Category: Class 6

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits

Electricity and Circuits Textbook Exercises

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. A device that is used to break an electric circuit is called ……………… terminals.
2. An electric cell has ……………… terminals.

Answer:

1. Switch
2. Two.

Question 2.
Mark ‘True’ or ‘False’ for following statements:

1. Electric current can flow through metals.
2. Instead of metal wires, a jute string can be used to make a circuit.
3. Electric current can pass through a sheet of thermo Col.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False.

Question 3.
Explain why the bulb would not glow in the arrangement show in Fig?

Answer:
The bulb will not glow because the circuit is not completed due to the presence of an insulator between the circuit. Here insulator is screw driver.

Question 4.
Complete the drawing shown in figure to indicate where the free ends of the two wires should be joined to make the bulb glow.

Answer:
The complete diagram in shown below:

Question 5.
What is the purpose of using an electric switch? Name some electrical gadgets that have switches built into them.
Answer:
An electric switch is used to open or close the circuit. Electric gadgets that have switches built into them are freezer, washing machines, microwaves, toaster, heaters, electric – bulb, tube – light, electric iron, etc.

Question 6.
Would the bulb glow after completing the circuit shown in Figure of Question 4 above if instead of safety pin we use an eraser?
Answer:
No.

Question 7.
Would the bulb glow in the circuit shown in Fig.

Answer:
No, because both of the terminal of battery is connecting with one terminal of bulb.

Question 8.
Using the “conduction tester” on an object it was found that the bulb begins to glow. Is that object a conductor or an insulator? Explain.
Answer:
That object is a conductor because electricity can pass through a conductor and not through an insulator. If the object is an insulator then bulb could not glow.

Question 9.
Why should an electrician use rubber gloves while repairing an electric switch at your home? Explain.
Answer:
An electrician use rubber gloves while repairing an electric switch because rubber is a bad conductor of electricity or in other words rubber is an insulator.

Question 10.
The handles of the tools like screwdrivers and pliers used by electricians for repair work usually have plastic or rubber covers on them. Can you explain why?
Answer:
Because plastic and rubber, both are the bad conductor of electricity. Hence, they protect electricians against electric shock.

Projects and Activities

Activity 1.
Make a table to show different materials allows current to pass through it or not.
Answer:
Conductors and Insulators:

Activity 2.
Describe a simple experiment to test whether a given material is a conductor or an insulator.
Answer:
To identify given material is a conductor or an insulator.

Requirements:
Pencil, matchstick, alpin, rubber tube, cell wire, bulb.

Procedure:
Take a small bulb, a battery and a length of wire and connect them in a circuit as show in figure. This circuit is not closed and no current will pass through it. Close the gap between the points A and B by inserting the graphite of your pencil between them. Repeat this by successively replacing the graphite by rubber tube, alpin and matchstick. Record the observations in the table given below.
Table

Electricity and Circuits Additional Important Questions

Electricity and Circuits Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question (i)
S.I. unit of electic current is –
(a) Farad
(b) Volt
(c) Ampere
(d) Coulomb.
Answer:
(c) Ampere

Question (ii)
The types of charges are –
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Two

Question (iii)
Voltaic cell was invented by –
(a) Alessandro Volta
(b) J. F. Volta
(c) Georges Leclanche
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Alessandro Volta

Question (iv)
The principle of a voltaic cell was used by –
(a) J. F. Daniel
(b) Alessandro Volta
(c) Georges Leclanche
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) J. F. Daniel

Question (v)
The primary cells are –
(a) Voltaic cell
(b) Daniel cell
(c) Dry cell
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question (vi)
Electric current is the flow of particles with –
(a) A negative charge
(b) A positive charge
(c) Both positive and negative charges flowing opposite to each other.
(d) Either positive or negative charge depending on the material.
Answer:
(a) A negative charge

Question (vii)
The conductors of electricity are –
(a) mica
(6) wood
(c) glass
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(d) none of these.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Flow of ………….. through a conductor, when a potential difference is applied across its terminals, is called electric current.
2. The actual direction of current flowing through a circuit is from negative to positive electrode, whereas the …………….. direction is from negative to positive.
3. S.I. unit of electric current is ……………..
4. …………….. is used to measure current flowing through a conductor and voltmeter is used to measure ……………. difference across the ends of a conductor.
5. The bulb with broken filament is called a …………… bulb.
6. The thin tiny wire inside the glass cover in a bulb is called ……………….
7. The bulb does not glow when the ……………. is open.

Answer:

1. Free electrons
2. Conventional
3. Ampere,
4. Ammeter, potential difference
5. Fused
6. Filament
7. Switch.

Question 3.
Which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. Materials which do not allow an electric current to flow through them are called conductors.
2. In an electric press which effect of electric current used is heating effect.
3. Rate of flow of charge is called electric current.
4. Electric cell converts chemical energy to mechanical energy.
5. Voltaic cell was invented by Volta.
6. Dry cell is portable.
7. An electric cell cannot to be used in a wrist watch.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True,
6. True
7. False.

Electricity and Circuits Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the essential components of an electric circuit?
Answer:
The essential components of an electric circuit are battery or cell, conductor and a key.

Question 2.
What is an electric circuit?
Answer:
The path of an electric current is referred to as electric circuit.

Question 3.
Can we see electricity?
Answer:
No, we cannot see electricity but can observe its effects.

Question 4.
Name two sources of electric current?
Answer:
The two sources of electric current are Voltaic cell and Daniel cell.

Question 5.
What is a conductor? Give two examples.
Answer:
Substances, such as metals, that can conduct electric current are called conductors. For examples, Copper, Aluminium.

Question 6.
What is an insulator? Give three examples.
Answer:
The materials that do not allow current to pass through them are called insulators. For examples, Mica, Wood and Rubber.

Question 7.
Make a list of materials around you which conduct electricity and a list of those that do not.
Answer:
Conductors of electricity are:
All metals, acid base and salt solutions, aluminium, iron, copper and nickel.

Do not conduct electricity are:
Paper, rubber, wool, nylon, polythene and backelite.

Question 8.
Who supplies electricity to tourch bulb?
Answer:
Electric cell supplies electricity to torch bulb.

Question 9.
What are the ready sources of electric current?
Answer:
The ready sources of electric current are dry cell and battery. Every dry cell and battery had got two terminals or connection points marked (+) and (-).

Question 10.
Which scientist made earliest attempts to obtain an electric current?
Answer:
The earliest attempts to obtain electric current was made in the year 1790 by Alessandro Volta an Italian scientist.

Question 11.
What is a fused bulb?
Answer:
When the filament is broken in a bulb, it is called the fused bulb.

Question 12.
Define an open circuit?
Answer:
When there is a gap between two terminals, it is called an open circuit.

Question 13.
Define a closed circuit?
Answer:
A circuit where there is no gap between two terminals is called a closed circuit.

Question 14.
Draw symbol of (i) a cell, (ii) battery and (iii) a key.
Answer:

Question 15.
Name two insulators?
Answer:
Plastics and rubber.

Question 16.
Who discovered the dry cell?
Answer:
Georges Leclanche discovered the dry cell.

Question 17.
What is meant by battery?
Answer:
The positive terminal of one cell is kept in contact with the negative terminal of the other cell. When two or more then two cells are joined together in this way, we get a battery.

Question 18.
What energy is converted to electrical energy in an electric cell?
Answer:
The chemicals in a cell produce chemical energy. This chemical energy is converted to electrical energy in a cell.

Question 19.
What are the uses of storage batteries?
Answer:
Storage batteries are used where electric current is needed for longer time of more voltage. For examples, in cars, trucks, buses. It is also used in submarines, radars and satellites.

Question 20.
Give some uses of dry cells?
Answer:
Uses of dry cells. In radio, transistor, tourches, remote, camera and calculator.

Question 21.
What is filament of a bulb?
Answer:
The thin wire that gives off light is called the filament of the bulb.

Electricity and Circuits Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is current?
Answer:
The rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor per unit time is called electric current. In other words, we can say that the amount of electric current is the ratio of charge flowing through a conductor to the time taken in the flowing of the charge.

Question 2.
List the appliances around you that depend on electricity for their operation. List the appliances that do not use electrical energy?
Answer:
Appliances that depend on electricity are:
Electric press, geyser, washing machine, television, radio, fan, cooler etc.

Appliances that do not depend on electricity are:
Cooking gas, stove, solar cooker, sewing machine, cycle, rickshaw, etc.

Question 3.
We selectively choose certain materials to make a path and reject others. Why?
Answer:
Some materials do not allow an electric current to pass through them. Such materials are called insulators. Materials which allow electric current to pass through them are called conductors.

Question 4.
What happens when a charged electroscope is connected to a uncharged electroscope by a wire? What is that called?
Answer:
When a charged electroscope is joined to an uncharged electroscope by a wire, charges flow from the charged to the uncharged electroscope through the wire till they are equalised. This flow of charges forms an electric current. It is measured in ampere.

Question 5.
What is the nature of electric current?
Answer:
As water flows from higher level to lower level in a pipe, electric current also flows from the source of electric current to the target where it is needed through metal wires.

Question 6.
Define an electric switch?
Answer:
A switch is a simple device that either breaks the circuit or completes it. When the switch is open, the circuit is not complete and the current does not flow. In the other position, when the switch is closed, the circuit is complete and current can flow through the circuit.

Question 7.
On what principle scientist Volta made his cell?
Answer:
The principle was that when two strips of different metals are dipped in an acid solution an electric current begins to flow through them. Such a simple source of current, or a cell is called as a voltaic cell in honour of its inventor.

Question 8.
What are the draw backs in voltaic cell? Who then improved the design?
Answer:
Voltaic cell is not a good source of current as the flow through the wire in such a cell is not smooth and steady. J. F. Daniel (1790 – 1845) made an improved design of voltaic cell in the year 1836.

Electricity and Circuits Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain an electric cell with suitable diagram and their construction.
Answer:
Electricity to the bulb in a torch is provided by the electric cells. Electric cells are also used in alarm clocks, wristwatches, transistor, radios, cameras and many other devices. In an electric cell their is a small metal cap on one side and a metal disc on the other side. The metal cap is the positive terminal of the electric cell while the metal disc is the negative terminal.

All electric cells have two terminals one positive and another negative terminal. An electric cell produces electricity from the chemical stored inside it. When the chemicals in the electric cell are used up, the electric cell stops producing electricity. The electric cell then has to be replaced with a new one.

Question 2.
What is meant by an electric circuit?
Answer:
When we connect the two ends of a cell to a bulb using copper wires, the bulb lights up. This is because we have provided a path for electrons to flow the negative terminal of the battery to the positive terminal through a bulb. Such a path of an electric current is known as a electric circuit.

Question 3.
Find the various ways in which two batteries and two bulbs can be connected in a working circuit.
Answer:
Two batteries and two bulbs can be connected in working circuit in two ways.
1. In series as shown in figure.

2. In parallel as shown in figure.

Question 4.
Draw a diagram of a torch bulb?
Answer:

Question 5.
Draw a neat diagram to show the inside view of a torch?
Answer:

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions Chapter 11 Light, Shadows and Reflections

Light, Shadows and Reflections Textbook Exercises

Question 1.
Rearrange the boxes given below to make a sentence that helps us understand opaque objects?

Answer:

Question 2.
Classify the objects or materials given below as opaque, transparent or translucent and luminous or non -luminous? Air, water, a piece of rock, a sheet of aluminium, a mirror, a wooden board, a sheet of polythene, a CD, smoke, a sheet of plane glass, fog, a piece of red hot iron, an umbrella, a lighted fluorescent tube, a wall, a sheet of carbon paper, the flame of a gas burner, a sheet of cardboard, a lighted torch, a sheet of cellophane, a wire mesh, kerosene stove, sun, firefly, moon.
Answer:
Obaque objects:
A piece of rock, a sheet of aluminium, a mirror, a wooden board, a CD, a wall, a sheet of cardboard.

Transparent objects:
Air, water, sheet of plane glass.

Translucent objects:
A sheet of polythene, smoke, fog, a sheet of carbon paper, a sheet of cellophone.

Luminous objects:
A piece of red hot iron, a lighted fluorscent tube, the flame of a gas burner, a lighted torch, sun, firefly, kerosene stove.

Non – luminous Objects:
An umberela, a wire mesh, moon.

Question 3.
Can you think of creating a shape that would give a circular shadow if held in one way and a rectangular shadow if held in another way?
Answer:
Yes, we can think of creating a shape that would give a circular shadow if held in one way and a rectangular shadow of held in another way.

Question 4.
In a completely dark room, if you hold up a mirror in front of you, will you see a reflection of yourself in the mirror?
Answer:
No, in a completely dark room, we cannot see our right – left inverted image in the mirror, because there is no source of light.

Projects and Activities:

Activity 1.
Look around you and collect as many objects as you can an eraser, plastic scale, pen, pencil, notebook, single sheet of paper, tracing paper or a piece of cloth. Try to look at something far away, through each of these objects. Is light from a far away object able to travel to your eye, through any of the objects?
Record your observations in a table.
Answer:

Activity 2.
Describe an experiment which shows that light propagates in a straight line?
Answer:
In a homogeneous medium, light travels in a straight line path. This is called rectilinear propagation of light. This can be demonstrated with the help of three card – board pieces A, B and C with a fine hole at their centres. A candle or a bulb is placed on one side and the boards are arranged such that the holes are in straight lines as shown in figure. Looking from the other side, it is found that the fight from the candle is received only when the three holes are in a straight fine. If one of the card board pieces is displaced, the fight is no longer seen. This clearly demonstrates that the fight travels in a straight fine path.

Things to Think About:

Question 1.
Opaque objects cast shadows, isn’t it? Now, if we hold a transparent object in the Sun, do we see anything on the ground that gives us a hint that we are holding something in our hand?
Answer:
Yes, it gives us a fuzzy shadow on the ground, which gives us a hint that we are holding some thing in our hand.

Question 2.
We saw that changing colour of opaque objects does not change the colour of their shadows. What happens if we place an opaque object in coloured light? You can cover the face of a torch with a coloured transparent paper to do this. (Did you ever noticed the colours of evening shadows just as the Sun is setting?)
Answer:
Yes, the colour of shadow depends upon the colour of the objects. If we can change the colour of opaque objects, the same colour will be seen in shadow.

Light, Shadows and Reflections Additional Important Questions

Light, Shadows and Reflections Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question (i)
A pinhole camera forms an image of a building on its screen. Compared to the building, its image would be –
(а) Larger and inverted
(b) Larger and upright
(c) Smaller and inverted
(d) Smaller and upright.
Answer:
(c) Smaller and inverted

Question (ii)
The transparent object out of the following is –
(a) Water
(b) Moon
(c) Rubber sheet
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Water

Question (iii)
Which of the following objects allow more light to pass through –
(a) Translucent
(b) Opaque
(c) Transparent
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Translucent

Question (iv)
The objects which do not allow the light to pass through them at all are called –
(a) Opaque
(b) Translucent
(c) Transparent
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Opaque

Question (v)
In a room lighted by an electric bulb, it is found that the shadow of the ceiling fan hung in the centre is falling on a wall opposite to the door. What can you say about the position of the bulb –
(a) On the wall on your right as you enter the room.
(b) On the wall on your left as you enter the room.
(c) On the wall facing the door.
(d) On the wall on which the door is fixed.
Answer:
(b) On the wall on your left as you enter the room.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Opaque objects cast shadow.
2. The shadow is longest during and
3. The totally dark portion of a shadow is called
4. Surfaces act like mirrors.
5. Solar eclipse occurs only on moon days.
6. Lunar eclipse occurs only on moon days.
7. A pin – hole camera is based on propagation of light.
8. Surfaces act like mirrors.

Answer:

1. Dark
2. Sunset, sunrise
3. Umbra
4. Polished,
5. New
6. Full
7. Straight
8. Luminous.

Question 3.
Which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. A fire fly is a hot source of fight.
2. The sun is a natural source of fight.
3. The tourch is a man – made source of fight.
4. The partially dark portion of a shadow is called umbra.
5. Formation of a sharp shadow of an object in sunlight is an evidence of the rectilinear propagation of fight.
6. We do not see the shadow of the aeroplane flying high in the sky because the Sun is a point source of fight.
7. Fluroscent tube is an extended source of light.
8. If we keep 100 sheets of transparent paper one above the other, the heap of paper would behave as an opaque body.
9. If we keep 100 sheets of translucent paper one above the other, the heap would behave as an opaque body.
10. Regular reflection obeys only one law, namely, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
11. Light does not interact with the living matter.
12. Image formed in a convex mirror is shorter anti real. (xii) Concave mirror always forms a real image.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. True
9. True
10. False
11. False
12. True
13. False.

Light, Shadows and Reflections Very Short Answer Type Questions.

Question 1.
Name any four man – made sources of light?
Answer:
The man – made sources of light are:

1. An electric bulb
2. A torch
3. A candle
4. A lamp.

Question 2.
Why do objects in a room become visible even if sunlight does not enter it?
Answer:
The objects in a room become visible during the day because of reflection of sunlight by the several non – luminous objects around us.

Question 3.
Give the names of four different sources of light.
Answer:
The four different sources of light are:

1. Sun
2. Stars
3. Moon
4. Firefly.

Question 4.
How does light travel from one point to the other?
Answer:
Light travel from one point to the other in straight line.

Question 5.
Why is the image formed in a pinhole camera inverted?
Answer:
The image formed in a pinhole camera is inverted because light travels in straight lines.

Question 6.
What is luminous objects?
Answer:
Objects like the sum that give out or emit light of their own are called luminous objects.

Question 7.
Does the flame of a gas stove emit light?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 8.
Give one example of living thing, which emits light?
Answer:
Firefly (Jugnu) is a living source of light.

Question 9.
Why translucent objects cast feeble shadow?
Answer:
Translucent objects cast feeble shadows because they allow the partial light to pass through them. So, every light or feeble shadow is formed behind the object.

Question 10.
State the conditions when annular solar eclipse occurs?
Answer:
An annular solar eclipse occurs when only the tip of the umbra of the moon falls on the earth.

Question 11.
Tube light is a cold source of light. Is this statement correct? If yes, then why?
Answer:
Yes, this statement is correct because tube light gives light only. It does not produce any heat. This is why tube light is called a cold source of light.

Question 12.
Classify the following into transparent, opaque and translucent objects: Wax, spectacles, a heap of salt, a stone, dense smoke, wood, skin, balloon, rubber, membrane of a table, blood and milk?
Answer:
Transparent objects:
Spectacles, membrane of a tabla.

Opaque objects:
Wax, wood, a heap of salt, a stone.

Translucent objects:
Dense smoke, skin, balloon, rubber, blood and milk.

Question 13.
What is the meaning of shadow?
Answer:
When any obstacte comes in the way of light then the portion on the screen where light does not reach is called shadow.

Question 14.
Why is the shadow of edges of a blade not clear?
Answer:
Because at the edges of the blade, the light is diffracted, i.e., bent slightly in the shadow region. Hence the edges of shadow of blade are not sharp.

Question 15.
Is the medium required for the propagation of light?
Answer:
No, the light can travel in vacuum.

Light, Shadows and Reflections Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is light?
Answer:
Light is the external physical reason which makes things visible. Light makes it possible to see the objects but light itself cannot be seen. When light falls on any body, it gets reflected and reaches our eyes and we feed the presence of that body. Light is also a form of energy. It can be converted to other form of energy. Light is propagated in the form of electromagnetic waves. Its wavelength is about 4000 A⁰ to 8000 A⁰. It can travel through vacuum with velocity of 3 x 10⁸ m/see.

Question 2.
What do you mean by luminious and non – luminious bodies?
Answer:
The bodies which themselves are a source of light, and emit light they are called luminious. For examples, the sun, a burning candle, a light bulb, etc. Those bodies which do not emit light but are made visible by light falling from some luminious object on them are called non – luminious bodies. For examples, the earth, the moon, the table, etc.

Question 3.
Give the definitions of

1. Transparent bodies
2. Translucent bodies
3. Opaque bodies.

Answer:

1. Transparent bodies are those through which light can pass freely and through which things can be distinctly seen. For example, air, water, glass, etc.

2. Translucent bodies are those which allow only a part of the light to pass through them and things cannot be seen distinctly. For example, butter-paper, ground glass, etc.

3. Opaque bodies are those which do not allow any light to pass through them and so we cannot through them. For example, stone, iron, wood, etc.

Question 4.
Give the differences between transparent and opaque objects.
Answer:
The differences between the transparent and opaque objects are:
Transparent Object:

• The light passes through these objects.
• They cast no shodow.

Opaque Object:

• The light cannot pass through these objects.
• They cast dark shadows.

Question 5.
State the differences between transluscent and opaque objects.
Answer:
Difference between transparent and transluscent materials:
Transparent Materials:

• The light pass through easily.
• Through it objects can. be seen clearly.

Transluscent Materials:

• It allows a part of light to pass through it.
• Through it objects can only be seen dimly.

Question 6.
How can you see a solar eclipse?
Answer: Solar eclipse can be seen by using a glass. There is another alternative method to see the sun. Take a piece of cardboard having a hole in the centre. This cardboard forms an image of sun on the wall. Thus the solar eclipse can be seen by this image safely.

Question 7.
Mention some of the uses of plane mirror.
Answer:
Uses of plane mirror are:

1. In hair cutting saloons, shops and at home.
2. For constructing periscope.
3. For constructing kelidoscope.

Question 8.
State two properties each of umbra and penumbra.
Answer:
Properties of Umbra:

1. The darkest part of the shadow is called umbra.
2. The light in umbra does not reach from any source of light.

Properties of Penumbra:

1. In this region light reaches from one part of the source.
2. This region is not completely dark.

Question 9.
What is regular reflection?
Answer:
When the light falls on the smooth surface the scattered light rays move in a definite direction. This gives the clear image of the object. This. is called regular reflection.

Question 10.
State the difference between umbra and penumbra.
Answer:
Difference between umbra and penumbra:
Umbra:
The region of the space where the light does not reach from any source, is the darkest. This darkest part of the shadow is called umbra.

Penumbra:
The dark circular path is surrounded by a less dark portion. This shadow part is called penumbra.

Light, Shadows and Reflections Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Draw a diagram to show the position of the screen so that no umbra is formed on it if the source of light is bigger than the obstacle.
Answer:

Question 2.
Describe clearly the event of partial lunar eclipse and explain is cause.
Answer:
The ray diagram shows the various positions of the Moon as it passes through the penumbra and the umbra of the earth during a lunar eclipse. At position A, the moon is yet to enter the penumbra and it looks bright as usual. At position B, it has entered the penumbra. At this position, the moon looks pale, as if it has gone behind the clouds. After some time, a part of the moon enters the umbra. This part is then not visible from the earth, but the remaining part of the moon is still visible. This is called a partial lunar eclipse. Lunar eclipse, always takes place on full moon day but not on all full moon days.

Question 3.
How can you make a pin hole camera? Describe.
Answer:
Take two boxes so that one can slide into another with no gap in between them. Cut open one side of each box. On the opposite face of the larger box, make a small hole in the middle [Fig. (a)]. In the smaller box, cut out from the middle a square with a side of about 5 cm to 6 cm. Cover this open square in the box with tracing paper (translucent screen) [Fig. (b)]. Slide the smaller box inside the larger one with the hole, in such a way that the side with the tracing paper is inside [Fig. (c)]. Your pin hole camera is ready for use.

Holding the pin hole camera look through the open face of the smaller box.# You should use a piece of black cloth to cover your head and the pinhole camera. Now, try to look at some distant objects like a tree or a building through the pinhole camera. Make sure that the objects you wish to look at through your pinhole camera are in bright sun. shine. Move the smaller box forward or backward till you get a picture on the tracing paper pasted at the other end.

Question 4.
Describe the working of a its uses?
Answer:
A principle is an obtical instrument which is used to see the overhead objects. In a principls there are two mirror. A and B fixed at the two ends of a vertical tube whose reflecting surfaces are parallel and face each other.

Principle:
It is based on the principle of reflection of plane mirrors which are placed parallel. Light rays are coming through an object and entering from the apperture C. These rays strike on the mirror A at an angle of incidence 45° and is reflected along the axis of the tube striking the mirror at 45° again. This is then finally reflected parallel to their original path and reach is to the eyes of observer.

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions Chapter 5 Separation of Substances

Separation of Substances Text Book Exercises

Question 1.
Why do we need to separate different components of a mixture? Give two examples?
Answer:
It is essential to purify foodstuff to maintain good health. Researchers, chemists and technologists also need pure substances. Thus, separation of different components of a mixture is essential. The main purposes are:

1. To remove impurities for getting a pure sample. For example, salt from sea water.
2. To obtain the useful components for getting wheat or rice grains after separating.
3. To remove the harmful component.

Question 2.
What is winnowing? Where it is used?
Answer:
The process of separating heavier and lighter components of a mixture by wind or by blowing air is called winnowing? This method is commonly used by farmers to separate lighter husk particles from heavier seeds of grain. The farmer allows the mixture of grain and the husk to fall from a height.

The grains which are heavier fall vertically down on the ground and form a heap near the platform of winnowing. The husk which is higher, is carried away by the wind and forms a separate heap at a short distance from the heap of grains as shown in the figure.

The separated husk is used for many purposes such as fodder for catels.

Question 3.
How will you separate husk or dirt particles from a given sample of pulses before cooking?
Answer:
The husk or dirt particles from a given sample of pulses before cooking can be separated by hand picking. For example, when the components of a mixture are different in size, shape and color, they can be easily separated by hand picking. Housewife often clean pulses and spices by this method.

They remove small dust, dirt, pebbles and other unwanted materials. The quantity of such impurities is usually not very large. In such situations, we find that hand picking is a convenient method of separating substances.

Question 4.
What is sieving? Where is it used?
Answer:
Sieving is a method used to separate the components of a mixture which are of different size. Sieving allows the fine flour particles to pass through the holes of the sieve while the bigger impurities remain on the sieve In a flour mill, impurities like husk and stones are removed from wheat before grinding it.

Usually, a bagful of wheat is poured on a slanting sieve. The sieving removes pieces of stones, stalk and husk that may still remain with wheat after threshing and winnowing. You may have also noticed similar sieves being used at construction sites to separate pebbles and stones from sand.

Question 5.
How will you separate sand and water from their mixture?
Answer:
A mixture of sand and water can be separated by sedimentation method or decantation method. Take the mixture of sand and water in a beaker. Allow the mixture to stand for sometime undisturbed.

You will observe that sand particles start settling down at the bottom of the beaker forming sediment (Fig. (a). The process of settling down of heavier, insoluble particles from a mixture is called sedimentation.

The clear liquid above the sediment is gently poured off into another beaker, without disturbing the sediment (Fig. b). This process of transferring the clear liquid without disturbing sediments is known as decantation.

Question 6.
Is it possible to separate sugar mixed with wheat flour? If yes, how will you do it?
Answer:
Yes, it is possible to separate sugar mixed with wheat flour. This can be separated by sieving. Sieving allows the fine wheat flour particles to pass through the holes of the sieve while the sugar remain on the sieve.

Question 7.
How would you obtain clear water from a sample of muddy water?
Answer:
We can separate clear water from a sample of muddy water by loading process. Take a beaker half filled with muddy water and take a piece of alum. The loading of suspended particles is carried out by alum. The alum crystal is slowly moved in water.

The dissolved particles of alum in water loads on the fine dust particles. The particles become heavy and settles down to the bottom. The clear water is decanted as shown in Fig. The suspended particles remains at bottom as sediment.

Question 8.
Fill up the blanks:

1. The method of separating seeds of paddy from its stalks is called ………………………
2. When milk, cooled after boiling, is poured onto a piece of cloth the cream (malai) is left behind on it. This process of separating cream from milk is an example ……………………………..
3. Salt is obtained from seawater by the process of ……………………….
4. Impurities settled at the bottom when muddy water was kept overnight in a bucket. The clear water was then poured off from the top. The process of separation used in this example is called ………………………..

Answer:

1. Threshing
2. Filtration
3. Evaporation
4. Decantation.

Question 9.
True or false:

1. A mixture of milk and water can be separated by filtration.
2. A mixture of powdered salt and sugar can be separated by the process of winnowing.
3. Separation of sugar from tea can be done with filtration.
4. Grain and husk can be separated with the process of decantation.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. False
4. False.

Question 10.
Lemonade is prepared by mixing lemon juice and sugar in water. You wish to add ice to cool it. Should you add ice to the lemonade before or after dissolving sugar? In which case would it be possible to dissolve more sugar?
Answer:
We should add ice in lemonade after dissolving sugar in it, because sugar dissolve more quickly before adding ice. It would be possible to dissolve more sugar before adding ice in the lemonade, because it dissolve more into hot than in cold.

Projects and Activities

Activity 1.
You have tried a number of methods to separate impurities like mud from water. Sometimes, the water obtained after employing all these processes could still be a little muddy. Let us see if we can remove even this impurity completely. Take this filtered water in a glass?

Tie a thread to a small piece of alum. Suspend the piece of alum in the water and swirl. Did the water become clear? What happened to the mud? This process is called loading. Talk to some elders in your family to find out whether they have seen or used this process?
Answer:
We can separate clear water from a sample of muddy water by loading process. Take a beaker half filled with muddy water and take a piece of alum. The loading of suspended particles is carried out by alum. The alum crystal is slowly moved in water.

The dissolved particles of alum in water loads on the fine dust particles. The particles become heavy and settles down to the bottom. The clear water is decanted as shown in Fig. The suspended particles remains at bottom as sediment.

Activity 2.
Match the each process with its purpose and the way separated components are used:
Table: Why do we separate substances?

Activity 3.
Complete the following table:

Answer:

Activity 4.
To separate common salt from common salt solution (brine)?
Method:
Take brine in a china dish. Heat it by placing it over a wire gauze on a tripod stand as shown in Fig. After sometime the water starts evaporating. Go on heating till all the water present in the solution evaporates. You will see that some white solid substance is left behind as a residue. This is a sample of pure common salt.

Activity 5.
To separate a mixture of kerosene and water?
Method:
Prepare a mixture of kerosene and water in a 200ml. Beaker. Carefully transfer to a separating funnel through a funnel. Stopper and shaken well. Now the mixture allow to settle. Note that kerosene is the top layer and water is the bottom layer.

This is due to the density differences between the two liquids Place the separating funnel in a ring stand and place a beaker below it to collect the components. Carefully looking at the layers of separation, drain kerosene and water in different containers.

Separation of Substances Additional Important Questions

Separation of Substances Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question (a)
A mixture of iodine and sand can be separated by –
(a) Decantation
(b) Centrifugation
(c) Filtration
(d) Sublimation.
Answer:
(d) Sublimation.

Question (b)
A mixture of leaves of tea and iron fillings are separated by –
(a) Filtration
(b) Handpicking
(c) Magnetic separation
(d) Sieving.
Answer:
(c) Magnetic separation

Question (c)
A mixture of mustard oil and kerosene oil can be separated by –
(a) Sublimation
(b) Evaporation
(c) Separating funnel
(d) Filtration.
Answer:
(c) Separating funnel

Question (d)
When two elements are brought together, the always form
(a) A mixture
(b) An element
(c) A compound
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) A mixture

Question (e)
In nature most elements occur as –
(a) Pure elements
(b) Mixture of elements
(c) Compound form
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Compound form

Question (f)
A solution of salt in water is a –
(а) Compound
(b) Homogeneous mixture
(c) Heterogeneous mixture
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Homogeneous mixture

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. A mixture of mustard oil and water can be separated by using ………………………
2. Ammonium chloride and salt are separated by …………………………
3. Common salt is obtained from sea water by …………………….
4. A mixture of chalk powder and water is seperated by ………………………
5. Husk is separated from rice by …………………………
6. Cream is separated from milk by ……………………….
7. Naphthalene is separated from common salt by ……………………..
8. Insects are separated from wheat by ……………………..

Answer:

1. Separating funnel
2. Sublimation
3. Evaporation
4. Filtration
5. Winnowing
6. Centrifugation
7. Sublimation
8. Hand – picking.

Question 3.
Which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. Sherbet is a pure substance.
2. Rock salt is impure substance.
3. The process of winnowing is used to remove small pieces of stone from grams.
4. A pure sample of a substance consists of only one kind of particles.
5. Sugar is separated from its solution in water by decantation.
6. Butter is separated from milk by the. method of crystallization.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. False
6. False.

Question 4.
Match the items in Column A with the Column B:

Answer:

(i) – (c)
(ii) – (a)
(iii) – (b)
(iv) – (d).

Separation of Substances Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the process used in flour mill?
Answer:
Sieving.

Question 2.
Name the method of separating iron from waste material?
Answer:
Magnetic separation.

Question 3.
Name the process to separate two unmixible liquids?
Answer:
Decantation.

Question 4.
Name the apparatus used to separate two unmixible liquids?
Answer:
Separating funnel.

Question 5.
Some Suji has been stored in a rusty tin. When taken out it contains some flakes of rust. How will you remove them?
Answer:
We can remove flakes of rust by sieving the mixture.

Question 6.
What is the advantage of distillation over evaporation?
Answer:
In distillation liquid can be recovered while in evaporation it is lost.

Question 7.
Which substance is used for loading?
Answer:
Alum.

Question 8.
What is the use of alum in loading?
Answer:
Alum is used to make the decantation faster.

Question 9.
Name the process to obtain salt from sea water?
Answer:
Evaporation.

Question 10.
Name two sublime substances?
Answer:

1. Iodine
2. Ammonium chloride.

Question 11.
What happens during sublimation?
Answer:
Solids are directly converted into their vapours without undergoing liquid state.

Question 12.
How does doctor get distilled water?
Answer:
By distillation of water.

Question 13.
Can you say that a mosquito net is a filter?
Answer:
Yes, mosquito net is a filter. It filters out mosquito from the air.

Question 14.
How does jeweller separate pearls of different sizes?
Answer:
Jeweller separates pearls of different size by sieving.

Question 15.
Are all crystals of substances of same shape and colour?
Answer:
No, crystals of different substances are of different shape and colour.

Question 16.
Tea filter is missing, then what method would you use for separation of tea powder?
Answer:
Sedimentation.

Question 17.
Which organ of our body separates harmful components from blood?
Answer:
Kidney.

Question 18.
What happens when camphor is left open?
Answer:
When camphor is left open then a strong smell is produced.

Question 19.
Name two pure substances that you know?
Answer:
All elements and compounds are pure substances like salt, water, carbon (graphite), diamond, silver, copper etc.

Question 20.
Solid substance is dissolved in water. Which of the following methods is used to separate it?

1. Filtration
2. Evaporation
3. Sublimation
4. Decantation.

Answer:
A solid substance is dissolved in water. It is separated by the method of evaporation.

Question 21.
Which method would you use for the separation of a solid substance dissolved in water? Both the components are to be collected?
Answer:
Distillation is used to separate solid substance and the water from the mixture like salt solution.

Question 22.
Why does visibility increase after rains?
Answer:
This is because the dust particles that were present in air settle down due to loading by fain drops and we can see distant objects if the air dust is free and clean.

Question 23.
Name the two materials used in water filters?
Answer:

1. Filters made from ceramics are used in households.
2. In water – works for large supply of drinking water the material called resin, a kind of plastic is used.

Question 24.
Why is chlorine mixed with drinking water?
Answer:
In water – works, chlorine is used for killing the harmful bacteria present in water before supplied to consumers.

Question 25.
Name the method by which we can remove butter from milk?
Answer:
The process called centrifugation is used to remove butter from milk. Milk is churned in special machines like centrifuges. Butter being light in weight floats on the surface of milk and is removed easily.

Question 26.
Define evaporation?
Answer:
Evaporation method is used to separate solids dissolved in a liquid. This process is largely used to obtain common salt from sea or lake water. The process of converting a liquid into its vapour by heating is called evaporation.

Question 27.
Define crystallization?
Answer:
Crystallization method is used to purify solid substances. The process of separating a pure substance in the form of crystals from its hot saturated solution by cooling is called crystallization.

Separation of Substances Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name three mixtures commonly found in nature?
Answer:
The three mixtures commonly found in nature are soil, air and sea – water. Soil is a mixture of various inorganic and organic matter. Air is a mixture of various gases and dust particles. Sea water is a mixture of water and salts.

Question 2.
How would you separate water and mustard oil?
Answer:
The separation of water and mustard oil is based on the principle that water is heavier than oil and also the two are immixible liquids. They form distinct layers. Take the mixture in separating funnels. Separate the water by opening the stop – clock at the base of the funnel in a beaker.

Question 3.
What is the process to separate salt and camphor?
Answer:
Camphor is a volatile substance. It sublimes on heating. When a mixture of salt and camphor is heated, the camphor being volatile sublimes and is collected as shown in figure. The salt being non – volatile is left behind.

Question 4.
Explain how would you make crystals of sugar?
Answer:
Prepare sugar solution in hot water. The beaker is allowed to cool. Filter the solution. Hang a crystal of sugar in this solution with the help of a thread and a glass rod or a pencil. Leave the solution uncovered and undisturbed for a few days. We observe that the crystal slowly begin to grow.

Question 5.
Write the name of methods which we use in our daily life for separating components of mixtures?
Answer:
The various processes involved in separation of a mixture components of a mixture are:

1. Winnowing
2. Hand – picking
3. Sieving
4. Decantation
5. Filtration
6. Magnetic separation
7. Loading
8. Distillation
9. Centrifugation
10. Crystallization
11. Sublimation.

Question 6.
How you separate a mixture of milk and cooking oil?
Answer:
Milk and cooking oil are two immiscible liquids. The cooking oil is lighter than milk and it will form upper layer in this mixture. We take the mixture in a separating funnel and allow the mixture to settle. When the separation of milk and cooking oil is complete, we open the stop – cock of the separating funnel. The lower layer of milk is decanted leaving behind oil in the separating funnel. The cooking oil is collection in a separate breaker.

Question 7.
Define distillation?
Answer:
Distillation is the process of evaporation followed by condensation. This method is used to separate a mixture of two miscible liquids with a difference in their boiling points. This process is also used to obtain pure substance from a solution. In evaporation the liquid is lost but in distillation both solute and solvent are obtained. Distilled water used by the doctor for injections is obtained by distillation. In Kuwait, sea water is distilled to get drinking water.

Separation of Substances Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a mixture? Give examples of mixtures?
Answer:
A mixture is a heterogeneous material which has two or more kind of particles. A mixture may have solid, liquid or gas components. Examples:

1. Rock salt is a mixture of some salts, soil and sand.
2. Soil is a mixture of clay, sand and particles of grass and other dead plants.
3. Sherbet we drink in summer is a mixture of water, sugar and colouring and flavouring substances.
4. Sea water is a mixture of water and many salts.
5. Air is a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapour, dust particles and gases like argon.

Question 2.
You are given a mixture of sand, water and mustard oil. How will you separate the components of the mixture?
Answer:
Principle – The separation is based on the principle that sand and mustard oil are insoluble in water. But sand being heavy, so settles at bottom and mustard oil being lighter floats on water surface. The separation is carried out in two steps.

Step – I:
Take the mixture of water, sand and mustard oil, filter the mixture. The sand will be separated. The water and oil will pass through filter – paper and will be collected as filtrate.

Step – II:
Take the filtrate in a separating funnel. Allow the mixture to set. Then open the stopcock and decant of water. Mustard oil will be left in the separating funnel.

Question 3.
How will you obtain pure salt from its impure sample?
Answer:
Rock salt is a mixture of salt, clay and sand. Of these pure salt is soluble in water. Therefore, rock salt is first ground to a fine powder. The powdered rock salt is dissolved in water. On dissolving, salt being soluble in water so dissolves and the clay and sand is left behind:

The mixture is now filtered through a filter – paper. The clay and sand filtrate. The filtrate is evaporated in China dish. The water evaporates and pure salt is left behind.

Question 4.
How will you separate a mixture of iron filings, ammonium chloride and sand from their mixture?
Answer:
Principle – The separation is based on the principle that ammonium chloride is volatile, iron filings are magnetic and sand is neither volatile nor magnetic. The separation is carried out in two steps:

Step – I:
Take the mixture in a dish. Bring a strong bar magnet over the mixture. The iron filings are attracted to the magnet and are separated leaving the mixture of ammonium chloride and sand.

Step – II:
Take the mixture in a China dish. Cover the China dish with an. inverted funnel as shown in the fig. Heat the content of China dish with spirit lamp. The ammonium chloride being volatile sublimes and its vapours collects on the surface of funnel. Allow the funnel to cool. Scratch the ammonium chloride. The sand will remain in China Dish.

Question 5.
Define threshing with diagram?
Answer:
The process that is used to separate grain from stalks is threshing. In this process, the stalks are beaten to free the grain seeds (Fig.). Sometimes, threshing is done with the help of bullocks. Machines are also used to thresh large quantities of grain.

Question 6.
You know various methods of separating mixtures. Here four pictures are shown. Write the correct names of methods under each picture?

Answer:

1. Decantation.
2. Winnpwing
3. Sieving
4. Loading.

Question 7.
How will you separate pure water from a solution of salt in water?
Answer:
Take the mixture of salt in water in a flask. Set the arrangement for distillation. On heating water vapour rises and passes through the tube. They are condensed in the test – tube surrounded by the cold water. Thus we get pure water leaving behind salt in the flask.

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions Chapter 10 Motion and Measurement of Distances

Motion and Measurement of Distances Text Book Questions

Question 1.
Give two examples each, of modes of transport used on land, water and air.
Answer:

• Land: Railways, buses.
• Water: Ships, boats.
• Air: Aeroplanes, helicopters.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. One meter is ……………… cm.
2. Five kilometer is ……………. m.
3. Motion of a child on a swing is ………………
4. Motion of the needle of a sewing machine is ………………
5. Motion of wheel of a bicycle is ……………….

Answer:

1. 100
2. 5000
3. Periodic motion
4. Oscillatory motion
5. Circular motion.

Question 3.
Why can a pace or a footstep not be used as a standard unit of length?
Answer:
A pace or a footstep cannot be used as a standard unit of length because they are different for different people. Moreover, there will be a large difference in a pace and a footstep of child, young and an adult.

Question 4.
Arrange the following lengths in their increasing magnitude:
1 meter, 1 centimeter, 1 kilometer, 1 millimeter.
Answer:
The given lengths in their increasing order are written as:
1 millimeter > 1 centimeter > 1 meter > 1 kilometer.

Question 5.
The length of a person is 1.65 m. Express it into cm and mm.
Answer:
We know that,
1 m = 100 cm
and 1 m = 1000 mm
∴ 1.65 m = 1.65 × 100 cm = 165 cm
and 1.65 m = 1.65 × 1000 mm = 1650 mm.

Question 6.
The distance between Radha’s home and her school is 3250 m. Express this distance into km.
Answer:
We know that,
1 m = \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\) Km
∴ Distance between Radha’s home and her school = 3250m
= 3250 × \(\frac { 1 }{ 1000 }\) km.
= 3.250 km.

Question 7.
While measuring the length of a knitting needle, the reading of the scale at one end is 3.0 cm and at the other end is 33.1 cm. What is the length of the needle?
Answer:
The length of needle = 33.1 – 3.0 cm
= 30.1 cm.

Question 8.
Write the similarities and differences between the motion of a bicycle and a ceiling fan that has been switched on.
Answer:

Similarity:
The motion of a bicycle and ceiling fan are in circular motion.

Dissimilarity:
The ceiling fan moves without changing its position while the bicycle moves with changing its position with time.

Question 9.
Why could you not use an elastic measuring tape to measure distance? What would be some of the problems you would meet in telling someone about a distance you measured with an elastic tape?
Answer:
We should not use an elastic measuring tape to measure distance because the length of an elastic measuring tape will increase when we pull or stretch the tape for measuring the length. The measured length may be increase or decrease due to its elasticity. Thus, we cannot measure the correct length by an elastic measuring tape. The length of any object measured by this elastic tape either will be more or less depending upon the elasticity of the tape.

Question 10.
Give two examples of periodic motion.
Answer:
Examples of periodic motion are motion of a pendulum, a branch of a tree moving to and fro, motion of a child on a swing, strings of a guitar, etc. (any two).

Projects And Activities

Activity 1.
Work in groups and each of you do this activity one by one. Using your foot as a unit of length, measure the length and breadth of the classroom. It is possible that while measuring these you may find some part remains to be measured as it is smaller than your foot.
Answer:
Measuring length and breadth of classroom

Activity 2.
Work in groups and each of you use your handspan as a unit to measure the width of a table or a desk in the classroom.
Answer:
Measuring width of a table

Activity 3.
Think of some objects you have seen recently. List them in Table. A school bag, a mosquito, a table, people sitting on desks, people moving about? May be a butterfly, dog, cow, your hand, a small baby, a fish in water, a house, a factory, a stone, a horse, a ball, a bat, a moving train, a sewing machine, a wall clock, hands of a clock? Make your list as large as you can. Which of these are moving? Which are at rest?
Answer:
Table: Objects in rest and motion

Motion and Measurement of Distances Additional Important Questions

Motion and Measurement of Distances Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answers:

Question (i)
The SI unit of the length is –
(a) Centimeter
(b) Meter
(c) Decimeter
(d) Kilometer
Answer:
(a) Centimeter

Question (ii)
The SI unit of mass is –
(a) Milligram
(b) Gram
(c) Kilogram
(d) Quintal
Answer:
(c) Kilogram

Question (iii)
SI unit of time is –
(a) Day
(b) Hour
(c) Minute
(d) Second
Answer:
(d) Second

Question (iv)
To read the scale the eye should be vertically –
(a) Upward
(b) Downward
(c) Both
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Upward

Question (v)
Flying kite is an example of –
(a) Circular motion
(b) Periodic motion
(c) Irregular motion
(d) Linear motion
Answer:
(c) Irregular motion

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. One decameter equals ……………. meters.
2. One decimeter equals ……………. centimeters.
3. One quintal equals ……………. kilograms.
4. One millennium equals ……………. centuries.
5. One metric ton equals …………… quintals.
6. Meter is indicated by sign …………….
7. Kilogram is indicated by sign …………….
8. Second is indicated by sign …………….
9. Changing of day and night is ……………. change.

Answer:

1. 0.1
2. 10
3. 100
4. 10
5. 10
6. m
7. kg
8. s
9. Periodic

Question 3.
State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. In ancient India, small length measurements used were an angul (finger) or a mutthi (fist).
2. In 1790, the French created a standard unit of measurement called the metric system.
3. For measuring large distances, meter is not a convenient unit.
4. Handspan is a standard unit of length.
5. Length of a curved line cannot be measured by a meter scale directly.
6. Motion of the balance wheel of a watch is a periodic motion.
7. The motion of a ball rolling on ground is random motion.
8. The motion of a point marked on the black of an electric fan is the example of circular motion.
9. The motion of the moon round the earth is periodic.
10. When a drum is struck gently, its membrane shows random motion.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. True
7. True
8. True
9. False
10. False.

Question 4.
Match the items in Column A with Column B:

Answer:

(i) (d)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (e)
(iv) (b)
(v) (c).

Question 5.
Match the items in Column A with Column B:

Answer:

(i) (d)
(ii) (c)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (b).

Motion and Measurement of Distances Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How may kilogram are there in one metric ton?
Answer:
1 metric ton = 1000 kg = 10³ kg.

Question 2.
How many seconds are there in one day?
Answer:
Number of seconds in one day=24 × 60 x 60 = 86400 s.

Question 3.
Why a pace or a foot step cannot be used as a standard unit of length.
Answer:
The pace or a foot step vary from person to person. These methods are not satisfactory.

Question 4.
Arrange the following lengths in their increasing order: metre, centimeter, kilometer, millimeter.
Answer:
Millimeter < centimeter < metre < kilometer.

Question 5.
Arrange the following masses in their increasing order: kilogram, quintal, milligram, gram.
Answer:
Milligram < gram < kilogram < quintal.

Question 6.
How many liters would be there in 1000 ml?
Answer:
1 litre, because liter = 1000 ml.

Question 7.
How many seconds are there in 8 minutes?
Answer:
∵ 1 minutes = 60 seconds
∴ 8 minutes = 8 × 60 seconds
= 480 seconds.

Question 8.
How many centimeters means 8 meters?
Answer:
∵ 1 metre = 100 centimeter
∴ 8 meters = 8 × 100 centimeters
= 800 centimeters.

Question 9.
How many meters means 3000 mm?
Answer:
∵ 1 mm = 100 metre
3000
∴ 3000 mm = metre = 3 metre.

Question 10.
To measure the length of chest, what instrument would you use? Can you measure chest with the help of any other method?
Answer:
For measuring the size of chest we use a measuring tape. A metre scale cannot be used. It will not give correct measurement because it is not flexible.

Question 11.
Why hand is not a standard unit to measure length?
Answer:
A hand cannot be used as standard unit of length because the length of hand of all the people are different. So the length measured by one person will differ from the length measured by the other person.

Question 12.
What happens if the tailor takes your measurement with hand?
Answer:
There is variation in the measurement takes by hand because the length of hand-span of every tailor was different.

Question 13.
State any two points necessary for measurement.
Answer:
The measurement is the comparison of any two unknown quantity with same kind of definite known quantity. The measure should be such that it must have same meaning for each individual. To bring uniformity in measurement we use standard units.

Question 14.
At which place, the standard units have been preserved?
Answer:
International standard units have been preserved at the Weight and Measures Bureau in Paris.

Question 15.
Where does the copies of standard units have been preserved in India?
Answer:
In India, one copy of International standard units is preserved at National Physical Laboratory, Pusa Road, New Delhi.

Question 16.
Name the quantity which a shopkeeper measures while selling rice.
Answer:
Kilogram.

Question 17.
Name the two parts which must be mentioned to state the results of a measurement.
Answer:
The two parts are

1. Quantity
2. Unit.

Question 18.
Name the SI units of length?
Answer:
SI unit of length is 1 metre or 9 m.

Question 19.
Name the SI unit of mass?
Answer:
SI unit of mass is kilogram or 9 kg.

Question 20.
What is motion?
Answer:
Motion is the continuous change in position of a body with respect to time as compared to a stationary object. For examples, moving car, moving fan, etc.

Question 21.
Is your classroom at rest or in motion?
Answer:
It is at rest because’ it is not changing its position.

Question 22.
Is the hour’s hand of a wall clock at rest or in motion?
Answer:
The hour’s hand of a wall clock is moving though it moves very slowly.

Question 23.
What type of motion do the vehicles on a straight road perform?
Answer:
The vehicles perform rectilinear motion on the road.

Question 24.
What type of motion does the wheel of a bicycle perform?
Answer:
The wheel of a bicycle perform rotatory or circular motion.

Question 25.
An object is hung from a spring is pulled down and left. What type of motion does the object perform?
Answer:
The object perform oscillatory motion which is also a periodic motion.

Question 26.
Give two examples of periodic motion.
Answer:

1. Rotation of earth on its axis.
2. Moon moves around the earth.

Question 27.
Give two examples of non – uniform motion.
Answer:

1. Motion of the train when its driver applies breaks.
2. Motion of the cricket ball when the bowler throws the ball and the ball is hit by the player.

Question 28.
Name the three types of motion.
Answer:
Three types of motion are rectilinear motion, rotatory motion and oscillatory motion.

Question 29.
Which type of motion does the feet of a tailor perform while sewing some clothes on a sewing machine?
Answer:
The feet of the tailor perform periodic motion while sewing clothes on a sewing machine.

Motion and Measurement of Distances Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by measurement, explain with example?
Answer:
The comparision of an unknown quantity with a known standard quantity (called unit) is known as measurement. For example, while buying things, we ask a certain amount of quantity to the shopkeeper, he then weight the exact quantity and gives it to us, like one kg sugar, 5 metre cloth, 10 kg. flour etc.

Question 2.
In our daily life, where we need measurement. Give any five examples.
Answer:
Examples of measurements:

1. To measure the length of cloth before serving.
2. To measure the weight of vegetables before buying.
3. To build house.
4. To reach school in time.
5. To buying milk.

Question 3.
What are the difficulties in using non – standard units?
Answer:
People use foot, arm, stretched palm, etc. as units of length. These non – standard units (or methods) were not satisfactory because lengths of arm, foot and stretched palm vary from person to person. However if there are different units of length in the different parts of the world, it is very inconvenient for the exchange of scientific information. Thus the need for the standard unit been felt. The unit which people agree to use as a basic unit for measurement becomes a standard unit for the group of people for the sake of uniformity.

Question 4.
What do you understand by International System of measurements? Write a short note on it.
Answer:
For bringing the uniformity in units, scientists have done lot of efforts on International level and prepared an unanimous standard system. It is known as International Standard System. It is abbreviated as SI units.In this system length is measured in metre mass in kilogram and time in second. A metre is a distance equal to one million (10-7) time of the distance between equator and pole. A second is 1/86400 times of a mean solar day. A kilogram is equal to one thousand milligrams.

Question 5.
Why standard units are necessary?
Answer:
A quantity adopted as a standard of measurement of physical quantity, is called a unit. In fact, the unit of measurement should be such that the magnitude measurement must be the same even if it is measured by different persons. The measure should be such that it must have same meaning for each individual. To bring uniformity in measurement standard units are necessary.

Question 6.
How can you find out that a given meter scale is correct or not?
Answer:

1. A correct metre sacle has (←, →) signs on its both ends as shown in figure.
2. A correct metre scale has the stamp of the Weights and Measure Department.
3. A correct metre scale is straight, not bent from the centre.
4. A correct metre sacle gives the correct measurement of length.
   

Question 7.
Give three examples of rectilinear motion. Explain.
Answer:

1. A scooterist driving on a road.
2. Soldiers marching in the battlefield.
3. A ball falling from a height.

In all these examples objects change their position with time along a straight line.

Question 8.
Give two examples of rotatory motion. Explain.
Answer:

1. Motion of blades of a fan.
2. Motion of minute hand of the clock.
3. Motion of the wheel of a car.

In these examples the object or any parts of it move in a circular path. This is called rotatory or circular motion.

Question 9.
What are the differing types of motion?
Answer:
The different types of motions are :

1. Linear motion
2. Circular motion
3. Curvilinear motion
4. Oscillatory motion
5. Random motion
6. Periodic motion

A motion can be the combination of all these types of motions or a few of them.

Question 10.
What are periodic and non-periodic motions? Explain with example.
Answer:
Periodic motion:
The motion of a body which is repeated at regular intervals of time is called periodic motion. In periodic motion, a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time. For exampls, revolution of earth round the sun, the motion of moon round the earth, the motion of a swing, the motion of a pendulum, etc.

Non – periodic motion:
The motion of a body which is not repeated at regular intervals of time is called non-periodic motion. In non – periodic motion, a body does not cover equal distances in equal intervals of time. For examples an athlete running on a track, a moving car on busy road, etc.

Question 11.
How is circular motion different from curvilinear motion?
Answer:
Circular motion is curvilinear motion but it involves the motion of a body at a fixed distance from a fixed point called axis. The figure explains the difference. As motion of the body ‘A’ is around the axis but in second case ‘B’ it is curvilinear motion.

Question 12.
Give a table to show multiples and sub – multiples of units of length, mass and time.
Answer:
Length
10 mm = 1 centimeter (cm)
10 cm = 1 decimeter (dm)
10 decimeter = 100 cm = 1 metre (m)
10 metre = 1 decameter
100 metre = 1 hectometer
1000 metre = 1 kilometer (km)

Mass
1000 (mg) = 1 gram (g)
1000 gm = 1 kilogram (kg)
100 kg = 1 quintal
10 quintal = 1 metric ton

Time
60 seconds = 1 minute
60 minutes = 1 hours
24 hrs. = 1 day
365 days = 1 year
10 years = 1 decade
10 decades = 1 century

Motion and Measurement of Distances Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What precautions are taken while measuring length?
Answer:
The precautions which should be taken while using a metre scale to measure length are the following:

1. The scale should be placed along the length to be measured

2. The scale should be placed very close to the object to be measured.

3. The broken scale should not be used because if used the 1 always begin with the final mark on scale. Subtract the final reading from initial reading to get length e.g., if the initial reading is 4.2 cm and final reading is 6.8 cm. then the length is 6.8 – 4.2 cm = 2.6 cm.

4. To read to scale correctly the eye should be vertically upward. As shown in fig. OA and OC give wrong reading of length while OB gives the correct reading of length.

Question 2.
Identify the measuring instruments given in the pictures and tell where they are used?

Answer:
1. Inch tape:
It is used for measuring height and tailor also uses this inch tape.

2. Steel tape or measuring tape:
It is used for measurement of glass, building height and carpenter also uses this.

Question 3.
Identify the correct method of keeping scale for measuring the length?

Answer:

1. Is the correct method of keeping scale for measuring the length.

Question 4.
With the help of thread and scale find out the length of Rs. 5 coin.
Answer:
Mark a dot on one end of the circumference of the coin. Now put a knot on one end of the thread. Keep it tight on the mark on the coin. Move the thread around the circumference till the mark on the coin is reached again. Mark this position on the thread with a dark pencil. Measure the length of the thread between the knot and the mark. (Do not stretch the thread with a force). This is the length of circumference of five rupee coin.

Verify this length by keeping the thread in stretched position on the table between two tight nails. Mark a dot with a pencil. Place the rupee coin in vertical position. Now slide the coin along the length of thread till the mark on the coin is reached again as shown in the diagram below. Measure the distance between two marks on the thread. This is the circumference of the coin. The two measurement must be exactly identical.

Question 5.
Use a thread to measure the length of a curved line.
Answer:
Mark the ends of curved line by putting full stop. Tie a knot on the open end of the thread. Place the knot of the thread on end A of the line. Now place the thread along the line keeping it tightly gripped with the help of both the thumbs or fore-fingers as in the diagram.

Now move the thumb a little further keeping the thread in position and then press and release the hold on the thread as you keep on sliding the thread along the curves on the line. When the thread reaches the end B mark this position on the thread. You may tie the second knot at this point. Now measure the length of thread between two knots with the help of the metre scale. This is the length of the curved line.

Question 6.
How many kinds of motions are? On the basis of daily experience explain only two of them.
Answer:
The different types of motions are:

1. Linear motion
2. Curvi linear motion
3. Random motion
4. Circular motion
5. Oscillatory motion
6. Periodic motion
7. Non – periodic motion.

A motion can be the combination of all these types of motions or a few of them.

1. Linear motion:
It is also called as translatory motion. It involves the motion of a body along a straight line. For examples, a bullet fired from a rifle, a ball rolling on ground, a child sliding down a slope as shown in fig.

2. Curvilinear motion:
The motion of a body along a curved path is called curvilinear motion. For examples, a cyclist turning on road, a ball falling from a height, a train moving on a curved rail track, football kicked high in air by a player, etc.

3. Random motion:
The motion of a body in which it changes its position rapidly with time in all the possible directions is called random motion. For examples, the motion of a mosquito, the motion of a hockey ball or of football in the ground, etc.

4. Circular motion:
The motion of a body along a circular path about a fixed axis is called circular motion. For examples, revolution of moon around the earth, revolution of earth around the sun, a rotating spinning top, moving wheel, a moving fan, etc.

5. Oscillatory motion:
A body is said to be in oscillatory motion when it moves to an fro about a fixed point. For examples, the pendulum of a wall, clock (Fig.), a swing, a wire of sitar when plucked, striking of drum, etc. Mostly the hanging objects show oscillatory motion.

6. Periodic motion:
The motion of a body which is repeated at regular intervals of time is called periodic motion. In periodic motion, a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time. For examples revolution of earth round the sun, the motion of moon round the earth, the motion of a swing, the motion of a pendulum, etc.

7. Non – periodic motion:
The motion of a body which is not repeated at regular intervals of time is called non – periodic motion. In non – periodic motion, a body does not cover equal distances in equal intervals of time. For examples an athelete running on a track, a moving car on the busy road, etc.

Question 7.
Give an experiment to show that motion of plucked string is oscillatory motion?
Answer:
Take a thin string and tie it in between the two nails fixed on table. Now pluck the string and observe the motion of the plucked string. We will see that the string moves to and fro along its mean position. This shows that motion of plucked string is Oscillatory
motion.

Question 8.
Why sand grains kept on a drum move up and down on stiling?
Answer:
The drum membrane shows vibratory motion when struck. This vibratory motion of the membrane makes the sand grains dance up and down as shown in figure. As the membrane vibrates above its mean position, the sand grains fly up and then fall down.

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions Chapter 4 Sorting Materials into Groups

Sorting Materials into Groups Textbook Exercises

Question 1.
Name five objects which can be made from wood?
Answer:
The five objects which can be made from wood:

1. Chair
2. Table
3. Door
4. Bullock cart
5. Plough.

Question 2.
Select those objects from the following which shine: Glass bowl, plastic toy, steel spoon, cotton shirt?
Answer:
Glass bowl, steel spoon.

Question 3.
Match the objects given below with the materials from which they could be made. Remember, an object could be made from more than one material and a given material could be used for making many objects?

Answer:
Book – Paper; Tumbler – glass; Chair – wood; Toy – plas – tics; Shoes – leather.

Question 4.
State whether the statements given below are True or False.

1. Stone is transparent, while glass is opaque.
2. A notebook has lustre while eraser does not.
3. Chalk dissolves in water.
4. A piece of wood floats on water.
5. Sugar does not dissolve in water.
6. Oil mixes with water.
7. Sand settles down in water.
8. Vinegar dissolves in water.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False
7. True
8. True.

Question 5.
Given below are the names of some objects and materials:
Water, basket ball, orange, sugar, globe, kpple and earthen pitcher,
Group them as:

1. Round shaped and other shapes.
2. Eatables and non – eatables.

Answer:

1. Round shaped and other shapes: Basket ball, orange, globe, apple, earthen pitcher.
2. Eatables and non – eatables: Water, sugar.

Question 6.
List all items known to you that float on water? Check and see if they will float on an oil or kerosene?
Answer:
Paper, ice, oil, wax and dried leaves. All of these items floats on water and they sink in oil and float on kerosene.

Question 7.
Find the odd one out from the following:

1. Chair, Bed, Table, Baby, Cupboard.
2. Rose, Jasmine, Boat, Marigold, Lotus.
3. Aluminium, Iron, Copper, Silver, Sand.
4. Sugar, Salt, Sand, Copper sulphate.

Answer:

1. Baby
2. Boat
3. Sand
4. Copper sulphate.

Projects and Activities

Activity 1.
Given on experiment to show that glycerin or lime juice is soluble in water but not edible oil?
Answer:
Necessary materials – Glycerin or like juice, water, edible oil, two test tubes. Take two test – tubes half filled with water on test – tube stand. In one of the test tube add 5 to 6 drops of glycerin or lime juice and in second test tube add little edible oil. Shake them well and then let them remain on stand for about 5 minutes.

After 5 minutes, it is observed that glycerin dissolves in water. But in other test tube two distinct layers are seen, upper layer is that of the edible oil and lower one is of water. This shows that glycerin is soluble in water but edible oil is insoluble in water.

Activity 2.
List some materials each of which can be used to make different kinds of object:
Answer:

Activity 3.
List five objects each of which is made different kinds of materials?
Answer:

Activity 4.
Give an experiment to show that sugar is soluble in water but not chalk powder?
Answer:
Take two test – tubes containing water. Take a teaspoonful of sugar and chalk powder. Add the two in separate test – tubes. Shake the test – tubes and observe. In first test – tube sugar dissolves completely with no left over at the bottom. In second test – tube chalk powder does not dissolve but settled at the bottom (Fig.). This shows that sugar is soluble in water but not chalk powder.

Activity 5.
Make a table to show that mixing of different solid materials in water?
Answer:

Activity 6.
Make a table to show that solubility of some common liquids in water?
Answer:
Solubility of some common liquids in water:

Sorting Materials into Groups Intex Questions:

Question 1.
Boojho wants to know, whether we found some materials that were used for making more than one type of an object?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 2.
Boojho suggests that we also check if the liquids that we used in Activity 6 mix well with some liquid other than water? Peheli is curious to known whether gases also dissolve in water?
Answer:
Some gases are soluble in water whereas others are not. For example, oxygen gas dissolved in water is very important for the survival of animals and plants that live in water.

Sorting Materials into Groups Additional Important Questions

Sorting Materials into Groups Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question (a)
All things are made of:
(a) Materials
(b) Things
(c) Both of these
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Materials

Question (b)
Wax and plastics are in water?
(a) Soluble
(b) Insoluble
(c) Miscible
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Insoluble

Question (c)
Chalk powder is in water?
(a) Soluble
(b) Insoluble
(c) Miscible
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Insoluble

Question (d)
A liquid containing a dissolved material is called:
(a) Soluble
(b) Solubility
(c) Solution
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Solution

Question (e)
Common salt is ……………………… in water?
(a) Soluble
(b) Insoluble
(c) Miscible
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Soluble

Question 2.
Fill in the Blanks:

1. A sugar syrup is a ……………………
2. Sand is …………………. in water.
3. Lemon juice is ………………….. in water.
4. Materials which can be compressed or scratched easily are called ……………………….
5. Materials which are difficult to compress are called ………………………..
6. Iron, copper, aluminium and gold are examples of …………………………
7. Those substances or materials, through with things can be seen are called ………………………….
8. The materials through which objects can be seen, but not clearly, are known as ………………………..

Answer:

1. Solution
2. Insoluble
3. Soluble
4. Shoft
5. Hard
6. Metals
7. Translucent
8. Transparent.

Question 3.
State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. Metals are good conductors of heat.
2. Water is a bad conductor of electricity but if salt is dissolved in water, it becomes good conductor.
3. Disprine tablet is insoluble in water.
4. Iron is a magnetic material.
5. Glass and air are transparent materials.
6. Sands are soluble in water.
7. Wax floats in water.
8. Mustard oil is not miscible with water.
9. Iron nails float in water.
10. Gases are soluble in water.
11. Coconut oil is not miscible with water.
12. Stone is opaque while glass is transparent.
13. Wood and plastics are good conductor of heat.
14. We are able to see through opaque substances.
15. Sand settles down in water.
16. All metals are good conductors of heat.
17. All gases are good conductors of heat.
18. A substance which allows the heat to pass is conductor.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. True
9. False
10. True
11. True
12. True
13. False
14. False
15. True
16. True
17. False
18. True.

Question 4.
Match the items in Column A with items in Column B:

Answer:

(i) – (b)
(ii) – (e)
(iii) – (a)
(iv) – (c)
(v) – (d)

Question 5.
In the given below group of words one is odd and rest are similar. Write down the odd qualities of them?

1. Bus, motor cycle, cycle, bullock – cart.
2. Pen, chalk, pencil, paper.
3. Lemon, banana, ma ngo, ‘gulab jamun’.
4. Hen, lizard, pigeon, crow.
5. Tumbler, jug, mug, spoon.

Answer:

1. Bullock – cart
2. Paper
3. Gulab jamun
4. Lizard
5. Spoon.

Question 6.
Answer the riddle:
Sometimes I am hard and chill  Sometimes I run down the hill But I am always present in air Who am I?
Answer:
Water.

Sorting Materials into Groups Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is matter?
Answer:
Any thing which has mass and occupies space is called matter.

Question 2.
Write the definition of classification?
Answer:
The process of grouping and sorting objects is called classification.

Question 3.
Write down the names of two natural substances which are used to make cloth?
Answer:
Cotton and silk.

Question 4.
Name five things made up of plastic?
Answer:

1. Chair
2. Table
3. Bucket
4. Comb
5. Toys.

Question 5.
List five things which are made up of same material?
Answer:
Shirt, towel, curtain, bed – sheet and trousers are made up of same material i.e., cotton.

Question 6.
Classify the following into natural and man-made substances: cotton, plastic, rubber, soil, petrol, diesel.
Answer:
Natural substance: Cotton, rubber, soil.
Man – made substances: Plastic, petrol, diesel.

Question 7.
Plastic is a man – made material. Give five more examples of man – made materials?
Answer:
Glass, steel, ceramic, thermocole and polythene.

Question 8.
Coal is a naturally occurring material. Write the names of five naturally occurring materials?
Answer:
Wood, cotton, jute, rubber and leather.

Question 9.
Name any four materials that can be used to make the school bag?
Answer:
School bag can be made from cotton (natural), nylon (man-made), leather (natural), jute (natural).

Question 10.
Name three material from which following things could be made:

1. Table
2. Bucket
3. Glass
4. Toys

Answer:

1. Table: Wood, steel, aluminium, silver and glass.
2. Bucket: Plastic, steel.
3. Glass: Ceramic, bone china, steel, plastic and silver.
4. Bowl: Steel, ceramic, bone china and brass.
5. Chair: Wood, steel, aluminium silver and glass.

Question 11.
Give one example of solids which have the properties listed:

1. Solids which are hard.
2. Solids which are soft.
3. Solids which are soluble in water.
4. Solids which are insoluble in water.
5. Solids which have colour.
6. Solids which are colourless.
7. Solids whose shape can easily changed.
8. Solids which have smell.
9. Solids which break easily.
10. Solids which sink in water.
11. Solids which float on water.
12. Solids through which we can see.
13. Solids through which we cannot see.

Answer:

1. Stone, wood
2. Butter
3. Sugar, salt
4. Chalk, sand
5. Clothes
6. Ice, colourless glass
7. Clay, plastercin.
8. Flowers, camphour.
9. Glass
10. Stone
11. Wood piece.
12. Glass
13. Wall.

Question 2.
Name the liquids which have following properties:

1. A colourless liquid.
2. A liquid which has smell.
3. A liquid in which sugar dissolves.
4. A flammable liquid.
5. A non – flammable liquid.
6. Apair of liquids which are unmixable with each other
7. A pair of liquids which are mixable with each other.
8. A liquid that floats on water.
9. A liquid that sinks in water.
10. A liquid which has some colour.

Answer:

1. Water
2. Kerosene
3. Water, milk
4. Petrol
5. Water
6. Mustard oil and water
7. Water and milk
8. Petrol
9. Mercury
10. Mustard oil is yellow in colour.

Question 13.
Write the names of different things made by ghee, water, sugar?
Answer:
Ghee. It is used for sweets and different products of eating. Water. It is used for drinking, bathing, harvesting, etc. Sugar. It is used to sweeten milk, tea, sweets, etc.

Question 14.
Write names of four different things made from cotton?
Answer:
The different things made from cotton are shirt, towel, curtain, bed sheets, etc.

Question 15.
Divide the following items according to their solubility in water:

1. Sugar
2. Glass
3. Particles of wood
4. Salt
5. Honey
6. Rubber
7. Soap
8. Caustic soda
9. Chalk
10. Urea.

Answer:

Solubility in water:

1. Sugar
2. Salt
3. Honey
4. Soap
5. Caustic soda
6. Chalk
7. Urea.

Question 16.
Does coconut oil get dissolved in kerosene oil?
Answer:
No.

Question 17.
List five opaque and five transparent materials?
Answer:
Opaque materials:
Cardboard, wooden piece, metal sheet and wall.

Transparent materials:
Glass, air, water, thin polythene, cellophane paper.

Question 18.
List five objects which are made from transparent material?
Answer:
Substances made from transparent material are

1. Glass tumbler, cellophane sheet, ballons (coloured or colourless), car window, mask of transparent plastic sheet.

Question 19.
List five liquids that are transparent?
Answer:

1. Water
2. Alcohol
3. Kerosene
4. Purified mustard oil
5. Glycerine.

Question 20.
List five objects made from opaque material?
Answer:

1. Wooden chair
2. Leather bag
3. Plastic handle
4. Iron almirah
5. Cardboard box.

Question 21.
Why does wood float on water but stone sink?
Answer:
Wood floats on water because it is lighter than water whereas a piece of stone sinks in water. It is heavier than water.

Sorting Materials into Groups Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
If you have objects similar in all respects, can you classify them in different groups?
Answer:
No, it is not possible to classify similar objects. Classification can only be done when objects have some similar and some dissimilar properties in them.

Question 2.
Why do we need to classify objects?
Answer:
There are millions of objects around us. These are of different size, shape and different in any ways. It is not easy to study each of them. Thus for easy and better understanding, we need to classify them.

Question 3.
A bag can be made from jute, a naturally occurring material or from nylon, a man-made material. List five more things that can be made from natural as well as man – made material?
Answer:

1. Tumbler – Copper and glass.
2. Suitcase – Iron and plastic (P.V.C.)
3. String – Cotton/jute and nylon.
4. Pen – Aluminium and plastic.
5. Shoes – Cloth/leather and plastic.

Question 4.
What is a solution?
Answer:
The matter which dissolves is called solute. A liquid in which solute gets dissolved is called solvent. When solute and solvent mix together it is called solution.

Question 5.
What is transparency? Find out the transparent and opaque substances from the following: Glass, plastic, wood, oil, paper, water, iron.
Answer:
The materials through which we can see the outside view are called transparent material. For example, water, glass. This property of such materials is called transparency.

Transparent substances:
Glass, water.

Opaque substances:
Plastic, wood, iron.

Question 6.
Mention three materials which are soluble and three which are insoluble in water?
Answer:
Materials soluble in water are:

1. Salt
2. Sugar
3. Washing soda.

Materials insoluble in water are :

1. Sand
2. Chalk powder
3. Coconut oil.

Question 7.
On what basis are the various objects grouped?
Answer:
The various objects can be grouped on the basis of their properties like:

1. Colour
2. Size
3. Hardness or softness
4. Natural or man – made,
5. Solid, liquid or gas,
6. Living or non – living
7. Plant or animal
8. Material they have made up of
9. Simple substance or mixture of many substances.

Sorting Materials into Groups Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are transparent, translucent and opaque objects?
Answer:
Transparent objects are those objects through which light passes across completely. We can see across them in figure. For example, glass, water, cellophane paper etc. Translucent objects are those objects which allow only a part of light falling on them to pass while they reflect the rest of the light.

We can see only faintly across them. For example, grinded glass, butter paper, turbid water, etc. Opaque objects are those objects which do not allow the light to pass through them. They reflect all the light falling on them. For example, card – board, an iron sheet, aluminium foil, etc.

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and their Surroundings

The Living Organisms and their Surroundings Text Book Exercises

Question 1.
What is a habitat?
Answer:
The place where a plant or an animal lives is called its habitat.

Question 2.
How are cactus adapted to survive in a desert?
Answer:
Cactus plants lose very little through transpiration. The leaves in desert plants are either absent, very small, or they are present in the shape of spines. This helps in reducing loss of water from the leaves through transpiration. The photosynthesis in these plants is usually carried out by the stems. The stem is also covered with a thick waxy layer, which helps to retain water. Cactus plants have roots that go very deep into the soil for absorbing water.

Question 3.
Fill up the blanks:

1. The presence of specific features, which enable a plantor an animal to live in a particular habitat, is called …………….
2. The habitats of the plants and animals that live on land are called ……………. habitat.
3. The habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called ……………. habitat.
4. Soil, water and air are the ……………. factors of habitat.
5. Changes in our surroundings that make us respond to them, are called …………….

Answer:

1. Adaptations
2. Terrestrial
3. Aquatic
4. Abiotic
5. Stimuli.

Question 4.
Which of the things in the following list are non – living? Plough, Mushroom, Sewing machine, Radio, Boat, Water hyacinth, Earthworm.
Answer:
Non – living things are plough, sewing machine, radio and boat.

Question 5.
Give an example of a non – living thing, which shows any two characteristics of living things?
Answer:
Clouds in the sky. They show two living characteristics. These are grow in size and move from one place to another place.

Question 6.
Which of the non – living things listed below, were once part of a living thing? Butter, Leather, Soil, Wool, Electric bulb, Cooking oil, Salt, Apple, Rubber.
Answer:
Butter, Leather, Wool, Cooking oil, Apple, Rubber.

Question 7.
List the common characteristics of the living things?
Answer:
The common characteristics of the living things are growth, movement, life cycle, nutrition (taking food), respiration, excretion, respond to stimuli, show movement, die and reproduction.

Question 8.
Explain, why speed is important for survival in the grasslands for animals that live there?
Answer:
There are few trees or places for animals to hide in the grassland habitats. The animals like lion or tiger prey other animals such as deer. The deer have very fast running speed to help them to run away from the predator’s speed is important for their survival in grassland habitats.

Projects And Activities

Activity 1.
Prepare a table to show that animals, plants and other objects found in different surroundings.
Answer:
Animals, plants and’other objects found in different surroundings:

Activity 2.
What is phototropism. Explain with a diagram.
Answer:
Phototropism is the growth of the plant shoot to the sources of light. Take a potted plant with erect stem. Keep the plant in dark room in which the source of the light should be on any one side. Observe the plant after a weak. We see that the shoot of the plant has bent towards the source of light as shown in figure.

Activity 3.
What is its name and habitat?
Answer:

Answer:

• “Penguin.”
• Habitat: Polar regions.

The Living Organisms and their Surroundings Additional Important Questions

The Living Organisms and their Surroundings Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question (i)
In which of the following thing, life activities are carried out –
(a) Chain
(b) Stone
(c) Banyan
(d) Plastic
Answer:
(c) Banyan

Question (ii)
prepare their own food –
(a) Plants
(b) Things
(c) Creatures
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Creatures

Question (iii)
…………… gives eggs.
(a) Cat
(b) Cow
(c) Hen
(d) Dog
Answer:

Question (iv)
Which one is not a noctural animal –
(a) Owl
(b) Camel
(c) Cockroach
(d) Bat
Answer:
(b) Camel

Question (v)
Pond is an example of habitat.
(a) Aquatic
(b) Desert
(e) Terrestrial
(d) Oceans.
Answer:
(a) Aquatic

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The place where the animals live is called …………….
2. Hydra is fnuni in ……………
3. Cactus is the plant found in ……………
4. …………… is an añimal which gives eggs.
5. …………… is a non – flower plant.
6. A group of similar organisms is called …………….
7. The world of living organisms is divided into and …………….
8.  …………….. are both living and non – living.
9. There are some sea animals like dolphins and whales that do not have ………………
10. Changes in our surrondings that makes us respond to them, are called ………………

Answer:

1. Habitat
2. Pond water
3. Desert
4. Snake
5. Fungi
6. Species
7. Plant, animal
8. Viruses
9. Gills
10. Stimuli.

Question 3.
Which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. Reproduction is a common feature of living and nonliving.
2. The process of give birth to young ones is called as reproduction.
3. Every living being responds to external stimuli. This property is called as response.
4. The plants and animals that live on land are said to live in terrestrial habitats.
5. Breathing is part of a process called respiration. Animals and plants are abiotic components.
6. Abiotic components are also known as physical factors.
7. Zizyphus is an aquatic plant.
8. Many plants reproduce through seeds.
9. There is wide variety of organisms present in different habitats.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. False
9. True
10. True.

Question 4.
Match the items of Column A with Column B:

(i) (c)
(ii) (d)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (b)
(v) (f)
(vi) (e)

The Living Organisms and their Surroundings Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is an organisms?
Answer:
All living creatures of various kinds are organisms.

Question 2.
Name some animals which lay eggs?
Answer:
Frog, snakes, birds, etc. lay eggs.

Question 3.
Name animals which give birth to their young ones.
Answer:
Woman, cow, monkey, etc. give birth to their young ones.

Question 4.
What are biotic components?
Answer:
Plants and animals are biotic components.

Question 5.
What are abiotic components?
Answer:
Water, air, light, soil and heat are abiotic components.

Question 6.
How do plants obtain their food?
Answer:
Plants prepare their own food in their green leaves with carbon – di – oxide, water, minerals and sunlight.

Question 7.
How do the plants prepare their food?
Answer:
Plants take carbon – di – oxide from air water and sunlight. They prepare their food with the help of these and leave out oxygen.

Question 8.
Give example of organisms who do not need light and live underground?
Answer:
Earthworm, cockroach, rats and termites, etc. live in. burrows and are active at night.

Question 9.
Some names of living things are given below. Divide them in two groups (i) giving eggs, (ii) giving birth to young ones. Cockroach, Cat, Dog, Bird, Cow, Lizard, Parrot, Crow, Horse?
Answer:

1. Living being which lay eggs are cockroach, bird, lizard, crow and parrot.
2. Living being which give birth to young ones are cat, dog, cow and horse.

Question 10.
What is the food of a frog?
Answer:
Small insects.

Question 11.
What is the food of fishes?
Answer:
lt feeds up micro plants and aquatic insects.

Question 12.
What is the scientific name of human being?
Answer:
Homo – Sapines.

Question 13.
Name any three desert animals?
Answer:
Lizard, camel, snake.

Question 14.
Name any two desert plants?
Answer:
Kikar, cactus.

Question 15.
Name any two aquatic animals?
Answer:
Fish, coral.

Question 16.
Name three non – living things in a pond?
Answer:
Water, mud and air.

Question 17.
Name two living organisms in a pond?
Answer:
Frog and fish.

Question 18.
Name some animals which are found at mountains?
Answer:
Snow – bear, musk deer, wolf and water fowl.

Question 19.
How is light essential for plants?
Answer:
Plants prepare their own food in the presence of light.

Question 20.
Where do you find yak?
Answer:
At mountains.

Question 21.
What kind of trees do you see on Himalayan mountains?
Answer:
Pines, deodars, oaks.

Question 22.
What is adaptation?
Answer:
The presence of specific features or certain habits, which enable a plant or an animal to live in its surroundings is called adaptation.

Question 23.
What is excretion?
Answer:
As a result of various chemical (metabolic) reactions taking place in the body of cells certain harmful toxic substances are constantly formed. Removal of these toxic substances from j the body is termed as excretion.

Question 24.
Define respiration with the help of chemical equation?
Answer:
The process in which the oxidation of absorbed food is takes place by the 0₂ which is inhaled by breathing and energy is released out is called respiration. Chemical equation of nutrition is as follows:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 673 kcal (Energy)

Question 25.
Where will you find the birds?
Answer:
We find the birds on the branches of trees.

Question 26.
Name the habitat of monkey and cactus?
Answer:
The habitat of monkey is trees while the habitat of cacutus is desert.

The Living Organisms and their Surroundings Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are biotic components? Name some abiotic components.
Answer:
Plants and animals are part of biotic components. In addition, there are small organisms like fungi and bacteria in the habitat, which cannot be seen with naked eyes. These are called micro – organisms. They are also a part of biotic components of different habitat. Some abiotic components are rocks, soil, air and water.

Question 2.
Define terrestrial habitats and aquatic habitats.
Answer:
The plants and animals that live on .land are said to live in terrestrial habitats. For example; forests, grasslands, deserts, coastal and mountain regions. On the other hand, the habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called aquatic habitats. For example, lakes, rivers and oceans, etc.

There are large variations in forests, grasslands, deserts, coastal and mountain regions located in different parts of the world. This is true for all aquatic habitats as well.

Question 3.
Define mountain habitats. Also explain tree of a mountain habitat?
Answer:
Mountain habitats are normally very cold and windy. In some areas, snowfall may take place in winters also. There is a large variety of plants in the mountain regions. These trees are normally cone shaped and having sloping branches. The leaves of some of these trees are like needle. This helps the rainwater and snow to slide off easily. There could be trees with shapes very different from these that are also present on mountains: They have different type of adaptations to survive on the mountains.

Question 4.
List some common features of the living and non – living?
Answer:
Common features of living and non – living are:

1. All of them have mass, shape, and they occupy space.
2. They are made up of structural units.
3. The structural units of living and non – living are called molecules respectively.

Question 5.
In what ways living things differ from non – living things?
Answer:
The living things differ from non – living in the following ways:
All the living are characterized by movement, execution respiration intake of food, reproduction and sentivity towards such, heat and sound.

Question 6.
What do you understand by life cycle and life span of the living things?
Answer:
In living things life starts with a single cell which developes to a mature plant or full grown animal and finally grows old. This whole cycle is called the life cycle. Life span is the time period for which animals grow till they die. This time varies from a few minutes to hundreds of years. Life span of bacteria is short and the life of span a banyan tree may be even hundred of years.

Question 7.
‘All living things respond to external stimuli’. Explain.
Answer:
An important character of plants and animals is their response to external stimuli that is touch, fight, sound, water, chemicals or smell. Plants grow in the direction of fight. Earthworm moves away from fight and saline medium. Cockroaches five in dark corners.

Question 8.
How can you say that plants respond to stimulus?
Answer:
Plants like animals respond to stimulus. For example, the shoot grow towards fight and root grow towards water. The touch – me – not plant shows the most clear example as its leaves drops on touching.

Question 9.
How do plants differ from each other?
Answer:
Plants differ from each other in their habitat, food habits, structure, shape of leaves, type of flower, type of fruit, etc. Some plants five in water, others in marshes and still others on land. Some plants are green, others are non – green, some plants have their body divided into stem, root or leaf but in others there is no stem, root or leaf.

Question 10.
What is photosynthesis?
Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which the green plants manufacture their own food from carbon dioxide and water in presence of sunlight. In the process they produce oxygen also.

Question 11.
Name five plants and five animals whose habitat is pond.
Answer:
Pond is the habitat for variety of plants and animals.

Plants found in pond:
Spirogyra (algae), water lily, hydrilla, water hyacinth, sundew, bladder wort. Sundew and bladder wort are insectivorous plants.

Animals found in pond:
Frog, fish, trutles, ducks, snail, kingfisher, etc.

Question 12.
How does reproduction take place in plants and creatures?
Answer:
Every adult living being has the capability to give birth to child like itself. For example, adult cat gives birth to its young ones, and they grow and become adult. The reproduction in plants take place when the seeds sowed in the soil get germinated, sprout out and a sapling is born. Gradually it grows up and become a plant. In case of some of the plants, Certain portion is put under the soil.

Question 13.
How is the growth in plants different from growth in animals?
Answer:
The growth in plants is a continuous process. It occurs throughout their life. In animals the growth occurs only for a limited period of time. For example, in human growth takes place only in the first twenty years of life.

Question 14.
Why is the process of excretion important for living?
Answer:
As a result of metabolism various toxic substances are continuously formed. These wastes (carbon dioxide, ammonia compounds, other salts) if allowed to accumulate in the body (cells), would disturb the chemical composition of the protoplasm and produce toxic effects, crippling the life activities. Hence their elimination is most important. This is done by the process of excretion.

The Living Organisms and their Surroundings Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the surroundings in sea and desert regions?
Answer:
In the sea, plants and animals are surrounded by saline (salty) water. Most of them use the air dissolved in water.
There is very little water available in the desert. It is very hot in the day time and very cold at night in the desert. The animals and plants of the desert live on the desert soil and breathe air from the surroundings. The sea and the desert are very different surroundings and we find very different kind of plants and animals in these two regions.

For example, a fish and a camel. There are so many kinds of fish. All the ones shown here have the streamlined shape. This shape helps them move inside water. Fish have slippery scales on their bodies. These scales protect the fish and also help in easy movement through water. Fish have flat fins and tails that help them to change directions and keep their body balance in water. Gills present in the fish help them to use oxygen dissolved in water.

The body structure of a camel helps it to survive in desert conditions. Camel have long legs which help to keep their bodies away from the heat of the sand. They excrete small amount of urine, their dung is dry and they do not sweat. Since camels lose very little water from their bodies, they can live for many days without water.

We see that the features of a fish help it to live inside water and the features of a camel help it to survive in a desert.

Question 2.
Define acclimatisation?
Answer:
There are some changes that can happen in an organism over a short period of time to help them adjust to some changes in their surroundings. For instance, if we live in the plains and suddenly go to high mountain regions, we may experience difficulty in breathing and doing physical exercise for some days. We need to breathe faster when we are on high mountains.

After some days, our body adjusts to the changed conditions on the high mountain. Such small changes that take place in the body of a single organism over short periods, to overcome small problems due to changes in the surroundings, are called acclimatisation. These changes are different from the adaptations that take place over thousands of years.

Question 3.
How animals living in mountain regions adapt themselves? Is there any change in surroundings?
Ans. Animals living in the mountain regions are also adopted to the conditions there. They have thick skin or fur to protect them from cold. For example, yaks have long hair to keep them warm. Snow leopard has thick fur on its body including feet and toes. This protects its feet from the cold when it walks on the snow. The mountain goat has strong hooves for running up the rocky slopes of the mountains.


As we go up in the mountainous regions, the surroundings change and we see different kinds of adaptations at different heights.

Question 4.
Discuss the features of lion and deer that help them to survive in forests or grasslands?
Answer:
A lion lives in a forest or a grassland and is a strong animal that can hunt and kill animals like deer. It is light brown in colour. Lions have long claws in their front legs that can be withdrawn inside the toes. It’s light brown colour helps it to hide in dry grasslands when it hunts for prey (animals to eat). The eyes in front of the face allow it to have a correct idea about the location of its prey.

A deer is another animal that lives in forests and grasslands. It has strong teeth for chewing hard plant stems of the forest. A deer needs to know about the presence of predators (animals like lion that make it their prey) in order to run away from them and not become their prey.

It has long ears to hear movements of predators. The eyes on the side of its head allow it to look in all directions for danger. The speed of the deer helps them to run away from the predators. There are many other features of a lion, a deer or other animals and plants that help them to survive in their habitat.

Question 5.
Which life activities take place in livings being? Explain every activities in three to four sentences.
Answer:
The life activities take place in living being are as follows:

1. Nutrition:
Nutrition is very much essential for living beings for growth and for sustaining life. Every living being takes food in some or other form which provides nutrients to its body.

2. Respiration:
The process of respiration takes place in every living being. There can not be a life without respiration. Generally, the respirations is called as breathing. Exhaling and inhaling are the two steps of respiration.

3. Excretion:
To extrete urine and other harmful material out of body is the most important characteristics of living being. The harmful things like urine, stools, sweat and carbon – di -oxide, etc. are excreted through excretory organs of living beings.

4. Reproduction:
Every adult living being has the capability to give birth to child like itself.

5. Growth:
When we sow seed, it germinates, sprout out, gradually grows and it becomes adult. In this way, the growth takes place in every living being and this process is called growth.

6. Movement and Speed:
Movement and speed is one of the important property of living things. Animals move from one place to another in search of food or to save themselves from enemies. Like animals, no movement takes place in case of plants but despite remaining stationary at one place, they do their movements for procurring sunlight.

7. Response:
Every living being is sensational to the external stimulus. For example, during winter we wear woolen clothes.

Question 6.
What do you mean by growth?
Answer:
Growth means an increase in the size, weight or volume of an organism. It is permanent change in a living organism. The growth in animal is limited only upto the primary stages of life. In plants, the growth is unlimited and continues upto the last stage of life.

Question 7.
Discuss the reproduction in animals.
Answer:
Animals reproduce their own kind. The mode of reproduction may be different, in different animals. Some animals produce their young ones through eggs. Some animals give birth to the young ones. [See figure (i)] Many birds lay their eggs in the nest. Some of the eggs may hatch and young birds come out of these. [See figure (ii)]

Question 8.
Discuss the reproduction in plants.
Answer:
Plants also reproduce. Like animals, plants also differ in their mode of reproduction. Many plants reproduce through seeds. Plants produce seeds, which can germinate and grow into new plants. [See figure (i)]

Some plants also reproduce through parts other than seeds. For example, a part of a potato with a bud, grows into a new plant. [See figure (ii)] Plants also reproduce through cuttings.

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions Chapter 3 Fibre to Fabric

Fibre to Fabric Test Book Exercise

Question 1.
Classify the following fibres as natural or synthetic: nylon, wool, cotton, silk, polyester, jute?
Answer:
Natural Fibre. Wool, cotton, silk, jute. Synthetic Fibre. Nylon, polyster.

Question 2.
State whether the following statemepts are true or false –

1. Yarn is made from fibres.
2. Spinning is a process of making fibres.
3. Jute is the outer covering of coconut.
4. The process of removing seed from cotton is called ginning.
5. Weaving of yarn makes a piece of fabric.
6. Silk fibre is obtained from the stem of a plant.
7. Polyester is a natural fibre.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. False.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Plant fibres are obtained from …………………….. and …………………………
2. Animals fibres are ………………………. and ……………………….

Answer:

1. Jute, cotton
2. Silk, wool.

Question 4.
From which parts of the plant cotton and jute are obtained?
Answer:
Cotton fibres are obtained from cotton seeds. Cotton fibres are hairs of cotton seeds. Jute fibres are obtained from the stem of jute plants by retting process.

Question 5.
Name two items that are made from coconut fibre?
Answer:
The items that are made from coconut fibre:

1. Coir in mattress
2. Ropes.

Question 6.
Explain the process of making yarn from fibre?
Answer:
Hold some cotton wool in one hand. Pinch some cotton between the thumb and forefinger of the other hand. Now, gently start pulling out the cotton, while continuously twisting the fibres. The process of making yarn from fibres is called spinning. In this process, fibres from a mass of cotton wool are drawn out and twisted.

This brings the fibres together to form a yarn. A simple device used for. spinning is a hand spindle, also called takali (Fig. a). Another hand operated device used for spinning is charkha (Fig. b). Use of charkha was popularized by Mahatma Gandhi as part of the Independence movement. He encouraged people to wear clothes made Of homespun yarn and shun imported cloth made in the mills of Britain.

Spinning of yarn on a large scale is done with the help of spinning machines. After spinning, yarns are used for making fabrics.

Fibre to Fabric Additional Important Questions

Fibre to Fabric Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question (a)
Natural clothing materials includes:
(a) Cotton
(b) Nylon
(c) Rayon
(d) Polyester.
Answer:
(a) Cotton

Question (b)
Man – made clothing materials are:
(a) Rayon
(b) Nylon
(c) Polyester
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(d) All the above.

Question (c)
The process of pulled out cotton seeds from cotton is called:
(a) Ginning
(b) Retting
(c) Spinning
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Ginning

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The jute fibres are obtained from the stem of plant called ………………………
2. Cotton and jute are examples of fibres obtained from ………………………..
3. The fruits of the cotton plant are about the size of a ……………………….
4. Weaving of fabric is done on ………………………….
5. Weaving and knitting are used for making different kinds of ………………………
6. In olden days, silk comes from ………………………..

Answer:

1. Patsun
2. Plants
3. Lemon
4. Looms
5. Fabric
6. China.

Question 3.
State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. Silk and wool fibres are obtained. from animal.
2. Jute crops are cultivated in worm season.
3. In olden days, the yarn was spun directly by charkha.
4. Big reels of yarn is called bobbine.
5. Coconut fibres have a rough surface.
6. Wool is a fibre of animals.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. True

Question 4.
Match the items in Column A with Column B:

Answer:

(i) – (d)
(ii) – (c)
(iii) – (b)
(iv) – (a)
(v) – (e)

Fibre to Fabric Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is yarn?
Answer:
Yarns are made up of fibres.

Question 2.
Name some fibres obtained from plants and animals?
Answer:
Silk, wool, jute and cotton fibres are obtained from plants and animals.

Question 3.
Give two examples of synthetic fibres?
Answer:
Nylon and polyester.

Question 4.
Which type of clothes burn slowly?
Answer:
Cotton clothes are burn slowly.

Question 5.
Which type of clothes burn quickly?
Answer:
Polyester and nylon clothes are burn quickly.

Question 6.
Which type of clothes absorb water quickly?
Answer:
Cotton clothes.

Question 7.
What are the fruits of the cotton plant called?
Answer:
Cotton bolls.

Question 8.
Define “ginning”?
Answer:
The process of pulled out cotton seeds from cotton is called griming.

Question 9.
Write any two uses of cotton?
Answer:
As absorbent in hospitals and manufacture of textiles.

Question 10.
In which season are cotton crops grown?
Answer:
Summer season.

Question 11.
Where is cotton chops grown in India?
Answer:
In India cotton crops are grown in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Question 12.
How is cotton collected?
Answer:
Cotton is usually hand picked.

Question 13.
Which part of jute plant gives jute?
Answer:
Jute fibres is obtained from the stem of jute plant.

Question 14.
In which season are jute crops grown?
Answer:
Rainy season.

Question 15.
Where is jute grown in India?
Answer:
In India jute grown is Bihar, Assam and West Bengal.

Question 16.
Name any two processes by which fabrics are made from yarns?
Answer:
Wearing and knitting.

Question 17.
Why a coconut fibres not used for making yarns?
Answer:
Coconut fibres are not used for making yarns because they are very hard.

Question 18.
Why are fibre twisted?
Answer:
By twisting fibres, they become strong and their co¬hesion power increase.

Question 19.
What is flaxl?
Answer:
Flax is also a plant that gives natural fibres.

Question 20.
Where cotton and flax were cultivated in ancient Egypt?
Answer:
Near the river Nile.

Question 21.
What materials people used in ancient times for clothes?
Answer:
In ancient time people used the bark and big leaves of trees or .animal skins and furs to cover themselves.

Question 22.
What is knitting?
Answer:
In knitting, a single yarn is used to make a piece of fabric.

Question 23.
Name some dresses which are used as an unstitched piece of fabric?
Answer:
Saree, Lungi, Dhoti and Turban.

Fibre to Fabric Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define natural fibres?
Answer:
The fibres of some fabrics such as cotton, jute, silk and wool are obtained from plants and animals. These are called natural fibres.For examples, wool and silk fibres are obtained from animals while cotton and jute are obtained from plants.

Question 2.
Define synthetic fibres?
Answer:
In the last hundred years or so, fibres are also made from chemical substances, which are not obtained from plant or animal sources. These are called synthetic fibres. For examples, nylon, polyester and acrylic.

Question 3.
What is spinning machines?
Answer:
Spinning of yarn on a large scale is done with the help of spinning machines. After spinning, yarns are used for making fabrics.

Question 4.
Describe the process of weaving?
Answer:
A fabric is made up of two sets of yarns arranged together. The process of arranging two sets of yarns together to make a fabric is called weaving. The weaving of fabric is done on looms. The looms are either hand operated or power operated.

Question 5.
How was cloth making developed?
Answer:
The cloth making was developed in three stages. First stage was making cloth from plant fibres, second stage was the beginning of the use of animal fibres and the third stage began with man-made fibres in nineteenth century.

Question 6.
Why do we wear clothes?
Answer:
We wear clothes due to the following reasons:

1. They protect against weather.
2. They protect against injury.
3. They protect against wind.

Fibre to Fabric Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where does this cotton came from? Also define ginning of cotton?
Answer:
Cotton plant is grown in the fields. They are usually grown at places having black soil and worm climate. In India, cotton crops are grown in Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. The fruits of the cotton plant (cotton bolls) are about the size of a lemon. After maturing, the bolls burst open and the seeds covered with cotton fibres can be seen.

From these bolls, cotton is usually picked by hand. Fibres are then separated from the seeds by combing. This process is called ginning of cotton. Ginning was traditionally done by hand as shown in the following figure. These days, machines are also used for ginning.

Question 2.
Write the process to obtained jute fibres from a jute plant?
Answer:
Jute fibre is obtained from the stem of the jute plant. It is cultivated during the rainy season. In India, jute is mainly grown in West Bengal, Bihar and Assam. The jute plant is normally harvested when it is at flowering stage. The stems of the harvested plants are immersed in water for a few days. The stems rot and fibres are separated by hand.

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions Chapter 2 Components of Food

Components of Food Textbook Exercises

Question 1.
Name the major nutrients in our food?
Answer:
The major nutrients, in our food are proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. In addition to above, food also contains dietary fibres and water.

Question 2.
Name the following:

1. The nutrients which mainly give energy to our body.
2. The nutrients that are needed for the growth and maintenance of our body.
3. A vitamin required for maintaing good eyesight.
4. A mineral that is required for keeping our bones healthy.

Answer:

1. Fats and carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Vitamin A
4. Calcium

Question 3.
Name two foods each rich in:

1. Fats
2. Starch
3. Dietary fibre
4. Protein.

Answer:

1. Fats: Groundnuts, til, milk, ghee.
2. Starch: Peanuts, dal (cooked), rice (cooked), raw potato.
3. Dietary fibre: Fresh fruits, grains, pulses, potatoes.
4. Protein: Gram, soyabeans, eggs, paneer.

Question 4.
Tick (✓)  the statements that are correct?

1. By eating rice alone, we can fulfill nutritional requirement of our body.
2. Deficiency diseases can be prevented by eating a balanced diet.
3. Balanced diet for the body should contain a variety of food items.
4. Meat alone is sufficient to provide all nutrients to the body.

Answer:

1. (x)
2. (✓)
3. (✓)
4. (x)

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks:

1.  ……………………….. is caused by deficiency of Vitamin D.
2. Deficiency of ………………………. causes a disease known as beri – beri.
3. Deficiency of Vitamin C causes a disease known as ……………………….
4. Night blindness is caused due to deficiency of ………………….. in our food.

Answer:

1. Rickets
2. Vitamin B
3. Scurvy
4. Vitamin A.

Projects And Activities

Activity 1.
Prepare a table to show that means from different regions/states?
Answer:
Some common meals of different regions/states

Activity 2.
Prepare a table to show that various nutrients present in some food items?
Answer:
Nutrients present in some food items

Activity 3.
Make a list of uncooked items of food that are found around you. Indicate the importance of each one of these in your diet. How can these items be protected from spoiling or contamination?
Answer:
Uncooked food items, their importance in diet and method of protection.

Activity 4.
Define diagrammetically the daily requirement of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in an adult?
Answer:
Daily requirement of carbohydrates of an adult is about 400 g to 500 g per day and that of proteins is 65 g to 75 g per day. The daily requirement of fats for females is 50 g to 55 g per day and for males 60 g to 70 g per day. During pregnancy and lactation period, protein requirement in females is greater than that for the males.

Activity 5.
Define diagrametically the daily requirement of some minerals in an adult?
Answer:
The minerals present in our body are mainly in the form of compounds of sodium phosphorous, calcium, chlorine, iron, potassium, sulphur, copper and iodine. Only small amount of minerals are required in our daily diet. Each one of these minerals is necessary for a proper growth of the body and to maintain good health. Following figure shows the daily requirement of some minerals for adults.

Activity 6.
Define diagrametically the daily requirements of some vitamins in adults?
Answer:
Vitamins are an essential component of our diet as they perform specific functions in our body. Different types of vitamins have been given specific names, like vitamin A, vitaminC, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K. Some of the vitamins are soluble in water while some others dissolve only in fats. Daily requirement (in mg) of various vitamins are shown in following diagram: vitamin A = 0.5 mg

Activity 7.
What is the basic functions of food and what it does to our body?
Answer:

Components of Food Intex Questions

Question 1.
Our body also prepares Vitamin D in the presence of Sunlight?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 2.
Paheli wonders whether animal food also consists of these different components and do they also need a balanced diet?
Answer:
Yes, animals also need a balanced diet.

Components of Food Additional Important Questions

Objective type Questions Components of Food

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question (a)
Which one of the following foods provides energy to the body:
(a) carbohydrates
(b) proteins
(c) minerals
(d) vitamins.
Answer:
(a) carbohydrates

Question (b)
Salad in our diet mainly contains:
(a) carbohydrates
(b) fats
(c) proteins
(d) roughage.
Answer:
(d) roughage.

Question (c)
Which one of the following is an example of fats?
(a) Banana
(b) Wheat
(c) Butter
(d) Lemon.
Answer:
(c) Butter

Question (d)
Kishmish is a dry form of:
(a) grapes
(b) watermelon
(c) mango
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(a) grapes

Question (e)
Which one of the following represents a balanced diet?
(a) Leafy vegetables
(b) Mango
(c) Milk
(d) Wheat and rice.
Answer:
(c) Milk

Question (f)
The total requirement of fats for an adult is about –
(a) 60 g to 80 g per day
(b) 50 g to 70 g per day
(c) 80 g to 100 g per day
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) 60 g to 80 g per day

Question (g)
Communicable diseases are caused by:
(a) virsues
(b) bacteria
(c) fungi
(d) all of these.
Answer:
(d) all of these.

Question (h)
Which is a water – soluble vitamin?
(a) Vitamin A
(b) Vitamin C
(c) Vitamin D
(d) all of these.
Answer:
(b) Vitamin C

Question (i)
Beri – Beri is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin:
(a) A
(b) B
(c) D
(d) K
Answer:
(b) B

Question (j)
One of the following is not a communicable disease –
(a) malaria
(b) scurvy
(c) typhoid
(d) dysentery.
Answer:
(b) scurvy

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Organism feeding on flesh are called ………………………….
2. Less intake of proteins in diet causes ………………………….
3. Less intake of nutrients than required is …………………………..
4. Carbohydrates and fats are composed of ………………………..
5. Pulses are rich in …………………………..
6. Starch is a ………………….. sugar.
7. ………………….. is the essence of life.
8. A …………………….. includes both of these components in required proportion.
9. …………………….. is an example of saturated fat.
10. A bad taste and fuel smell indicates that the food has been infested with ………………………..
11. Vitamin K helps in ……………………….
12. Deficiency of B₁₂ causes ………………………..
13. Deficiency of iron causes ………………………….
14. ……………………….. and ……………………… are essential nutrients.
15. Lack of vitamins causes and leads to ………………………..

Answer:

1. Carnivorous
2. Kwashiorker
3. Malnutrition
4. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
5. Proteins
6. Polymers
7. Water
8. Balance diet
9. Vanaspati
10. Micro – organisms,
11. Clotting of blood
12. Anaemia
13. Anaemia
14. Vitamins, minerals
15. Specific diseases.

Question 3.
Which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. Proteins supply the maximum calories to our bodies.
2. We can live without proteins.
3. A diet that supplies enough calories is a balanced diet.
4. Protein is a staple food.
5. Potato is rich in carbohydrates.
6. Tomatoes contain Vitamin C.
7. Milk, meat, pulses and fish are sources of proteins.
8. Fats contain more energy than carbohydrates.
9. Expensive food is not always the best food.
10. Roughage contains all the food components.
11. High dose of vitamins to children may not harmful.
12. Rice is one of the major basic foods.
13. Over – eating does not causes any diseases.
14. Vitamin D deficiency may occur during pregnancy and lactation.
15. Vitamin C is not soluble vitamin.
16. Phosphorus is very important for the development of body.
17. Deficiency of Vitamin A makes our bones weak.
18. Deficiency of iron causes paleness.
19. Deficiency of Vitamin D cause swollen and bleeding gums.
20. Deficiency of vitamin B help to increase for palliate.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. True
7. True
8. True
9. True
10. False
11. False
12. True
13. False
14. True
15. False
16. True
17. False
18. True
19. False
20. False.

Question 4.
Match the items of Column A with the items of Column B:

Answer:

(i) – (c)
(ii) – (e)
(iii) – (a)
(iv) – (f)
(v) – (b)
(vi) – (d)

Components of Food Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following produce energy: Fat or Carbohydrates?
Answer:
Carbohydrates.

Question 2.
What is calorie?
Answer:
Calorie is the unit of heat. The food which we take is oxidised, in the presence of oxygen with the liberation of energy.

Question 3.
Which one offers you more energy 100g of grapes or one banana?
Answer:
One banana.

Question 4.
Which has more vitamins 100 g of grapes or 100g of spinach?
Answer:
100g of spinach.

Question 5.
What are nutrients?
Answer:
Nutrients are the components of food that the body needs in adequate amount for growth to reproduce and lead a normal healthy life.

Question 6.
Write the sources of car body drates?
Answer:
The carbohydrates are mainly found in sugar, wheat, maize and cereal etc.

Question 7.
What are the sources of fats?
Answer:
The sources of fats are ghee, butter, nuts and vegetable oils.

Question 8.
How much energy is produced from one gram of carbohydrates?
Answer:
16.8 kJ of energy is produced from one gram of carbohydrates.

Question 9.
Write the names of any two water soluble vitamins?
Answer:
Vitamin B and C.

Question 10.
What are the sources of Vitamin A?
Answer:
The sources of Vitamin A are milk, carrot, fish, oil etc.

Question 11.
Name the fat soluble Vitamins?
Answer:
Vitamin A and D.

Question 12.
What are the sources of Vitamin D?
Answer:
The sources of Vitamin D are eggs, fish, oil and milk products.

Question 13.
Which mineral is vital for bones and teeth?
Answer:
Calcium and phosphorus.

Question 14.
Name the main constituent of roughage?
Answer:
Cellulose is the main constituent of roughage.

Question 15.
What do you mean by staple food?
Answer:
The main food that we eat to provide us energy is called staple food. For example, chapati, rice, bread, etc.

Question 16.
Name the two biotic factors that damage the food – grains?
Answer:

1. Temperature, and
2. Moisture content.

Question 17.
Grapes get spoiled faster as compared to apples. Why?
Answer:
Because grapes contain more water content than apples, so they spoil faster.

Question 18.
Write the cause for food poisoning?
Answer:
Food poisoining is caused by micro – organisms like bacteria which can reproduce rapidly.

Question 19.
What is dehydration?
Answer:
Removal of water from fruits and vegetables is called dehydration.

Question 20.
Name two sources each of animal and vegetable proteins?
Answer:
Sources of animal proteins are Egg, Meat, Fish and Milk. Sources of vegetable proteins are Pulses, Peas, Bean and Soyabean.

Question 21.
What are the symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency?
Answer:
Deficiency of Vitamin C causes trouble in gums.

Question 22.
Name the disease caused by deficiency of Vitamin A?
Answer:
Deficiency of Vitamin A causes weakness in eyes and night blindness.

Question 23.
Same mass of which nutrient gives more energy fats or carbohydrates?
Answer:
The fats produce more energy than carbohydrates because they have less oxygen percentage. A gram of carbohydrate produce 4.2 kcal While a gram of fat produce 9.1 kcal of heat.

Question 24.
What is a balanced diet?
Answer:
A meal which contains various constituents of food which are necessary to keep the body healthy. A balanced meal has an appropriate food ratio of carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals.

Question 25.
Mention the factors which effect our health?
Answer:
The factors which effect our health are:

1. Unbalanced food
2. Diseases caused by infection.

Question 26.
What are the major factors affecting the human health?
Answer:
The major factors affecting the human health are:

1. Intrinsic (or internal) factors
2. Extrinsic (or external) factors.

Question 27.
Define intrinsic factors?
Answer:
The disease causing factors which exist within the humun body are called intrinsic factors?

Question 28.
Define extrinsic factors?
Answer:
The disease causing factors which come from outside the human body are called extrinsic factors.

Question 29.
Name the disease caused by deficiency of Vitamin C?
Answer:
Scurvy.

Question 30.
Name the disease caused by deficiency of Vitamin D?
Answer:
Rickets.

Question 31.
How much proteins do you need in your daily diet?
Answer:
We need proteins according to our body weight which is 2.5 gm per kilogram weight of the body.

Question 32.
When you fry your food in oil, which Vitamins are generally lost?
Answer:
Vitamin C.

Question 33.
Name some water – borne diseases?
Answer:
Water – borne disease are jaundice, cholera, polio, diarrhoea, typhoid.

Question 34.
Name some air – borne diseases?
Answer:
Air – borne diseases are whooping cough, common cold.

Question 35.
Name some of the diseases caused by extrinsic factors?
Answer:
Kwashiorkor, goitre, obesity, malaria, T.B., AIDS etc.

Question 36.
List some food – borne diseases?
Answer:
Some food – brone diseases are diarrhoea, dysentery and cholora during the rainy season.

Components of Food Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How can we say that the fats are like an energy bank in living organism?
Answer:
We know that the fats have more calories of energy than carbohydrates in a unit mass. Fats have less oxygen and give more energy. Only fat can be stored for the future use as the polar bear does. It takes food before winter and then hibernates for several months. During this period the stored fat is consumed and thus fat acts as an energy bank.

Question 2.
How will you test for carbohydrate?
Answer:
To test the carbohydrate we take the given material and heat it with water. Then we put two drops of iodine solution in it and see the result. If the colour is changed to blue black, then carbohydrate is there otherwise not.

Question 3.
Name any three sources of carbohydrates?
Answer:
Carbohydrates are the compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These are one of the compound of our food which provide us energy. Various sources from where we get carbohydrates are rice, wheat, cereals, sugar etc.

Question 4.
What are proteins?
Answer:
Proteins are the polymers of amino acids. There are only twenty amino acids known to us. They link together to form proteins. The amino acids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. However some also contains phosphorous, sulphur etc. The important sources of proteins are meat, fish, egg, milk and all pulses.

Question 5.
What are minerals?
Answer:
Minerals are the chemical elements present in our food. They help to regulate various metabolic activities in our body. The importatant minerals required are calcium, phosphorous, iron, iodine, potassium sodium and magnesium. Calcium and phosphorous are required for bone and teeth formation, iron is required for the formation of haemoglobin and sodium and potassium are required for normal functioning of the nerve cells.

Question 6.
Why does living organisms required food?
Answer:
Every living being needs energy for its life processes. This energy can be obtained only from the food. So to meet out the energy requirement of the body, food is necessary. Food is also needed for growth and control of various life activities of the body.

Question 7.
What are the three important qualities of balanced diet?
Answer:
The three important qualities of balanced diet are as follows:

1. It should be rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, etc.
2. It should be able to provide enough raw material to meet the basic needs of growth, repair and replacement of cells in our body.
3. It should provide energy required by the body.

Question 8.
How can you vary your diet without making it costlier?
Answer:
We can vary our diet by adopting the following instructions without making it costlier:

1. We should take seasonal vegetables and fruits because they are cheap at that time.
2. Rice and wheat should be eaten alternately so that a balanced diet may be obtained at low cost.
3. We should use cheap and nutritious fruits e.g., banana, guava, are more nutritious than grapes.

Question 9.
Name the foods needed?

1. For strong bones and teeth.
2. To prevent scurvy.
3. To avoid constipation.
4. For warmth.
5. For growth.

Answer:

1. For strong bones and teeth. Milk, Fish, Oils, Eggs,
2. To prevent scurvy. All citrus fruits, Amla, Orange, Lemon, etc.
3. To avoid constipation. Water, Juicy fruits, Fresh vegetables, etc
4. For warmth. Meat, Fish,
5. For growth. Green leafy vegetables, Milk.

Question 10.
Explain why you should:

1. Eat less cakes and ice – cream.
2. Remove most of the fat from meat.
3. Eat fresh food instead of processed food.
4. Eat more fruits and vegetables.

Answer:

1. Cakes and ice – cream have too much carbohydrates and sugar.
2. Fat is not digested quickly. It is used as fuel in the deficiency of carbohydrates only otherwise in deposits in the inner side of blood vessels.
3. The perishable food items are processed to keep them edible for a long time but many food nutrients are destroyed during processing, so we should eat fresh food. Moreover the nutrients present in the food can easily be processed food.
4. Fruits and vegetables contain more food nutrients than the preserved and non-perishable food items, so we should eat more fruits and vegetables.

Question 11.
What is the main difference between vitamins and minerals?
Answer:
Vitamins:

1. Vitamins are chemical substances which help the proteins particularly enzymes in their proper functioning.
2. Their main source are fruits, vegetables, milk and other food items. They cannot be extracted from the earth.

Minerals:

1. Minerals are the main constituents of our body parts such as teeth, bone blood etc.
2. The minerals can be extracted from the earth. But animals obtain them from fruits, vegetables, milk, etc.

Question 12.
What are deficiency diseases?
Answer:
There are many vitamins which are used as nutrients. They are named by alphabet letters such as A, B, B₁, B₂, B₆, B₁₂, C, D, K. Each of them plays its own role. If any one of them is not present, an abnormality in the body can be seen. Such abnormalities are known as vitamin deficiency diseases.

Question 13.
List some diseases that are caused by vitamin deficiency in the body.
Answer:
Vitamin deficiency diseases are:

Components of Food Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the various functions of protein?
Answer:
The various functions of proteins are:

1. They form enzymes which are very important for living organisms.
2. They are able to repair cells of the body which have undergone wear and tear.
3. They are also used in making new cells.
4. Proteins help in building of the body.
5. Proteins help in digestion of body.
6. Haemoglobin is a kind of protein which helps in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
7. Muscle, skin, hair and nails are all proteins.
8. Proteins also act as the body materials.

Question 2.
What are the roles of each of these components?
Answer:
Components of Food

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Fats
4. Vitamins
5. Minerals.

Question 3.
How can you balance your diet without adding to its cost? Suggest any one method to do so?
Answer:
We should eat the things which are easily available and cheap and having the food nutrients in equal quantity as that of costly food items. We should find out the nutrients and their percentage in the edible things and also their cost and then suggest the people to eat those things.
A list is given for average daily calorie needs of people of different ages.

Question 4.
What are carbohydrates?
Answer:
The carbohydrates are components of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The simple carbohydrate is glycose. The other carbohydrates include sucrose, lactose, sugar, starch etc. The staple foods like rice, wheat, maize are rich sources of carbohydrates together with potato, sugarcane, grapes etc.

Question 5.
Draw a neat diagram of some sources of fats?
Answer:

Question 6.
Write a short note on Vitamin B complex?
Answer:
Vitamin ‘B’ complex is not a single vitamin but it is a group of many vitamins. The main vitamins of this group are Vitamin B₁, Vitamin B₂, Vitamin B₁₂.

Vitamin B₁:
It is found in egg, meat, cereals, yeast, cabbage, soyabean. This is important in helping the digestive system and the nervous system. The deficiency disease of this vitamin is known as Beri – Beri.

Vitamin B₂:
The chief sources of this vitamin are green leafy vegetables, peas, beans, cheese. It is helpful in keeping our mouth and skin healthy and for normal growth.

Vitamin B₁₂:
This vitamin is available in milk, cheese, etc. and is responsible for proper growth of the body. The deficiency disease due to this vitamin is the anaemia.

Question 7.
Write down the sources, importance and deficiency diseases of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin D and Vitamin K?
Answer:

Vitamin A:
The main sources of this vitamin are milk, butter, cheese, egg, liver oils, green and yellow vegetables. This is important for eyes, hair and skin and the deficiency disease due to Vitamin ‘A’ is night blindness.

Vitamin C:
Citrus fruits as the lemon, organges are the main sources and is also available in plenty amount in goose berries, guava and amla. This vitamin is helpful in keeping teeth, gums and joints healthy. The deficiency disease is known as the scurvy.

Vitamin D:
The main sources are fish, liver oil, milk. Our body can prepare it in sunlight. It is essential for the normal growth of the bones. The deficiency disease is known as the rickets.

Vitamin K:
It is available in green leafy vegetables, tomatoes and egg yolks in sufficient amount. Due to its deficiency there is excessive bleeding after injury. Vitamin D helps in clotting of the blood.

Question 8.
What are the functions of iron and iodine in the body?
Answer:
The function of iron in our body are:
It gives red colour to the blood and transmits oxygen to body. It is needed for the formation of blood cells (RBC). The functions of iodine in our body are: It is very important component of thyroxin, a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland situated in the neck. Iodine deficiency can cause disorders resulting in retarded growth and mental disability. It also causes abnormal enlargment of the thyroid gland commonly known as goitre.

MP Board Class 6th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Sanskrit व्याकरण-खण्डः

वर्ण-विचार

वर्णमाला के वर्णों का विभाजन

वर्ण दो प्रकार के होते हैं-स्वर तथा व्यंजन।

स्वर :
दो प्रकार के हैं-

1. ह्रस्व स्वर-अ, इ, उ, ऋ, ल।
2. दीर्घ स्वर-आ, ई, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ।

व्यंजन :
वर्णों को वर्ग के आधार पर निम्न प्रकार से विभाजित किया जा सकता है-

विसर्ग-उच्चारणस्य नियमाः

उच्चारण :
विसर्ग का स्थान पूर्ववर्ती अन्तिम वर्ण के स्थान के समान माना जाता है। अतः पूर्ववर्ती वर्ण अर्थात् विसर्ग के आश्रय वर्ण को ध्यान में रखते हुए सर्प शावक के श्वास के समान विसर्ग का उच्चारण करना चाहिए। इस विषय में उच्चारण के नियम कुछ विशेष हैं-

1. अकार/आकार तथा ऋकार/ऋकार के पश्चात् विसर्ग का उच्चारण हकार सदृश होता है।
2. इकार/ईकार के पश्चात् विसर्ग का उच्चारण हिकार सदृश होता है।
3. उकार/ऊकार के पश्चात् विसर्ग का उच्चारण हुकार सदृश होता है।
4. एकार के पश्चात् विसर्ग का उच्चारण हेकार सदृश होता है।
5. ओकार के पश्चात् विसर्ग का उच्चारण होकार सदृश होता।
6. ऐकार का शुद्ध उच्चारण ‘अइ’ के रूप में होता है अतः ऐकार का परवर्ती घटक इ हुआ इस कारण से ऐकार के बाद विसर्ग का उच्चारण हिकार सदृश होता है।
7. औकार का शुद्ध उच्चारण ‘अउ’ के रूप में होता है अतः औकार का परवर्ती घटक उ हुआ इस कारण से औकार के बाद विसर्ग का उच्चारण हुकार सदृश होता है। उदाहरणार्थ, सारण पी निम्नानुसार है-

सन्धिपरिचयः

वर्णयोः वर्णानां वा मेलनं सन्धिः। स्वरवर्णमेलनं स्वरसन्धिः। सन्धेः त्रयः प्रकाराः सन्ति। स्वरसन्धिः, व्यश्चनसन्धिः विसर्गसन्धिः च। स्वरसन्धेः बहवः प्रकाराः सन्ति। किन्तु अन केवलं दीर्घसन्धिं पठामः।

(दो वर्णों के मेल को संधि कहते हैं। स्वर वर्ण का मेल स्वर सन्धि होती है। सन्धि तीन प्रकार की होती हैं। स्वर, व्यञ्जन और विसर्ग। यहाँ केवल दीर्घ सन्धि पढ़ेंगे।)

दीर्घ सन्धिः -यदि अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ वर्णानां समक्षं समानाः स्वराः स्युः तदा द्वयोः स्थाने दीर्घः स्वरः भवति।

(यदि अ आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, वर्गों के सामने समान स्वर हों तो दोनों के स्थान पर दीर्घ स्वर हो जाता है।)

यथा-(जैसे-)
हिमाचलः = हिम + अचलः → अ + अ = आ
देहान्तः = देह + अन्तः → अ + अ = आ
हिमालयः = हिम + आलयः → अ + आ = आ
भोजनालयः = भोजन + आलयः → अ + आ = आ
विद्यार्थी = विद्या + अर्थी → आ + अ = आ
शिक्षार्थी = शिक्षा + अर्थी → आ + अ = आ
विद्यालयः = विद्या + आलयः → आ + आ = आ
महाशयः = महा + आशयः → आ + आ = आ
कवीन्द्रः = कवि + इन्द्रः → इ + इ = ई
गिरीशः = गिरि + ईशः → इ + ई = ई
महीन्द्रः = मही + इन्द्रः → ई + इ = ई
नदीशः = नदी + ईशः → ई + ई = ई
भानूदयः = भानु + उदयः → उ + उ + ऊ
भानूष्मा = भानु + ऊष्मा → उ + ऊ = ऊ
वधूत्सवः = वधू + उत्सवः → ऊ + उ = ऊ
वधूर्णावस्त्रम् = वधू + ऊर्णावस्त्रम् → ऊ + ऊ = ऊ

उपसर्गपरिचयः

यः शब्दांशः कस्यापि शब्दस्य धातोः वा पूर्वं प्रयुज्य तस्य अर्थे परिवर्तनं विशेषतां वा आनयति सः उपसर्गः। (जो शब्दांश किसी भी शब्द के या धातु से पहले प्रयुक्त होकर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन अथवा विशेषता ला देता है, वह उपसर्ग कहा जाता है।) उपसर्गाः निम्नलिखिताः सन्ति (उपसर्ग निम्नलिखित होते हैं)-

प्र, परा, अप, सम्, अनु, अव, निस्, निर्, दुस्, दुर, वि, आङ्, नि, अधि, अपि, अति, सु, उत्, अभि, प्रति, परि, उप, एते, उपसर्गाः।
यथा-
ह धातुः (हरणे), कृ धातु (करणे)
हरति = चुराता है।
प्रहरति = प्रहार करता है।
विहरति = घूमता है।
संहरति = संहार करता है।
करोति = करता है।
अनुकरोति = अनुकरण करता है।
प्रतिकरोति = प्रतिकार करता है।
संस्करोति = संस्कार करता है।

उपसर्गेण धात्वर्थो बलादन्यः प्रतीयते।
प्रहाराहारसंहारविहार परिहारवत्॥
[उपसर्ग के द्वारा धातु का अर्थ बलपूर्वक अन्य सा प्रतीत होता है, जैसे-प्रहार, आहार, संसार, विहार, परिहार।]

प्रत्ययपरिचयः

यः शब्दः धातोः शब्दस्य वा अन्ते प्रयुज्य विशेषार्थस्य विधानं करोति सः प्रत्ययः। प्रत्ययः द्विविधः-कृदन्तप्रत्ययः तद्धितप्रत्ययः च।
(जो शब्द धातु अथवा शब्द के अन्त में प्रयुक्त होकर विशेष अर्थ का विधान करता है, वह प्रत्यय होता है। प्रत्यय दो प्रकार के होते हैं-कृदन्त और तद्धित।)

कृदन्तप्रत्ययः यः प्रत्ययः धातोः अन्ते प्रयुज्यते सः कृदन्तप्रत्ययः।
(जो प्रत्यय धातु के अन्त में जोड़े जाते हैं वे कृदन्त प्रत्यय होते हैं।)

यथा-पठ् धातुः क्त्वा प्रत्ययः-पठित्वा।

तद्धितप्रत्ययः यः प्रत्ययः शब्दस्य अन्ते प्रयुज्यते सः तद्धितप्रत्ययः (जो प्रत्यय शब्द के अन्त में जोड़े जाते हैं वे तद्धित प्रत्यय होते हैं।)
यथा- भारत शब्दः घ (ईय) प्रत्ययः- भारतीयः।

अत्र केवलं वयं कृदन्तप्रत्ययं “क्त्वा” प्रत्ययं “तुमुन्” प्रत्ययं च पठामः।
(यहाँ केवल हम कृदन्त प्रत्यय क्त्वा प्रत्यय ‘तुमुन्’ प्रत्यय को पढ़ेंगे।)

क्त्वा प्रत्ययः “कर” या ‘करके’ इत्यर्थे क्त्वाप्रत्ययः भवति।

यथा-
हस् + क्त्वा = हसित्वा = हँसकर
चल् + क्त्वा = चलित्वा = चलकर
भू + क्त्वा = भूत्वा = होकर
गम् + क्त्वा = गत्वा = जाकर
दा + क्त्वा = दत्वा = देकर
पा + क्त्वा = पीत्वा = पीकर

तुमुन् प्रत्ययः “के लिए” इत्र्थे तुमुन् प्रत्ययः भवति।
यथा-
पठ् + तुमुन् = पठितुम् = पढ़ने के लिए
हस् + तुमुन् = हसितुम् = हँसने के लिए
दा + तुमुन् = दातुम् = देने के लिए
पा + तुमुन् = पातुम् = पीने के लिए
गम् + तुमुन् = गन्तुम् = जाने के लिए

अव्ययपरिचयः

यत् त्रिषु लिङ्गेषु, सर्वेषु वचनेषु सर्वासु विभक्तिषु च समानं भवति, तद् अव्ययं कथ्यते।
(जो तीनों ही लिङ्गों में, सभी वचनों में तथा सभी विभक्तियों में समान होता है, वह अव्यय कहा जाता है)

सदृशं त्रिषु लिङ्गेषु सर्वासु च विभक्तिषु।
वचनेषु च सर्वेषु यन्नव्येति तदव्ययम्॥

विभक्तिपरिचयः

व्यावहारिकसंस्कत शब्दावलिः
(व्यवहार में आने वाली संस्कृत शब्दावलि)

फलानि (फलों के नाम)-

आम्रम् = आम
सेवि = सेब
कदली = केला
जम्बुः = जामुन
दाडिमम् = अनार
बिल्वम् = बेल फल
कपित्थम् = कैथ का फल
द्राक्षा = अंगूर
बदरी = बेर

भोज्यपदार्थाः (भोज्य पदार्थ)-

रोटिका = रोटी
प्ररोटिका = पराँठा
पूरिका = पूरी
शाकम् = सब्जी
सूपः = दाल (पकी हुई)
ओदनम् = भात
अवलेहः = अचार, चटनी
शष्कुली = कचौड़ी, पूरी
संयावकः = हलवा
सुपिष्टकम् = बिस्किट
चाकलेहः = चॉकलेट (टॉफी)
दुग्धम् = दुध
लवणम् = नमक
रसगोलकम् = रसगुल्ला
मिष्टान्नम् = मिठाई
दधि = दही।

शाकानि (सब्जियों के नाम)-

आलुकम् = आलू
रक्ताङ्गः = टमाटर
कूष्माण्डः = कद्दू
मूलकम् = मूली
गृञ्जनम् = गाजर
भिण्डकः = भिण्डी
पालकी = पालक
वृन्ताकम् = भटा (बैंगन)
कारवेल्लः = करेला
मरीचिका = मिर्ची
अलाबुः = लौकी

पुष्पाणि (फलों के नाम)-

कमलम् = कमल
पाटलम् = गुलाब
कन्दुकः = गेंदा
चम्पकः = चम्पा
मालती = चमेली
मल्लिका = बेला
यूथिका = जूही

पाठ्यवस्तूनि (पाठ्य वस्तुएँ)-

पुस्तकम् = पुस्तक
लेखनी = कलम
उत्तरपुस्तिका = कॉपी
कर्गदम् = कागज
मसी = स्याही

दैनिकोपयोगीनि वस्तूनि

(दैनिक उपयोग की वस्तुएँ)-

स्नानफेनकम् = नहाने का साबुन
वस्त्रफेनकम् = कपड़े धोने का साबुन
दन्तेफेनकम् = टूथपेस्ट
क्षालनचूर्णम् = धोने का पावडर
व्यजनम् = पंखा
स्यूतः = थैला
छत्रम्। = छाता
कर्तरी = कैंची
तालकम् = ताला
अग्निपेटिका = माचिस
चुल्लिका = चूल्हा
वायुचुल्लिका = गैस चूल्हा
चायम् = चाय
जलम् = जल
भोजनम् = भोजन

परिजननामानि (परिवार के लोगों के नाम)-

पिता = पिता
माता = माता
पितामहः = दादा
पितामही = दादी
मातामहः = नाना
मामामही = नानी
भ्राता = भाई
भगिनी = बहन
अग्रजः = बड़ा भाई
अनुजः = छोटा भाई
अनुजा = छोटी बहन
अग्रजा = बड़ी बहन
मातुलः = मामा
मातुलानी = मामी
पितृव्यः = चाचा
पितव्या = चाची

शब्दरूपाणि

अकारान्तः पुल्लिङ्गः “बालक” शब्दः

एवमेव देवः, नरः, वृक्षः, ग्रामः, दीपः, गजः, इत्यादयः।
आकारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्गः “लता” शब्दः

एवमेव माला, शाला, रमा, मापिका, सीता, स्थालिका इत्यादयः।

ईकारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्गः “नदी” शब्दः

एवमेव लेखनी, नगरी, भगिनी, अङ्गुली, घटी, अङ्कनी इत्यादयः।

उकारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्गः “धेनु” शब्दः

एवमेव रेणु, रज्जु इत्यादयः।
अकारान्तः नपुंसकलिङ्गः “फल” शब्दः

एवमेव ज्ञानम्, वनम् गृहम्, पुष्पम्, चित्रम्, पुस्तकम्, इत्यादयः।

इकारान्तः पुल्लिङ्गः “मुनि” शब्दः

एवमेव कविः, रविः, पतिः, हरिः इत्यादयः।

उकारान्तः पुल्लिङ्ग “गुरु” शब्दः

एवमेव भानुः, तरु, इत्यादयः।

सर्वनामशब्दरूपाणि

द्कारान्तः पुल्लिङ्ग “तद्” शब्दः

द्कारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्गः “तद्” शब्दः

द्कारान्तः नपुंसकलिङ्गः “तद्” शब्दः

तृतीयातः सप्तमीपर्यन्तं पुल्लिङ्गवद् रूपाणि भवन्ति।

म्कारान्तः पुल्लिङ्गः “किम्” शब्दः

म्कारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्ग “किम्” शब्दः

मकारान्तः नपुंसकलिङ्गः “किम्” शब्दः

तृतीयातः सप्तमीपर्यन्तं पुल्लिङ्गवद् रूपाणि भवन्ति

दकारान्तः त्रिलिङ्गकः “अस्मद” शब्दः

दकारान्तः त्रिलिङ्गकः “युष्मद” शब्दः

एक-संख्याबोधकशब्दः
(रूप केवल एकवचन में चलते हैं)

द्वि (दो)
(रूप केवल द्विवचन में चलते हैं)

त्रि (तीन)
(तीन से सभी संख्याओं के रूप केवल बहुवचन में ही चलते हैं)

चतुर् (चार)

पाँच से दस तक संख्याओं के रूप
(पाँच से संख्याओं में लिंग भेद नहीं होता है)

धातुरूपाणि

पठ् धातुः “लट् लकारः (वर्तमानकाले)

पठ् धातुः “लङ्” लकारः (भूतकाले)

पठ् धातुः “लृट् लकारः (भविष्यत्काले)

एवमेव वद्, लिख, गम् (गच्छ), क्रीड्, पा (पिब्) इत्यादयः।

‘कृ’ धातुः “लट् लकारः

“अस्” धातुः लट्लकारः

‘दा’ धातुः लट्लकारः

अनुवाद के नियम

संस्कृत में अनुवाद करने के लिए मुख्य रूप से हमें विभक्ति (कारक) वचन, लिङ्ग, पुरुष, शब्द और धातु का ज्ञान होना आवश्यक है। उदाहरण के लिए-प्रथम पुरुष के एकवचन के कर्ता के साथ धातु का प्रथम पुरुष एक वचन का रूप प्रयोगहोगा।
जैसे- वह जाता है-स: गच्छति।

प्रथम पुरुष :
वे दोनों जाते हैं-तौ गच्छतः।

के कर्ता :
वे सब जाते हैं-ते गच्छन्ति।

मध्यम पुरुष :
तुम जाते हो-त्वम् गच्छसि।

के कर्ता :
तुम दोनों जाते हो-युवाम् गच्छथः।
तुम सब जाते हो-यूयम् गच्छथ।

उत्तम पुरुष के :
मैं जाता हूँ-अहम् गच्छामि।

कर्ता :
हम दोनों जाते हैं-आवाम् गच्छावः।
हम सब जाते हैं-वयम् गच्छामः।

इस प्रकार शब्द और धातु के वचन व पुरुष समान होंगे। तीनों लिंग के शब्द रूप भिन्न होने पर भी धातु रूप एक ही प्रयोग किये जाते हैं। जैसे-

1. लड़की पढ़ती है-बालिका पठति।
2. लड़का पढ़ता है-बालकः पठति।
3. पत्र: गिरता है-पत्रम् पतति।

संस्कृत के व्याकरण के नियमों को हम इस प्रकार जानेंगे-

पुरुष या कर्ता :
कर्ता (पुरुष) तीन प्रकार के होते हैं-प्रथम या अन्य पुरुष, मध्यम पुरुष, उत्तम पुरुष।

प्रथम या अन्य पुरुष :
जिसके सम्बन्ध में कोई बात की जाए। जैसे-वे, सीता, लड़के, वह, वे दोनों, वे सब आदि।

मध्यम पुरुष :
जिससे बात की जाए। जैसे-तुम, तुम दोनों, तुम सब।

उत्तम पुरुष :
जो बात करता है। जैसे-मैं, हम दोनों, हम सब।

तीनों पुरुष तीन वचनों के साथ प्रयोग होते हैं। इनका प्रयोग धातु रूपों के साथ उसी क्रम से होता है। इनके रूप इस प्रकार से चलते हैं-

इसी प्रकार से धातु रूप भी चलते हैं। यथा पठ् धातु के रूप (वर्तमान काल) में क्रमशः तीनों पुरुष के साथ बनाने पर अनुवाद इस प्रकार बनेगा-

कारक चिह्न और विभक्ति

वर्ण परिचय

वर्ण दो प्रकार के हैं-स्वर और व्यंजन-
स्वर :
इन्हें किसी अन्य वर्ण के सहयोग के बिना उच्चारित किया जा सकता है। ये 13 हैं-
अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं और अः।

व्यंजन :
व्यंजनों का उच्चारण करने के लिए स्वरों की सहायता की आवश्यकता होती है। व्यंजन 33 हैं-
क् ख् ग् घ् ङ् च्, छ् ज् झ् ञ् ट् ठ् ड् ढ् ण् त् थ् द् ध् न् प् फ् ब् भ् य् र् ल् व् श् ष् स्।

इनका उच्चारण करने के लिए प्रत्येक व्यंजन में ‘अ’ स्वर मिलाना पड़ता है; यथा-कमल लिखने के लिए-
क् + अ = क; म् + अ = म; ल् + अ = ल = कमल।
इसी प्रकार प्रत्येक व्यंजन में स्वर अ को मिलाकर पढ़ते हैं।

वर्ण समूह और उच्चारण स्थान :
वर्णों के उच्चारण स्थान के आधार पर उनका समूह होता है जो निम्नलिखित है-

वचन

संस्कृत में तीन वचन होते हैं-एकवचन, द्विवचन, बहुवचन।-
एकवचन :
इससे किसी एक व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु का बोध होता है। जैसे-राम, सीता, गीता आदि।

द्विवचन :
इससे दो वस्तुओं आदि का बोध होता है। जैसे-दो बालक, दो पुस्तकें, दो फल आदि।

बहुवचन :
इससे दो से अधिक वस्तुओं, स्थान या व्यक्तियों – का बोध होता है। जैसे-लड़के, किताबें, स्त्रियाँ, बालिकाएँ आदि।

संस्कृत में अनुवाद बनाते समय प्रत्येक शब्द तथा धातु के साथ इन तीनों वचनों में से वाक्यानुसार किसी का भी प्रयोग होता है।

विभक्तियों का प्रयोग

चिन्ह के आधार पर वाक्य में उसी विभक्ति का प्रयोग होगा। यथा-

लिंग

संस्कृत में तीन लिंग होते हैं-पुल्लिग, स्त्रीलिंग और नपुंसकलिङ्ग।
पुल्लिग :
पुरुषवाचक शब्द पुल्लिग कहलाते हैं। जैसे-राम, मोहन, सोहन आदि।

स्त्रीलिंग :
स्त्रीवाचक शब्द स्त्रीलिंग कहलाते हैं। जैसे-सीता, गीता, लता, नदी, स्त्री आदि।

नपुंसकलिंग :
जिन शब्दों से किसी भौतिक वस्तु, फल आदि का बोध होता है। जैसे-फल, पुस्तक, कलम आदि।

परीक्षोपयोगी अनुवाद

MP Board Class 6th Sanskrit Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Sanskrit Solutions Surbhi विविधप्रश्नावलिः 3

प्रश्न 1.
प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि एकपदेन लिखत (प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक शब्द में लिखो)
(क) कस्मिन् मासे स्वतन्त्रतादिवसः भवति? (किस महीने में स्वतन्त्रता दिवस होता है?)
उत्तर:
अगस्तमासे

(ख) वस्तुनि केन शीतलानि भवन्ति? (वस्तुएँ किससे ठंडी होती हैं?)
उत्तर:
हिमशीतकेन

(ग) वयं कस्य सेवार्थं निरन्तरं चलिष्यामः? (हम किसकी सेवा के लिए निरन्तर चलते रहेंगे?)
उत्तर:
लोकसेवार्थं

(घ) धनिकः किम् अयच्छत्? (धनिक ने क्या दिया?)
उत्तर:
मिष्टान्नम्

(ङ) सिक्खधर्मस्य प्रवर्तकः कः? (सिक्ख धर्म के प्रवर्तक कौन थे?)
उत्तर:
गुरुनानकः

(च) कार्याणि केन सिध्यन्ति? (कार्य किससे सिद्ध होते हैं?)
उत्तर:
उद्यमेन

(छ) व्यापारिणां नूतनसंवत्सरः कदा आरभते? (व्यापारियों का नया वर्ष कब शुरू होता है?)
उत्तर:
कार्तिक प्रतिपदि शुक्लपक्षे।

प्रश्न 2.
प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि एकवाक्येन लिखत (प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक वाक्य में लिखो)
(क) प्रथमस्वतन्त्रतासङ्ग्रामः कदा अभवत्? (प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम कब हुआ?)
उत्तर:
प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्रामः ईसवीय वर्षे १८५७ तमे अभवत्। (प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम सन् १८५७ ई. में हुआ था।)

(ख) दीपावल्यां लक्ष्मीः कदा पूज्यते? (दीपावली को लक्ष्मी कब पूजी जाती है?)
उत्तर:
दीपावल्यां लक्ष्मीः अमावस्यायां पूज्यते। (दीपावली पर लक्ष्मी की पूजा अमावस्या को होती है।)

(ग) विप्रम् अतिदरिद्रं ज्ञात्वा राजा किम् अपृच्छत्? (ब्राह्मण को अति दरिद्र जानकर राजा ने क्या पूछा?)
उत्तर:
विप्रम् अति दरिद्रं ज्ञात्वा राजा अपृच्छत् “विप्र! चर्मपात्रं किमर्थं हस्ते वहसि?” (ब्राह्मण को अति दरिद्र जानकर राजा ने पूछा, हे ब्राह्मण! चर्मपात्र को हाथ में किसलिए ढो रहे हो (लिए हुए हो)?

(घ) मनुष्यस्य श्रेष्ठता केन भवति? (मनुष्य की श्रेष्ठता किससे होती है?)
उत्तर:
मनुष्यस्य श्रेष्ठता चरित्रेण भवति। (मनुष्य की श्रेष्ठता चरित्र से होती है।)

(ङ) केन सर्वे जन्तवः तुष्यन्ति? (किसके कारण सभी प्राणी सन्तुष्ट हो जाते हैं?)
उत्तर:
प्रियवाक्यन प्रदानेन सर्वे जन्तवः तुष्यन्ति। (प्रिय वचन बोलने से सभी प्राणी सन्तुष्ट हो जाते हैं।)

(च) आवश्यकता केषां जननी अस्ति? (आवश्यकता किसकी जननी होती है?)
उत्तर:
“आवश्यकता आविष्काराणां जननी अस्ति”। (आवश्यकता आविष्कारों की जननी है।)

(छ) वयं कान् रक्षिष्यामः? (हम किनकी रक्षा करेंगे?)
उत्तर:
वयं सज्जनान् रक्षिष्यामः। (हम सज्जनों की रक्षा करेंगे।)

प्रश्न 3.
उचितशब्दैः रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत (उचित शब्दों से रिक्त स्थानों को भरो)
(क) अधुना वयं………. गच्छामः। (ग्रहाय/गह)
(ख) आपणाः ग्राहकैः………… सन्ति। (परिपूर्णः/परिपूर्णाः)
(ग) ………… कार्याणि सिध्यन्ति। (उद्यमेन/उद्यमाय)
(घ) श्रमेण………… उन्नतिः भवति। (राष्ट्राय/राष्ट्रस्य)
(ङ) नाटकदर्शन………….. भवति। (दूरदर्शनेन/दूरदर्शनात्)
(च) नानकः धनिकस्य भोजनं………… शुष्करोटिकाः स्वीकृतवान्। (त्यक्त्वा/त्युक्तुम्)
(छ) शिक्षाक्षेत्रे………. महती भूमिका अस्ति। (सङ्गणकयन्त्रस्य/सङ्गणकयन्त्राय)
(ज) मम………… आनीतं भोजनम्। (गृहेण/गृहात्)
उत्तर:
(क) गृहं
(ख) परिपूर्णाः
(ग) उद्यमेन
(घ) राष्ट्रस्य
(ङ) दूरदर्शनेन
(च) त्यक्त्वा
(छ) सङ्गणकयन्त्रस्य
(ज) गृहात्।

प्रश्न 4.
निर्देशानुसारं परिवर्तनं कुरुत (निर्देश के अनुसार परिवर्तन करो)
(क) स्थास्यन्ति ………… (लट् लकारे)
(ख) गायन्ति …………. (लुट् लकारे)
(ग) शिक्षितः ………… (बहुवचने)
(घ) प्रदेशस्य ……….. (बहुवचने)
(ङ) भवति ………… (बहुवचने)
उत्तर:
(क) तिष्ठन्ति
(ख) गायिष्यन्ति
(ग) शिक्षिताः
(घ) प्रदेशानाम्
(ङ) भवन्ति।

प्रश्न 5.
अर्थानुसारं युग्मानि योजयत (अर्थ के अनुसार जोड़ों को जोड़ो)

उत्तर:
(क) → 3
(ख) → 1
(ग) → 2
(घ) → 5
(ङ) → 4
(च) → 7
(छ) → 6
(ज) → 10
(झ) → 8
(ञ) → 9

प्रश्न 6.
अन्वयपूर्ति कुरुत (अन्वय की पूर्ति करो)
(क) काकः ………… कृष्णः, कः भेदः………. , ……….. काले सम्प्राप्ते …………  काकः…………”पिकः।
(ख) वयम्………. विना सततं……….. करिष्यामः, ……….. चलिष्यामः, निरन्तरं ………..।
उत्तर:
(क) कृष्णः, पिकः, पिक काकयोः, वसन्त, काकः, पिकः।
(ख) आलस्यं, कार्याणि, अग्रे अग्रे, चलिष्यामः।

MP Board Class 6th Sanskrit Solutions