km चलता है। यदि चाल वही रहे, तो वह 5 घण्टे में कितनी दूरी तय कर पाएगा?
हल:
माना कि ट्रक 5 घण्टे में x km दूरी तय करता है। तब इन्हें सारणी के रूप में निरूपित करने पर,

यहाँ, दूरी तथा समय परस्पर अनुक्रमानुपाती हैं।
\(\frac{14}{25/60}\) = \(\frac{x}{5}\)
या x = \(\frac{5x14x60}{25}\) = 168 km
अतः ट्रक द्वारा 5 घण्टे में तय की गई दूरी = 168 km

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 216-217

इन्हें कीजिए (क्रमांक 13.3)

प्रश्न 1.
एक वर्गांकित कागज पर भिन्न-भिन्न भुजाओं के पाँच वर्ग खींचिए। निम्नलिखित सूचना को एक सारणी के रूप में लिखिए –

ज्ञात कीजिए कि क्या भुजा की लम्बाई –

1. वर्ग के परिपाम के अनुक्रमानुपाती है।
2. वर्ग के क्षेत्रफल के अनुक्रमानुपाती है।

हल:

सूचना को सारणी के रूप में निरूपित करने पर,

यहाँ स्पष्ट है कि,

1. वर्ग की भुजा की लम्बाई वर्ग के परिमाप के अनुक्रमानुपाती है।
2. वर्ग की भुजा की लम्बाई वर्ग के क्षेत्रफल के अनुक्रमानुपाती नहीं है।

प्रश्न 2.
पाँच व्यक्तियों के लिए हलवा बनाने के लिए, निम्नलिखित सामग्री की आवश्यकता होती है: सूजी/रवा = 250 g, चीनी = 300 g, घी = 200 g, पानी = 200 g. समानुपात की अवधारणा का प्रयोग करते हुए, अपनी कक्षा के लिए हलवा बनाने के लिए इन सामग्रियों की मात्राओं में होने वाले परिवर्तनों का आकलन (estimate) कीजिए।
हल:
माना कि कक्षा में विद्यार्थियों की संख्या = 20 है।
स्पष्ट है कि यहाँ अनुक्रमानुपाती की स्थिति है।
अत: वांछित सामग्री \(\frac{20}{5}\) = 4 गुना होगी –
अर्थात् सूजी/रवा = 250 x 4g = 1000 g = 1 kg
चीनी = 300 x 4g = 1200 g = 1.200kg
घी = 200 x 4g = 800 g
पानी = 200 x 4g = 800 g.

प्रश्न 3.
एक पैमाने का चुनाव करते हुए, अपनी कक्षा के कमरे का मानचित्र खींचिए, जिसमें खिड़कियाँ, दरवाजे, ब्लैकबोर्ड इत्यादि दर्शाए गए हों (एक उदाहरण यहाँ दिया है।

हल: माना की पैमाना 1 : 40 है, तब
मानचित्र इस प्रकार है –

सोचिए, चर्चा कीजिए और लिखिए (क्रमांक 13.2)

प्रश्न 1.
सीधा समानुपात (विचरण) की अब तक हल की गई समस्याओं में से कुछ को लीजिए। क्या आप सोचते हैं कि इन समस्याओं को इकाई की विधि या ऐकिक विधि (unitary method) से हल किया जा सकता है?
हल:
हाँ, इन समस्याओं को ऐकिक विधि से हल किया जा सकता है।
हम यहाँ प्रश्नावली 13.1 से प्रश्न 4 एवं प्रश्न 10 को हल करते हैं –
प्रश्न 4 का हल:
∴ 6 घण्टे में भरी जाने वाली बोतलें = 840
∴ 1 घण्टे में भरी जाने वाली बोतलें = \(\frac{840}{6}\)
∴ 5 घण्टे में भरी जाने वाली बोतलें = \(\frac{840×5}{6}\)
= 140 x 5 = 700 बोतलें।
प्रश्न 10 का हल:
25 मिनट = \(\frac{25}{60}\) घण्टे
∴ \(\frac{25}{60}\) घण्टे में तय की गई दूरी = 14 km
∴ 1 घण्टे में तय की गई दूरी = \(\frac{14}{25/60}\) km
∴ 5 घण्टे में तय की गई दूरी = \(\frac{14x60x5}{25}\) km
= 168 km

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 219

इन्हें कीजिए (क्रमांक 13.4)

प्रश्न 1.
एक वर्गांकित कागज लीजिए और उस पर 48 काउंटरों (counters) को पंक्तियों की विभिन्न संख्याओं में नीचे दर्शाए अनुसार व्यवस्थित कीजिए –


आप क्या देखते हैं? जब R में वृद्धि होती है, तो C में कमी होती है।

1. क्या R₁ : R₂ = C₂ : C₁ है?
2. क्या R₃ : R₄ = C₄ : C₃
3. क्या R और C परस्पर व्युत्क्रमानुपाती है?

इस क्रियाकलाप को 36 काउंटरों के साथ प्रयास कीजिए।
हल:
C₁ → 24
C₂ → 16
C₅ → 6
हम यहाँ देखते हैं कि R में वृद्धि होती है तो C में कमी होती

1. R₁ : R₂ = 2 : 3 और
C₂ : C₁ = 16 : 24 = 2 : 3
R₁ : R₂ = C₂ : C₁

2. R₃ : R₄ = 4 : 6 = 2 : 3 और
C₄ : C₃ = 8 : 12 = 2 : 3
R₃ : R₄ = C₄ : C₃

3. हाँ, R और C परस्पर व्युत्क्रमानुपाती हैं। उत्तर अब, 36 काउण्टरों के साथ क्रियाकलाप।

सूचना को सारणी के रूप में लिखने पर, हम प्राप्त करते हैं –

हम देखते हैं कि R में वृद्धि होती है, तो C में कमी होती हैं।

1. R₁ : R₂ = 2 : 3 और C₂ : C₁ = 12 : 18 = 2 : 3
R₁ : R₂ = C₂ : C₁

2. R₃ : R₄ = 4 : 6 = 2 : 3 और C₄ : C₃ = 6 : 9 = 2 : 3
R₃ : R₄ = C₄ : C₃

3. हाँ, R और C परस्पर व्युत्क्रमानुपाती हैं।

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 14.2)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित सारणियों को देखिए तथा ज्ञात कीजिए कि कौन-कौन से चरों (यहाँ x और y) के युग्म परस्पर प्रतिलोम समानुपात में हैं –

हल:
(i) हम देखते हैं कि
x × y = 50 x 5 ≠ 40 x 6 ≠ 30 x 7 ≠ 20 x 8
अतः x और y परस्पर प्रतिलोम समानुपात में नहीं हैं।

(ii) हम देखते हैं कि
x × y = 100 x 6 = 200 x 30 = 300 x 20
= 400 x 15 = अचर
अतः x और y परस्पर प्रतिलोम समानुपात में हैं।

(iii) हम देखते हैं कि
x × y = 90 x 10 = 60 x 15 = 45 x 20 ≠ 30 x 25 ≠ 20 x 30 ≠ 5 x 35
अतःx और , परस्पर प्रतिलोम समानुपात में नहीं हैं।

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 9 आँकड़ों का प्रबंधन Ex 9.2

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 212

प्रश्न 1.
पाँच गाँवों में पशुओं की कुल संख्या इस प्रकार हैं।

संकेत \(\otimes\) का प्रयोग करके जो 10 पशओं को निरूपित करता है, इन पशुओं का एक चित्रालेख बनाइए और निम्न प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(a) गाँव E के पशुओं को कितने संकेत निरूपित करते
(b) किस गाँव में पशुओं की संख्या अधिकतम है ?
(c) किस गाँव में अधिक पशु हैं : गाँव A में या गाँव C में ?
हल :
आँकड़ों का चित्रालेख

उत्तर-
(a) गाँव E के पशुओं को 6 संकेत निरूपित करते
(b) गाँव B में पशुओं की संख्या अधिकतम है।
(c) गाँव C में गाँव A से अधिक पशु हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
विभिन्न वर्षों में एक स्कूल के विद्यार्थियों की कुल संख्या निम्न सारणी द्वारा प्रदर्शित है :

A. एक संकेत  का प्रयोग करके जो 100 विद्यार्थियों को निरूपित करता है, एक चित्रालेख बनाइए और निम्न प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(a) वर्ष 2002 में कुल विद्यार्थियों की संख्या को कितने संकेत निरूपित कर रहे हैं ?
(b) वर्ष 1998 में कुल विद्यार्थियों की संख्या को कितने संकेत निरूपित कर रहे हैं ?
B. कोई और संकेत लेकर जो 50 विद्यार्थियों को निरूपित करता हो, एक अन्य चित्रालेख बनाइए। कौन-सा चित्रालेख अधिक सूचनाप्रद है ?
हल :
A. दिये हुए आँकड़ों का चित्रालेख

(a) वर्ष 2002 में कुल विद्यार्थियों की संख्या को 6 संकेत निरूपित कर रहे हैं।
(b) वर्ष 1998 में कुल विद्यार्थियों की संख्या को 5 पूरे संकेत और एक अधूरा संकेत निरूपित कर रहे हैं।

B. आँकड़ों का चित्रालेख

स्पष्ट है कि दूसरा चित्रालेख अधिक सूचनाप्रद है।

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 9 आँकड़ों का प्रबंधन Ex 9.1

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 206-210

प्रश्न 1.
गणित के एक टेस्ट में 40 विद्यार्थियों द्वारा निम्नलिखित अंक प्राप्त किए गए। इन अंकों को मिलान चिह्नों का प्रयोग करके, एक सारणी के रूप में व्यवस्थित कीजिए:

(a) ज्ञात कीजिए कि कितने विद्यार्थियों ने 7 या उससे अधिक अंक प्राप्त किए ?
(b) कितने विद्यार्थियों ने 4 से कम अंक प्राप्त किए ?
हल:

उत्तर-
(a) 7 या उससे अधिक अंक प्राप्त करने वाले विद्यार्थियों की संख्या = 5 + 4 + 3 = 12
(b) 4 से कम अंक प्राप्त करने वाले विद्यार्थियों की संख्या = 2 + 3 + 3 = 8

प्रश्न 2.
कक्षा VI के 30 विद्यार्थियों की मिठाइयों की पसन्द निम्नलिखित है:
लड्डू, बरफी, लड्डू, जलेबी, लड्डू, रसगुल्ला
जलेबी, लड्डू, बरफी, रसगुल्ला, लड्डू, जलेबी
जलेबी, रसगुल्ला, लड्डू, रसगुल्ला, जलेबी, लड्डू
रसगुल्ला, लड्डू, बरफी, रसगुल्ला, रसगुल्ला, लड्डू
जलेबी, रसगुल्ला, लड्डू, रसगुल्ला, जलेबी, लड्डू
(a) मिठाइयों के इन नामों को मिलान चिह्नों का प्रयोग करते हुए एक सारणी में व्यवस्थित कीजिए।
(b) कौन-सी मिठाइयाँ विद्यार्थियों द्वारा अधिक पसन्द की गईं ?
हल :
(a) अभीष्ट सारणी :

(b) लड्डू विद्यार्थियों द्वारा अधिक पसन्द किए गए।

प्रश्न 3.
केथरिन ने एक पासा (dice) लिया और उसको 40 बार उछालने पर प्राप्त संख्या को लिख लिया। उसने इस कार्य को 40 बार किया और प्रत्येक बार प्राप्त संख्याओं को निम्न प्रकार लिखा :

एक सारणी बनाइए और आँकड़ों को मिलान चिह्नों का प्रयोग करके लिखिए। अब ज्ञात कीजिए :
(a) न्यूनतम बार आने वाली संख्या।
(b) अधिकतम बार आने वाली संख्या।
(c) समान बार बाने वाली संख्या।
हल :
अभीष्ट सारणी

उत्तर-
(a) न्यूनतम बार आने वाली संख्या = 4
(b) अधिकतम बार आने वाली संख्या = 5
(c) समान बार आने वाली संख्या = 1 और 6

प्रश्न 4.
पाठ्य-पुस्तक में प्रकाशित चित्रालेख पाँच गाँवों में ट्रैक्टरों की संख्या दर्शाता है : चित्रालेख को देखिए और निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(i) किस गाँव में ट्रैक्टरों की संख्या न्यूनतम है ?
(ii) किस गाँव में ट्रैक्टरों की संख्या अधिकतम है ?
(iii) गाँव C में गाँव B से कितने ट्रैक्टर अधिक हैं ?
(iv) पाँचों गाँवों में कुल मिलाकर कितने ट्रैक्टर हैं ?
उत्तर-
(i) गाँव D में ट्रैक्टरों की संख्या न्यूनतम है।
(ii) गाँव C में ट्रैक्टरों की संख्या अधिकतम है।
(iii) गाँव C में गाँव B से 8 – 5 = 3 ट्रैक्टर अधिक हैं।
(iv) पाँचों गाँवों में कुल ट्रैक्टर = 6 + 5 + 8 + 3 + 6 = 28

प्रश्न 5.
एक सह-शिक्षा माध्यमिक विद्यालय की प्रत्येक कक्षा में लड़कियों की संख्या पाठ्य-पुस्तक में प्रकाशित चित्रालेख द्वारा प्रदर्शित है :
चित्रालेख को देखिए और निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(a) किस कक्षा में लड़कियों की संख्या न्यूनतम है ?
(b) क्या कक्षा VI में लड़कियों की संख्या कक्षा V की लड़कियों की संख्या से कम है ?
(c) कक्षा VII में कितनी लड़कियाँ हैं ?
उत्तर-
(a) कक्षा VIII में लड़कियों की संख्या न्यूनतम है।
(b) नहीं, कक्षा VI में लड़कियों की संख्या कक्षा V की लड़कियों की संख्या से कम नहीं है।
(c) कक्षा VII में 12 लड़कियाँ हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
किसी सप्ताह के विभिन्न दिनों में बिजली के बल्बों की बिक्री पाठ्य-पुस्तक में प्रकाशित चित्रालेख में दर्शाई गई है :
चित्रालेख को देखिए और निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(a) शुक्रवार को कितने बल्ब बेचे गए ?
(b) किस दिन बेचे गए बल्बों की संख्या अधिकतम थी?
(c) किन दिनों में बेचे गए बल्बों की संख्या समान थी ?
(d) किस दिन बेचे गए बल्बों की संख्या न्यूनतम थी ?
(e) यदि एक बड़े डिब्बे में 9 बल्ब आ सकते हैं, तो इस सप्ताह कितने डिब्बों की आवश्यकता पड़ी ?
उत्तर-
(a) शुक्रवार को 7 x 2 = 14 बल्ब बेचे गए।
(b) रविवार को बेचे गए बल्बों की संख्या अधिकतम थी।
(c) बुधवार और शनिवार को बेचे गये बल्बों की संख्या समान थी।
(d) बुधवार और शनिवार को बेचे गये बल्बों की संख्या न्यूनतम थी।
(e) चूँकि एक डिब्बे में 9 बल्ब आ सकते हैं।
∴86 बल्बों को रखने के लिए \(\frac { 86 }{ 9 }\) = \(9\frac { 5 }{ 9 }\) डिब्बे
अतः, इस सप्ताह 9 से अधिक डिब्बों की आवश्यकता पड़ेगी।

प्रश्न 7.
एक विशेष मौसम में, एक गाँव में 6 फल विक्रेताओं द्वारा बेची गई फलों की टोकरियों की संख्या पाठ्य-पुस्तक में प्रकाशित चित्रालेख द्वारा प्रदर्शित है :
चित्रालेख को देखिए और निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(a) किस फल विक्रेता ने अधिकतम फलों की टोकरियाँ बेची ?
(b) अनवर ने फलों की कितनी टोकरियाँ बेचीं ?
(c) वे विक्रेता जिन्होंने 600 या उससे अधिक टोकरियाँ बेची, अगले मौसम में गोदाम खरीदने की योजना बना रहे हैं क्या आप इनके नाम बता सकते हैं ?
उत्तर-
(a) मार्टिन ने अधिकतम फलों की टोकरियाँ बेचीं।
(b) अनवर ने फलों की 7 – 100 = 700 टोकरियाँ बेचीं।
(c) इनके नाम हैं- अनवर, मार्टिन और रंजीत सिंह।

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 16 Poverty: An Economic Challenge for India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
The bases of the comparison of income level is –
(a) absolute poverty
(b) relative poverty
(c) complete poverty
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) relative poverty

Question 2.
The state having maximum population of poor in India –
(a) Meghalaya
(b) Assam
(c) Bihar
(d) Madhya Pradesh.
Answer:
(a) Meghalaya

Question 3.
For how many days is employment provided under the Employment Guarantee Act 2005 –
(a) 25 days
(b) 50 days
(c) 75 days
(d) 100 days.
Answer:
(d) 100 days.

Fill in the blank:

1. An average income obtained by a person in a financial year is called ………………
2. ……………. Poverty means disparity of income.
3. The concept of ………………. as first given by the Indian economist Shri Dandekar.
4. The poorest district of Madhya Pradesh is ……………..
5. To measure the poverty in India generally two criteria are used first is absolute poverty and second …………….

Answer:

1. per capital income
2. Relative
3. poverty line
4. Jhabua
5. relative poverty.

True or False:

1. Rapid growth of population increases the poverty.
2. Punjab is the poorest state of India.
3. Employment Guarantee Act provides 5 kilograms of cereals and a minimum 20 percentage wages in cash.
4. People are considered as below poverty live in India who
5. are unable to obtain nutrition of 2100 calories per day in urban areas.
6. According to the report of planning commission in 2005 Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh is the poorest district in India.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the main economic challenges before India?
Answer:
Poverty, rapidly increasing population, widespread unemployment, rapidly increasing prices, regional imbalance and increasing economic disparities are the main economic challenges before India.

Question 2.
What is poverty line?
Answer:
By poverty line is meant that minimum economic standard which is necessary for their livelihood.

Question 3.
Mention the name of three states of India having the largest population of poorer.
Answer:
Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim.

Question 4.
Write about the social causes responsible for poverty.
Answer:
The social causes responsible for poverty are ignorance, fatalism, conservation etc.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does growth of population increase poverty? Explain.
Answer:
The population in India is rapidly increasing. Every year about 1.81 crore people are added to the existing population in India. According to the census of 2001 the annual growth of j population in India during the decade of 1991 – 2001 was 1.93. This leads to low per capital income and consumption and low standard  of living. It promotes poverty.

Question 2.
What changes have occurred in the condition of poverty during the last years in India? Mention.
Answer:
In India during the past years there has been a continuous decline in the population of people living below poverty line. In the year 1973 – 74 these were 54.9 per cent and in year 1993 – 94 36 per cent. It is estimated that in’the year 2006 – 07 the number of poor will reach 22 – 01 i.e. 19.3 per cent.

Question 3.
Explain the state-wise condition of poverty in India.
Answer:

Question 4.
Write about the main characteristics of the Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
Answer:
The chief goal of the Employment Guarantee Act 2005 is to provide 100 days employment every year to at least one adult of each rural or urban poor and low income family. Under this program me it is necessary to provide employment to an applicant within 15 days.

If employment is not provided within the due time then an unemployment allowance will be given to the concerned person. The allowance would be at least one – third of the minimum wages. This scheme was implemented on 2nd February, 2006 in 200 most backward districts of the country.

Question 5.
What is the basis to measure poverty?
Answer:
There are two criteria which are used to measure poverty. First absolute poverty and second relative poverty.

Absolute Poverty:
Absolute poverty is inability to be offered the basic amenities (food, clothing and health). All those people living below poverty line are included under it.

Relative Poverty:
It means disparity of inc e. It implies international income, economic inequalities and regional economic disparities.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the reasons responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
The main reasons responsible for poverty in India are:

1. Defective Development Strategy:
In India strategy a contradiction of poverty with growth is seen because the benefits of development are limited to only some people.

As a result of it the poor are becoming poorer and the rich richer. Opportunities for further progress are available to the educated and people who have facilities while the poor are unable to obtain even higher and technical education, due – to scarcity of wealth. The Government has made job opportunities available but its progress is very slow.

2. Unemployment:
Unemployment in India is widespread. According to an estimate there are about 5 crore unemployed people in India. The number of unemployed persons is increasing continuously, which is an important factor for poverty. In rural areas disguised unemployment also exists along with unemployment and seasonal unemployment. The increasing number of unemployed people decreases the productivity of individuals and the standard of income.

3. Low Per Capital Income:
In India poverty is expanding because of low per capital income. As compared to the developed countries of the world the per capital income in India is very low. According to the report of the World Bank of the year 2004 the per capital income in India is only 480 Dollars (about Rs. 24,000/-). Low per capital income is the chief reason of poverty in India.

4. Rapid Growth of Population:
The population in India is increasing rapidly. As regards population India ranks second in the world. Every year about 1.81 crore people are added to The existing population in India. According to the census of 2001 the annual growth of population in India during the decade of 1991 2001 was 1.93. This leads to low per capital income and consumption and low standard of living. It promotes poverty.

5. Use of Natural Resources:
Minerals, forest wealth and .human resources etc. in India are in abundance. But till now they have not been used in a proper way. The scanty use of natural resources is also a reason of poverty.

6. Inflation and Price Rise:
A huge amount of wealth is spent on the accomplishment of the development tasks. It generates inflationary pressure on the economy and the prices start increasing. As a result the problem of poverty becomes more severe.

7. Low Standard of Technical Knowledge:
There s scarcity of the facilities for the technical education and research etc. in India. About 36 per cent of the population of India is illiterate. The productivity declines as there is lack of technical education and facilities of training.

8. Low Productivity:
In India the productivity is low, therefore, proper returns from tire resources are not obtained and the people remain poor. Low productivity in the agriculture sector is the chief reason for rural poverty.

9. Uncertainty in Agriculture:
The Indian economy is based on agriculture, which depends on monsoon for irrigation. Monsoon is always uncertain due to which there have been fluctuations in the agricultural production. These natural calamities affect agricultural production adversely, which results in poverty.

10. Lack of Means of Transport and Communication:
In India 1 the rapid growth of agriculture, industries, and the tertiary sector is not possible means of transport and communications are not fully developed.

11. Social Reason:
People of India spend a big amount of their income on various programmers because of socioculture customs. On one hand it decreases the saving and on the other hand it increases indebtedness. Apart from this, ignorance, fatalism, conservation are also the causes of poverty in India.

Here the question under consideration is that though India is endowed with enough natural wealth even then it is a poor country, and Indians are leading their lives in poverty and s unemployment. There are means of prosperity in India but due to inadequate use of these means of prosperity, Indians are living in poverty.

Question 2.
Describe in brief the main programmers for the eradication of poverty in India?
Answer:
The Indian planners were concerned from the very beginning regarding the eradication of the problem of poverty. In this direction the government endeavored to promote economic growth. It has adopted many poverty- alleviation programmers and has launched many schemes to fulfill the needs of people of the rural areas. Following are the main programmers for the eradication of poverty.

1. Swarnjayanti Gram:
Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY) Was started on 1^st April, 1999. The programmer aims at bringing the poor families above poverty line within the period of three years by organizing them into self-help group through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. This programmer also aims to generate additional income for rural poorer. This is being conducted through the District Village Development Agency (Jila Gramya Vikas Abhikaran).

2. Swarnjayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojna:
This scheme was launched on 11^th December, 1997 for the eradication of poverty in urban areas. The scheme aims at providing financial aid to the poor in the urban areas for self-employment and for building assets for the creation of salaried employment.

3. Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna:
The scheme started on 2nd October, 1993. It aims to create self – employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth of 18 to 35 years age – group in rural areas and small towns.

4. Grameen Rojgar Srajun Karyakram:
This scheme was launched in April 1995 with the aim to establish projects and create self – employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns.

5. Annapoorna Yojna:
This scheme was started on 1^st April, 2000. This scheme aims to provide food security to people of 65 years of age and above who were illegible to obtain pension under the National Old Age Pension Scheme but are not receiving it. Under this scheme per month per head 10 kilograms of food-grains are provided free of cost. In the year 2002-03 National Social Help Program was merged with it.

6. Janshri Yojna:
This scheme was launched in August 2000, to provide social security to the poor section of the society, under this scheme Rs. 20,000 in case of natural death, Rs. 50,000 in case of dearth or permanent disability in an accident and Rs. 25,000 in case of partial disability is provided to the concerned person.

7. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna:
This scheme was launched in the rural areas with the air the increasing job opportunities along with food security. The laborers working under this scheme are paid a minimum quantity of food i.e. 5 – kilogram of cereals and a minimum 20 per cent wages in cash. The aim of this scheme is to provide security to the weaker sections of the society.

8. Gram Sainradhi Yojna:
A declaration to launch this scheme was made in March 1999. The present existing Jawahar Rojgar Yojna will be changed in a way all the funds can be spent by the Gram Panchayats, so that the can use it in rural development programmers. Thus they will have power to prepare and implement annual plans related to this work.

9. Antyodaya Anna Yojna was launched on 25^th December, 2001. The main objective of this scheme is to provide food-grains to the people living below the poverty line, who are included under the targeted public distribution system. In this scheme 35 Kilograms of cereal per month is distributed to 1.50 crore poor families on special concessional prices. The Central Issue Prices of wheat and rice under this scheme are Rs. 2 and Rs. 3 per kilogram respectively.

10. Employment Guarantee Act (2005):
Its main aim is to provide 100 days employment every year to at least one adult of each rural or urban poor and low income family. Under this programmer it is necessary to provide employment to an applicant with 15 days. If employment is not provided within the due time then an unemployment allowance will be given to the concerned person. The allowance would be at least one-third of minimum wages.

Question 3.
India is rich nation but its citizens are poor / Explain.
Answer:
Often it is said about India that India is a rich nation but its residents are poor. It is an ironical statement. India is a wealthy nation but the second part of the statement infers that Indians are poor. Lets understand the irony of this situation. India is a rich nation From ancient times India has been considered a geographically and culturally rich nation.

Here natural resources are in abundance for development. India’s geographical area is very vast, natural resources are good, climate is favorable, forest wealth is in adequate quantity, essential resources of energy are also available in adequate quantity and human power is also enough.

The chief reasons for calling India rich country are as below:

1. Geographical Position:
The geographical location of India is suitable from the point of view of development. In the north the Himalayas act as an alert watchman.

The peninsular location of the country and the presence of Indian Ocean links India with different international trade routes. India’s location for airways is also very suitable. Thus the geographical location of India is very appropriate for economic development and foreign trade.

2. Monsoon Climate:
The climatic conditions of India are monsoon – oriented, as a result of it different types of agricultural products are grown in the country. The different industries of our country obtain enough raw material from it. Owing to different type of climatic conditions we can grow different types of food and cash crops.

3. Abundance of Water Power:
We get water throughout the year from the perennial rivers originating from the Himalayas. These rivers play an important role in agricultural country like India. Today we use this water power for irrigation and to produce thousands of Kilowatt of electricity but we have not been able to make use of this resource to the fullest.

4. Forest Wealth:
Out of total area of India, the percentage of forest area is 19.39 We obtain fuel, oil, gums, timber wood, kattha, lac, leatherk, dying material etc. If the forest wealth of India is used efficiently then it may prove to be very useful in the development of country.

5. Availability of Means of Energy and Minerals in Abundance:
India is a rich country regarding minerals and means of power. Out of the total stock of iron in the world one-fourth stock is available in India. India also leads in production of manganese and mica. We have plenty of stock of coal, bauxite, gypsum, Thorium, Uranium materials which are used in production of atomic power.

6. Human Resources:
About 110 crore population of India is able, to – face any type of challenge. If this resource is used in a planned way then the development of the country can be enhanced. In spite of India being rich in the available resources Indians are poor.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Other Important Questions

Choose the Correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) Which is the poorest district in India?
(a) Dang
(b) Banswada
(c) Jhabua
(d) Punjab.
Answer:
(a) Dang

Question 2.
The numbers of people living below the poverty line in India is maximum in –
(a) Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Sikkim
(b) Bihar, Orissa and Assam
(c) Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim
(d) Bihar, Sikkim and Jhabua.
Answer:
(c) Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim

Question 3.
Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna was started on –
(a) 2^nd Oct. 1993
(b) 2^nd Oct. 1994
(b) 2^nd Oct. 1995
(d) 2^nd Oct. 1992.
Answer:
(a) 2^nd Oct. 1993

Question 4.
Janshri Yojna was launched to provide –
(a) Job opportunities
(b) food security
(c) Social security to the poor section of the society
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Social security to the poor section of the society

Question 5.
The extent of poverty in various states of India is –
(a) uniform
(b) not uniform
(c) similar
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) not uniform

Fill in the blank:

1. Among economic challenges the most serious is the problem of ……………
2. …………….. persons per year are added to Indian population.
3. Prime minister Rojgar Youjna was started from …………………..
4. The condition in which value of currency decreases and prices increase is called ……………..
5. …………… scheme was started from 1 April, 1999.

Answer:

1. poverty
2. 1.81 crore
3. 2 October, 1993
4. Inflation,
5. Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna.

True or False:

1. Under Antyodaya Anna Yojna 5 kg grain is provided.
2. About 36% population of India is illiterate.
3. Economy in India is agriculture based.
4. Geographical condition of India is not appropriate from point of view of growth.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What type of economy does India have?
Answer:
India has a developing economy.

Question 2.
What is the position of Indian economy in the world?
Answer:
Indian economy is placed among the most powerful economy of the world.

Question 3.
Which is the most severe economic challenge?
Answer:
The most severe economic challenge is the problem of poverty,

Question 4.
What is the reason of poverty?
Answer:
Scarcity of wealth is the reason of poverty.

Question 5.
What is poverty line?
Answer:
By poverty line is meant that minimum economic standard which is necessary for their livelihood.

Question 6.
What do you mean by absolute poverty?
Answer:
Absolute poverty is inability to offered the basic amenities (food, clothing and health).

Question 7.
Which organisation measures the population living below poverty line in India?
Answer:
The National Sample Survey Organisation measures the population living below poverty line in India.

Question 8.
When was Annapurna Yojna launched?
Answer:
Annapurna Yojna was launched on 1^st April, 2000.

Question 9.
What is the other name for District Village Development Agency?
Answer:
Jila Gramya Vikas Adhikaran.

Question 10.
What is the main objective of the scheme Antyodaya Anna Yojna?
Answer:
The mam objective of this scheme is to provide food-grains to the people living below the poverty line.

Question 11.
Why is poverty expanding in India?
Answer:
Poverty is expanding in India because of low per capital income.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of poverty?
Answer:
Scarcity of wealth is the reason of poverty. The poor economic condition of some people does not lead to poverty but when majority of people of a society are unable to fulfill the minimum requirements of life then this situation is known as poverty. If essential facilities of housing, clothing and food are not available to majority of people of a society then it is called as situation of poverty.

Question 2.
How is low per capital income responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
In India poverty is expanding because of low per capital income. As compared to the developed countries of the world the per capital income in India is very low. According to the report of the World Bank of the year 2004 the per capital income in India is only 480 dollars (about Rs. 24,000/-) Low per capital income is the chief reason of poverty in India.

Question 3.
How is defective development strategy responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
In India we see a contradiction of poverty with growth is seen. The reason behind it is that the benefits of development are limited to only some people. As a result of it the poor are becoming poorer and the rich richer.

Opportunities for further progress and available to the educated and people who have facilities while the poor are unable to obtain even higher and technical education, due to scarcity of wealth. Tire Government has made job opportunities available bin its progress is very slow.

Question 4.
Write about Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna?
Answer:
Swsarnjayanti Gram nvarojgar Yojna was started on 1st April, 1999. The programmer aims at bringing the poor families above poverty line within the period of three years by organizing them into self help group through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. This programmed also aims to generate additional income for rural poorer s. This is being conducted through the District Village Development Agency (Jila Gramya Vikas Abhikaran).

Question 5.
What is Antodaya Anna Yojna?
Answer:
Antyodaya Anna Yojna was launched on 25^th December 2001. The main objective of this scheme is to provide food grains to the people living below the poverty line, who are included under the targeted public distribution system. In this scheme 35 kilograms of cereal per month is distributed to 1.50 crore poor families on special concessional prices. The Central Issue Prices of wheat and rice under this scheme are Rs. 2 and Rs. 3 per kilogram respectively.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Poverty? How can poverty be identified?
Answer:
Scarcity of wealth is the reason of poverty. The poor economic condition of some people does not lead to poverty but when a majority of the people of a society are unable to fulfill the minimum requirements of life then this situation is known as poverty. If essential facilities of housing, clothing and food are not available to the majority of people of a society then it is called a situation of poverty.

It is very easy.to identify poverty but it is difficult to define it. When we see shattered dwellings and families living in slums all around us, beggars begging at railway stations and cross roads, laborers working in agricultural farms, then we can call such deprived people as poverty stricken. The people living ‘below, the poverty line are defined as poor.

Question 2.
Which are main programmers for eradication of poverty in India? Explain any four.
Answer:
The Indian planners were concerned from the very beginning about the eradication of poverty. In this direction the government is endeavoring to promote economic growth. It has adopted many poverty – alleviation programmers and has launched many schemes to fulfill the needs of people of the rural areas. The following are the main programmers for the eradication of poverty.

1. Swamjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY) – 1^st April, 1999
2.  Swamjayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojna – 11^th‘ December, 1997
3. Prime Minister Rojgar-Yojna – 2^nd October, 1993
4. Grameen Rojgar Srajan Karyakram – April 1995
5. Annapoorna Yojna – 1^st April, 2000
6. janshri Yojna – August 2000
7. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna
8. Gram Samradhi Yojna – March 1999
9. Antyodaya Anna Yojna – 25^th December, 2001.
10. Mahatma Gandhi Employment Guarantee Act (2005) – 2^nd February, 2006

1. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY):
It was started on 1^st April, 1999. The programmer aims at bringing the poor families above poverty line within a period of three years by organizing them into self help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. This programmed also aims at generating additional income for the rural poor. This is being conducted through the District, village Development Agency (Jila Gramya Vikas Abhikaran).

2. Annapooma Yojna:
This scheme was started on 1^st April, 2000. This scheme aims to provide food security to people of 65 years of age and above who were eligible to obtain pension under the National Old Age Pension Scheme but are not getting it. Under this scheme per month per head 10 kilograms of food grains are provided free of cost. In the year 2002-03 the National Social Help Program was merged with it.

3. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna:
This scheme was launched in the rural areas with the aim of increasing job opportunities along with food security. The laborers working under this scheme are paid a minimum quantity of food i.e. 5 kilogram of cereals and a minimum 20 per cent wages in cash. The aim of this scheme is to provide security to the weaker sections of society.

4. Mahatma Gandhi Employment Guarantee Act (2005):
Its main aim is to provide 100 days employment every year to at least one adult of each rural or urban poor and low income family. Under this programmer it is necessary to provide employment to an applicant within 15 days.

If employment is not provided within the due time then an unemployment allowance will be given to the concerned person. The allowance would be at least one third of the minimum wages. This scheme was implemented on 2nd February, 2006 in 200 most backward districts of the country.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 9 आँकड़ों का प्रबंधन Intext Questions

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 202

इन्हें कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
अपने सहपाठियों के परिवारों के सदस्यों से सम्बन्धित सूचनाएँ एकत्रित कीजिए और उन्हें एक सारणी के रूप में निरूपित कीजिए कि
(a) कौन-सी संख्या न्यूनतम बार आती है ?
(b) कौन-सी संख्या अधिकतम बार आती है ?
(c) कौन-सी संख्याएँ बराबर बार आती हैं ?
हल :
माना कि 20 सहपाटियों के परिवारों के सदस्यों की संख्या निम्न प्रकार है :
6, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3, 7, 5.4, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 5, 6, 4, 6 सारणी

(a) न्यूनतम बार आने वाली संख्या 7 है।
(b) अधिकतम बार आने वाली संख्या 5 है।
(c) कोई भी संख्या बराबर बार नहीं आयी है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 203

प्रश्न 1.
(i) किस पंक्ति में पुस्तकों की संख्या सबसे अधिक है?
(ii) किस पंक्ति में पुस्तकों की संख्या सबसे कम है ?
(iii) क्या ऐसी पंक्ति है जिसमें एक भी पुस्तक नहीं है ?
उत्तर-
(i) पंक्ति 4 में पुस्तकों की संख्या सबसे अधिक है।
(ii) पंक्ति 3 में पुस्तकों की संख्या सबसे कम है।
(iii) ऐसी कोई भी पंक्ति नहीं है जिसमें एक भी किताब न हो।

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 8 दशमलव Ex 8.6

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 196

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न को घटाओ
(a) Rs 20.75 में से Rs 18.25
(b) 250 मी में से 202.54 मी
(c) Rs 8.4 में से Rs 5.36
(d) 5.206 किमी में से 2.051 किमी
(e) 2.107 किग्रा में से 0.314 किग्रा
हल :

प्रश्न 2.
मान ज्ञात कीजिए
(a) 9.756 – 6.28
(b) 21.05 – 15.27
(c) 18.5 – 6.79
(d) 11.6 – 9.847
हल :
(a) 9.756 – 6.280 = 3.476
(b) 21.05 – 15.27 = 5.78
(c) 18.50 – 6.79 = 11.71
(d) 11.600 – 9.847 = 1.753

प्रश्न 3.
राजू एक पुस्तक Rs 35.65 की खरीदता है। उसने दुकानदार को Rs 50 दिए। दुकानदार ने उसके कितने रुपये वापस दिए ?
हल :

प्रश्न 4.
रानी के पास Rs 18:50 हैं। उसने Rs 11.75 की एक आइसक्रीम खरीदी। अब उसके पास कितने रुपये बचे ?
हल :

प्रश्न 5.
टीना के पास 20 मी 5 सेमी लम्बा कपड़ा है। उसमें से उसके एक पर्दा बनाने के लिए 4 मी 50 सेमी कपड़ा काट लिया। टीना के पास अब कितना लम्बा कपड़ा बचा?
हल :

प्रश्न 6.
नमिता प्रतिदिन 20 किमी 50 मी की दूरी तय करिती है। इसमें से 10 किमी 200 मी की दूरी वह बस द्वारा तय करती है और शेष दूरी ऑटो रिक्शा द्वारा। नमिता ऑटो रिक्शा द्वारा कितनी दूरी तय करती है ?
हल :

प्रश्न 7.
आकाश 10 किग्रा सब्जी खरीदता है जिसमें से 3 किग्रा 500 ग्राम प्याज, 2 किग्रा 75 ग्रा टमाटर और शेष आलू हैं। आलू का वजन ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 8 दशमलव Ex 8.5

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 194

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न में से प्रत्येक का जोड़ ज्ञात कीजिए
(i) 0.007 + 8.5 + 30.08
(ii) 15 + 0.632 + 13.8
(iii) 27.076 + 0.55 + 0.004
(iv) 25.65 + 9.005 + 3.7
(v) 0.75 + 10.425 + 2
(vi) 280.69 + 25.2 + 38
हल :

प्रश्न 2.
रशीद ने Rs 35.75 में गणित की और Rs 32.60 में विज्ञान की पुस्तक खरीदी। रशीद द्वारा खर्च किया गया कुल धन प्राप्त कीजिए
हल :

प्रश्न 3.
राधिका की माँ ने उसे Rs 10.50 दिए और पिता ने Rs 15.80 दिए। उसके माता-पिता द्वारा दिया गया कुल धन ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :

प्रश्न 4.
नसरीन ने अपनी कमीज के लिए 3 मी. 20 सेमी कपड़ा खरीदा और 2 मी 5 सेमी पैंट के लिए खरीदा। उसके द्वारा खरीदे गए कपड़े की कुल लम्बाई निकालिए।
हल :

प्रश्न 5.
नरेश प्रातःकाल में 2 किमी 35 मी चला और सायंकाल में 1 किमी 7 मी चला। वह कुल कितनी दूरी चला?
हल :

प्रश्न 6.
सुनीता अपने स्कूल पहुँचने के लिए 15 किमी 268 मी की दूरी बस से,7 किमी 7 मी की दूरी कार से और 500 मी की दूरी पैदल तय करती है। उसका स्कूल उसके घर में कितनी दूर है ? हल:

प्रश्न 7.
रवि ने 5 किग्रा 400 ग्रा चावल, 2 किग्रा 20 ग्रा चीनी और 100 किग्रा 850 ग्रा आटा खरीदा। उसके द्वारा की गई खरीदारी का कुल भार (या वजन) ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 195

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
(i) 5.46 में से 1.85 घटाएँ।
(ii) 8.28 में से 5.25 घटाएँ।
(iii) 2.29 में से 0.95 घटाएँ।
(iv) 5.68 में से 2-25 घटाएँ।
हल :
(i) 5.46 में से 1.85 घटाएँ

अतः 5.46 – 1.85 = 3.61

(ii) 8.28 में से 5.25 घटाएँ

अतः 8.28 – 5.25 = 3.03

(iii) 2.29 में से 0.95 घटाएँ

अत: 2.29 – 0.95 = 1.34

(iv) 5.68 में से 2.25 घटाएँ

अत: 5.68 – 2.25 = 3.43

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 8 दशमलव Ex 8.4

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 191-192

प्रश्न 1.
दशमलव का प्रयोग कर Rs में बदलिए
(a) 5 पैसे
(b) 75 पैसे
(c) 20 पैसे
(d) 50 रुपये 90 पैसे
(e) 725 पैसे।
हल :
(a) 5 पैसे = Rs \(\frac { 5 }{ 100 }\) = Rs 0.05
(∵ 1 पैसा = Rs \(\frac { 1 }{ 100 }\))

(b) 75 पैसे = Rs \(\frac { 75 }{ 100 }\) = Rs 0.75

(c) 20 पैसे = Rs \(\frac { 20 }{ 100 }\) = Rs 0.20

(d) 50 रुपये 90 पैसे = 50 + \(\frac { 90 }{ 100 }\)
= 50 + 0.90
= Rs 50.90

(e) 725 पैसे = Rs \(\frac { 725 }{ 100 }\)
= \(\frac{700}{100}+\frac{25}{100}\)
= 7 + 0.25
= Rs 7.25

प्रश्न 2.
दशमलव का प्रयोग कर मीटर में व्यक्त कीजिए
(a) 15 सेमी,
(b) 6 सेमी
(c) 2 मीटर 45 सेमी
(d) 9 मीटर 7 सेमी
(e) 419 सेमी
हल :
∵100 सेमी = 1 मीटर
∴1 सेमी = \(\frac { 1 }{ 100 }\) मीटर

(a) 15 सेमी = 15 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 100 }\) मीटर
= \(\frac { 15 }{ 100 }\) मीटर
= 0.15 मीटर

(b) 6 सेमी = 6 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 100 }\) मीटर
= \(\frac { 6 }{ 100 }\) मीटर
= 0.06 मीटर

(c) 2 मीटर 45 सेमी = 2 मीटर + 45 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 100 }\) मीटर
= 2 मीटर + \(\frac { 45 }{ 100 }\) मीटर
= 2 मी. + 0.45 मी
= 2.45 मी

(d) 9 मीटर 7 सेमी = 9 मी + 7 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 100 }\) मी
= 9 मी + \(\frac { 7 }{ 100 }\) मी
= 9 मी + 0.07 मी
= 9.07 मी

(e) 419 सेमी = 419 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 100 }\) मी
= \(\frac { 400 }{ 100 }\) मी + \(\frac { 19 }{ 100 }\) मी
= 4 मी + 0.19 मी
= 4.19 मी

प्रश्न 3.
दशमलव का प्रयोग कर सेमी में बदलिए
(a) 5 मिमी
(b) 60 मिमी
(c) 164 मिमी
(d) 9 सेमी 8 मिमी
(e) 93 मिमी
हल :
∵10 मिमी = 1 सेमी
∴1 मिमी = \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) सेमी

(a) 5 मिमी = 5 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= \(\frac { 5 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 0.5 सेमी

(b) 60 मिमी = 60 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= \(\frac { 60 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 6 सेमी

(c) 164 मिमी = 164 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= \(\frac { 164 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= \(\frac { 160+4 }{ 10 }\) समा
= \(\frac { 160 }{ 10 }\) सेमी + \(\frac { 4 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 16 सेमी + 0.4 सेमी
= 16.4 सेमी

(d) 9 सेमी 8 मिमी = 9 सेमी + 8 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 9 सेमी + \(\frac { 8 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 9 सेमी + 0.8 सेमी
= 9.8 सेमी

(e) 93 मिमी = 93 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= \(\frac { 90 }{ 10 }\) सेमी + \(\frac { 3 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 9 सेमी + 0.3 सेमी
= 9.3 सेमी

प्रश्न 4.
दशमलव का प्रयोग कर किमी में लिखिए
(a) 8 मी
(b) 88 मी
(c) 8888 मी
(d) 70 किमी 5 मी
हल :
:: 1000 मीटर = 1 किमी,
1 मीटर = \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\) किमी

(a) 8 मी = 8 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\) किमी
= \(\frac { 8 }{ 1000 }\) किमी
= 0.008 किमी

(b) 88 मी. = 88 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\) किमी
= \(\frac { 88 }{ 1000 }\) किमी
= 0.088 किमी

(c) 8888 मी = 8888 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\) किमी
= \(\frac { 8000 }{ 1000 }\) कमा + \(\frac { 888 }{ 1000 }\) किमा
= 8 किमी + 0.888 किमी
= 8.888 किमी

(d) 70 किमी 5 मी = 70 किमी + 5 मी.
= 70 किमी + \(\frac { 5 }{ 1000 }\) किमी
= 70 किमी + 0.005 किमी
= 70.005 किमी

प्रश्न 5.
दशमलव का प्रयोग कर किग्रा में लिखिए
(a) 2 ग्रा
(b) 100 ग्रा
(c) 3750 ग्रा
(d) 5 किग्रा 8 ग्रा
(e) 26 किग्रा 50 ग्रा।
हल :
1 किग्रा = 1000 ग्रा
1 ग्रा = \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\) किग्रा

(a) 2 ग्रा = \(\frac { 2 }{ 1000 }\) किग्रा
= 0.002 किग्रा

(b) 100 ग्रा = \(\frac { 100 }{ 1000 }\) किग्रा
= 0.1 किग्रा

(c) 3750 ग्रा = \(\frac { 3750 }{ 1000 }\) किग्रा
= \(\frac { 3000 }{ 1000 }\) किग्रा + \(\frac { 750 }{ 1000 }\) किग्रा
= 3 किग्रा + 0.750 किग्रा
= 3.750 किग्रा

(d) 5 किग्रा 8 ग्रा = 5 किग्रा + 8 ग्रा
= 5 किग्रा + \(\frac { 8 }{ 1000 }\) किग्रा
= 5.008 किग्रा

(e) 26 किग्रा 50 ग्रा = 26 किग्रा + 50 ग्रा
= 26 किग्रा + \(\frac { 50 }{ 1000 }\) किग्रा
= 26 किग्रा + 0.050 किग्रा
= 26.050 किग्रा

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 193

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
ज्ञात कीजिए
(i) 0.29 + 0.36
(ii) 0.7 + 0.08
(iii) 1.54 + 1.80
(iv) 2.66 + 1.85
हल :
(i) 0.29 + 0.36

अतः 0.29 + 0.36 = 0.65

(ii) 0.7 + 0.08

अतः 0.7 + 0.08 = 0.78

(iii) 1.54 + 1.80

अतः 1.54 + 1.80 = 3.34

(iv) 2.66 + 1.85

अत: 2.66 + 1.85 = 4.51

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 8 दशमलव Ex 8.3

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 190

प्रश्न 1.
कौन-सी बड़ी है ? कारण भी लिखिए
(a) 0.3 या 0.4
(b) 0.07 या 0.02
(c) 3 या 0.8
(d) 0.5 या 0.05
(e) 1.23 या 1.2
(f) 0.099 या 0.19
(g) 1.5 या 1.50
(h) 1.431 या 1.490
(i) 3.3 या 3.300
(j) 5.64 या 5.603
(k) पाँच ऐसे ही उदाहरण लिखकर उनमें से बड़ी संख्या ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
(a) 0.3 = \(\frac { 3 }{ 10 }\) और 0.4 = \(\frac { 4 }{ 10 }\)
∵ 0.3 का दशांश स्थान का अंक (3) 0.4 के दशांश स्थान के अंक (4) से छोटा है। :
∴0.3 < 0.4 अर्थात् 0.4 > 0.3

(b) 0.07 = \(\frac { 7 }{ 100 }\) और 0.02 = \(\frac { 2 }{ 100 }\)
∵ 0.07 की शतांश स्थान का अंक (7) 0.02 के शतांश स्थान के अंक (2) से बड़ा है। (7 > 2)
∴ 0.07 > 0.02

(c) 3 = 3 + \(\frac { 0 }{ 10 }\) और 0.8 = 0 + \(\frac { 8 }{ 10 }\).
∵ 3 का पूर्ण भाग 0.8 से बड़ा है। (3 > 0)
∴ 3 > 0.8

(d)

∵ 0.5 का दशांश स्थान का अंक (5) 0.05 के दशांश स्थान के अंक (0) से बड़ा है। (5 > 0)
∴ 0.5 > 0.05

(e)

∵ 1.23 का शतांश स्थान का अंक (3) 1.2 के शतांश स्थान के अंक (0) से बड़ा है। (3 > 0)
∴ 1.23 > 1.2

(f)

∵ 0.099 का दशांश स्थान का अंक (0) 0.19 के दशांश के अंक (1) से छोटा है। (0 < 1)
∴ 0.099 < 0.19 अर्थात् 0.19 > 0.099

(g)

∵ इस स्थिति में दोनों संख्या ओं का भाग पूर्णतः समान है।
∴ दोनों संख्याएँ समान हैं।

(h)

∵ 1.431 का शतांश स्थान का अंक (3) 1.490 के शतांश स्थान के अंक (9) से छोटा है। (3 > 9)
∴ 1.431 < 1.490. अर्थात् 1.490 > 1.431

(i)

∵ इस स्थिति में दोनों संख्याओं का भाग पूर्णतः समान है।
∴ 3.3 और 3.300 समान हैं।

(j)

∵ 5.64 का शतांश स्थान का अंक (4) 5.603 के शतांश स्थान के अंक (0) से बड़ा है। (4 > 0)
∴ 5.64 > 5.603

(k) उदाहरण
(i) 1.08 या 1.082
(ii) 1.0 या 0.99
(iii) 13.55 या 13.5
(iv) 4.03 या 4.30
(v) 11.21 या 11.12
यहाँ,
(i) 1.082 > 1.08,
(ii) 1.0 > 0.99,
(iii) 13.55 > 13.5,
(iv) 4.30 > 4.03,
(v) 11.21 > 11.12.

प्रयास कीजिए .

प्रश्न 1.
(i) 2 रुपये 5 पैसे और 2 रुपये 50 पैसों को दशमलव में लिखिए।
(ii) 20 रुपये 7 पैसे और 21 रुपये 75 पैसों को दशमलव में लिखिए।
हल :
(i) 2 रुपये 5 पैसे = 2 रुपये + \(\frac { 5 }{ 100 }\) रुपये
= 2 रुपये + 0.05 रुपये
= 2.05 रुपये
2 रुपये 50 पैसे = 2 रुपये + \(\frac { 50 }{ 100 }\) रुपये
= 2 रुपये + 0.50 रुपये
= 2.50 रुपये

(ii) 20 रुपये 7 पैसे = 20 रुपये + \(\frac { 7 }{ 100 }\) रुपये
= 20 रुपये + 0.07 रुपये
= 20.07 रुपये
21 रुपये 75 पैसे = 21 रुपये + \(\frac { 75 }{ 100 }\) रुपये
= 21 रुपये + 0.75 रुपये
= 21.75 रुपये

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 191

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
क्या 4 मिमी को दशमलव का प्रयोग कर सेमी में लिख सकते हैं?
हल :
हाँ, 4 मिमी = \(\frac { 4 }{ 10 }\) सेमी = 0.4 सेमी

प्रश्न 2.
7 सेमी 5 मिमी को दशमलव का प्रयोग कर सेमी में कैसे लिखेंगे?
हल :
7 सेमी 5 मिमी = 7 सेमी + \(\frac { 5 }{ 10 }\) सेमी
= 7 सेमी + 0.5 सेमी
= 7.5 सेमी

प्रश्न 3.
क्या अब आप 52 मी को दशमलव का प्रयोग कर किमी में लिख सकते हैं? दशमलव का प्रयोग कर 340 मीटर को किमी में कैसे लिखेंगे ? 2008 मी को किमी में कैसे लिखेंगे?
हल :

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
क्या आप 456 ग्रा को दशमलव का प्रयोग कर किग्रा में लिख सकते हैं ?
हल :
हाँ 456 ग्रा = \(\frac { 456 }{ 1000 }\) किग्रा = 0.456 किग्रा

प्रश्न 2.
2 कि 9 ग्राम को दशमलव का प्रयोग कर किग्रा में कैसे लिख सकते हैं ?
हल :
2 कि 9 ग्राम = 2 किग्रा + 9 ग्राम
= 2 किग्रा + \(\frac { 9 }{ 1000 }\) किग्रा
= 2 किग्रा + 0.009 किग्रा
= 2.009 किग्रा

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 Growth of Rural Economy

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Who owns resources in a capitalistic economy?
(a) Government
(b) Both
(c) Individual
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Individual

Question 2.
Which Mughal ruler did give priority to the construct canals to increase irrigation facilities?
(a) Mohammad Tughlaq
(b) Akbar
(b) Shahjailan
(d) Humayun.
Answer:
(a) Mohammad Tughlaq

Question 3.
Before the arrival of Britishers the rural economy was based on –
(a) Currency system
(b) Self-sufficiency
(b) Imports
(d) Exports.
Answer:
(b) Imports

Question 4.
The percentage of rural population India in the year 2001 was –
(a) 21.4
(b) 32.0
(c) 65.1
(d) 72.2.
Answer:
(d) 72.2.

Question 5.
When was land reform introduced in India?
(a) After independence
(b) Before the arrival of Britishers
(c) In vedic period
(d) In Mughal period.
Answer:
(d) In Mughal period.

Fill in the blank:

1. An …………… is a system by which people earn their living.
2. Now mainly ………….. crops are produced during a year.
3. The primary objective of farming was ……………. before the arrival of the Britishers.
4. The zamindari system was started by ………………

Answer:

1. economy
2. three
3. self sufficiency
4. Lord Cornwallis.

True or False:

1. The government decides a minimum support price for the sale of crops at reasonable price.
2. Villages got completely independent after the arrival of the British.
3. For the development of agriculture the small non-economic farms should be merged into one big farm.
4. Contribution of agriculture in the national income is increasing after independence.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the term ‘economy’.
Answer:
An economy is a system by which people earn their living and it comprises of the production units existing in that area. In other words we can say, an economy of a country includes shops, mines, banks, roads, schools, colleges, universities, hospitals etc. which provide employment to people and produce goods and services which is also used by the people of that place.

Question 2.
How were the village economies in India organised before the arrival of the Britishers?
Answer:
In ancient times majority of population resided in villages. In fact villages were a major unit of the economy. At that time villages were self-sufficient, prosperous and happy. The villagers fulfilled their needs through local resources only.

Question 3.
What is meant by self – sufficiency of villages?
Answer:
Self – sufficiency means that villagers fulfilled their needs through local resources only before the arrival of the British.

Question 4.
What were the main categories of working population of ancient villages?
Answer:
The main categories of working population of ancient villages were:

1. Farmers
2. Artisans
3. Village officer.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
State the structure of Indian rural working community before the arrival of the Britishers?
Answer:
There were three main components of the working population or community is before the terminal of Britishers Farmers, artisans and village officer.

Farmers:
The most important component of the rural economy was the fainer. The special feature was that every farmer in the village had his own house and share in the land. They were resourceful. Livelihood was the primary objective of farming.

Artisans:
Artisans included carpenters, blacksmiths, potters, goldsmiths, craftsmen, cobblers weavers etc. They fulfilled the needs of villagers in the village itself.

Village Officers:
The village officers were of three types:

1. Mead
2. Maal Gujar
3. Kotwal.

Question 2.
Why did the transfer of land – holding start after the arrival of the Britishers?
Answer:
We know that the Britishers made India their colony and ruled over our country for about 200 years. They exploited India  as well as Indians from every point of view. They adopted such policies due to which prosperous India had to face poverty and starvation. Farmers lost their prosperity.

They started meeting their requirements by taking loans due to widespread poverty. But due to the inability to repay loans the moneylenders started confiscating ‘ their land. Thus, the agricultural, land was transferred to the money- v lenders from farmers – As a result the farmers became landless.

Question 3.
Why did’ the Barter system of exchange prevail in India?
Answer:
Before the arrival of the British the villages were self – reliant and self – sufficient. They fulfilled their heeds through local  resources. Hence barter system of exchange prevailed in the ancient rural economy. The farmers obtained the required goods and services from artisans and moneylenders and gave them food – grains in exchange. All the payments for the services of pandit doctor, barber, washserman, were made in the forms of grains or other things.

Question 4.
What changes occurred in the structure of rural economy 1 after independence?
Answer:
Several changes occurred in the structure of rural economy after independence:

1. Structure of community on the basis of availability of land we can divide the farmers into four categories on the basis of ownership of land available to them big farmers, medium farmers, small farmers and landless farmers.
2. Multiple cropping Mainly three crops are produced during a year kharif, rabi and jayed.
3. Migration of population towards cities – The rural population is fleeing towards urban areas due to poverty, starvation, unemployment etc.
4. Rise of monetary system -Barter system is not in existence. Today currency is used everywhere.
5. Inadequate facilities of transport and communication In villages, most of the roads are kachha roads. In rainy season many villages are cut off with their nearby village areas.
6. Development of subsidiary and cottage industry.
7. Institutional changes.
8. Extension of education and health facilities in India.

Question 5.
Why did the population migrate from villages to cities?
Answer:
The Britishers exploited India as well as Indians from every point of view. They adopted such policies due to which prosperous villagers had to face poverty and starvation. They became prey to unemployment and lack of basic facilities. As a result they began to flee towards cities in pursuit of a better life.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Long Answer Type Questions

Question l.
Write about the characteristics of ancient rural economy of India.
Answer:
Characteristics of ancient rural economy are given below:

Self – sufficiency:
Villages were self-reliant and self – sufficient. Self – sufficiency means that villagers fulfilled their needs through local resources only. It was possible because of two reasons. First the needs of villagers were limited and second there was lack of the means of transport and communication.

Barter System:
Barter system of exchange was prevalent in the ancient rural economy. The farmers obtained the required goods and services from artisans and money – lenders and gave them food – grains in exchange. All the payments for the services of pandit, doctor, barber, washer – man were made in the form of grains or other things.

Simple Division of Labor Economic activities were divided. The division of work was heredity or based on tradition as farming and animal husbandry, and on caste or in accordance to traditions blacksmith, goldsmith, carpenters, cobbler, barber, washer-man etc. This division of labor was absolutely simple. , Immobility of Labor It was a significant characteristic of ancient economy.

Due to lack of means of transport, caste system, problem of language and food habits, laborers used to stay in their villages. Generally ’they did not go out of their villages. Indifferent Attitude Towards State: The villagers were not interested in the activities of the state.

Question 2.
What efforts did the government take for the development of rural economy after independence?
Answer:
From the very beginning, Central Government and State Government have endeavored’ for the development of villages and village economy through five year plans and have achieved enough success. But, a lot of work is still to be accomplished.

The government emphasized on the public participation for the development programmers through self – help groups and Panchayati Raj institutions. The government efforts can be explained on the basis of the following points:

1. Land Reforms:
Through the abolition of Zamindari system, land ceiling, land consolidation and by bringing cultivable wasteland under cultivation uneconomic land holdings have been made profitable.

For restoration of land and to restrict its transfer in , rural areas, the government has distributed the wasteland and land obtained through ceiling of land holdings, and ‘Bhoodan’ among the farmers.

Crop insurance policy has also been introduced. The loan facilities has been provided for the modernization of agriculture  by establishing rural banks and government banks for the fulfillment of rural finance. The government decides a minimum support price for the sale of crops at reasonable price.

The facility for storage and marketing is also provided. Efforts have been made to connect all the villages through road network. An aim to connect rural areas throughout the year through roads under the Prime Minister road scheme of Central government has been made.

2. Housing, Cleanliness and Health:
The government has introduced Indira Awas Yojna in villages for healthy hopsing system ‘ in place of unhealthy housing system. The Central rural cleanliness programmer contributed a lot for the cleanliness of rural areas. It has some other aspects also to bring quality to life and to provide, dignity to women.

Attention is also being paid towards cleanliness. of drinking water and basic needs in schools. In villages awareness regarding food, health, and education is being spread through family welfare center and Aaganwadi Kendras. Television and Radio are also, playing an important role in this work.

3. Cottage and Small Scale Industries:
Cottage and small; scale industries play a significant role for the development of rural areas. The government is continuously making efforts to develop them in rural areas. Such as

(1) Government has established special institutions to solve the problems of these industries. All India Board of Handloom Industry, Indian Cottage Industry, Khadi Gramudhyog etc are examples of these type of institutions.

(2) Bhartiya Laghu Udhyog is established for financial help.

(3) The government departments give preference to these sector over Gather sector in making purchase of goods produced by small scale industries. Apart from this, fare, exhibition, temporary markets are arranged to promote their sale in foreign countries as well as our country.

(4) Training centers have been set up for technical assistance.

(5) Thus by providing various type of protection to these industries their competition with large industries has been ruled out.  In this manner through the efforts of government all efforts are being made for the upliftment of villages. The ideals of Mahatma Gandhi father of nation have been made the basis and efforts are being made for strengthening the rural economy.

Question 3.
How do cottage and small industries help in the development of rural economy of India? Explain.
Answer:
From the very beginning, Central Government and State Government have endeavored’ for the development of villages and village economy through five year plans and have achieved enough success. But, a lot of work is still to be accomplished.

The government emphasized on the public participation for the development programmers through self-help groups and Panchayati Raj institutions. The government efforts can be explained on the basis of the following points:

1. Land Reforms:
Through the abolition of Zamindari system, land ceiling, land consolidation and by bringing cultivable wasteland under cultivation uneconomic land holdings have been made profitable. For restoration of land and to restrict its transfer in , rural areas, the government has distributed the wasteland and land obtained through ceiling of land holdings, and ‘Bhoodan’ among the farmers.

Crop insurance policy has also been introduced. The loan facilities has been provided for the modernization of agriculture  by establishing rural banks and government banks for the fulfillment of rural finance. The government decides a minimum support price; for the sale of crops at reasonable price.

The facility for storage and marketing is also provided. Efforts have been made to connect all the villages through road network. An aim to connect rural areas throughout the year through roads under the Prime Minister road scheme of Central government has been made.

2. Housing, Cleanliness and Health:
The government has introduced Indira Awas Yojna in villages for healthy hopsing system ‘ in place of unhealthy housing system. The Central rural cleanliness programmer contributed a lot for the cleanliness of rural areas. It has some other aspects also to bring quality to life and to provide, dignity to women. Attention is also being paid towards cleanliness. of drinking water and basic needs in schools.

In villages awareness regarding food, health, and education is being spread through family welfare center and Aaganwadi Kendras. Television and Radio are also, playing an important role in this work.

3. Cottage and Small Scale Industries:
Cottage and small; scale industries play a significant role for the development of rural areas. The government is continuously making efforts to develop them in rural areas. Such as

(1) Government has established special institutions to solve the problems of these industries. All India Board of Hand-loom Industry, Indian Cottage Industry, Khadi Gramudhyog etc are examples of these type of institutions.

(2) Bhartiya Laghu Udhyog is established for financial help.

(3) The government departments give preference to these sector over Gather sector in making purchase of goods produced by small scale industries. Apart from this, fare, exhibition, temporary markets are arranged to promote their sale in foreign countries as well as our country.

(4) Training centers have been set up for technical assistance.

(5) Thus by providing various type of protection to these industries their competition with large industries has been ruled out.  In this manner through the efforts of government all efforts are being made for the upliftment of villages. The ideals of Mahatma Gandhi father of nation have been made the basis and efforts are being made for strengthening the rural economy.

Question 4.
Give a comparative study of rural and modern economy.
Answer:
A comparative study of rural and modern economy:

Thus at present villages and villagers both have developed sufficiently. Most important fact is the awareness among the villagers. As soon as they get the resources, they become active for the welfare of themselves and their families. They have knowledge and understanding of education, training, health, cleanliness and politics. Awareness leads to increase in involvement and co-operation of people which ensures the success of plans.

Question 5.
What are the characteristics of an ‘ideal village?’ Explain.
Answer:
The important heritage of a country is its land and the people residing is it. The spirit of India is in its villages. This is a country of villages. Today 72% of population resides in rural areas. But the condition of villages is not good. Village reform is essential to make the country a leading country. We will have to make our villages ideal villages. An ideal village should have the following characteristics:

1. Advanced Agricultural System:
For the development of agriculture the small non-economic farms should be merged into- one big farm. Consolidation of land should be adopted. Group farming, use of bio and chemical fertilizers to increase the quality of crop, use of high yielding variety seeds and modern facilities of irrigation should be in practice. There should be proper arrangements for storage of crops and sale of crops through cooperatives and government assistance.

2. Housing Facilities:
In villages there should be proper facilities of housing. The houses should be clean whether they are kuchcha or pucca and along with this there should be toilets arid bathrooms within the houses. There should be separate space for \ animals and a proper system of preparing bio-gas by collecting cow dung.

3. Drinking Water Facilities:
The wells, tanks and pucca well with steps should be renovated for clean and safe drinking water. Arrangements should be such that no villager can dump waste into it. Attention should be paid for raising underground water in villages. Thus in villages there should be arrangements for proper drinking water for villagers.

4. Health Facilities:
In every village, there should be primary health centers, as well as doctors and medicines so that the problems  of villagers can be solved at the village level itself. The villagers can avail the benefits of the government plans regarding health.

5. Education Facilities:
Efforts should be made to educate each and every child of the village. There should be awareness among villagers for education of girls. There should be provision of adult education in villages along with traditional education. Nutritive and clean mid-day meal should be provided.

6. Facilities of Transportation:
For proper facility of transport there should be roads in villages so that’ it can be connected with nearby villages, small towns and district headquarters. Roads should be such that they can be used in all seasons by all people.

7. Communication Facilities:
There should be proper provision for communication facilities; telephone, post offices, internet facilities should be available.

8. Awareness towards Energy and Environment:
There should be a provision of electricity for power in villages. If possible alternative energy should be used. There should be awareness among villagers towards their environment.

Such a system should be; developed by which the villagers use the refuse in a proper way, and if possible recycle it. Villagers should be active towards the; use of trees and plantation so» that greenery spreads in villages.

9. Industrial Development:
The agrobased industries should be developed in village for example dairy industry, poultry industry etc. Cottage industry should be developed in villages through which villagers can get employment in their own villages and their income can also be increased.

10. Administrative System:
We have a system of Panchayats in our villages. The members of Gram Panchayat. and Sarpanch should be aware and active for the development of villages so that the facilities of cleanliness, drinking water, health and security can be made available to villages. Administrative transparency should, be increased.

The employees of each office in which village secretariat, Panchayat Bhawan, Aaganwadi, Cooperative Societies and School buildings are included should be motivated to keep their offices clean. The name of buildings should be written permanently.

11. Facility of Finance:
The villagers mainly depend on local moneylenders for finance who often exploit them. In an ideal village, facilities of rural banks and co-operative banks should be provided, so that villagers may have facilities of finance. The saving habits in’ villagers can be increased by making them aware towards self-help groups.

Question 6.
Discuss the efforts which are needed to make a village self-sufficient and developed.
Answer:
The important heritage of a country is its land and the people residing is it. The spirit of India is in its villages. This is a country of villages. Today 72% of population resides in rural areas. But the condition of villages is not good. Village reform is essential to make the country a leading country. We will have to make our villages ideal villages. An ideal village should have the following characteristics:

1. Advanced Agricultural System:
For the development of agriculture the small non-economic farms should be merged into- one big farm. Consolidation of land should be adopted. Group farming, use of bio and chemical fertilizers to increase the quality of crop, use of high yielding variety seeds and modern facilities of irrigation should be in practice. There should be proper arrangements for storage of crops and sale of crops through cooperatives and government assistance.

2. Housing Facilities:
In villages there should be proper facilities of housing. The houses should be clean whether they are kuchcha or pucca and along with this there should be toilets arid bathrooms within the houses. There should be separate space for \ animals and a proper system of preparing biogas by collecting cow dung.

3. Drinking Water Facilities:
The wells, tanks and pucca well with steps should be renovated for clean and safe drinking water. Arrangements should be such that no villager can dump waste into it. Attention should be paid for raising underground water in villages. Thus in villages there should be arrangements for proper drinking water for villagers.

4. Health Facilities:
In every village, there should be primary health centers, as well as doctors and medicines so that the problems of villagers can be solved at the village level itself. The villagers can avail the benefits of the government plans regarding health.

5. Education Facilities:
Efforts should be made to educate each and every child of the village. There should be awareness among villagers for education of girls. There should be provision of adult education in villages along with traditional education.  Nutritive and clean mid-day meal should be provided.

6. Facilities of Transportation:
For proper facility of transport there should be roads in villages so that it can be connected with nearby villages, small towns and district headquarters. Roads should be such that they can be used in all seasons by all people.

7. Communication Facilities:
There should be proper provision for communication facilities; telephone, post offices, internet facilities should be available.

8. Awareness towards Energy and Environment:
There should be a provision of electricity for power in villages. If possible alternative energy should be used. There should be awareness among villagers towards their environment.

Such a system should be developed by which the villagers use the refuse in a proper way, and if possible recycle it. Villagers should be active towards the; use of trees and plantation so» that greenery spreads in villages.

9. Industrial Development:
The agrobased industries should be developed in village for example dairy industry, poultry ‘ industry etc. Cottage industry should be developed in villages  through which villagers can get employment in their own villages and their income can also be increased.

10. Administrative System:
We have a system of Panchayats in our villages. The members of Gram Panchayat. and Sarpanch should be aware and active for the development of villages so that the facilities of cleanliness, drinking water, health and security can be made available to villages. Administrative transparency should, be increased.

The employees of each office in which village secretariat, Panchayat Bhawan, Aaganwadi, Cooperative Societies and School buildings are included should be motivated to keep their offices clean. The name of buildings should be written permanently.

11. Facility of Finance:
The villagers mainly depend on local moneylenders for finance who often exploit them. In an ideal village, facilities of rural banks and co-operative banks should be provided, so that villagers may have facilities of finance. The saving habits in’ villagers can be increased by making them aware towards self-help groups.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Measurement of land was done by –
(a) Mohammad Tughlaq
(b) Sher Shah Suri
(c) Jehangr
(d) Shahjahan.
Answer:
(b) Sher Shah Suri

Question 2.
The working population in ancient time was divided into –
(a) Farmers and artisans
(b) Farmers, carpenters and landlords
(c) Farmers, artisans and village officer
(d) Farmer, landlord.
Answer:
(c) Farmers, artisans and village officer

Question 3.
The chief officer of the village was –
(a) Plead
(b) Maal Gujar
(c) Kotwal
(d) Panchayat.
Answer:
(a) Plead

Question 4.
The total population of India that resides in urban areas according to 2001 census is –
(a) 72.2%
(b) 27.8%
(c) 30.2%
(d) 19.2%.
Answer:
(b) 27.8%

Question 5.
Kharif crops are crops of –
(a) Winter season
(b) Summer season
(c) Rainy season
(d) Autumn season.
Answer:
(c) Rainy season

Fill in the blank:

1. ……………. controls the resources in socialistic economy.
2. India is an …………….. country.
3. Exchange of goods in called ………………
4. In Bengal the Zamindari system was introduced in 1793 by ………………
5. Small farmers own less than …………….. hectares of land.

Answer:

1. Government
2. agricultural
3. Barter system
4. Lord Cornwallis
5. 2.

True or False:

1. Before the arrival of Britishers, the rural economy was based on imports.
2. During Akbaris Srign Todarmal got the measurement of land done in an accurate manner.
3. In the ancient rural economy there was Bartor system.
4. Joyed is an annual crop.
5. India has 6,00,000 number of villages today.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why did Mohammad Tughlaq construct canals?
Answer:
Mohammad Tughlaq constructed canals to increase facilities of irrigation.

Question 2.
Mention the two categories of Indian economy.
Answer:
Rural economy and urban economy.

Question 3.
In which three parts can Indian rural economy be divided?
Answer:

• Rural economy before the arrival of the British.
• Rural economy after the arrival of British.
• Rural economy of Britisher after the independence.

Question 4.
Who were the artisans?
Answer:
Carpenters, blacksmiths, potters, goldsmiths, craftsmen, cobblers, weavers etc. were the artisans.

Question 5.
What did they do for the villagers? What did they get in return?
Answer:
They fulfilled the needs of villagers in the village itself. The remuneration of their work was paid in the form of grain  or commodities.

Question 6.
Who kept the record of land revenue?
Answer:
Maal Gujar kept the record of land revenue.

Question 7.
What do you mean by ‘Barter System’?
Answer:
Barter System of exchange was a system of exchange in which goods were exchanged directly with goods or services. Money  was not used in it.

Question 8.
What do you mean by ‘big farmers’?
Answer:
‘Big farmers’ means those farmers who own land up to 2 -10 hectares.

Question 9.
With which season is jayed crop associated?
Answer:
Jayed crop is associated with summer season.

Question 10.
Who are ‘small farmers’?
Answer:
‘Small farmers’ are those who own less than 2 hectares of land.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the characteristics of rural economy before the arrival of the British?
Answer:
Following were the characteristics of rural economy before the arrival of the British:

• Structure of rural working community
• Self-Sufficiency
• Barter System
• Simple division of labor
• Immobility of labor
• Lack of contact with the outer world.
• Indifferent attitude towards the state.

Question 2.
What were the three types of the village officers?
Answer:
The village officers were of three types:

1. Head:
He was the chief officer of the village and was liable to collect the rent from the farmers and then pay it to the ruler.

2. Maal Gujar:
He was the record keepers of land revenue.

3. Kotwal:
He informed about criminals and provided other important information to the ruler.

Question 3.
What changes were seen in the structure of economy after the arrival of Britishers?
Answer:
The Britishers affected agriculture and industry adverse and the nature of Indian economy also underwent a change. Following changes were – seen in the structure of the economy:

• Decline of workmanship and handicraft.
• Change in the structure of rural community
• End to self – sufficiency of villages.
• Transfer of agricultural land
• Backwardness of agriculture.

Question 4.
What are the characteristics of an ideal village?
Answer:
Village reform is essential to make the country a leading country. We will have to make our villagers ideal villages. In an ideal village agriculture, should be developed and there should be proper arrangement for education, health and housing. In the village there should be awareness towards cleanliness and complete use of available resources.

Thus, an ideal village should have the following characteristics:

• Advances agriculture system.
• Housing facilities
• Drinking water arrangement
• Health facilities
• Education facilities
• Facility of transport
• Facility of communication
• Awareness towards energy and environment
• Industrial development
• Administrative system
• Financial facilities.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe in detail the changes that were seen in the structure of Indian economy after the arrival of Britishers?
Answer:
We know that the Britishers made India their colony and ruled over our country for about 200 years. They exploited India as well as Indians from every point of view. They adopted such policies due to which prosperous India had to face poverty and starvation. It affected agriculture and industry adversely and the nature of Indian economy also underwent a change.

Following changes were seen in the structure of the economy:
Decline of Workmanship and Handicraft:
As a result of policies of the British the handicrafts man-ship in Indian villages declined. The artisans of the villages became unemployed. Prosperity and well-being of villages came to an end.

Changes in Structure of Rural Community:
The rural community which was divided into three parts farmers, artisans and village officer. This was now divided into several parts Zamindars, farmers, landlords, land – less farmers, cultivators, agricultural laborers etc. This division was an important reason of backwardness of agriculture.

End to Self – Sufficiency of Villages:
As a result of commercialization of agriculture the crops were transported and sold out of the villages and the required commodities were brought from outside to the villages. Thus, the self-sufficiency of villages ‘came to an end.

Transfer of Agriculture Land:
Farmers started meeting their requirements by taking loans due to widespread poverty. But due to the inability to repay loans the money – lenders started confiscating their land. Thus the agricultural land was transferred to the moneylenders from farmers. As a result the farmers became landless and homeless.

Backwardness of Agriculture:
The Zamindari system started by the English had a bad effect on farmers and farming. The farmers became poor and indebted. Neither the government nor the Zamindars showed interest in the improvement and productivity of land which resulted in the exploitation of farmers and farming.

Question 2.
What changes were observed in Indian rural economy after independence? Describe in detail.
Answer:
Even after half a century of India’s Independence 72.2 per cent of the total population of India resides in villages and only 27.8 per cent population resides in urban areas according to 2001 census. In the same way the number of villages is 6,38,588 while the number of cities is only 5,161. It means that out of 10 persons, 7 reside in villages. Today also India is a country of villages, and the economy is Agrobased.

\(\frac { 2}{3}\) ^rd population of the country directly or indirectly depends upon agriculture for their livelihood. But the contribution of agriculture to the gross product of the country is only 26 per cent. Rapid economic growth has taken place through the five year plans and the rural economy is also not left untouched due to this. The form of villages is changing the shape of villages. Several changes are observed in the rural economy. Of those, the chief are as following:

I. The structure of community On the basis of availability of land:
We can divide the farmers into four categories on the basis of ownership of land available to them –

• Big farmers – Who own land up to 2 – 10 hectares.
• Medium farmers – Who own 2 hectare or some more than 2 hectares of land.
• Small farmers – Who own less than 2 hectare of land.
• Landless farmers – Who do not own any land are tenant farmers or are agricultural laborers.

II. Multiple cropping:
Now mainly three corps are produced during a year. Kharif, Rabi and Jayed. Kharif crops are crops of rainy season which are harvested up to September – October. Jayed is crop of summer. Today apart from traditional crops cultivation of cash crops is also practiced for example farming of flower, oil-seeds etc.

1. Migration of Population towards cities:
The rural population is fleeing towards urban areas due to poverty, starvation, unemployment, lack of basic facilities etc. In 1951 out of the total population, the percentage of rural population was 82.7 per cent which came down to 72.2 per cent in 2001 whereas the population in 1951 was 173 which increased to 27.8 in 2001.

2. Rise of Monetary System:
The earlier system of barter  prevalent in villages is now almost extinct. Today currency is used  everywhere. In the rural areas also money as a medium of exchange is used for buying and selling.

III. Inadequate Facilities of Transport and Communication:
Today a lot of efforts are being made to link all villages through means of transport and communication but most of the roads are Kachcha roads. Therefore in rainy season many villages are cut off with their nearby village areas. Rest of the year truck, bus, train, jeep, motorcycle and cycle are being used. At present villages are also linked by means of television and telephones.

IV. Development of Subsidiary and Cottage Industry:
After independence a lot of attention was paid towards the cottage and small scale industries to make them strong and developed. According to the availability of local raw material in each village cottage industries were developed which has increased employment opportunities and farmers are able to increase their income by working in their free time.

V. Institutional Changes:
Comparatively in very short span of time the farmers in the villages have started adopting new technology. Now pumps are being used instead of ‘Rahat’ for irrigation. The plough is substituted by furrow and bullock cart by truck and tractor trolley. The big machines are being used by big farmers. The use of thresher is very common today.

VI. Extension of Education and Health Facilities in India:
The modern villages are generally becoming aware towards education and health. The children of big farmers are acquiring higher education.

In all villages there are primary, middle and higher secondary schools. Girls have also started studying with boys in schools. Health facilities are also available in villages. Through the means of communication also, the villagers are becoming aware of their health.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions