MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Ex 11.1

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Ex 11.1

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 246-247

प्रश्न 1.
तीलियों से प्रतिरूप बनाने के लिए आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या के लिए नियम ज्ञात कीजिए। नियम लिखने के लिए एक चर का प्रयोग कीजिए।
(a) अक्षर T का T के रूप में तीलियों से प्रतिरूप
(b) अक्षर Z का Z के रूप में तीलियों से प्रतिरूप
(c) अक्षर U का U के रूप में तीलियों से प्रतिरूप
(d) अक्षर V का V के रूप में तीलियों से प्रतिरूप
(e) अक्षर E का E के रूप में तीलियों से प्रतिरूप
(f) अक्षर S का S के रूप में तीलियों से प्रतिरूप
(g) अक्षर A का A के रूप में तीलियों से प्रतिरूप
हल :
(a)
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Ex 11.1 image 1
आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या
n = 1 के लिए = 2 या 2n
n = 2 के लिए = 4 या 2n
n = 3 के लिए = 6 या 2n
∴नियम : 2n

(b)
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Ex 11.1 image 2
आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या
n = 1 के लिए = 3 या 3n
n = 2 के लिए = 6 या 3n
n = 3 के लिए = 9 या 3n
∴नियम : 3n

(c)
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Ex 11.1 image 3
आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या
n = 1 के लिए = 3 या 3n
n = 2 के लिए = 6 या 3n
n = 3 के लिए = 9 या 3n
∴नियम : 3n

(d)
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Ex 11.1 image 4
आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या
n = 1 के लिए = 2 या 2n
n = 2 के लिए = 4 या 2n
n = 3 के लिए = 6 या 2n
∴नियम : 2n

(e)
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Ex 11.1 image 5
आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या
n = 1 के लिए = 5 या 5n
n = 2 के लिए = 10 या 5n
n = 3 के लिए = 15 या 5n
∴नियम : 5n

(f)
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Ex 11.1 image 6
आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या
n = 1 के लिए = 5 या 5n
n = 2 के लिए = 10 या 5n
n = 3 के लिए = 15 या 5n
∴नियम : 5n

(g)
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Ex 11.1 image 7
आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या
n = 1 के लिए = 6 या 6n
n = 2 के लिए = 12 या 6n
n = 3 के लिए = 18 या 6n
∴नियम : 6n

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 2.
हम अक्षर L, C और F के प्रतिरूपों के लिए नियमों को पहले से जानते हैं। ऊपर प्रश्न 1 में दिए कुछ अक्षरों से वही नियम प्राप्त होता है जो L द्वारा प्राप्त हुआ था। ये अक्षर कौन-कौन-से हैं ? ऐसा क्यों होता है ?
हल :
माचिस की तीलियों से संख्या प्राप्त करने के लिए नियम निम्नांकित हैं :
अक्षर L के लिए 2n
अक्षर C के लिए 3n
अक्षर V के लिए 2n
अक्षर U के लिए 3n
अक्षर T के लिए 2n
अक्षर F के लिए 4n
∴यह L, V और T के लिए समान है। इन सभी अक्षरों में माचिस की तीलियों की आवश्यक संख्या 2 है।

प्रश्न 3.
किसी परेड में कैडेट (Cadets) मार्च (march) कर रहे हैं। एक पंक्ति में 5 कैडेट हैं। यदि पंक्तियों की संख्या ज्ञात हो, तो कैडेटों की संख्या ज्ञात करने के लिए क्या नियम हैं ?
(पंक्तियों की संख्या के लिए n का प्रयोग कीजिए।)
हल :
पंक्तियों की संख्या = n
प्रत्येक पंक्ति में कैडेट की संख्या = 5
अतः नियम : परेड में कैडेटों की संख्या = 5n

प्रश्न 4.
एक पेटी में 50 आम हैं। आप पेटियों की संख्या के पदों में आमों की कुल संख्या को किस प्रकार लिखेंगे ? (पेटियों की संख्या के लिए b का प्रयोग कीजिए)।
हल :
एक पेटी में आमों की संख्या = 50
पेटियों की संख्या = b
∴आमों की कुल संख्या = 50b

प्रश्न 5.
शिक्षक प्रत्येक विद्यार्थी को 5 पेन्सिल देता है। विद्याथियों की संख्या ज्ञात होने पर, क्या आप कुल वांछित पेन्सिलों की संख्या बता सकते हैं ? (विद्यार्थियों की संख्या के लिए s का प्रयोग कीजिए।)
हल :
विद्यार्थियों की संख्या = s
प्रत्येक विद्यार्थी को पेन्सिल = 5
∴कुल पेन्सिलों की संख्या = 5s

प्रश्न 6.
एक चिड़िया 1 मिनट में 1 किलोमीटर उड़ती है। क्या आप चिड़िया द्वारा तय की गई दूरी को (मिनटों में) उसके उड़ने के समय के पदों में व्यक्त कर सकते हैं ? (मिनटों में उड़ने के समय के लिए t का प्रयोग कीजिए।)
हल :
चिड़िया 1 मिनट में एक किलोमीटर उड़ती है।
अब माना कि वह t मिनट उड़ती है
∴t मिनट में चिड़िया द्वारा तय की गई कुल दूरी
= 1 x t किलोमीटर
= t किलोमीटर

प्रश्न 7.
राधा बिन्दुओं (Dots) से एक रंगोली बना रही है। (खड़िया के पाउडर की सहायता से बिन्दुओं को जोड़कर रेखाओं का एक सुन्दर प्रतिरूप बनाना, जैसे आकृति में है।) उसके पास एक पंक्ति में 8 बिन्दु हैं। r पंक्तियों की रंगोली में कितने बिन्दु होंगे? यदि 8 पंक्तियाँ हों, तो कितने बिन्दु होंगे? यदि 10 पंक्तियाँ हों, तो कितने बिन्दु होंगे?
हल :
एक पंक्ति में बिन्दु = 8
पंक्तियों की संख्या = r
r पंक्तियों में बिन्दुओं की संख्या = 8r
8 पंक्तियों में बिन्दुओं की संख्या = 8 x 8 = 64
और, 10 पंक्तियों में बिन्दुओं की संख्या = 8 x 10 = 80

प्रश्न 8.
लीला राधा की छोटी बहन है। लीला राधा से 4 वर्ष छोटी है। क्या आप लीला की आयु राधा की आयु के पदों में लिख सकते हैं? राधा की आयु x वर्ष है।
हल :
राधा की आयु = x वर्ष
चूँकि लीला की आयु = राधा की आयु – 4 वर्ष
∴ लीला की आयु = x वर्ष – 4 वर्ष
= (x – 4) वर्ष

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 9.
माँ ने लड्डू बनाए हैं। उन्होंने कुछ लड्डू मेहमानों और परिवार के सदस्यों को दिए। फिर भी 5 लड्डू शेष रह गये हैं। यदि माँ ने l लड्डू दे दिए हों, तो उसने कुल कितने लड्डू बनाए थे ?
हल :
शेष रहे लड्डुओं की संख्या = 5
मेहमानों और परिवार के सदस्यों को दिए लड्डूओं की संख्या = l
∴माँ द्वारा बनाए लड्डुओं की संख्या = l + 5

प्रश्न 10.
सन्तरों को बड़ी पेटियों में से छोटी पेटियों में रखा जाना है। जब एक बड़ी पेटी को खाली किया जाता है, तो उसके सन्तरों से दो छोटी पेटियाँ भर जाती हैं और फिर भी 10 सन्तरे शेष रह जाते हैं। यदि एक छोटी पेटी में सन्तरों की संख्या को x लिया जाए तो बड़ी पेटी में सन्तरों की संख्या क्या है?
हल :
बड़ी पेटी में सन्तरों की संख्या = 2 x छोटी पेटी में सन्तरों की संख्या + शेष सन्तरों की संख्या
= 2x + 10

प्रश्न 11.
(a) तीलियों से बने हुए वर्गों के नीचे दिए प्रतिरूपों को देखिए (निम्न आकृति)। ये वर्ग अलग-अलग नहीं हैं। दो संलग्न वर्गों में एक तीली उभयनिष्ठ है। इस प्रतिरूप को देखिए और वह नियम ज्ञात कीजिए जो वर्गों की संख्या के पदों में आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या देता है। (संकेत : यदि आप अंतिम ऊर्ध्वाधर तीली को हटा दें, तो आपको C का प्रतिरूप प्राप्त हो जाएगा।)
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Ex 11.1 image 8
(b) निम्न आकृति तीलियों से बना त्रिभुजों का एक प्रतिरूप दर्शा रही है। उपर्युक्त प्रश्न 11(a) की तरह, वह व्यापक नियम ज्ञात कीजिए जो त्रिभुजों की संख्या के पदों में आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या देता है।
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Ex 11.1 image 9
हल :
माना कि वर्गों की संख्या = n
(a) ∴ जबकि n = 1,
तीलियों की संख्या = 4 या 3 x 1 + 1 = 3n + 1
जबकि n = 2,
तीलियों की संख्या = 7 या 3 x 2 + 1 = 3n + 1
जबकि n = 3,
तीलियों की संख्या = 10 या 3 x 3 + 1 = 3n + 1
जबकि n = 4,
तीलियों की संख्या = 13 या 3 x 4 + 1 = 3n + 1
अत: वांछित नियम : 3n + 1

(b) माना कि त्रिभुजों की संख्या = n
जबकि n = 1,
तीलियों की संख्या = 3 या 2 x 1 + 1 = 2n + 1
जबकि n = 2,
तीलियों की संख्या = 5 या 2 x 2 + 1 = 2n + 1
जबकि n = 3,
तीलियों की संख्या = 7 या 2 x 3 + 1 = 2n + 1
जबकि n = 4,
तीलियों की संख्या = 9 या 2 x 4 + 1 = 2n + 1
अतः वांछित नियम : 2n + 1

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Intext Questions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Intext Questions

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 243-244

प्रश्न 1.
क्या आप F के प्रतिरूप बनाने के लिए अब कोई नियम लिख सकते हैं ?
हल :
F का प्रतिरूप बनाने के लिए प्रयुक्त तीलियों की संख्या
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Intext Questions image 1
यदि F की संख्या को n से व्यक्त करें, तो
n = 1,2,3,………………..
अतः वांछित तीलियों की संख्या = 4n

प्रश्न 2.
तीलियों से बनाए जाने वाले वर्णमाला के अन्य अक्षरों और आकारों के बारे में सोचिए।
उदाहरणार्थ, U (∪), V (V), त्रिभुज (∆), वर्ग (₹) इत्यादि। इनमें से कोई पाँच अक्षर या आकार चुनिए और इनके तीलियों के प्रतिरूप बनाने के लिए आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या के लिए नियम लिखिए।
हल :
(i) E के लिए
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Intext Questions image 2
स्पष्ट है कि एक E बनाने के लिए 5 माचिस की तीलियों की आवश्यकता होती है।
∴ E के प्रतिरूप बनाने में प्रयुक्त माचिस की तीलियों की संख्या का नियम है
अभीष्ट तीलियों की संख्या = 5n, यहाँ n = 1, 2, 3, ……

(ii) U के लिए
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Intext Questions image 3
आकृति से स्पष्ट है कि U बनाने के लिए 3 माचिस की तीलियों की आवश्यकता होती है।
अतः नियम होगा
माचिस की तीलियों की अभीष्ट संख्या = 3n,
यहाँ n = 1, 2, 3, ……

MP Board Solutions

(iii) V के लिए
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Intext Questions image 4
आकृति से स्पष्ट है कि V बनाने के लिए 2 माचिस की तीलियों की आवश्यकता होती है।
अतः नियम होगा
माचिस की तीलियों की अभीष्ट संख्या = 2n,
यहाँ n = 1, 2, 3, ………

(iv) ∆ के लिए
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Intext Questions image 5
आकृति से स्पष्ट है कि एक त्रिभुज बनाने के लिए तीन माचिस की तीलियों की आवश्यकता होती है।
अतः नियम होगा
माचिस की तीलियों की अभीष्ट संख्या = 3n,
यहाँ n = 1, 2, 3, ………

(v) ₹ के लिए
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 11 बीजगणित Intext Questions image 6
आकृति से स्पष्ट है कि एक वर्ग बनाने के लिए 4 माचिस की तीलियों की आवश्यकता होती है।
अतः नियम होगा
माचिस की तीलियों की अभीष्ट संख्या = 4n,
यहाँ n = 1, 2, 3, ……

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Kharif crop is –
(a) Wheat
(b) Gram
(c) Paddy
(d) Oat.
Answer:
(c) Paddy

Question 2.
The part of Public Distribution System is –
(a) Shoe shop
(b) Gold & Silver shop
(c) Ration shop
(d) Grocery shop.
Answer:
(c) Ration shop

Question 3.
Target-ted public distribution is related to –
(a) Women
(b) Gents
(c) People living below the poverty line
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) People living below the poverty line

Question 4.
How much cereal is given under Antyodaya Anna Yojna –
(a) 5 kg
(b) 10 kg
(c) 15 kg
(d) 25 kg.
Answer:
(d) 25 kg.

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the names of coarse cereal.
Answer:
Sorghum (Jowar), bajra (pearl millet) and maize.

Question 2.
In which years did India face famine?
Answer:
India had to face famine is the years 1835, 1877 and 1943.

Question 3.
What is Rojgar Ashwasan Yojna?
Answer:
Under Rojgar Ashwasan Yojna 100 days employment can be provided to 18 – 60 year old unskilled labor so that they are able to earn and purchase food grains through revamped public distribution system.

Question 4.
What is meant by minimum support price?
Answer:
Declaration of support price of agricultural crops means to give the guarantee of a minimum price to farmers for their crops.

Question 5.
Write the names of any two schemes launched for food security.
Answer:

  • Target-ted public distribution system
  • Kam Ke Badle Anaj Yojna.

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the main factors of food security? Write about them.
Answer:
The main factors of food security are –

  • Availability of food to the whole population of the country.
  • Availability of enough money (purchasing power) to purchase the available food.
  • Food should be available to all at affordable prices.
  • The quality of the available food should be good.

Question 2.
What is Buffer Stock? Explain.
Answer:
if the production of food grains is less then to face such crisis of shortage and to distribute them through Public Distribution System, the stock of food grains kept by the government is known as Buffer Stock. Buffer Stock is the stock of food grains namely wheat and rice procured by government through Food Corporation of India (FCI).

The FCI purchases wheat and rice from farmers in states where there is surplus production. These food grains are stored in large granaries. It helps in resolving the problem of shortage of food grains during emergencies.

Question 3.
Explain Target-ted Public Distribution System.
Answer:
In 1997 target-ted Public Distribution System was introduced to ensure the availability of minimum quantity of food grains to families living below the poverty line. In this system food grains are provided to the poor on special low prices by issuing specific ration cards.

This is the largest food security plan of the world. In this system 3.5 kg. of food grains per month per family is being provided from 1st April, 2006. In the same way under the “Antyodaya Anna Yojna” 25 kg. of wheat at. Rs. 2/- per kg. and rice at Rs. 3/- per kg. is being provided to very poor families through Public Distribution System.

Under this system a differential price system was adopted including people below the poverty line (BPL) and also for people above the poverty line (APL)- in which prices of wheat and rice are fixed.

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
What is Revamped Public Distribution System? Explain.
Answer:
Revamped Public Distribution System In January 1992, the Public Distribution System was amended and a revised Public Distribution System was introduced to supply essential goods to consumers of remote area, schedule tribes, backward classes, drought – affected and mountainous areas of the country. Its characteristics are as follows:

1. Preference has been given to the people of drought – affected areas, desert areas, mountainous area and slums in urban areas.

2. It is aimed at providing more quantity of food at comparatively low prices. Other than six chief essential commodities goods like tea, soap, pulse, iodized salt are included in it.

3. Rojgar Aswan Plan has been started in the development blocks included under this plan, in which 100 days employment can be provided tr 18 – 60 – year – old unskilled labor so that they are able to earn and purchase food-grains through Revamped Public Distribution System.

Question 5.
What is the role of cooperative in food security? Explain.
Answer:
In India the role of cooperative is very important in providing food security. This work is done by the consumer cooperative societies through the ration shops for the sale of food grains for the poor. In India there are different system of consumer cooperatives at national, state, district and village levels.

Out of these National Consumers. Cooperative (Federation) Ltd. is an organization at national level. State Cooperative Consumers’ Organization is affiliated to this forum (federation). There are 794 consumer cooperative stores at central level (wholesale) and 24,078 stores’at primary level.

In rural areas nearly 44,418 village level primary agricultural credit society are distributing essential goods along with their ordinary business. To fulfill the needs of consumers, consumer cooperative societies are running nearly 37,226 retail selling centers in urban and semi – urban areas.

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
Differentiate between Kharif and Rabi Crops.
Answer:
Kharif:

  • Kharif crops are shown in June or early July and harvested at tire end of Monsoon. This means sowing is done at the onset of monsoon (June and July) while harvesting is done at the end of Monsoon (October and November).
  • Kharif crops are rice, jowar, maize, millet, groundnut, jute and cotton pulses are also grown in this session.
  • Kharif crops are of tropical climate. (Some changes in this pattern take place, see the note in bracketed column of rabi crop.)

Rabi:

  • Rabi crop season starts in November-December and hares – ting .takes place in the months of April and May.
  • the major rabi crops are – wheat, barley, gram,, linseed, rasped and mustard.
  • in the southern half of the Indian peninsula where temperatures are sufficiently high and rain occurs in winters this classification become blurred. Crops like Jowar are grown in.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the major cereals of India? Describe.
Answer:
India is an agricultural country and the chief occupations is farming. Cereals are grown is about 70 to 80% of the total agricultural land. rice, wheat millers and maize are the major cereals.

1. Rice:
Rice is the staple food crap of India. It thrives well in hot and humid climate. It requires temperature of 25°C, and rainfall of 100 cm and above and loamy fertile soil. The chief rice producing areas in India are the coastal strips, the Gainga Plains, the Brahmaputra valley, the deltas of Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

High yielding varieties, improved planting techniques, irrigation facilities and use of fertilizers have enabled Sadie to increase the production of rice in 1985-86 to 61 million tonnes and average yield per hectare rose to 15.7 Quintilian (2 \(\frac { 1}{2}\) tonnes, increase)

2. Wheat:
Wheat is the second important food crop of India. It requires a cool and moist climate during growing season and a dry climate at the time of ripening. Annual rainfall of 50 to 75 cm and fertile and sandy soil is very suitable – The chief wheat growing areas are Punjab, Haryana IIP, Bihar, MP., Rajashtan Maharashtra, etc.

because all the conditions far wheat production are found here. The use of high yielding varieties,, fertilizers and irrigation facilities helped to raise fire average yield per acre and increased the production of wheat 51 million mark in 1985 – 89. This breakthrough in the production of wheat is called the Green Resolution.

3. Millets:
Sorghum (Jo-war) and bajra are important millets in India. Sorghum (Jowar) In India Jowar has been grown from ancient period. It is used as fodder for cattle and as a food for human beings. In India it is food of the poor, ha foreign countries it is used to prepare starch and glucose.

In northern India it is a Kharif crop but in southern India it is a crop of Kharif and Rabi both. About 87 percent of the total production of Jowar (sorghum) in the country is produced in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

4. Bajra:
It is a Kharif crop in northern India. In southern India it is a crop of Rabi and Kharif both. It is used as fodder for cattle. India is the largest producer of Bajra in the world, hi India main Bajra producing states are Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. Of the total production of Bajra in the country 96 per cent is grown here.

5. Maize:
Maize is the crop of plains and mountainous region. It is used as fodder for cattle and as food to eat. Man uses its different varieties for food products. In foreign countries starch and glucose are prepared from this. In India it is grown in about all states but mainly it is grown in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Karnataka.

MP Board Solutions

Question 2.
What is food security and why is it necessary? Explain.
Answer:
Food security related to the food – related needs of man. In simple words food security means availability of nutritive food to all. Also people should have purchasing power (money) for the arrangement and availability of food at reasonable prices. According to the World Development Report, 1986 “Food security is the availability of adequate food at all time for active and healthy life for all”.

Necessity of Food Security:
In the present Indian situation food security has become very important. Our economy is developing but the population is also increasing rapidly. So to meet the increasing demand, food security has become necessary. The causes responsible for this can be divided into two parts internal causes and external causes.

I. Internal causes:
Internal causes include those which are related to the internal conditions of the country. Following factors are included in these.

1. Basis of life:
India is a country of large population and the birth rate is also very high. Therefore food security is necessary.

2. Dependence on Monsoon:
Majority of crops in India are dependent on monsoon for irrigation, but the monsoon is always uncertain and irregular. The distribution of rains is uneven too. Consequently droughts and famines are common features of our economy. Therefore food security is necessary.

3. Low Productivity:
In India the productivity of food grains regarding per hectare and per labor is low. From this point of view also food security is necessary.

4. Natural Calamities:
Other than the problem of monsoon, flood, insects and pets, cold waves, soil erosion etc. also destroy the food crops in some or the – other part of the country. So the problem of shortage of food crops arises. The famine in Orissa of 1835 in Punjab and Madhya Pradesh in 1877 and in West Bengal in 1943, lacks of people died of hunger. So food security is necessary to face these natural calamities.

5. Continuously Rising Prices:
The prices of food grains are increasing continuously which results in starvation. So food security is necessary to overcome this problem.

6. Progress of the Country:
No country can progress without self-sufficiency of food, and for this food security is necessary.

II. External causes:
External causes include those causes which are related to the relation of the other countries with our country. Following are the external causes:

1. Dependence on Foreign Countries:
Food is the basic need of human beings. So when this requirement is not fulfilled it becomes the primary duty of the Government to fulfill these needs of the people. If there is a shortage of food we have to depend on foreign countries. Whenever there is inadequate supply of food-grains in our country we have to import even if food graii are costly or cheap the quality is good or bad. Thus dependence on foreign countries increases.

2. Decrease in Foreign Exchange:
Whenever we import things like food grains we have to spend our foreign exchange unnecessarily. We can meet our demand for food ourselves but we cannot. This results in shortage of foreign exchange to purchase very important commodities.

3. Foreign Pressure:
Countries which supply food grains to other countries become influential and then they pursue them to follow their policies. These countries dominate those countries which import food grains from them, as a result they lose their freedom to decide their foreign policies.

In the year 1965 – 66 and 1966 – 67 due to the failure of monsoon India had to face a devastating drought and therefore wheat was imported from America. During these frequent emergencies of food grains India experienced that food security is very essential to save people from starvation, to protect self – respect that honor and sovereignty and for the development of the country.

MP Board Solutions

Question 3.
How does the government provide food security to the poor? Explain.
Answer:
Government provides food security to the poor through the following measures:

  1. Public Distribution System.
  2. Alertness of Government
  3. Measures taken in a Critical Situation.

1. Public Distribution System:
By Public Distribution System is meant that system in which different consumer goods are sold in sufficient quantity of fixed prices to the consumers specially to the poor section of society. In this system different goods such as wheat, rice, sugar, imported edible oil, coal and kerosene oil etc. are sold through ration shops or cooperative consumer stores.

The profit rate for these sellers ’are fixed and they have to sell the goods to the ration card holders on fixed price and in fixed quantities. There are three kinds of ration cards B.P.L. card, A.P.L card and Antyodaya cards. BPL cards are meant for those people who are below poverty line, APL cards are meant for those people who are above poverty line and Antyodaya cards are issued to those people who are the poorest of the poor.

The Public Distribution System is regulated by central and state government together. The central government allots food grains and other commodities to state and determines prices also. The state has the right to add transportation charges etc. to the prices fixed by Central Govt.

The transportation, collection, distribution and inspection of these goods processed under this system is done by state government. It is clear from the above table that Public Distribution System plays an important role in providing food-grains to people.

The state government can include those goods also in Public Distribution System which it can purchase if required. In India distribution of food-grains is increasing continuously through Public Distribution System as shown in the given table:

Public Distribution System and Distribution of Food Grains:

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India - 1

2. Alertness of Government:
Our government is very alert in providing food security to the poor. It has developed food security system to make food grains available at reasonable prices to the poor and other people.

3. Measures Taken in a Critical Situation:
The government takes several steps in order to make food grains available to the poor during the period of food crisis arising due to any other reasons or due to natural calamities. Some of these measures are given below:

I. Efforts to Increase Food Grains:
For food security it is important that the production of food grains should be enough in quantity. In this the contribution of green revolution is quite important under Green Revolution mechanization of agriculture, use of high yielding hybrid variety of seeds, fertilizers and insecticides and irrigation facilities were extended.

Also due to promotion of consolidation of land holdings, abolishing of mediators, today the country has become self-sufficient in the field of food grains. The progress of food grains in India can be explained on the basis of following table:

Food Grain Production in India (in crore tonnes):

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India - 1

II. Minimum Support Price:
The prices of agriculture products are very flexible, at the time of harvesting the supply increases, due to which there is enough decrease in price. As prices at this time go down below the fixed limit the producer finds it difficult to get the cost of their products.

1. Therefore government declares minimum support price for agricultural products, under which when market price of food-grains becomes less than its support price, the government starts purchasing food grains on self-declared support price. Due to which farmers get inspired to produce more and more and the government procures food grain for “Buffer Stocks”.

2. The support prices declared by the government during last years are shown here in following table:

Support of Different Food Grains (Rupees per quintal):

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India - 3

III. Buffer Stock:
If the production of food grains is less than to face such crisis of shortage and to distribute them through Public Distribution System, the stock of food grains kept by government is known as Buffer Stock. Buffer stock is the Stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice procured by government through Food Corporation of India (FCI).

The FCI purchases wheat and rice from farmers in states where there is surplus production. The farmers are paid a pronounced price for their crop. This price is called “Minimum Support Price”. The government declares these prices before the sowing season to provide incentives to farmers for raising production of these crops.

These food grains are stored in large granaries. It helps in resolving the problem of shortage of food grains during emergencies. The table of Buffer Stock explains that in the past years in India the stocks has been greater than fixed minimum quantity which is a sign of strong food security of India.

Status of Buffer Stock in India (in million tonnes):

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India - 4

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
What steps has the government taken to increase food grains?
Answer:

Government provides food security to the poor through the following measures:

  1. Public Distribution System.
  2. Alertness of Government
  3. Measures taken in a Critical Situation.

1. Public Distribution System:
By Public Distribution System is meant that system in which different consumer goods are sold in sufficient quantity of fixed prices to the consumers specially to the poor section of society. In this system different goods such as wheat, rice, sugar, imported edible oil, coal and kerosene oil etc. are sold through ration shops or cooperative consumer stores.

The profit rate for these sellers ’are fixed and they have to sell the goods to the ration card holders on fixed price and in fixed quantities. There are three kinds of ration cards B.P.L. card, A.P.L card and Antyodaya cards. BPL cards are meant for those people who are below poverty line, APL cards are meant for those people who are above poverty line and Antyodaya cards are issued to those people who are the poorest of the poor.

The Public Distribution System is regulated by central and state government together. The central government allots food grains and other commodities to state and determines prices also. The state has the right to add transportation charges etc. to the prices fixed by Central Govt.

The transportation, collection, distribution and inspection of these goods processed under this system is done by state government. It is clear from the above table that Public Distribution System plays an important role in providing food-grains to people.

The state government can include those goods also in Public Distribution System which it can purchase if required. In India distribution of food-grains is increasing continuously through Public Distribution System as shown in the given table:

Public Distribution System and Distribution of Food Grains:

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India - 1

2. Alertness of Government:
Our government is very alert in providing food security to the poor. It has developed food security system to make food grains available at reasonable prices to the poor and other people.

3. Measures Taken in a Critical Situation:
The government takes several steps in order to make food grains available to the poor during the period of food crisis arising due to any other reasons or due to natural calamities. Some of these measures are given below:

I. Efforts to Increase Food Grains:
For food security it is important that the production of food grains should be enough in quantity. In this the contribution of green revolution is quite important under Green Revolution mechanization of agriculture, use of high yielding hybrid variety of seeds, fertilizers and insecticides and irrigation facilities were extended.

Also due to promotion of consolidation of land holdings, abolishing of mediators, today the country has become self-sufficient in the field of food grains. The progress of food grains in India can be explained on the basis of following table:

Food Grain Production in India (in crore tonnes):

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India - 1

II. Minimum Support Price:
The prices of agriculture products are very flexible, at the time of harvesting the supply increases, due to which there is enough decrease in price. As prices at this time go down below the fixed limit the producer finds it difficult to get the cost of their products.

1. Therefore government declares minimum support price for agricultural products, under which when market price of food-grains becomes less than its support price, the government starts purchasing food grains on self-declared support price. Due to which farmers get inspired to produce more and more and the government procures food grain for “Buffer Stocks”.

2. The support prices declared by the government during last years are shown here in following table:

Support of Different Food Grains (Rupees per quintal):

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India - 3

III. Buffer Stock:
If the production of food grains is less than to face such crisis of shortage and to distribute them through Public Distribution System, the stock of food grains kept by government is known as Buffer Stock. Buffer stock is the Stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice procured by government through Food Corporation of India (FCI).

The FCI purchases wheat and rice from farmers in states where there is surplus production. The farmers are paid a pronounced price for their crop. This price is called “Minimum Support Price”. The government declares these prices before the sowing season to provide incentives to farmers for raising production of these crops.

These food grains are stored in large granaries. It helps in resolving the problem of shortage of food grains during emergencies. The table of Buffer Stock explains that in the past years in India the stocks has been greater than fixed minimum quantity which is a sign of strong food security of India.

Status of Buffer Stock in India (in million tonnes):

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India - 4

MP Board Solutions

Question 5.
What is Public Distribution System and what are its main constituents? Describe.
Answer:
By Public Distribution System is meant that system in which different consumer goods are sold in sufficient quantity at fixed prices to the consumers specially to the poor section of society. In this system different goods (wheat, rice, sugar, imported edible oil, coal and kerosene oil etc.) are sold through ration shops or cooperative consumer stores.

The profit rate for these sellers are fixed and they have to sell the goods to the ration card holders on fixed price and in fixed quantities. There are three kinds of ration cards BPL Card, APL Card and Antyodaya Card. BPL cards are for people below poverty line. APL cards are for people above poverty line.

Antyodaya Cards are meant for the poorest of the poor. The Public Distribution System is regulated by central and state government together. The central government allots food grains and other commodities to state and determines prices also. The state has the right to add transportation charge etc.

to the prices fixed by Central Government. The transportation, collection, distribution and inspection of these goods processed under this system is-done by state government. The state government can include those goods also in Public Distribution System which it can purchase if required.

The main constituents of Public Distribution System. Public Distribution System includes fair-price shops. Fair Price Shop for selling cloth, soft coke depot, Super market and Kerosene shops. In India distribution of food grains is increasing continuously through Public Distribution System. The following table will show that Public Distribution system plays an important role in providing food grains to people.

Public Distribution System and Distribution of Food Grains (in million tonnes):

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India - 5

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
How is the Public Distribution System conducted? Describe.
Answer:

By Public Distribution System is meant that system in which different consumer goods are sold in sufficient quantity at fixed prices to the consumers specially to the poor section of society. In this system different goods (wheat, rice, sugar, imported edible oil, coal and kerosene oil etc.) are sold through ration shops or cooperative consumer stores.

The profit rate for these sellers are fixed and they have to sell the goods to the ration card holders on fixed price and in fixed quantities. There are three kinds of ration cards BPL Card, APL Card and Antyodaya Card. BPL cards are for people below poverty line. APL cards are for people above poverty line.

Antyodaya Cards are meant for the poorest of the poor. The Public Distribution System is regulated by central and state government together. The central government allots food grains and other commodities to state and determines prices also. The state has the right to add transportation charge etc.

to the prices fixed by Central Government. The transportation, collection, distribution and inspection of these goods processed under this system is-done by state government. The state government can include those goods also in Public Distribution System which it can purchase if required.

The main constituents of Public Distribution System. Public Distribution System includes fair-price shops. Fair Price Shop for selling cloth, soft coke depot, Super market and Kerosene shops. In India distribution of food grains is increasing continuously through Public Distribution System. The following table will show that Public Distribution system plays an important role in providing food grains to people.

Public Distribution System and Distribution of Food Grains (in million tonnes):

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India - 5

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Other Important Questions

Question 1.
Choose the right answer:
(i) Kharif crops are sown in the month of –
(a) October
(b) November
(c) December
(d) January
Answer:
(a) October

Question 2.
Rabi crops are harvested in the month of –
(a) February or March
(b) March or April
(c) April or May
(d) May or June.
Answer:
(b) March or April

Question 3.
In production of food grains India stands third after –
(a) America and Australia
(b) America and China
(c) America and Canada
(d) China and Canada.
Answer:
(b) America and China

Question 4.
Antyodaya ration cards are meant for those who are –
(a) Below poverty line
(b) Above poverty line
(c) Poorest of the poor
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Poorest of the poor

Question 5.
Target-ted Public Distribution System was introduced in the year –
(a) 1997
(b) 1998
(b) 1999
(d) 2000.
Answer:
(a) 1997

Fill in the blank:

  1. Reserve stock of food grains to meet …………… situations.
  2. ……………. cards for people below poverty line.
  3. ……………. cards for the poorest of the poor.
  4. In India two kinds of wheat are grown……………… and mikrani wheat.
  5. India is second largest producer of ………………… in the world.

Answer:

  1. Emergency
  2. BPL
  3. Antyodaya
  4. Walgair wheat
  5. Rice.

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the main requirements of life?
Answer:
Food, clothing and housing.

Question 2.
How does the World Development Report 1986? Define Food security.
Answer:
According to the World. Development Report 1986, “Food security is the availability of adequate food at all time for active and healthy life for all”.

Question 3.
On what three factors does food security depend?
Answer:
Food security depends on three factors Public Distribution System, alertness of government and the measures taken in a situation of crisis.

Question 4.
Name the major cereals?
Answer:
The major Cereals are rice, wheat, mullets and maize.

MP Board Solutions

Question 5.
Name some rabi crops?
Answer:
Some rabi crops are wheat, oat, gram, etc.

Question 6.
Name rice producing states of India?
Answer:
Rice producing states of India are West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Punjab amd Assam.

Question 7.
When was Public Distribution System amended?
Answer:
Public Distribution System was amended in January 1992.

Question 8.
What are the parts of Public Distribution System?
Answer:
Public Distribution System includes fair price shops, soft coke depot, super market and kerosene shops.

Question 9.
Name two crops used as fodder for cattle?
Answer:
Jowar and Bajra.

MP Board Solutions

Question 10.
What type of economy have we?
Answer:
We have developing economy.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does food security generally imply? Mention the stages of food security?
Answer:
The food security generally implies that the whole population at all time, should have access to minimum quantity of cereals, but due to continuous changes in a developing country there can be following stages of food security:

  • Availability of adequate food grains.
  • Availability of food grains and pulses in adequate quantity.
  • Availability of milk and milk products along with food grains and pulses.
  • Availability of food-grains, pulses, milk and milk products, vegetables, fruits etc.

Question 2.
Describe the chief crops of India and their cultivation regions.
Answer:
The chief crops of India paddy (rice), wheat, bajra, jowar, maize, gram and pulses. Their cultivation regions

1. Paddy (rice):
West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamilnadu, Orissa, Punjab, Assam.

2. Wheat:
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Gujarat.

3. Bajra:
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat.

4. Jowar:
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.

5. Maize:
Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Rajasthan.

6. Gram & Pulses:
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Karnataka.

MP Board Solutions

Question 3.
What do you understand by ‘Fair Price Shop’? What are its benefits?
Answer:
Sugar, cereals, kerosene etc. are distributed to the ration card holders through ration shops which are also known as ‘Fair Price Shops’. Any family with a ration card can buy stipulated amount of these items, every month from nearby ration shop. At these shops all the items are sold at a price lower than the market price. Today there are about 4.6 lakh ration shops in the country.

Question 4.
Write a short note on Buffer Stock?
Answer:
If the production of food grains is less than to face such crises of shortage and to distribute them through Public Distribution System, the stock of food grains kept by government is known as Buffer Stock. Buffer Stock is the stock of food grains namely wheat and rice procured by government through Food Corporation of India (FCI).

The FCI purchases wheat and rice from farmers in states where there is surplus production. These food grains are stored in large granaries. It helps in resolving the problem of shortage of food grains during emergencies.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Food Security in India

Question 1.
Describe coarse crops.
Answer:
Sorghum (Jowar), bajra and maize are coarse crops.

1. Sorghum (Jowar):
Jowar is used as fodder for cattle and as food for human beings. In India it is food of the poor and in foreign countries it is used to prepare starch and glucose. About 87% of the total production of jowar in the country is produced in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

2. Bajra:
It is used as fodder for cattle. India is the largest producer of bajrai in the world. The main bajra producing states of India are Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Haryana etc. Of the total production of bajra in the country 96% is grown here.

3. Maize:
It is used as food and fodder. In India it is grown in about all states but mainly it is grown in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Karnataka.

MP Board Solutions

Question 2.
Why has food security become necessary in India? What are the causes responsible for this?
Answer:

Food security related to the food – related needs of man. In simple words food security means availability of nutritive food to all. Also people should have purchasing power (money) for the arrangement and availability of food at reasonable prices. According to the World Development Report, 1986 “Food security is the availability of adequate food at all time for active and healthy life for all”.

Necessity of Food Security:
In the present Indian situation food security has become very important. Our economy is developing but the population is also increasing rapidly. So to meet the increasing demand, food security has become necessary. The causes responsible for this can be divided into two parts internal causes and external causes.

I. Internal causes:
Internal causes include those which are related to the internal conditions of the country. Following factors are included in these.

1. Basis of life:
India is a country of large population and the birth rate is also very high. Therefore food security is necessary.

2. Dependence on Monsoon:
Majority of crops in India are dependent on monsoon for irrigation, but the monsoon is always uncertain and irregular. The distribution of rains is uneven too. Consequently droughts and famines are common features of our economy. Therefore food security is necessary.

3. Low Productivity:
In India the productivity of food grains regarding per hectare and per labor is low. From this point of view also food security is necessary.

4. Natural Calamities:
Other than the problem of monsoon, flood, insects and pets, cold waves, soil erosion etc. also destroy the food crops in some or the – other part of the country. So the problem of shortage of food crops arises. The famine in Orissa of 1835 in Punjab and Madhya Pradesh in 1877 and in West Bengal in 1943, lacks of people died of hunger. So food security is necessary to face these natural calamities.

5. Continuously Rising Prices:
The prices of food grains are increasing continuously which results in starvation. So food security is necessary to overcome this problem.

6. Progress of the Country:
No country can progress without self-sufficiency of food, and for this food security is necessary.

II. External causes:
External causes include those causes which are related to the relation of the other countries with our country. Following are the external causes:

1. Dependence on Foreign Countries:
Food is the basic need of human beings. So when this requirement is not fulfilled it becomes the primary duty of the Government to fulfill these needs of the people. If there is a shortage of food we have to depend on foreign countries. Whenever there is inadequate supply of food-grains in our country we have to import even if food graii are costly or cheap the quality is good or bad. Thus dependence on foreign countries increases.

2. Decrease in Foreign Exchange:
Whenever we import things like food grains we have to spend our foreign exchange unnecessarily. We can meet our demand for food ourselves but we cannot. This results in shortage of foreign exchange to purchase very important commodities.

3. Foreign Pressure:
Countries which supply food grains to other countries become influential and then they pursue them to follow their policies. These countries dominate those countries which import food grains from them, as a result they lose their freedom to decide their foreign policies.

In the year 1965 – 66 and 1966 – 67 due to the failure of monsoon India had to face a devastating drought and therefore wheat was imported from America. During these frequent emergencies of food grains India experienced that food security is very essential to save people from starvation, to protect self – respect that honor and sovereignty and for the development of the country.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.3

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.3

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 237

प्रश्न 1.
उन आयतों का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए जिनकी भुजाएँ नीचे दी गई हैं
(a) 3 सेमी और 4 सेमी
(b) 12 मी और 21 मी
(c) 2 किमी और 3 किमी
(d) 2 मी और 70 सेमी
हल :
(a) ∵ आयत की लम्बाई = 4 सेमी,
आयत की चौड़ाई = 3 सेमी
∴ आयत का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 4 सेमी x 3 सेमी
= 12 वर्ग सेमी

(b) ∵आयत की लम्बाई = 21 मी,
आयत की चौड़ाई = 12 मी
∴आयत का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 21 मी x 12 मी
= 252 वर्ग मी

(c)∵आयत की लम्बाई = 3 किमी,
आयत की चौड़ाई = 2 किमी
∴आयत का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 3 किमी x 2 किमी
= 6 वर्ग किमी

(d)∵आयत की लम्बाई = 2 मी,
आयत की चौड़ाई = 70 सेमी = 0.70 मी
∴आयत का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 2 मी x 0.70 मी
= 1.40 वर्ग मी

प्रश्न 2.
उन वर्गों का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए जिनकी भुजाएँ निम्नलिखित हैं
(a) 10 सेमी
(b) 14 सेमी
(c) 5 मी
हल :
(a) ∵ वर्ग की भुजा = 10 सेमी
∴ वर्ग का क्षेत्रफल = भुजा – भुजा
= 10 सेमी x 10 सेमी
= 100 वर्ग सेमी

(b)∵ वर्ग की भुजा = 14 सेमी
∴वर्ग का क्षेत्रफल = भुजा – भुजा
= 14 सेमी x 14 सेमी
= 196 वर्ग सेमी

(c)∵वर्ग की भुजा = 5 मी
∴वर्ग का क्षेत्रफल = भुजा x भुजा = 5 मी x 5 मी
= 25 वर्ग मीटर

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 3.
तीन आयतों की विमाएँ निम्नलिखित हैं
(a) 9 मी और 6 मी
(b) 3 मी और 17 मी
(c) 4 मी और 14 मी।
इनमें किसका क्षेत्रफल सबसे अधिक है किसका सबसे कम ?
हल :
(a) आयत की लम्बाई = 9 मी और चौड़ाई = 6 मी
आयत का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई = 9 मी x 6 मी
= 54 वर्ग मीटर

(b) आयत की लम्बाई = 17 मी और चौड़ाई = 3 मी
आयत का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई = 17 मी x 3 मी
= 51 वर्ग मीटर

(c) आयत की लम्बाई = 14 मी और चौड़ाई = 4 मी
आयत का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई = 14 मी x 4 मी
= 56 वर्ग मीटर
∵56 > 54 > 51
∴आयत (c) का क्षेत्रफल सबसे अधिक और आयत (b) का क्षेत्रफल सबसे कम है।

प्रश्न 4.
50 मी लम्बाई वाले एक आयताकार बगीचे का क्षेत्रफल 300 वर्ग मीटर है। बगीचे की चौड़ाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
आयताकार बगीचे का क्षेत्रफल = 300 वर्ग मीटर
आयतकार बगीचे की लम्बाई = 50 मीटर
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.3 image 1
= 6 मी

प्रश्न 5.
500 मी लम्बाई तथा 200 मी चौड़ाई वाले एक आयताकार भूखण्ड पर Rs 8 प्रति 100 वर्ग मीटर की दर से टाइल लगाने का व्यय ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
∵ आयताकार भूखण्ड की लम्बाई = 500 मी
भूखण्ड की चौड़ाई = 200 मी
∴भूखण्ड का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 500 मी x 200 मी
= 100,000 वर्ग मीटर
100 वर्ग मीटर के लिए टाइल लगाने का व्यय = Rs 8
∴टाइल लगाने का कुल व्यय = Rs \(\frac{100000 \times 8}{100}\)
= Rs 8000

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 6.
एक मेज के ऊपरी पृष्ठ की माप 2 मी x 1 मी 50 सेमी है। मेज का क्षेत्रफल वर्ग मीटर में ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
मेज के पृष्ठ की लम्बाई = 2 मी.
मेज के पृष्ठ की चौड़ाई = 1 मी 50 सेमी = 1.50 मी
∴मेज के पृष्ठ का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 2 मी x 1.50 मी
= 3.00 वर्ग मी

प्रश्न 7.
एक कमरे की लम्बाई 4 मी तथा चौड़ाई 3 मी 50 सेमी है। कमरे के फर्श को ढकने के लिए कितने वर्ग मीटर गलीचे की आवश्यकता होगी?
हल :
कमरे की लम्बाई = 4 मी
कमरे की चौड़ाई = 3 मी 50 सेमी = 3.50 मी
∴कमरे के फर्श का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 4 मी x 3.50 मी
= 14.00 वर्ग मी
अतः कमरे के फर्श को ढकने के लिए 14.00 वर्ग मीटर गलीचे की आवश्यकता होगी।

प्रश्न 8.
एक फर्श की लम्बाई 5 मी और चौड़ाई 4 मी है। 3 मी भुजा वाले एक वर्गाकार गलीचे को फर्श पर बिछाया गया है। फर्श के उस भाग का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए जिस पर गलीचा नहीं बिछा है। हल :
फर्श का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 5 मी x 4 मी
= 20 वर्गमी
वर्गाकार गलीचे का क्षेत्रफल = भुजा x भुजा
= 3 मी x 3 मी
= 9 वर्ग मीटर
उस भाग का क्षेत्रफल जहाँ गलीचा नहीं बिछा है
= फर्श का क्षेत्रफल – गलीचे का क्षेत्रफल
= 20 वर्ग मी – 9 वर्ग मी
= 11 वर्ग मी
अत: उस भाग का क्षेत्रफल जिस पर गलीचा नहीं बिछा है = 11 वर्ग मी

प्रश्न 9.
5 मी. लम्बाई तथा 4 मी चौड़ाई वाले एक आयताकार भूखण्ड पर 1 मी भुजा वाली वर्गाकार फूलों की 5 क्यारियाँ बनाई जाती हैं। भूखण्ड के शेष भाग का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
∵भूखण्ड की लम्बाई = 5 मी
भूखण्ड की चौड़ाई = 4 मी
∴भूखण्ड का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 5 मी x 4 मी
= 20 वर्ग मी
वर्गाकार क्यारी का क्षेत्रफल = भुजा x भुजा
= 1 मी x 1 मी
= 1 वर्ग मी
∴ वर्गाकार 5 फूलों की क्यारियों का क्षेत्रफल
= 5 x 1 वर्ग मी
= 5 वर्ग मी
∴ भूखण्ड के शेष भाग का क्षेत्रफल
= भूखण्ड का क्षेत्रफल – क्यारियों का क्षेत्रफल
= 20 वर्ग मी – 5 वर्ग मी
= 15 वर्ग मी

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 10.
पाठ्य-पुस्तक में दी गई आकृतियों को आयतों में तोड़िए। इनका क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए। (भुजाओं की माप सेमी में दी गई है।)
हल :
(a) आयत (1) का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 4 सेमी x 2 सेमी
= 8 वर्ग सेमी
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.3 image 2
वर्ग (2) का क्षेत्रफल = भुजा – भुजा
= 3 सेमी x 3 सेमी
= 9 वर्ग सेमी
आयत (3) का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 2 सेमी x 1 सेमी
= 2 वर्ग सेमी
वर्ग (4) का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 3 सेमी x 3 सेमी
= 9 वर्ग सेमी
अतः आकृति का कुल क्षेत्रफल = 8 वर्ग सेमी +9 वर्ग सेमी + 2 वर्ग सेमी + 9 वर्ग सेमी
= 28 वर्ग सेमी

(b) आयत (1) का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 3 सेमी x 1 सेमी
= 3 वर्ग सेमी
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.3 image 3
आयत (2) का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 3 सेमी x 1 सेमी
= 3 वर्ग सेमी
आयत (3) का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 3 सेमी x 1 सेमी
= 3 वर्ग सेमी
∴आकृति का कुल क्षेत्रफल
= 3 वर्ग सेमी + 3 वर्ग सेमी + 3 वर्ग सेमी
= 9 वर्ग सेमी

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 11.
पाठ्य-पुस्तक में दी गई आकृतियों को आयतों में तोड़िए और प्रत्येक का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए। (भुजाओं की माप सेमी में दी गई है।)
हल :
(a) आयत (1) का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 10 सेमी x 2 सेमी
= 20 वर्ग सेमी
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.3 image 4
आयत (2) का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 10 सेमी x 2 सेमी
= 20 वर्ग सेमी
∴दी हुई आकृति का कुल क्षेत्रफल = 20 वर्ग सेमी + 20 वर्ग सेमी = 40 वर्ग सेमी

(b) वर्ग (1) का क्षेत्रफल = भुजा x भुजा
= 7 सेमी x 7 सेमी
= 49 वर्ग सेमी
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.3 image 5
आयत (2) का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 21 सेमी x 7 सेमी
= 147 वर्ग सेमी
वर्ग (3) का क्षेत्रफल = भुजा – भुजा
= 7 सेमी x 7 सेमी
= 49 वर्ग सेमी
∴ दी हुई आकृति का कुल क्षेत्रफल
= 49 वर्ग सेमी + 147 वर्ग सेमी + 49 वर्ग सेमी
= 245 वर्ग सेमी

(c) आयत (1) का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 5 सेमी x 1 सेमी = 5 वर्ग सेमी
आयत (2) का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 4 सेमी x 1 सेमी = 4 वर्ग सेमी
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.3 image 6
∴ दी हुई आकृति का कुल क्षेत्रफल
= 5 वर्ग सेमी + 4 वर्ग सेमी 1
= 9 वर्ग सेमी

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 12.
एक टाइल की माप 5 सेमी x 12 सेमी है। एक क्षेत्र को पूर्णतया ढकने के लिए, ऐसी कितनी टाइलों की आवश्यकता होगी, जिसकी लम्बाई और चौड़ाई क्रमशः
(a) 144 सेमी और 100 सेमी है।
(b) 70 सेमी और 36 सेमी है।
हल :
आयताकार टाइल का क्षेत्रफल
= लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 12 सेमी x 5 सेमी
= 60 वर्ग सेमी

(a) ∵ आयताकार क्षेत्र का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 144 सेमी x 100 सेमी
= 14400 वर्ग सेमी
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.3 image 7

(b) ∵ आयताकार क्षेत्र का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 70 सेमी x 36 सेमी
= 2520 वर्ग सेमी
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.3 image 8

एक चुनौती

प्रश्न 1.
(i) एक सेण्टीमीटर वर्गांकित पेपर पर आप जितने भी आयत बना सकते हैं, बनाइए, जिससे कि आयत का क्षेत्रफल 16 वर्ग सेण्टीमीटर हो जाए। (केवल पूर्ण संख्या की लम्बाई पर ही विचार करना है।)
(a) किस आयत का परिमाप सबसे अधिक है ?
(b) किस आयत का परिमाप सबसे कम है ?
(ii) यदि आप एक ऐसा आयत लें जिसका क्षेत्रफल 24 वर्ग सेमी हो, तो आपके उत्तर क्या होंगे? दिये हुए क्षेत्रफल के लिए, क्या अधिकतम परिमाप के आकार को बताना सम्भव है ? क्या सबसे कम परिमाप के आयत के बारे में बता सकते हैं ? उदाहरण दीजिए और कारण बताइए।
हल :
(i) वर्गांकित पेपर पर निम्न आयत बनाए जा सकते हैं। इनमें प्रत्येक का क्षेत्रफल 16 सेमी है।
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.3 image 9
(1) 16 सेमी x 1 सेमी
(2) 8 सेमी x 2 सेमी
(3) 4 सेमी x 4 सेमी

(1) का परिमाप = 2 x (16 + 1) सेमी
= 2 x 17 सेमी
= 34 सेमी

(2) का परिमाप = 2 x (8 + 2) सेमी
= 2 x 10 सेमी
= 20 सेमी

(3) का परिमाप = 2 x (4 + 4) सेमी
= 2 x 8 सेमी
= 16 सेमी

(i) (a) आयत (1) का परिमाप सबसे अधिक (34 सेमी) है।
(b) आयत (3) का परिमाप सबसे कम (16 सेमी) है।

(ii) जबकि आयत का क्षेत्रफल 24 वर्ग सेमी है
यहाँ निम्न विमाओं के 4 आयत होंगे
(a) 24 सेमी x 1 सेमी
(b) 12 सेमी x 2 सेमी
(c) 8 सेमी 3 सेमी
(d) 6 सेमी x 4 सेमी

MP Board Solutions

आयत (a) का परिमाप = 2 x (24 + 1) सेमी
= 2 x 25 सेमी
= 50 सेमी

आयत (b) का परिमाप = 2 x (12 + 2) सेमी
= 2 x 14 सेमी
= 28 सेमी

आयत (c) का परिमाप = 2 x (8 + 3) सेमी
= 2 x 11 सेमी
= 22 सेमी

आयत (d) का परिमाप = 2 x (6 + 4) सेमी
= 2 x 10 सेमी
= 20 सेमी

यहाँ आयत (a) का परिमाप जिसकी विमाएँ 24 सेमी x 1 सेमी हैं, सबसे अधिक है।
आयत (d) का परिमाप जिसकी विमाएँ 6 सेमी x 4 सेमी हैं, सबसे कम है।
हाँ, दिए हुए क्षेत्रफल से सबसे बड़े परिमाप वाले और सबसे छोटे परिमाप वाले आयत का आकार बता सकते हैं।

उदाहरण – माना कि आयत का क्षेत्रफल 36 वर्ग सेमी है। इससे बनने वाले आयतों की विमाएँ निम्न हैं
(i) 36 सेमी x 1 सेमी
(ii) 18 सेमी x 2 सेमी
(iii) 12 सेमी x 3 सेमी
(iv) 9 सेमी x 4 सेमी
(v) 6 सेमी x 6 सेमी

इनके परिमाप क्रमशः
(i) 74 सेमी
(ii) 40 सेमी,
(iii) 30 सेमी
(iv) 26 सेमी हैं
(v) 24 सेमी हैं।

कारण – इससे स्पष्ट है कि जिस आयत की लम्बाई अधिक है उसका परिमाप अधिक है और जिस आयत की लम्बाई कम है उसका परिमाप भी सबसे कम है।

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 14 गुणनखंडन Intext Questions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 14 गुणनखंडन Intext Questions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Chapter 14 पाठान्तर्गत प्रश्नोत्तर

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 227

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 14.1)

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 1.
गुणनखण्ड कीजिए –

  1. 12x + 36
  2. 22y – 33z
  3. 14pq + 35 pqr

हल:
1. 12x + 36 = (12 × x) + (12 x 3)
= 12 (x + 3)

2. 22y – 33z = (11 × 2xy) – (11 x 3 x z)
= 11 x (2xy – 3 × z)
= 11 (2y – 33)

3. 14pq + 35pqr = (7 x 2 x p x q) + (7 x 5 x p x q x r)
= 7 x p x q x (2 + 5 x r)
= 7pq (2 + 5r)

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 229-231

प्रश्न 1.
दी हुई आकृतियों का परिमाप ज्ञात कीजिए :
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 1
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 2
हल :
(a) परिमाप = भुजाओं की लम्बाइयों का योग
= 5 सेमी + 4 सेमी + 2 सेमी + 1 सेमी
= 12 सेमी

(b) परिमाप = भुजाओं की लम्बाइयों का योग
= 40 सेमी + 35 सेमी + 23 सेमी + 35 सेमी
= 133 सेमी

(c) परिमाप = भुजाओं की लम्बाइयों का योग
= 15 सेमी + 15 सेमी + 15 सेमी + 15 सेमी
= 60 सेमी

(d) परिमाप = भुजा की लम्बाइयों का योग
= 4 सेमी + 4 सेमी + 4 सेमी + 4 सेमी + 4 सेमी
= 20 सेमी

(e) परिमाप = भुजाओं की लम्बाइयों का योग
= 4 सेमी + 1 + सेमी + 4 सेमी + 0.5 सेमी + 2.5 सेमी + 2.5 सेमी + 0.5 सेमी
= 15 सेमी

(f) परिमाप = भुजाओं की लम्बाइयों का योग
= 4 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 2 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 1 सेमी + 4 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 2 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 1 सेमी + 4 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 2 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 1 सेमी + 4 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 2 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 1 सेमी
= 52 सेमी

प्रश्न 2.
40 सेमी लम्बाई और 10 सेमी चौड़ाई वाले एक आयताकार बॉक्स के ढक्कन को चारों ओर से पूरी तरह एक टेप द्वारा बन्द कर दिया जाता है। आवश्यक टेप की लम्बाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
टेप की अभीष्ट लम्बाई
= आयताकार बॉक्स के ढक्कन का परिमाप
= 2 x (लम्बाई + चौड़ाई)
= 2 x (40 सेमी + 10 सेमी)
= 2 x 50 सेमी
= 100 सेमी
= 1 मी

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 3.
एक मेज की ऊपरी सतह की दिशाएँ 2 मी 25 सेमी और 1 मी 50 सेमी हैं। मेज की ऊपरी सतह का परिमाप ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
मेज की ऊपरी सतह की लम्बाई
= 2 मी 25 सेमी
= 2.25 मी
मेज की ऊपरी सतह की चौड़ाई = 1 मी 50 सेमी
= 1.50 मी
∴मेज की ऊपरी सतह का परिमाप
= 2 x (लम्बाई + चौड़ाई)
= 2 x (2.25 मी + 1.50 मी)
= 2 x 3.75 मी
= 7.5 मी

प्रश्न 4.
32 सेमी लम्बाई और 21 सेमी चौड़ाई वाले एक फोटो को लकड़ी की पट्टी से फ्रेम करना है। आवश्यक लकड़ी की पट्टी की लम्बाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
फ्रेम की लम्बाई = 32 सेमी, चौड़ाई = 21 सेमी
∴फ्रेम का परिमाप = 2 x (लम्बाई + चौड़ाई)
= 2x (32 सेमी + 21 सेमी)
= 2 x 53 सेमी
= 106 सेमी
अतः लकड़ी की पट्टी की अभीष्ट लम्बाई = 106 सेमी

प्रश्न 5.
एक आयताकार भूखण्ड की लम्बाई और चौड़ाई क्रमशः 0.7 किमी और 0.5 किमी है। इसके चारों ओर एक तार से 4 पंक्तियों में बाड़ लगाई जाती है। आवश्यक तार की लम्बाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
लम्बाई = 0.7 किमी, चौड़ाई = 0.5 किमी
∴भूखण्ड का परिमाप = 2 x (लम्बाई + चौड़ाई)
= 2 x (0.7 किमी + 0.5 किमी)
= 2 x (1.2 किमी)
= 2.4 किमी
∵1 पंक्ति की बाड़ के लिए तार की लम्बाई = 2.4 किमी
∴4 पंक्ति की बाड़ के लिए तार की लम्बाई
= 4 x 2.4 किमी
= 9.6 किमी

प्रश्न 6.
निम्न आकृतियों में प्रत्येक की परिमाप ज्ञात कीजिए
(a) एक त्रिभुज जिसकी भुजाएँ 3 सेमी, 4 सेमी तथा 5 सेमी हैं।
(b) एक समबाहु त्रिभुज जिसकी एक भुजा की लम्बाई 9 सेमी है।
(c) एक समद्विबाहु त्रिभुज जिसकी प्रत्येक समान भुजा 8 सेमी की हो तथा तीसरी भुजा 6 सेमी हो।
हल :
(a) परिमाप = भुजा की लम्बाइयों का योग
= 3 सेमी + 4 सेमी + 5 सेमी
= 12 सेमी

(b) परिमाप = भुजा की लम्बाइयों का योग
= 3 x भुजा की लम्बाई
= 3 x 9 सेमी
= 27 सेमी

(c) परिमाप = भुजा की लम्बाइयों का योग
= 8 सेमी + 8 सेमी + 6 सेमी
= 22 सेमी

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 7.
एक त्रिभुज का परिमाप ज्ञात कीजिए जिसकी भुजाएँ 10 सेमी, 14 सेमी तथा 15 सेमी हैं।
हल :
त्रिभुज की भुजाएँ = 10 सेमी, 14 सेमी और 15 सेमी
∴त्रिभुज का परिमाप = त्रिभुज की भुजाओं की लम्बाइयों का योग
= 10 सेमी + 14 सेमी + 15 सेमी
= 39 सेमी

प्रश्न 8.
एक समषभुज का परिमाप ज्ञात कीजिए, जिसकी भुजा की माप 8 मी है।
हल :
∵समषट्भुज का परिमाप = 6 x समषट्भुज की एक भुजा
∴दिए हुए समषट्भुज का परिमाप = 6 x 8 मीटर
= 48 मी.

प्रश्न 9.
एक वर्ग की भुजा ज्ञात कीजिए, जिसका परिमाप 20 मी है।
हल :
∵वर्ग की भुजा
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 3
∴वर्ग की भुजा = \(\frac { 20 }{ 4 }\) मी = 5 मी

प्रश्न 10.
एक समपंचभुज का परिमाप 100 सेमी है। प्रत्येक भुजा की लम्बाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
समपंचभुज का परिमाप = 100 सेमी
∵समपंचभुज का परिमाप = 5 x एक भुजा की लम्बाई
∴एक भुजा की लम्बाई
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 4
∴प्रत्येक भुजा की अभीष्ट लम्बाई = \(\frac { 100 }{ 5 }\) सेमी
= 20 सेमी

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 11.
एक धागे का टुकड़ा 30 सेमी लम्बाई का है। प्रत्येक भुजा की लम्बाई क्या होगी, यदि धागे से बनाया जाता है
(a) एक वर्ग ?
(b) एक समबाहु त्रिभुज ?
(c) एक समषट्भुज ?
हल :
(a) ∵ धागा वर्ग के रूप में है और वर्ग का
परिमाप = 4 x भुजा
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 5
= 7.5 सेमी
∴प्रत्येक भुजा की लम्बाई = 7.5 सेमी

(b) ∵धागा एक समबाहु त्रिभुज के रूप में है।
∴परिमाप = 3 x एक भुजा की लम्बाई
या एक भुजा की लम्बाई
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 6
= 10 सेमी

(c)∵ धागा एक समषट्भुज के रूप में है और समषट्भुज का परिमाप = 6 x भुजा की लम्बाई
∴6 x भुजा की लम्बाई = 30 सेमी
या भुजा की लम्बाई
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 7
= 5 सेमी

प्रश्न 12.
एक त्रिभुज की दो भुजाएँ 12 सेमी तथा 14 सेमी हैं। इस त्रिभुज का परिमाप 36 सेमी है। इसकी तीसरी भुजा की लम्बाई क्या होगी?
हल :
त्रिभुज का परिमाप
= त्रिभुज की भुजाओं की लम्बाइयों का योग
= 12 सेमी + 14 सेमी + तीसरी भुजा
= 26 सेमी + तीसरी भुजा
लेकिन परिमाप = 36 सेमी
∴26 सेमी + तीसरी भुजा = 36 सेमी
या तीसरी भुजा की लम्बाई = 36 सेमी – 26 सेमी
= 10 सेमी
अतः त्रिभुज की तीसरी भुजा की लम्बाई = 10 सेमी

प्रश्न 13.
250 मीटर भुजा वाले वर्गाकार बगीचे के चारों ओर बाड़ लगाने का व्यय Rs 20 प्रति मीटर की दर से ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
बगीचे की भुजा की लम्बाई = 250 मी
∵बगीचा वर्गाकार है
∴परिमाप = 4 x एक पुजा की लम्बाई
= 4 x 250 मी
= 1000 मी
∵ बाड़ लगाने की दर = Rs 20 प्रति मीटर
∴ बाड़ लगाने का व्यय = Rs 20 x Rs 1,000
= Rs 20,000

प्रश्न 14.
एक आयताकार बगीचा जिसकी लम्बाई 175 मीटर तथा चौड़ाई 125 मीटर है, के चारों ओर Rs 12 प्रति मीटर की दर से बाड़ लगाने का व्यय ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
बगीचे की लम्बाई = 175 मी बगीचे की चौड़ाई
= 125 मी
∵ बगीचा आयताकार है।
∴ बगीये का परिमाप = 2 x (लम्बाई + चौड़ाई)
= 2 x (175 मी + 125 मी)
= 2 x 300 मी
= 600 मी
∵ बाड़ लगाने की दर = Rs 12 प्रति मीटर
∴ बाड़ लगाने का व्यय = Rs 12 x 600
= Rs 7,200

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 15.
स्वीटी 75 मी भुजा वाले वर्ग के चारों ओर दौड़ती है और बुलबुल 60 मी लम्बाई और 45 मी चौड़ाई वाले आयत के चारों ओर दौड़ती है। कौन कम दूरी तय करती है ?
हल :
वर्ग की भुजा = 75 मी
∴वर्ग का परिमाप = 4 x भुजा
= 4 x 75 मी
= 300 मी
∴स्वीटी द्वारा तय की गई दूरी = 300 मीटर
आयत की लम्बाई = 60 मी, चौड़ाई = 45 मी
आयत का परिमाप – 2 x (लम्बाई + चौड़ाई)
= 2 x (60 मी + 45 मी)
= 2 x 105 मी
= 210 मी
∴बुलबुल द्वारा तय की गई दूरी = 210 मीटर
चूँकि 210 मी < 300 मी
अत: बुलबुल कम दूरी तय करती है।

प्रश्न 16.
निम्न प्रत्येक आकृति का परिमाप ज्ञात कीजिए। आप उत्तर से क्या निष्कर्ष निकालते हैं ?
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 8
हल :
(a) वर्ग की भुजा की लम्बाई = 25 सेमी
∴परिमाप = 4 x भुजा
= 4 x 25 सेमी
= 100 सेमी

(b) आयत की लम्बाई = 40 सेमी, चौड़ाई = 10 सेमी
∴आयत का परिमाप = 2 x (लम्बाई + चौड़ाई)
= 2 x (40 सेमी + 10 सेमी)
= 2 x 50 सेमी
= 100 सेमी

(c) आयत की लम्बाई = 30 सेमी, चौड़ाई
= 20 सेमी
∴आयत का परिमाप = 2 x (लम्बाई + चौड़ाई)
= 2 x (30 सेमी + 20 सेमी)
= 2 x 50 सेमी
= 100 सेमी

(d) त्रिभुज की भुजाओं की लम्बाइयाँ – 30 सेमी, 40 सेमी और 30 सेमी ।
∴त्रिभुज का परिमाप = त्रिभुज की भुजाओं की लम्बाइयों का योग = 30 सेमी + 40 सेमी + 30 सेमी
= 100 सेमी
उत्तर
यहाँ दी हुई.सभी आकृतियों का परिमाप समान है।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 17.
अवनीत 9 वर्गाकार टाइल खरीदता है, जिसकी प्रत्येक भुजा \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) मी है और वह इन टाइलों को एक वर्ग के रूप में रखता है।
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 9
(a) नए वर्ग का परिमाप क्या है [आकृति (a)]?
(b) शैरी को उसके द्वारा टाइलों को रखने की व्यवस्था पसंद नहीं आती है। वह इन टाइलों को एक क्रॉस के रूप में रखवाती है। इस व्यवस्था का परिमाप कितना होगा? [आकृति (b)]?
(c) किसका परिमाप अधिक है?
(d) अवनीत सोचता है, क्या कोई ऐसा भी तरीका है जिससे इनसे भी बड़ा परिमाप प्राप्त किया जा सकता हो? क्या आप ऐसा करने का सुझाव दे सकते हैं ? (टाइलें किनारों से आपस में मिली हुई हों और वे टूटी न हों।)
हल :
(a) अवनीत की व्यवस्था में वर्ग की भुजा की लम्बाई
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 10
वर्ग व्यवस्था का परिमाप = 4 x भुजा
= 4 x \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\)
= 6 मी

(b) क्रॉस व्यवस्था के रूप में परिमाप
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 11
= 10 मी

(c) ∵ 10 मी > 6 मी
∴ क्रॉस व्यवस्था का परिमाप अधिक है।

(d)∵टाइलों की कुल संख्या = 9
हाँ, बड़ा परिमाप ज्ञात करने के लिए निम्न व्यवस्था की जा सकती है
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 12
∴परिमाप = \(2 \times\left(\frac{9}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\right)\) मी
= 2 x 5
= 10 मी

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 234

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
ग्राफ पेपर पर एक वृत्त खींचिए। इस वृत्त में उपस्थित वर्गों की संख्या को गिनकर वृत्ताकार क्षेत्र का अनुमानित क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 13
वृत्त के अन्दर पूरे घिरे हुए वर्ग = 1
वृत्त के अन्दर आधे से अधिक घिरे हुए वर्ग = 4
वृत्त के अन्दर आधे से कम घिरे हुए वर्ग = 4
∵1 वर्ग का क्षेत्रफल = 1 x 1
∴ वृत्ताकार क्षेत्र का अनुमानित क्षेत्रफल
= 1 x 1 +4 x 1+ 4 x 0
= 1 + 4
= 5 वर्ग इकाई

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 2.
ग्राफ पेपर पर पत्तियों, फूल की पंखुड़ियों तथा ऐसी ही अन्य वस्तुओं को छायांकित कीजिए और उनका क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए।
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.1 image 14
हल :
(i) पत्ती के अन्दर पूरे घिरे हुए वर्ग = 1
पत्ती के अन्दर आधे से अधिक घिरे हुए वर्ग = 6
पत्ती के अन्दर आधे से कम घिरे हुए वर्ग = 5
∴पत्ती का क्षेत्रफल = 1 x 1 + 6 x 1 + 5 x 0
= 1 + 6 + 0
= 7 वर्ग इकाई

(ii) पंखुड़ी के अन्दर पूरे घिरे हुए वर्ग = 0.
पंखुड़ी के अन्दर आधे से अधिक घिरे हुए वर्ग = 4
पंखुड़ी के अन्दर आधे से कम घिरे वर्ग = 2
∴पंखुड़ी का क्षेत्रफल = 0 x 1 + 4 x 1 + 2 x 0
= 0 + 4 + 0
= 4 वर्ग इकाई

(iii) फूल के अन्दर पूरे घिरे हुए वर्ग = 1
फूल के अन्दर आधे से अधिक घिरे हुए वर्ग = 4
फूल के अन्दर आधे से कम घिरे हुए वर्ग = 2
∴फूल का क्षेत्रफल = 1 x 1 + 4 x 1 x 2 x 0
= 1 + 4 + 0
= 5 वर्ग इकाई

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित में से कौन प्रतिलोम अनुपात में हैं?

  1. किसी कार्य पर लगे व्यक्तियों की संख्या और उस कार्य को पूरा करने में लगा समय।
  2. एक समान चाल से किसी यात्रा में लिया गया समय और दूरी।
  3. खेती की गई भूमि का क्षेत्रफल और काटी गई फसल।
  4. एक निश्चित यात्रा में लिया गया समय और वाहन की चाल।
  5. किसी देश की जनसंख्या और प्रति व्यक्ति भूमि का क्षेत्रफल।

उत्तर:

  1. प्रतिलोम अनुपात
  2. अनुक्रमानुपाती
  3. अनुक्रमानुपाती
  4. प्रतिलोम अनुपात
  5. प्रतिलोम अनुपात।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 2.
एक टेलीविजन गेम शो (game show) में ₹ 1,00,000 की पुरस्कार राशि विजेताओं में समान रूप से वितरित की जाती है। निम्नलिखित सारणी को पूरा कीजिए तथा ज्ञात कीजिए कि क्या एक व्यक्तिगत विजेता को दी जाने वाली पुरस्कार की धनराशि विजेताओं की संख्या के अनुक्रमानुपाती है या व्युत्क्रमानुपाती है?
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-1
हल:
स्पष्ट है कि विजेताओं की संख्या बढ़ने पर पुरस्कार की धनराशि कम हो जाएगी।
विजेताओं की संख्याओं के लिए धनराशि –

  • 4 → ₹ 25,000
  • 5 → ₹ 20,000
  • 8 → ₹ 12,500
  • 10 → ₹ 10,000
  • 20 → ₹ 5,000

यहाँ, एक विजेता को दी गई धनराशि विजेताओं की संख्या के व्युत्क्रमानुपाती है।

प्रश्न 3.
रहमान तीलियों या डंडियों का प्रयोग करते हुए, एक पहिया बना रहा है। वह समान तीलियाँ इस प्रकार लगाना चाहता है कि किन्हीं भी क्रमागत तीलियों के युग्मों के बीच के कोण बराबर हैं।
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-2
निम्नलिखित सारणी को पूरा करके उसकी सहायता कीजिए –
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-3

  1. क्या तीलियों की संख्या और क्रमागत तीलियों के किसी युग्म के बीच का कोण प्रतिलोम समानुपात में हैं?
  2. 15 तीलियों वाले एक पहिए के क्रमागत तीलियों के किसी युग्म का कोण परिकलित कीजिए।
  3. यदि क्रमागत तीलियों के प्रत्येक युग्म के बीच का कोण 40° है, तो आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या कितनी होगी?

हल:
यहाँ यह स्पष्ट है कि तीलियों की संख्या अधिक होगी तो क्रमागत तीलियों के युग्मों के बीच कोण का माप कम होगी।
हम यहाँ यह भी देखते हैं कि –
4 x 90° = 6 x 60° = 360°
अतः यह प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति है।
इसलिए 8 × x = 360°; ∴ x = \(\frac{360}{8}\) = 45°
और 10 x y = 360°; ∴ y = \(\frac{360}{10}\) = 36°
और 12 x 2 = 360°; ∴ 2 = \(\frac{360}{12}\) = 30°
अतः 8 → 45%, 10 → 36°, 12 → 30°

1. हाँ, तीलियों की संख्या और क्रमागत तीलियों के किसी युग्म के बीच का कोण प्रतिलोम समानुपात में हैं। उत्तर

2. माना कि 15 तीलियों वाले एक पहिए के क्रमागत तीलियों के किसी युग्म का कोण = x है।
15 × x = 4 x 90°
x = \(\frac{4×90°}{15}\) = 9
अतः अभीष्ट कोण = 24°

3. माना कि तीलियों की संख्या = y है।
y = 40° = 4 x 90°
y = \(\frac{4×90°}{40°}\) = 9
अतः आवश्यक तीलियों की संख्या = 9

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 4.
यदि किसी डिब्बे की मिठाई को 24 बच्चों में बाँटा जाए, तो प्रत्येक बच्चे को 5 मिठाइयाँ मिलती हैं। यदि बच्चों की संख्या में 4 की कमी हो जाए, तो प्रत्येक बच्चे को कितनी मिठाइयाँ मिलेंगी?
हल:
क्योंकि बच्चों की संख्या में 4 की कमी हो जाती है, तो
बच्चों की संख्या = 24 – 4 = 20
माना कि अब प्रत्येक को x मिठाइयाँ मिलती हैं,
अब, सूचना को सारणी के रूप में रखने पर,
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-4
बच्चों की संख्या कम होने से बच्चों को अधिक मिठाइयाँ मिलेंगी।
अत: यह एक व्युत्क्रमानुपात की स्थिति हैं।
24 x 5 = 20 × x
x = \(\frac{24×5}{20}\) = 6
इसलिए, प्रत्येक बच्चे को 6 मिठाइयाँ मिलेंगी।

प्रश्न 5.
एक किसान की पशुशाला में 20 पशुओं के लिए 6 दिन का पर्याप्त भोजन है। यदि इस पशुशाला में 10 पशु और आ जाएँ, तो यह भोजन कितने दिन तक पर्याप्त रहेगा?
हल:
अब,पशुओं की संख्या = 20 + 10 = 30
मानाकि भोजन 30 पशुओं के दिन तक पर्याप्त रहेगा। हम निम्न सारणी प्राप्त करते हैं –
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-5
जितने पशु अधिक होंगे उतने ही कम समय में भोजन समाप्त हो जाएगा।
अतः यह एक प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति है।
इसलिए 20 x 6 = 30 x y
या y = \(\frac{20×6}{30}\) = 4 दिन
अतः भोजन 4 दिन तक पर्याप्त रहेगा।

प्रश्न 6.
एक ठेकेदार यह आकलन करता है कि जसमिंदर के घर में पुनः तार लगाने का कार्य 3 व्यक्ति 4 दिन में कर सकते हैं। यदि वह तीन के स्थान पर चार व्यक्तियों को इस काम पर लगाता है, तो यह कार्य कितने दिन में पूरा हो जाएगा?
हल:
व्यक्तियों की संख्या अधिक होने पर कार्य जल्दी समाप्त हो जाएगा।
माना कार्य x दिन में समाप्त हो जाएगा। अतः यह एक प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति है।
3 व्यक्ति : 4 व्यक्ति = x दिन : 4 दिन
x = \(\frac{3×4}{4}\) = 3 दिन
अतः कार्य 3 दिन में समाप्त हो जाएगा।

प्रश्न 7.
बोतलों के एक बैच (Batch) को 25 बक्सों में रखा जाता है, जबकि प्रत्येक बक्स में 12 बोतलें हैं। यदि इसी बैच की बोतलों को इस प्रकार रखा जाए कि प्रत्येक बक्स में 20 बोतलें हों, तो कितने बक्स भरे जाएँगे?
हल:
माना कि बक्स में 20 बोतलें रखने पर x बक्सों की आवश्यकता होती है, तब
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-6
प्रत्येक बक्स में बोतलों की संख्या अधिक रखने पर कम बक्सों की आवश्यकता होगी।
अतः यह एक प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति है।
इसलिए 25 x 12 =xx 20
x = \(\frac{25×12}{20}\)
= 15 बक्से
अतः 15 बक्से भरे जायेंगे।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 8.
एक फैक्ट्री को कछ वस्तएँ 63 दिन में बनाने के लिए 42 मशीनों की आवश्यकता होती है। उतनी ही वस्तुएँ 54 दिन में बनाने के लिए, कितनी मशीनों की आवश्यकता होगी?
हल:
मानाकि x मशीनों की आवश्यकता होती है। तब
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-7
दिनों की संख्या कम करने पर अधिक मशीनों की आवश्यकता होगी।
अतः यहाँ प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति है।
इसलिए 42 x 63 = x x 54
या x = \(\frac{42×63}{54}\) = 49
अतः आवश्यक मशीनों की संख्या = 49

प्रश्न 9.
एक कार एक स्थान तक पहुँचने में 60 km/h की चाल से चलकर 2 घण्टे का समय लेती है। 80 km/h की चाल से उस कार को कितना समय लगेगा?
हल:
मानाकि कार को 80 km/h की चाल से चलने पर x घण्टे लगते हैं, तब
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-8
कार की चाल अधिक हो जाने पर उसे कम समय लगेगा।
अतः यह प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति है।
इसलिए 60 x 2 = 80 × x
या x = \(\frac{60×2}{80}\)
x = \(\frac{3}{2}\)
= 3 घण्टे
अत: कार को 11 घण्टा लगेगा।

प्रश्न 10.
दो व्यक्ति एक घर में नई खिड़कियाँ 3 दिन में लगा सकते हैं।

  1. कार्य प्रारम्भ होने से पहले, एक व्यक्ति बीमार पड़ जाता है। अब यह कार्य कितने दिन में पूरा हो पाएगा?
  2. एक ही दिन में खिड़कियाँ लगवाने के लिए, कितने व्यक्तियों की आवश्यकता होगी?

हल:
1. माना कि खिड़कियाँ लगाने में x दिन लगते हैं, तब
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-9
व्यक्तियों की संख्या कम होने से खिड़कियाँ लगाने में अधिक दिन लगेंगे।
अतः यह प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति है।
इसलिए 2 x 3 = 1 × x
x = \(\frac{2×3}{1}\)
= 6 दिन
अतः 1 व्यक्ति 6 दिन में कार्य पूरा करेगा।

2. माना कि 1 दिन में खिड़कियाँ लगाने के लिएx व्यक्तियों की आवश्यकता होगी, तब
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-10
दिनों की संख्या कम हो जाने से अधिक व्यक्तियों की आवश्यकता होगी।
अतः यह एक प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति है।
इसलिए 2 x 3 = x × 1
x = \(\frac{2×3}{1}\) = 6 व्यक्ति
अतः 1 दिन में खिड़कियाँ लगवाने के लिए आवश्यक व्यक्तियों की संख्या =6

प्रश्न 11.
किसी स्कूल में, 45 मिनट अवधि के 8 कालांश होते हैं। यह कल्पना करते हुए कि स्कूल का कार्य समय उतना ही रहता है, यदि स्कूल में बराबर अवधि के 9 कालांश हों, तो प्रत्येक कालांश कितने समय का होगा?
हल:
माना कि कालांश का समय x मिनट है, तब
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-11
कालांश अधिक हो जाने पर समय अवधि कम हो जाएगी।
अतः यह एक प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति है।
इसलिए 8 x 45 = 9 × x
x = \(\frac{8×45}{9}\) = 40 मिनट
अतः प्रत्येक कालांश का समय 40 मिनट होगा।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 223

MP Board Solutions

इन्हें कीजिए (क्रमांक 13.5)

प्रश्न 1.
एक कागज की शीट लीजिए। उसे आकृति में दर्शाए अनुसार मोड़िए। प्रत्येक स्थिति में, भागों की संख्या तथा एक भाग का क्षेत्रफल लिखिए।
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-12
अपने प्रेक्षण की सारणी बनाइए और उसकी अपने मित्रों से चर्चा कीजिए। क्या यह एक प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति है? क्यों?
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-13
हल:

  • 4 → कागज के क्षेत्रफल का \(\frac{1}{4}\) भाग
  • 8 → कागज के क्षेत्रफल का \(\frac{1}{8}\) भाग
  • 16 → कागज के क्षेत्रफल का \(\frac{1}{16}\) भाग

यहाँ, 1 x 1 = 2 x \(\frac{1}{2}\) = 4 x 1 = 8 x \(\frac{1}{8}\)
= 16 x \(\frac{1}{16}\) = 1 (अचर)
अतः यहाँ एक प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति है।
क्योंकि भागों की संख्या बढ़ने पर क्षेत्रफल में कमी हो जाती है।

प्रश्न 2.
वृत्तीय आधार वाले विभिन्न मापों के कुछ बर्तन लीजिए। प्रत्येक बर्तन में पानी की समान मात्रा भरिए। प्रत्येक बर्तन का व्यास और उस बर्तन में पानी किस ऊँचाई तक है उसे मापकर लिखिए। अपने प्रेक्षणों की एक सारणी बनाइए। क्या यह एक प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति है?
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-14
हल:
सारणी
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Ex 13.2 img-15
माना कि इनके पानी का आयतन क्रमशः V1, V2 तथा V3 हैं।
इसलिए, आयतन V1 = π(\(\frac { d_{ 1 } }{ 2 } \))2h1
V2 = π(\(\frac { d_{ 2 } }{ 2 } \))2h2
V3 = π(\(\frac { d_{ 3 } }{ 2 } \))2h3
परन्तु V1 = V2 = V3 (पानी की मात्रा समान है)
इसलिए π(\(\frac { d_{ 1 } }{ 2 } \))2h1 = π(\(\frac { d_{ 2 } }{ 2 } \))2h2 = π(\(\frac { d_{ 3 } }{ 2 } \)) 2h3
d12h1 = d22h2 = d32h3
परन्तु d1h1 ≠ d2h2 ≠ d3h3
अतः यह एक प्रतिलोम समानुपात की स्थिति नहीं है।

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.2

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.2

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या : 234

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित आकृतियों के क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए:
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Ex 10.2 image 1
हल :
(a) पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या = 9
∵ 1 वर्ग का क्षेत्रफल = 1 वर्ग इकाई
∴ आकृति द्वारा घिरे भाग का क्षेत्रफल
= 9 x 1 वर्ग इकाई
= 9 वर्ग इकाई

(b) ∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या = 5
∴ आकृति का क्षेत्रफल = 5 x 1 वर्ग इकाई
= 5 वर्ग इकाई

(c) ∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या 2
अर्ध वर्गों की संख्या = 4
∴ आकृति द्वारा घिरे भाग का क्षेत्रफल
= 2 x 1 + 4 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) वर्ग इकाई
= 2 + 2 वर्ग इकाई
= 4 वर्ग इकाई

(d) ∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या = 8
∴ आकृति द्वारा घिरे भाग का क्षेत्रफल
= 8 x 1 वर्ग इकाई
= 8 वर्ग इकाई

MP Board Solutions

(e)∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या = 10
∴ आकृति द्वारा घिरे भाग का क्षेत्रफल
= 10 × 1 वर्ग इकाई
= 10 वर्ग इकाई

(f) ∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या = 2
और अर्ध वर्गों की संख्या = 4
∴ आकृति का क्षेत्रफल = 2 × 1 वर्ग इकाई + 4 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) वर्ग इकाई
= 2 वर्ग इकाई + 2 वर्ग इकाई
= 4 वर्ग इकाई

(g) ∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या = 4
और अर्ध वर्गों की संख्या = 4
∴ आकृति का क्षेत्रफल = 4 – 1 वर्ग इकाई + 4 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) वर्ग इकाई
= 4 वर्ग इकाई + 2 वर्ग इकाई
= 6 वर्ग इकाई

(h)∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या = 5
∴ आकृति का क्षेत्रफल = 5 x 1 वर्ग इकाई
= 5 वर्ग इकाई

(i) ∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या = 9
∴ आकृति का क्षेत्रफल = 9 × 1 वर्ग इकाई
= 9 वर्ग इकाई

(j) ∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या = 2
और अर्ध वर्गों की संख्या = 4
∴ आकृति का क्षेत्रफल = 2 × 1 वर्ग इकाई + 4 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) वर्ग इकाई
= 2 वर्ग इकाई + 2 वर्ग इकाई
= 4 वर्ग इकाई

(k) ∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या = 4
और अर्ध वर्गों की संख्या = 2
∴ आकृति का क्षेत्रफल = 4 – 1 वर्ग इकाई + 2 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) वर्ग इकाई
= 4 वर्ग इकाई + 1 वर्ग इकाई
= 5 वर्ग इकाई

(l) ∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या = 4
आधे से अधिक वर्गों की संख्या = 3
और आधे वर्गों की संख्या = 2
∴ आकृति का क्षेत्रफल= 4 × 1 वर्ग इकाई + 3 x 1
वर्ग इकाई + 2 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) वर्ग इकाई
= 4 वर्ग इकाई + 3 वर्ग इकाई + 1 वर्ग इकाई
= 8 वर्ग इकाई

(m) ∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या 7
और आधे से अधिक वर्गों की संख्या = 7
आधे वर्गों की संख्या = 0
∴ आकृति का क्षेत्रफल = 7 x 1 इकाई + 7 x 1 इकाई
= 7 वर्ग इकाई + 7 वर्ग इकाई
= 14 वर्ग इकाई

(n) ∵ पूर्ण वर्गों की संख्या = 9
और आधे से अधिक वर्गों की संख्या = 9
∴ आकृति का क्षेत्रफल = 9 × 1 वर्ग इकाई + 9 x 1 वर्ग इकाई
= 18 वर्ग इकाई

MP Board Solutions

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 235

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
अपनी कक्षा के फर्श का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
फर्श की लम्बाई = 18 मी, चौड़ाई = 15 मी
∴ फर्श का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 18 मी x 15 मी
= 270 वर्ग मी

प्रश्न 2.
अपने घर के किसी एक दरवाजे का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
दरवाजे की लम्बाई = 2 मी, चौड़ाई = 1 मी
∴ दरवाजे का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
= 2 मी x 1 मी
= 2 वर्ग मी

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 17 State of Industries in India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 17 State of Industries in India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
The maximum investment limit of small scale industrial unit is –
(a) Rupees 1 crore
(b) Rupees 5 crore
(c) Rupees 3 crore
(d) Rupees 7 crore.
Answer:
(b) Rupees 5 crore

Question 2.
Out of total production of Jute in the world India produces –
(a) 25 per cent
(b) 10 per cent
(c) 50 per cent.
(c) 35 per cent.
Answer:
(c) 50 per cent.

Question 3.
Which of these is concerned with information technology –
(a) Motor car
(b) Beautiful clothes
(c) Computer
(d) Gold and silver.
Answer:
(c) Computer

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
To which countries does India export glass manufactured goods?
Answer:
India exports glass manufactured goods to Pakistan, sri Lanka, Nepal, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Iran, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Burma and Malaysia, etc.

Question 2.
Which are the chief Silk pro-ducting areas of India?
Answer:
These are four major areas of silk production in India:

  • Kashmir valley
  • Eastern Karnataka and table land (Plateau) and mountainous regions of Tamil Nadu
  • Areas of Hughli in West Bengal
  • Mountainous region of Assam.

Question 3.
Which countries are the major buyers of lac products from India?
Answer:
Major buyers of Indian lac are China, America, Russia, and Britain.

Question 4.
Mention the agro – based industries in India?
Answer:
The agro – based industries in India are cotton textile industry, jute industry, sugar industry.

Question 5.
What is the capacity of production of the cement factories established in India?
Answer:
The capacity of production of the cement factories established in India is IS,209 crore tonnes.

Question 6.
Which states in India are important for the production of silk?
Answer:
Kashmir, Eastern Karnataka, West Bengal and Assam are important for the production of silk.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain die basis on which the different industries are classified in India.
Answer:
Classification of Industries:

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 17 State of Industries in India - 1

Question 2.
Describe the state of the small scale industry of India?
Answer:
Paper Industry:
At present there are several paper mills in India among which the chief are National News Print and Paper Mill Limited (Nepanagar, Madhya Pradesh) and Security Paper Mill (Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh). At present there are 5/5 paper mills in the country. Around 15 lakh people are employed in this industry. India ranks twentieth in the world in the production of paper.

Leather Industry:
It is one of the eldest industries in India. Leather and leather goods are included in the top ten list of the products having maximum export. During the year 2003-04 the leather industry earned 2.1 million American dollars as income from export. It is estimated that 10% of total supply of leather of the world is from India.

Question 3.
Which articles are produced by the leather industry of India?
Answer:
These are several articles which are made of leather as coat, jersey, purse, paying material, toys, monkey cap, belt, hand gloves, shoes, footwear etc.

Question 4.
Explain the state of paper industry in India?
Answer:
In India the art of paper making by hands is developed from the ancient time. The first modern mill was set up at Bali near Kolkata in 1870. At present there are several paper mills in India among which the chief are National News Print and Paper Mill Limited. (Nepanagar, Madhya Pradesh) and Security Paper Mill (Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh). At present there are 515 paper mills in the country.

The paper is produced by (ail types of production units) small, medium and large. The contribution of small and medium units is 50 per cent of the total product. At present in India, around 15 lakh people are employed in this industry.

It ranks twentieth in the world in the production of paper. The chief paper producing states in India are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Littar Pradesh, Bihar and Kerala.

Question 5.
Write a note on the glass industry of India?
Answer:
Glass industry is an old industry in India. But modernized development of the glass industry started after the Second World War only. At present in this industry glass is being produced by modern and latest technology. Out of 56 big factories of glass 15 are modern factories which manufacture high quality 7 of glass goods completely with the help of machines. As a cottage industry it is localized mainly at Ferozabad and Belgaon.

There are more than 225 small and big factories glass in Ferozabad, which manufacture bangles. In Atta Shikohabad, Fatehabad and Hathra it is running as cottage industry and in UP, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Panjab, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Orissa it is centralised as a modern industry. India exports manufactured glass /goods to Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Iran, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Burma and Malaysia, etc.

Question 6.
Information and technology industry is a rapidly growing industry of India. Explain.
Answer:
Information and Technology:
The information technology industry is an industry based on technology with the help of computers and its applications, computers, communication, technology and concerning software. Tire knowledge reaches through means of communication and equipment. It is a knowledge – based industry. In India, the development of information technology is recent, but it is growing rapidly.

However, enormous efforts are required for making it competitive with developed countries. In India this industry developed after the International Treaty of 1994. In 1994 – 95, this industry earned Rs. 6345 crore which increased to 79337 crore, in the year 2002 – 03. It shows that this is the fastest growing industry of India.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the state of large scale industries of India.
Answer:
Cotton Industry:
This is the oldest and main industry of India. This is the largest and most extensive industry of India, its contribution to the total industrial production of country is 14% whereas its share in the gross export income is 19%. Its share in imports is 3%. This industry is producing employment to 9 crore people. It is mainly localized in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.

Iron and Steel Industry:
India has been famous for its iron and steel industry from ancient times. There are total 10 plants in India. Out of these nine are Public Sector and only one (Tata Iron and Steel Company, Jamshedpur) is under the Private Sector. At present there are 196 small scale plants in the country out of which 170 units are running. The capital investment in this industry is 90,000 crore rupees. It has provided employment to 5 lakh people.

Jute Industry:
India stands first in the production of jute in the world. Out of total production of the world 50% is produced only by India. India stands second in the export of the jute products in the world. In India 85% jute mills are in Uttar Pradesh, Ardhra Pradesh, Assam and Orissa. At present there are 73 jute mills running in India.

The capital investment in this industry is about Rs.300 crore. 2.61 lakh people are employed in this industry. Sugar Industry. India is the largest producer of the products drawn from sugarcane. Putting sugar, khandsari and gur or jaggery together, India stands first in the world production.

There has been big increase in the number of sugar mills since independence. In 1950 – 51, there were 138 sugar mills in the country. Their number has now increased to 566. Accordingly the sugar production has also gone up many times. It has risen from 1.13 million tonnes to 9.14 million tonnes by 1987 – 88.

Cement Industry:
At present there are 128 big plants which have 18,209 crore tonnes production capacity. Apart from these there are 332 small scale cement factories having production capacity 111 lakh tonnes. The capital investment in – this industry is 800 crore rupees and it provides employment to about 3 lakh people. At present India is the fifth largest cement producer of the world. The industry has progressed both in the field of production capacity, output and processing technology.

Question 2.
What efforts have been undertaken by the government to promote the small scale industries? Write.
Answer:
Following efforts have been undertaken by the government:

1. Establishment of Boards and Corporations:
Government has from time – to – time established different boards and corporations like – All India Board of Cottage Industries, All India Handicrafts Board, Khadi Gram Udyog Mandal, Board of Small Scale Industry, Coir Board, National Small Scale Corporation, Indian Handicrafts Development Corporation.

2. Establishment of the Council of Small Scale Industry:
Small scale industry development corporation. Nationalised Banks, State Finance Corporation are the members of this council.

3. Financial Assistance:
The financial assistance is provided to small scale industries through Reserve Bank, State Bank of India. The National Small Scale Corporation, State Finance Corporation, Cooperative Banks. Loan facilities are provided by the National Small Scale Development Banks. State Governments also provides long-term loan in their area under Government Assistance to Industries Act.

4. Technical Assistance:
The organisation for development of small scale industries is established to provide technical assistance to the small scale, industries. Under these services, Indians are sent to foreign countries for training and experts are invited to India to provide training in India.

5. Exemption from Taxes:
Concession in taxes are provided to small scale industries. Taxes like production tax are not imposed on the goods produced by these industries, if imposition of tax becomes essential then only a nominal tax is imposed. Apart from the exemption in taxes concessions are provided in the transportation expenditure.

6. Facilities for Selling of Products:
Immense facilities are provided for the marketing of products of the small – scale industries. Show rooms or emporiums are being opened at various places by Central and State Governments and by specific corporations for the selling of products of small scale industries. Along with this big societies and board for the sale of the products of small scale goods are set up with help of state governments.

7. Exemption from Licensing:
Some goods are reserved under this area to promote small scale industries.

8. Preference Given by Government in Purchasing:
The government gives preference to the products of small scale industries in purchasing goods for the use of its own departments and some goods are purchased completely from these industries.

9. Organizing Exhibitions:
The government from time – to – time organised exhibitions at different places to make people aware about the products of small scale industries. Apart from this it i provides assistance to those representatives of people who organised these exhibitions.

10. To Set up Research Institutes:
There are many research institutes established for research work on the products of small scale industries.

11. National Equity Fund:
Central Government has set up a fund in which 5 crore rupees are provided by Central Government and 5 crore rupees by the Industrial Development Bank. The Industrial Development Bank manages these funds, which provides loan to small scale industry in the form of Soft Loan up to 5 thousands rupees for seed and capital but the unit should be registered in the Directorate of Industry as a small scale industry.

12. Establishment of Indian Development Bank for Small Scale Industry:
This bank is established as a co-organisation of Indian Industrial Development Bank. Its capital is rupees 450 crore rupees and its main function is to provide financial assistance to the small-scale industries. Its offices are opened in different states.

13.Interest on Delayed Payment:
Tire government has made arrangement that if a buyer delays the payment of the goods purchased from a small industrial unit then he will have to pay interest on the delayed period.

14. Credit Card Scheme for Small Entrepreneurs:
This scheme was implemented with the aim to make credit easily available to small businessman, artisan entrepreneurs in 2002 – 03.

15. Improvement in the Loan Given to Small Scale Industries:
Following steps were taken for the improvement in the loan given to small scale industries:

  • The limit of composing loan is increased from Rupees 25 lakh to Rs.50 lakhs. The composite loan is also given for working capital along with plant and machinery.
  • The expected parallel security on the loan up to Rs. 5 lakhs has been terminated.
  • Tire Reserve Bank of India has set up a committee to monitor the flow of loan given to small scale industries.

16. Removal of Restrictions on Ready-made Garment:
Progress of technology, increase in productivity, awareness towards quality, diversity of products, increase in exports and increase in marketing related policies and maximizing employment opportunities will help this sector.

17. Setting up of Integrated Structural Development Centers:
Under this scheme in an industrial premises the basic needs of a developed place as electricity, water, drainage system, Telecommunication is made available along with banks, raw. material, storage, sale and technology.

Question 3.
State the importance of small scale and cottage industries.
Answer:
Small scale and cottage industries play an important role in Indian economy. These industries are suited to the Indian economy. These industries can be established with less capital and require more human labor.

In India due to large population there is more human labor and also due to poverty there is less capital. For these reasons these are considered important part of Indian economy. This can be made clear by the following facts:

1. Suitable for Rural Economy:
Around 50.4 per cent working population of India depends on agriculture, but the farmers do not get work for the whole year. Therefore small scale industries are important for them and suitable for Indian economy.

2. Reduces Unemployment:
The small scale industries reduce unemployment as they have potential of employing large number of workers with less capital investment for the same.

3. Help in Reducing Inequalities of Incomes:
The ownership of small scale industries is distributed among lakhs of people and families as a result of this economic power cannot be centralized hence it helps in equal distribution of income.

4. Development of Individual Art:
Small scale industries are helpful in developing individual art.

5. Decrease Pressure of Population on Agriculture:
Major part of population is already dependent on agriculture in India and increasing population increases pressure on agriculture. If small- scale industries are set up in rural areas it, will reduce pressure on agriculture which will be beneficial for the country.

6. Help in Industrial Decentralization:
Small scale industries help in decentralization of industries in the country. Large scale industries get centralized in a particular place due to some specific reasons but small scale industries are developed in villages and small towns.

7. Less Requirement of Technical Knowledge:
Small scale industries. require less technical knowledge and less capital for its establishment. They can run with less trained workers. Thus they are best suited for the Indian economy.

8. Fast Producing Industry:
Produced goods can be obtained within a short time after the establishment of these industries. Therefore these are called fast producing industry. There is always a shortage of goods in India and these industry can contribute significantly in removal of this shortage.

9. Laming of Foreign Currency:
The exports of goods manufactured by small scale industries is increasing day by day which helps tire country in obtaining the valuable foreign currency. At present out of total export of the country the share of the goods produced by small scale industry is 35 per cent.

10. Less Dependency on Imports:
We have to depend on imports from foreign countries to establish large scale industries either for technology or for machine or raw material. With small scale industries there is no such requirement, we do not have to import machines or techniques or raw material. Thus it decreases dependency on imports.

11. Supplementary to Large Scale Industries:
The small scale industries can work as supplementary industries to large scale industries, for example small scale industries can manufacture intermediate goods which can be used by large scale industries to produce final goods.

12. Use of Local Resources:
Small scale industries utilize local resources. These industries help the rural people and common man to be an entrepreneur and give opportunities of, investment of rural savings. In India the contribution of small scale industries in gross national product is 10 percent, in gross industrial product it is 39 per cent and in providing employment it is 32 per cent and 35 per cent in the total exports of the country.

Due to the above small scale industries have been given significant place in the industrial policies. The production of 590 commodities are reserved for small scale industries.

Question 4.
Write short note on –

  1. Leather Industry
  2. Iron and Steel Industry
  3. Cotton Industry
  4. Information and Technology

Answer:
1. Leather Industry:
It is one of the oldest industry in India. This is a traditional industry. There are several things which are made of leather as coat, Jersey, purse, playing material, toys, monkey cap, belt, hand gloves,. shoes, foot wear etc. Majority of the leather goods in the country are produced in Tamil Nadu, Kolkata, Kanpur, Mumbai, Aurangabad, Kolhapur, Dewsas, Jalandhar and Agra.

Out of the total production of leather goods 75 per cent is produced by small scale and cottage industry. In India leather and leather goods are included in the top ten list of the products having maximum export. During the year 2003-04 leather industry earned 2.1 million American dollars as income from export. It is estimated that 10% of total supply of leather of the world is from India.

2. Iron and Steel Industry:
India has been famous for its iron and steel industry from ancient times. First of all Jamshedji Tata established an iron and steel company in Jamshedpur. There are total 10 plants in India. Out of these nine are Public Sector and only one (Tata Iron and Steel Company) Jamshedpur, West Bengal is under the Private sector.

The steel plants of public sector are Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bokaro, Vishakapatnam and Salem. At present there are 196 small scale plants in the country. Out of these 170 units are running and the remaining are closed. The capital investment in this industry is 90,000 crore rupees. It has provided employment to 5 lakh people. It was freed from licensing in the year 1991.

3. Cotton Industry:
This is the oldest and main industry of India. The first cotton mill in India was set up in 1818 in Kolkata. This is the largest and most extensive industry of India. Its contribution to the total industrial production of country is 14 per cent, whereas its share in the gross export income is 19 per cent. Its share in imports is 3 per cent.

The cotton textile industry is mainly localized in Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Gujarat. The Capital Investment in this industry is about 5,000 crores rupees. This industry is providing employment directly or indirectly to 9 crore people. The Government has freed cotton industry from licence through the cloth order (development and exchange) of 1993.

4. Information and Technology:
The information technology industry is an industry based on technology with the help of computers and its applications, computers, communication, technology and concurring software. The knowledge reaches through the means of communication and equipment. It is a knowledge based industry. In India, the development of information technology is recent but it is growing rapidly.

However, enormous efforts are required for making it competitive with developed countries. In India this industry developed after the International Treaty of 1994. In 1994 – 95, this industry earned 6345 crores rupees which increased 79337 crores in the year 2002 – 03. It shows that this is the fastest growing industry of India.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Tata Iron and Steel Company is categorized as –
(a) small scale industry
(b) large scale industry
(c) cottage industry
(d) medium scale industry.
Answer:
(b) large scale industry

Question 2.
Those industrial units are categorized as very small industries where the capital investment on plant and machinery is up to –
(a) 25 lacs
(b) 50 lacs
(c) 75 lacs
(d) 1 crore.
Answer:
(a) 25 lacs

Question 3.
Hand-loom, Khadi and Silk industries are examples of –
(a) village industry
(b) cottage industry
(c) medium scale industry
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) village industry

Question 4.
In India maximum lac is produced in –
(a) Orissa
(b) Mirzapur
(c) Plateau of Chhotanagpur
(d) Himachal.
Answer:
(c) Plateau of Chhotanagpur

Question 5.
The Central Silk Board was established in the year –
(a) 1949
(6) 1959
(c) 1969
(d) 1979.
Answer:
(a) 1949

Question 6.
Which of following is not a crop of lac –
(a) Baisakhi
(b) jaithavi
(c) Sawari
(d) Aghoni.
Answer:
(c) Sawari

Fill in the blank:

  1. ……………….. Industry is the oldest industry in India.
  2. Medium scale industry is ……………. and ………………….
  3. In India maximum lac is produced in ……………..
  4. Cottage industries are run only in ………………….
  5. The first cotton textile industry of India was established in ……………. at Kolkata.

Answer:

  1. Cotton
  2. Leather industry, Silk industry
  3. Plateau of Chhotanagpur
  4. Village
  5. 1818.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Very Short Answer’Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of industry?
Answer:
When many firms produce a homogeneous commodity or service then they all together are called an industry.

Question 2.
In what different ways are the industries classified?
Answer:
Industries are classified on the basis of their ownership, utility, size, nature of goods produced and raw material used.

Question 3.
Divide industries on the basis of amount of capital invested.
Answer:
We can divide industries into three parts on the basis of amount of capital invested large-scale industries, small-scale industries and cottage industries.

Question 4.
Give two examples of medium, scale industries.
Answer:

  • Leather industry
  • Silk industry.

Question 5.
Give two examples of cottage industry.
Answer:

  • Making basket of bamboo
  • Ivory work.

Question 6.
Which industry is called a Protection Baby?
Answer:
Sugar industry is called a Protection Baby.

Question 7.
Name the articles produced by the jute industry.
Answer:
Gunny bags, rugs, ropes, decorative products etc.

Question 8.
When was the jute industry started in India?
Answer:
The jute industry was started in India in 1855.

Question 9.
Name the chief paper mills of India.
Answer:
National News Print and Paper Mill Limited (Nepanagar, Madhya Pradesh) and Security Paper Mill (Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh).

Question 10.
Which industry is the oldest industry in India?
Answer:
Cotton Industry is the oldest industry in India.

Question 11.
Why was the Central Silk Board established?
Answer:
The Central Silk Board was established to encourage silk industry.

Question 12.
Name the two countries associated with lac production.
Answer:
India and Thailand.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a short note on jute industry of India.
Answer:
Jute Industry: India stands first in the production of jute in the world. Out of total production of the world 50 per cent is produced only in India. India stands second in the export of the jute pr. ducts in the world. Gunny bags, rugs, ropes, decorative products and several other items are made of Jute.

The jute industry in India started in 1855. In India 85 per cent jute mills are in Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Orissa. Out of the total production 62% is used to manufacture gunny bags. 20 per cent as sack cloth and rest 18 per cent for other things.

At present there are 73 Jute mills running in India. The capital investment in these industry is about Rs. 300 crores. 2.61 lakh people are employed in this industry.

Question 2.
Write about the cement industry.
Answer:
Cement Industry:
The cement industry in India started between 1912 – 1914 at Porbandar in Gujarat and Katni and Lakheri in Madhya Pradesh. At present there are 128 big plants which have 18,209 crore tonnes production capacity. Apart from these, there are 332 small scale cement factories having production capacity 111 lakh tonnes.

The capital investment in this industry is 800 crore rupees and it provides employment to about 3 lakh people. At present India is the fifth largest cement producer of the world after China, Russia, Japan and America. In 1991 it became free from licensing restriction. The industry has progressed both in the field of production capacity, output and passing technology.

Question 3.
Mention the location of glass industry.
Answer:
The glass industry is an old industry of India. As a cottage industry it is localised mainly at Felozabad and Belgaon. There are more than 225 small and big factories of glass in Ferozabad, which manufacture bangles.

In Atta Shikohabad, Fatehbad and Fla tiaras also it is running as cottage industry whereas in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and C. issa it is centralized as a modern industry. Maximum factories Li the country are situated in West Bengal.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Divide industries on the basis of amount of capital invested. Write about them.
Answer:
We can divide industries into three parts on the basis of amount of capital invested.

  1. Large scale industries.
  2. Medium Scale Industries.
  3. Small scale industries.
  4. Cottage industries.

1. Large Scale Industry:
These industrial units are those industries in which the capital invested on plant and machinery is more than Rs. 10 crores. They are categorized as large scale industries. For example Tata Iron and Steel Company.

2. Medium Scale Industries:
The industrial units in which capital invested on plant and machinery is up to 5 to 10 crores, they are categorized as Medium. For industrial units of tertiary sector their limit is up to Rs. 5 crores. For example leather industry and silk industry.

3. Small scale Industry:
Those industrial units are included in the small scale industries where capital investment in plant and machinery is up to the limit of Rs. 5 crores. Regarding industrial units of tertiary sector the given limit is Rs. 2 crores. For example Lac industry and glass industry.

Those industrial units are categorized as very small industries where the capital investment on plant and machinery is up to 25 lacs, and for the service sector in industrial units or tertiary sector, the limit is Rs. 10 lacs.

4. Cottage Industry:
Those industrial units which are run completely with the help of members of the family in the form of full time or part time business are cottage industries. In these units capital investment is nominal and the production work is done by hands for example making baskets of bamboo, ivory work.

Question 2.
In what different ways are the industries classified?
Answer:
Industries are classified in number of ways. It depends in what perspective does one see the functioning of industries. One may like to classify industries on the basis of ownership’s or on the way of scale of operations. Let us, therefore, classify industries oh all possible ways that occur to our mind.

I. On the basis of Nature of Industry:

  • Village Industries. Industries that are run within the village with their traditional methods of production are called village industries.
  • Cottage Industries. These industries are characterized by hand nomenclature of local raw material at home. It means that the industries are m by family members with their own labor and locally contacted caw material.

II. On the basis of size and scale of operation:

1. large Scale Industries:
Industries which use big power run machines and employ specialized labor giving rise to large scale production. Examples are iron and steel industries.

2. Medium Scale Industries:
These industries also employ large number off employees and use power machines in the production process fount the amount of money spent is less than the large scale industries and the labor power used is also comparative less.

3. Small Stale Industries:
Industries which employ less number of people and need less (capital for starting the industry. They also use power but the amount of power used is much less than the other industries.

III. On the basis of ownership:

  • Private Sector Industries – Those industries which are owned and contained by the private entrepreneurs like Tata Iron and Steel Company and Birla. Cotton Mills etc.
  • Public Sector Industries – Those industries which are owned and contested by She government. Government alone shares all the losses or it shares all the profits.
  • Cooperative Industries – All such industries which are run on the cooperative basis. Annul Dairy at Anand in Gujarat is fine example of cooperative type of industries.

IV. On the basis of Saw Material:
1. Agro Based Industries:
Such industries which receive their raw Material from agriculture. Their development and growth depends upon the production of agriculture inputs. For example, cotton textile industry or jute industry depends upon the supply of cotton or Jute drawn frown agriculture sector.

2. Mineral Based Industries:
Mineral based industries are those industries which draw .heir raw material from mines. For example development of me a industry depends on the amount of iron received fan the mines.

Note: Also see the table given in Textbook Q-l (Short Answer Questions)

Question 3.
List out the main industries of India along with the places where they are located.
Answer:

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 17 State of Industries in India - 2

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Intext Questions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Intext Questions

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 222-223

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
अपनी अध्ययन टेबल के ऊपरी चारों सिरों की लम्बाइयों को मापिए तथा उन्हें लिखिए।
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Intext Questions image 1
AB = _ सेमी, BC = _ सेमी, CD = _ सेमी, DA = _ सेमी
अब चारों भुजाओं की लम्बाइयों का योगफल
= AB + BC + CD + DA
= _ सेमी + _ सेमी + _ सेमी + _ सेमी
= _ सेमी
क्या आप बता सकते हैं कि परिमाप कितना है?
हल :
AB = 130 सेमी, BC = 80 सेमी, CD = 130 सेमी, DA = 80 सेमी
∴ AB + BC + CD + DA
= 130 सेमी + 80 सेमी + 130 सेमी + 80 सेमी
= 420 सेमी
हाँ, इसका परिमाप = 420 सेमी

प्रश्न 2.
अपनी नोटबुक के एक पृष्ठ की चारों भुजाओं की लम्बाइयों को मापिए और उन्हें लिखिए। चारों भुजाओं की लम्बाइयों का योगफल ।
= AB + BC + CD + DA
= _ सेमी + _ सेमी + _ सेमी + _ सेमी
= _ सेमी
पृष्ठ का परिमाप कितना है?
हल : AB + BC + CD + DA = 20 सेमी + 16 सेमी + 20 सेमी + 16 सेमी = 72 सेमी
अतः पृष्ठ का परिमाप = 72 सेमी

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 3.
मीरा 150 मी लम्बाई तथा 80 मी चौड़ाई वाले एक पार्क में जाती है। वह इस पार्क का एक पूरा चक्कर लगाती है। उसके द्वारा तय की गई दूरी ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
पार्क की लम्बाई = 150 मी,
पार्क की चौड़ाई = 80 मी
पार्क का परिमाप = 2 x (लम्बाई + चौड़ाई)
= 2 x (150 मी + 80 मी)
= 2 x (230 मी)
= 460 मी
∴ मीरा द्वारा तय की गई दूरी = 460 मी

प्रश्न 4.
निम्न आकृतियों का परिमाप ज्ञात कीजिए :
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Intext Questions image 2
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Intext Questions image 3
हल :
(a) ∵ AB = 40 सेमी, BC = 10 सेमी, CD = 40 सेमी, DA = 10 सेमी
∴ परिमाप = AB + BC + CD + DA
= 40 सेमी + 10 सेमी + 40 सेमी + 10 सेमी
= 100 सेमी

(b) ∵ AB = BC = CD = DA = 5 सेमी
∴ परिमाप = AB + BC + CD + DA
= 5 सेमी + 5 सेमी + 5 सेमी + 5 सेमी
= 20 सेमी

(c) परिमाप = AB + BC + CD + DE + EF + FG + GH + HI + IJ + JK + KL + LA
= 1 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 1 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 1 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 1 सेमी + 3 सेमी + 3 सेमी
= 28 सेमी

(d) परिमाप = AB + BC + CD + DE + EF + FA
= 100 मी + 120 मी + 90 मी + 45 मी + 60 मी + 80 मी
= 495 मी

MP Board Solutions

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 224

प्रश्न 1. निम्नलिखित आयतों के परिमाप ज्ञात कीजिए :
हल :
MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 क्षेत्रमिति Intext Questions image 4

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions