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MP Board Class 11th General English Letter Writing Informal Letters

December 7, 2020

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for General English Letter Writing Informal Letters Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th General English Letter Writing Informal Letters

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Objective Questions Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Objective Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in General English Letter Writing Informal Letters. Here, along with the subject knowledge, General English Letter Writing Informal Letters knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

Personal Letters

Example 1.
You are Sanjay Singh living at Sundarpuram, Mauganj, Rewa (M. P.). Write a letter to your father asking him to send Rs. 1,000 by Money Order for purchasing new books and informing him about your school. (2008) Your letter should look somewhat like this :

Nehru Hostel,
Mauganj, Rewa (M. P.)
10 August, 20

Respected father,
High regards. I am well and O. K. here and hope the same for you and other members of the family.

I have settled here well. The hostel is very good and very well facilitated. My room-mates are very nice and cooperative. They have become my clo’se friends. I like the school and its atmosphere, my studies are going very well here.

Father, 1 need Rs. 1000/- for purchasing new books, so kindly send me the money as early as possible so that 1 can proceed with my studies. Give my Pranam to mother and love to all.

Your obedient son
Sanjay Singh

Example 2.
Suppose you are Abhishek Sharma, residing at Juna Shar, Indore. Write a letter to your younger brother, who is going to appear for an examination. Give some tips for his success. [2009]
Your letter should look somewhat like this :
19, Juna Shar,
Indore (M, P.)
17 March, 20

Dear Bholu,
I hope you are doing well there. In the next month your examination is going to start. I would like to give you some tips for success in the examination.

First of all you must have confidence that you will surely get success. The engine doesn’t run if the water is simply warm. It will run at 100°C. So you must be bent to get success.
Revise your whole course thoroughly. Prepare your own notes. These are helpful to you in remembering the important points, facts and figures.
Your writing speed must be fairly good. A man who possesses knowledge but can’t express it, is surely to lag behind.
Don’t worry much. “Do your best and leave the rest” is the golden principle.

I hope you will keep in mind these tips and do well in the examination. Wishing you best of luck.

Your loving brother
Abhishek Sharma

Example 3.
You are Sanju from 60, National Colony, Rampur, MPEB Road, Jabalpur. Write a letter to your cousin, Sanchita Kulkarni of Indore informing her of your new address. Also make inquiries about your cousin Dhiru’s preparations for his exams.

Your letter should look somewhat like this :
60, National Colony Rampur, MPEB Road
Jabalpur-482 008
25 November, 20

Dear Sanchita,
how are you now ? It was very disappointing to find you sick on my visit to Indore this time. Hope, you’re fully recovered from that nasty problem by how.

We moved to a new house last Sunday. Note down our new address carefully. Don’t tell me later, you lazy girl, that you couldn’t write to us because you didn’t have our new address O. K.

How is Dhiru doing ? He must be busy with his books and notes. Well, he has to be. His exams are drawing near. He is a hard working chap, isn’t he ? But still, he has to remain extremely careful this time.

Give my Pranam to respected Uncle and Auntie and love to Dhiru. Don’t forget to write back soon, especially about your health. Right and do take care of yourself.

Lots of love !

Ever yours
Sanju Dada

Example 4.
You are Anil, residing at A/20, M. L. B. Road, Satna, Write a letter to your friend Amit, who lives in Indore, inviting him to attend your brother’s sister’s marriage. [2008, 09, 14, 15]

Your letter should look somewhat like this :
A/20, M. L. B. Road,
Satna (M. P.)
10 November, 20
My dear Amit,

Namaste.
I hope this letter finds you hale and hearty.

Special is that my elder brother’s marriage has been fixed on 23rd Nov. 20…. The Barat will go to Sidhi on 22nd Nov.

I invite you to attend my brother’s marriage. We have not met for a long ‘ time so take this opportunity for our meeting. Come here a week before so that we may enjoy each other’s company. The invitation card will be sent soon.
Please do come. Rest is OK.

Yours sincerely
Anil

Example 5.
You are Anurag Joshi from E-7/69 Sipri Bazar, Jhansi. Your former teacher, Dr. Samiullah Khan, Department of Physics, Narmada P.G. College, Hoshangabad, has thanked you for helping his son Rashid in getting hostel accommodation. Write back to him that Rashid is staying with you comfortably and would move to his hostel in a week’s time.
Your letter should look somewhat like this :
E-7/69 Sipri Bazar Jhansi (U.P.)
3D November, 20

Esteemed Sir,
I would first beg your forgiveness ‘”or not writing to you for such a long time. In fact, some personal problems in the new job situation kept me too occupied, and 1 just could not write. But, I hope, Rashid has already written to you.

You don’t have to worry about Rashid now. He will get a room in the Institute’s Hostel in a week’s time. Till then he is comfortable staying with us. And, please Sir, do not embarrass me by giving thanks, as you did in your last letter. You have given me all the knowledge, wisdom (whatever little 1 might have) and skill. But for your kind help and guidance, I would not have been able to achieve anything.

Kindly give my regards to Dr. Mishra and Dr. Chishty in the department. I hope, they remember me.

With humble regards.

Yours gratefully
Anurag Joshi.

Example 6.
You are Maria Zen, residing at 26, M.G. Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. Write a letter to your friend, Rashmi, congratulating her on her brilliant success in the High School Certificate Examination. Your letter should look somewhat like this :
26, M.G. Road,
Gwalior(M.P.)
24 May, 20

Dear Rashmi,
Heartly Congratulations.

You have got a brilliant success in the High School Examination declared today. I saw the result on our computer on Internet. Really you have done very well especially in Physics and Mathematics getting 90% marks. I am proud of you.

Visit us as soon as possible. Give my regards to your Mummy and Papa. Rest is OK.

Your loving friend
Maria Zen

Example 7.
Write a letter to your friend Chaitanya Chahdrakar telling him what you intend to do after your examination.
Your letter should look somewhat like this :
121 -C, Wright Town Jabalpur (M.P.)
21 June, 20

Dear Chaitanya,
I received your letter yesterday. You have asked me my plan after examination.

Now my examinations are over. 1 intend to refresh myself for a week by sight-seeing. And then I will begin my study for XII class so that I may have a good start. It is also said that well begun is half done. I have already arranged books and guides of Class XII.

If you like you may come here. We may study together. Waiting for your reply.

Yours sincerely
Ravi

Example 8.
Suppose you are Amit Sharma, residingat26, Mahakaleshwar Road, Ujjain. Write a letter to your friend Mohit Verma inviting him to attend your birthday party at Hotel Sea-Rock. [2011]

Your letter should look somewhat like this :
26, Mahakaleshwar Road Ujjain (M.P.)
17 March, 20

Dear Mohit,
I hope this letter finds you in best of your health and spirit. I hope your study might be going on well.

You will be glad to know that my birthday party has been arranged at Hotel Sea-Rock on 20th March. I, with great pleasure, invite you to attend the same. The party is scheduled to start from 8 pm onwards.

Please try to be there before time so that we can have some chit-chat. Papa and Mummy have sent their blessings to you.

Sincerely yours
Amit Sharma.

Example 9.
Write a letter of thanks to your uncle Sanjeev Tiwari, who sent a gift for you on your birthday. [2010, 16]
Your letter should look somewhat like this :
98, Juna Sadan
Bamagar (Ujjain), M.P.
17 August, 20….

Dear Uncle,
I hope you are hale and hearty there. Really I missed you very much bn my birthday party on 15th Aug. Your circumstances were unavoidable, I know.

However, many many thanks for the gift you sent me. The book ‘Art of Living’ you sent is very interesting and will be of immense use to me. Rest is OK. Please convey my love and regards to all your family members.

Yours sincerely
Dharmendra Joshi

Example 10.
You are Sumit Kumar living at Mathpura, Raipur. Write a letter to Mukesh at Gwalior inviting him to spend summer vacations with you.
Or
Write a letter to your friend requesting him to come and spend some days during summer vacation with you. [2008, 15]
21-3 A, Mathpura,
Raipur.
15th May, 20

Dear Mukesh,
I am quite well here and hope the same for you.

Now we are free from examinations. Our summer vacations have already begun. So we should refresh ourselves in these vacations. I invite you to spend the vacations with me in Raipur.

There are several places worth seeing in and near Raipur. We have some historical buildings here. There are some beautiful lakes near Raipur. Now we will have enough time to stand and stare at the natural beauty with ease. Bring your camera so that we may preserve the beautiful scenes in photographs.

Please let me know when you are coming.

Looking forward to your early response.

Yours affectionately,
Sumit.

Example 11.
You are Irfan staying in a hostel in another city. Write a letter to your father describing your study, food quality and classmates. [2014, 16]
Irfan Khan,
Nehru Hostel,
R. No. 30, Near Pankaj Road,
Hoshangabad
20 Sep. 20

Respected Father,
Pranam. I hope you all are doing well there. 1 am fine, healthy and happy.

My study is going on very well. I am trying to get high success. Our school is very good. Teachers teach us with great care and love.

My classmates are very friendly and co-operative to me. The food we are getting is of very good quality. However, nothing can match home-cooked food. You need not worry a bit. With your and God’s blessings, I make my future brilliant.

Rest is OK.

Your loving son.
Irfan.

Above provided complete MP Board Solutions 11th English Study guide is useful for making your preparation effective. Students can frequently visit our page to get the latest updates on other subjects study materials.

MP Board Class 11th General English Model Question Paper

December 7, 2020

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for General English Model Question Paper Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th General English Model Question Paper

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Objective Questions Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Objective Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in General English Model Question Paper. Here, along with the subject knowledge, General English Model Question Paper knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

Time : 3 Hrs.
M.M. 100

Note : Attempt all quest tons.

Section ‘A’

Question 1.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:

Rural India faces serious shortages-power, water, health facilities, roads etc. these are known and recognised. However, the role of technology in solving these and other problems is barely acknowledged and the actual availability of technology in rural areas is marginal. The backbone of the rural economy is agriculture, which also provides substance to cover the half the country’s population. The green revolution of the [1]970s was in fact, powered by the scientific work in various agricultural research institutions. While some fault the green revolution for excessive exploitation of water and land resources through over use of fertilizers, it did bring about a wheat surplus and prosperity in certain pockets of the country.

In rural India, there is a dire inadequacy of both science (i.eknowledge) and technology (which drives from science and manifests itself in physical form. The scope to apply technology to both farm and non-farm activities in rural areas is huge, as are the potential benefits. In fact, crop yields are far lower than what they are in demonstration farms, where science and technology are more fully applied. Technologies that reduce power consumptions of pumps are vital, unfortunately, their use is minimal, since agricultural power is free or largely subsidized. Similarly, there is little incentive to optimize through technology for processing and adding value could greatly enhance rural employment and incomes but at present deployment of technology is marginal. Cold storage and cold chains of transportation to market is of great importance for many agricultural products-particularly fruits and vegetables, but are non- existant. These are clearly technologies with an immediate return to investment, and benefits of the farmer, the end-customer, the technology provider.

Questions :

A. (a) Which shortages does Rural India face? [2]
(b) Which is the backbone of rural economy? [2]
(c) What did Green Revolution bring? [2]
(d) Why are the crop yields lower in fields than they in demonstration farms? [2]
(e) What is of great importance in marketing agricultural products particularly fruits and vegetables? [2]
(f) Give a title to the passage. [2]

B. Do as directed : [3]
(i) Give the adverb form of ‘serious’.
(ii) Give the adjective form of ‘problem’.
(iii) Give the noun form of‘scientific’.
Answer:
(a) Rural India faces serious shortages-power, water, health facilities roads etc.
(b) The backbone of rural economy is agriculture.
(c) Green Revolution was powered by the scientific work in various agricultural research institutions.
(d) Crop yields are lower than that they are in demonstration field farms, where science and technology are more fully applied.
(e) Cold storage and cold chains of transportation to market is of great importance for many agricultural products particularly fruits and vegetables.
(f) Problems of Rural India.

B. (i) seriously,
(ii) problematic,
(iii) science.

Question 2.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below-

Educate and raise the masses and thus alone a nation is possible. But what is education? It is book-learning? No, Is it diverse knowledge? Not even that. Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man. Is that education which is slowly making man a machine? It is more blessed, in my opinion, even to go wrong, impelled by one’s free will and intelligence, than to be good as an automation Take your universities. What have they done during the fifty years of their existence? They have not produced one original man. They are merely examining bodies Education is not a tie amount of information that is put into your brain remains undigested all your life. We must have service to man, life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of ideas. If you have assimilated five ideas and made them your life and character, you have more education than any man who has got by heart a whole library.

Questions:

(A) On the basis of reading the passage make notes on it and supply a title to it.
(B) (I) Give the noun form of ‘diverse’. [1]
(ii) Give the verb form of’ opinion’. [1]
(iii) Give the adjective form of’ idea’. [1]
Answer:
(A) Title-‘What is Education?’
Notes-

Education raises the masses and only by it a nation is possible.
Education is not book-learning. It is not diverse knowledge.
It is manifestation of the perfection already in man.
Today’s education making man a machine.
In place of automation it should be going force.
Universities have not produced even one original man.
Collection of information is also not education.
It is service to man, life building, man-making, character-making and assimilation of ideas.

(B) (i) diversity.
(ii) opine.
(iii) ideal.

Section ‘B’
(Writing)

Question 3.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on ‘Looted Tourist Bus’ in 40-50 words.
(i) Detai Is of bus, date and time,
(ii) The place of incidents,
(iii) Details of looting,
(iv) Complaint to the police. [4]
Or
With the help of the words given below produce a write up on ‘Getting a bus pass made’ in 40-50 words.
(i) Buying a ticket daily,
(ii) Costly and troublesome,
(iii) Provision of passes,
(iv) Counters at several places,
(v) Form and money,
(vi) Pass ready.
Answer:
See chapter 3.

Question 4.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write upon “Exploitation of parents by private schools.” in 80-100 words:
(i) Numbers of public schools increasing,
(ii) Weakness of parents,
(iii) English medium schools,
(iv) Teaching shops,
(v) Make money,
(vi) Ignorants parents,
(vii) Temples of learning.
Or
Write an essay on any one topic-
(a) Importance of games and sports
(b) Cleanliness drive
(c) Dowry problem
(d) Any cricket match
(e) Wonders of science.
Answer:
See chapter 4 or 5.

Question 5.
Write an application to your Principal to arrange extra classes of English for the weak students of your class. [4]
Or
Write a letter to the Editor of a Newspaper about frequent breakdown of water and electricity supply in your locality.
Answer:
and

Question 6.
Write a letter to your friend informing him your new address. [5]
Or
Write a letter to your friend inviting him on your birthday party arranged atHotel Shri Maya.
Answer:
See chapter 6

Section ‘C’

Question 7.
(A) Fill in the blanks choosing from the words given in brackets : [5]
(i) Last night thieves broke into the house of Mr. Jain. (some, any)
(ii) The table was by them. (break, broke, broken)
(iii) He lay unconscious for hour. (a, an, the)
(iv) He cut the fruit a knife. (by, with, from)
(v) day is new day to a wise man. (Each, every)
(B) Do as directed (anyfive): 5
(i) Do as I tell you. Otherwise you will regret it. (Rewrite using unless)
(ii) Mumbai is not so costly as Pune. (Rewrite using comparative degree)
(iii) What are you doing? (Rewrite in the Present Perfect)
(iv) met/peasants/we/illiterate/many (Rearrange the words so as to make a meaningful sentence)
(v) I eat an apple daily. (Make the sentence emphatic)
(vi) I saw a lame man. (Make in a complex sentence)
Answer:
(A)

some,
broken,
an,
with,
every.

(B)

Unless you do as I tell you. You will regret it.
Pune is costlier than Mumbai.
What have you done?
We met many illiterate peasants.
I do eat an apple daily.
I saw a man who was lame.
The beggar did not rub his forehead.

Section ‘D’

Question 8.
Read the following extract and answer the questions given below:

I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence
Two roads diverged in a wood, and
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.

Questions:
(a) Name the poem. [1]
(b) Which is the meaning of ‘sigh’? [1]
(i) Silence, (ii) A deep breath.
(c) Which road did the poet take? [2]
Or
How sweet is the shepherd’s sweet lot
From the mom to the evening he strays
He shall follow his sheep all day,
And his tongue shall be filled with praise.

Questions:
(a) Name the poet. [1]
(b) What is the meaning of ‘lot’. [1]
(i) fortune (ii) greatness [1]
(c) What does the shepherd do all the day? [2]
Answer:
(a) The Road Not Taken
(b) A deep breath
(c) The poet took a road the one that was less travelled.
Or
(a) William Blake
(b) Fortune
(c) The shepherd follows his sheep all the day.

9. Answer any three of the following questions: 9
Questions:
(a) Why does the sheep feel secure?
(b) What should we remove from our hearts first?
(c) What did the traveller find in the yellow wood?
(d) Who are the nearest relatives of nature?
Answer:
See chapter 14.

Question 10.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words, (any six) [12]
(i) What did the peasant’s grand father do with the grain?
(ii) What would happen when the dropped nail had been found?
(iii) Why did Jim throw the gift upon the table which he had brought for Della?
(iv) How did the judge come to know that the oil merchant was guilty?
(v) Describe how the gravitational theory explains earthquakes.
(vi) What did Amena fear as the child left for Idgah?
(vii) Who are the two Sadness?
Answer:
See chapter 14.

Question 11.
Answer any two of the following questions in about 70-80 words: [10]
(i) Why did the woman decide to bring the king and the scholar to earth?
(ii) Hamid had an answer for every child who claimed his toy was better. Do you think Hamid really believed in what he said? Why?
(iii) One can’t help but laugh at the Uncle Podgar while going through the story ‘Uncle Podger Hangs a Picture’, explain.
Answer:
See chapter 14.

Question 12.
(A) Fill in the blanks with the help of correct alternative: [5]

(i) The lesson ‘Dear Teacher’ is written by …………………….
(a) M.K. Gandhi
(b) J.L. Nehru
(c) Abraham Lincoln
(d) Queen Victoria.
Answer:
(c) Abraham Lincoln

(ii) Della ……………………. sold to buy a gift for Jim.
(a) her hair
(b) golden chain
(c) combs
(d) wedding ring.
Answer:
(a) her hair

(iii) For mental health Gandhiji prescribed …………………… .
(a) honestly
(b) wisdom
(c) truth
(d) peace.
Answer:
(c) truth

(iv) The place of worship of the Muslims is called …………………….
(a) chapel
(b) synagogue
(c) mosque
(d) temple.
Answer:
(c) mosque

(v) ‘Altar’ means …………………….
(a) mountain
(b) a holy book
(c) a raised platform
(d) a building.
Answer:
(c) a raised platform

(B) Match the words in column ‘A’ with their meanings in column ‘B’:
MP Board Class 11th General English Model Question Paper 1
Answer:
(B)
(i) – (d),
(ii) – (c),
(iii) – (a),
(iv) – (e),
(v) – (b).

MP Board Class 11th General English Letter Writing Formal Letters

December 7, 2020

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for General English Letter Writing Formal Letters Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th General English Letter Writing Formal Letters

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Objective Questions Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Objective Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in General English Letter Writing Formal Letters. Here, along with the subject knowledge, General English Letter Writing Formal Letters knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

New BluePrint के अनुसार आपके पाठ्यक्रम में Formal Letters (04 अंक) व Informal Letters (05 अंक) रखे गए हैं।

इस प्रकार के letters में Applications, Letters to Editors, Job Applications, Business Letters इत्यादि आते हैं।
ये Letters औपचारिक होते हैं जिनमें सिर्फ कार्य सम्बन्धी बातें आती हैं। इनमें Complimentary शब्द या अनौपचारिक बातें नहीं होती। हम यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण दे रहे हैं।

Applications

Example 1.
Write an application to your class teacher, requesting him to grant you one week leave on account of your sickness.
To,
The Class Teacher,
Multipurpose School,
Tikamgarh
Subject—Application for Leave

Sir,
I beg to state that I am suffering from fever, cold and sore throat. The doctor has advised me to take complete bed rest for a week. Kindly grant
me one week leave from 3rd September to 9th September, 20

Thanking you,
Yours obediently
Shashi Agarwal
Class XI C
Dated 4.9.20……

Example 2.
Write an application to the Principal of your school for granting you scholarship.
To,
The Principal,
Govt. Higher Secondary School,
Morena.
Subject—Application for poverty-cum-merit scholarship

Sir,
I beg to state that I am a student of class XI ‘A’ of your school. My father is a poor clerk. He cannot pay for my tuition fee and books. I also want to state that I have been standing first in my class for last three years.

I request you to kindly grant me the poverty-cum-merit scholarship.

Thanking you,
Yours obediently,
Mahesh Sharma
Class XI A
Dated 15th July, 20

Example 3.
You are Kapil Saxena, a student of Excellence Higher Secondary School, Gwalior (M.P.). Write an application to your Principal requesting him to issue a Character Certificate. [2009]
To,
The Principal,
Excellence Higher Secondary School,
Gwalior.
Subject—Application for Character Certificate

Sir,
Most respectfully I beg to state that my father has been transferred to Raipur. So I will study at Raipur. Kindly issue me the Character Certificate so that f may take admission-in JLaipur.

Thanking you,

Yours obediently,
Kapil Saxena
Class XI D
Dated 21.9.20….

Example 4.
Write an application to the Principal of your school requesting him to grant you some books from the ‘Book Bank’ of school. [2011, 15]
To,
The Principal,
Govt. Higher Secondary School,
Khandwa
Subject—Granting books from the ‘Book Bank’

Respected Sir,
I beg to say that I am a student of Class XI A of your school. My father is a tailor therefore I am unable to buy the following books :

A book of Physics : Shivalal Agarwal Prakashan.
Jantu Vigyan : by R. S. Oza.
Biology : A Study by M. L. Mahajan

So I request you to kindly grant me above 3 books from the Book Bank. I shall be very thankful to you for this kindness.

Thanking you.
Yours obediently
Manish Solanki
Class XI A
13 September, 20

Example 5.
You are Sudhakar Dwivedi, a student of Government Excellence H. S. S., Mauganj, Rewa (M.P.). Write an application to your principal requesting him to issue a character certificate for the post of clerk. [2008, 09]
To,
The Principal,
Govt. School of Excellence,
H. S. School,
Mauganj (Rewa)
Subject— Issuing of a character certificate.

Sir,
I beg to state that I have got a job of a clerk in a private company. The employers want a character certificate from the school. So, please kindly issue me a certificate of character.

Thanking you.

Yours obediently
Sudhakar Dwivedi
Student Class XI C
19 May, 20….

Example 6.
You are Ramesh, a student of Class XI-B in Government Excellence H.S. School, Mauganj, Rewa (M.P.). Write an application to your Principal, requesting him to change your subjects. You want to opt Arts Group instead of Science Group. (2008, 09, 12, 16)
To,
The Principal,
Govt. Excellence H. S. School,
Mauganj (Rewa)
Subject—Regarding change of subject.

Respected Sir,
I beg to state that I am a student of class XI B of your school. I have taken Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics as my subjects at the time of admission. Now, I find it difficult to understand these subjects. I wish to study Arts subjects. My parents also suggest the same to me.
So, I request you to allow me the change of subject to History, Political Science and Economics and transfer me to XI C.

Thanks

Yours obediently
Ramesh
7 July, 20

Example 7.
You are Kumari Rekha Dubey, a student of Class XI in Government Girl’s H.S.S., Data. Write an application to the Secretary, Board of Secondary Education, M.P., Bhopal, requesting him to issue a duplicate copy of your Marksheet of High School Examination. [2008, 09, 13, 15]
To
The Secretary,
Board of Secondary Education,
Bhopal.
Subject—Application for duplicate mark sheet.

Sir,
With due regard I have to state that I have lost my High School Marksheet. I need the duplicate mark sheet.

The details are as follows :
Year—20
Roll No. 387462
Result—Passed in First Division

As per rules I am enclosing IPOs worth fifty rupees. Kindly send the duplicate mark sheet to the following address :
Kumari Rekha
D/o Shri Harish Dubey
39 B TilakNagar,
Indore.

Thanking you in anticipation,

Yours faithfully
Km. Rekha
Dated : 15th July, 20….

Example 8.
You are Mukesh Rathore, a student of Class XI in Govt. H.S.S., Dhar.
Write an application to your Principal to give you permission to go on a tour with your class teacher and the students of Class XI. (2010)

To,
The Principal,
Govt. H. S. School,
Dhar(M.P.)
Subject—Regarding permission to go on a tour.

Respected Sir,
I beg to state that I am a student of class XI C of your school. I, with my 10 student friends of my class want to go on a tour to Rajasthan along with our class teacher Mr. R.S. Sharma. We shall visit Chittor, Ajmer, Udaipur, Nathdwara and several other places. So, I request you to kindly permit us to go on this tour. We promise that we will remain disciplined and cautious. We won’t do anything against the honour of our institution.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully
Mukesh Rathore
21 November, 20

Example 9.
Write a letter to the Post Master complaining against the postman of your area. You are Priya Gupta. [2012]
H. No. 12, Green city Jabalpur (M.P.)
10 Jan. 20

To,
The Post Master,
Head Post Office,
Jabalpur (M.P.)

Sir,
1 would like to bring to your kind notice that the postman Rakesh Sarin has displeased almost all the people of our locality. His work and behaviour both are unsatisfactory. He is very irregular and careless. Sometimes he delivers my letters to other persons and theirs to me. Many important # letters are therefore lost. Everyone in the locality is displeased with his ’ behaviour. I have requested him many times about the problem faced due to his misconduct, but it is of no use. hope you will enquire the matter and try to send some other person in this place.

Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Priya Gupta

Example 10.
YouarePrateekSinghal residing at L1G Colony, Jabalpur. Write a letter to the Manager, Agarwal Cycle Company, Jabalpur complaining about a cycle you bought last week. [2009]
LIG, Colony,
Jabalpur.
March 5,20

To,
The Manager,
Agarwal Cycle Co.,
Jabalpur.

Dear Sir,
I purchased one cycle no. X-216879 Hercules MTB from you on March 1, 20 I regret to inform you that some of its parts are defective. The handle has lost the polish and the saddle has given way. therefore, request you to take this defective cycle back and deliver me a new cycle.

With thanks,

Yours faithfully
Prateek Singhal

Example 11.
Write an application to the Collector of your district for imposing restriction on the use of loudspeakers. [2013]
To,
The Collector,
Gwalior.
Subject—Application for imposing restriction on the use of loudspeakers.

Sir,
I beg to state that our Board Examinations are at hand. Our study is disturbed by too much noise made by loudspeakers. From early morning till late in night loudspeakers blare out bhajans, harsh music and advertisements. We ae not able to concentrate on studies due to loud noise. I request you to kindly impose restriction on the use of loudspeakers at least till our examinations are over.

Thanking you in anticipation.

Yours sincerely,
A. inki Rani
Garg H.N. F-294,
Kabir Nagar,
Gwalior
19th November, 20

Example 12.
You are Honey Soni, a student of Class XI in Govt. H. S. School Dhar. Write an application to your Principal to arrange the extra classes of English for the weak students of your class. (2009)
To,
The Principal
Govt. H. S. School. No. 2
Dhar(M.P.)
Subject—Arrangement of extra classes for weaker students in English.

Sir,
I beg to state that I am student of class XI C of your school. Sir, some ‘ of the students of my class are very weak in English. They are unable to understand English and cope with the teaching. These students are poor and can’t afford to go to coaching classes. Hence, I request you to kindly arrange extra classes in English for these weak students.

Thanking you in anticipation.

Yours obediently
Honey Soni
20 Sep. 2009

Example 13.
Write a letter to the Editor of a Newspaper about frequent breakdown of water and electricity supply in your locality.
30, Arera Colony,
Bhopal.
23rd June, 20

To,
The Editor,
The Dainik Bhaskar,
Bhopal.

Sir,
There has been frequent breakdown of electricity and water supply in Saket Nagar Colony for over a month. For hours together we go without electricity and water in this locality. We are never sure when we shall have water or electricity. They may fail at any time.

The residents of the colony have been complaining to the authorities concerned for all these days but in vain.

I take the privilege of urging the authorities through your esteemed daily to be kind enough to ensure regular water and electricity supply in the area.

Yours sincerely,
P.S. Mukherjee

Example 14.
Write a letter to the Editor of the Dajnik Bhaskar, Bhopal drawing his attention towards the necessity of a tubewell in your area. 15, Baisagarh, Bhopal.
20th May, 20

To,
The Editor,
The Dainik Bhaskar,
Bhopal.

Sir,
I would like to draw the kind attention of the authorities of Public Health Engineering Department towards the necessity of a tube-well in our area. The pressure of water in the taps of our area is very low.

There is no other source of water. Hence we are in an urgent need of a tube-well in our locality. 1 hope immediate attention will be paid and necessary action will be taken.

Yours faithfully,
Raj Bahadur

Example 15.
You have a new neighbour who plays loud music till late in the night, shouts at the children, fights with everyone. Write a letter of complain to the Secretary of your locality asking him to take necessary action. [2016]
780, UshaNagar,
Indore
Oct. 17,20

To,
The Secretary,
Usha Nagar
Co-operative Housing Society,
Indore (M.P.)

Sir,
I am to state that Mr. Makhanlal my new neighbour is creating great nuisance to us and other neighbours. He plays loud music till late in the night, shouts at the children and fights with everyone. We have tried to make him understand that this is not the a way to live in a civilized society and he should behave properly with everyone, gut he pays no to attention to our words.

Hence, I would like to request you to warn him and take proper action.

Yours faithfully,
Mohan Mehta

Example 16.
You are Raj Kesarwani living at 16, Ravindra Nagar, Ujjain. Write a letter to Lucky Sweet House, Civil Lines, Ujjain requesting them to cancel your order for 40 kg of sweets. Explain the reasons for cancelling the order.
16, Ravindra Nagar,
Ujjain.
Oct. 27,20….
To,
M/s Lucky Sweet House,
Civil Lines,
Ujjain.

Dear Sirs,
We placed an order with you for 40 kg of sweets. I am sorry to inform you that I am cancelling the order. The main reason for cancelling this order is that the marriage of my brother has been postponed. I will, therefore, place a fresh order when the date for marriage is fixed. I regret the inconvenience caused to you.

Yours faithfully,
Raj Kesarwani

Example 17.
Writes letter to the Editor of‘The Daily Express’ newspaper drawing the attention of the authorities towards the repair of the road. [2014]
Samir Suvan Pratap Singh
H. No. 43, Ward No. 13
KOTMA (Dist.-Anooppur)
Dt. Aug 16, 20

To,
The Editor ‘Daily Express
Anooppur (M.P.)
Subject—Worst conditions of the roads of our town.

Sir,
I wish to draw attention of the P.W.D. authorities through your News Paper about the worst conditions of our town.

The condition of the roads here have became very poor. There are several pitches of different sizes on the roads. People go through these roads with great difficulty. The rains and poor lights of the streets have made the condition very bad. Old and sick people often fall on the roads. Vehicles cannot be drawn safely. It is long enough when the roads were repaired. I request the authorities of the P.W.D. and others to take care of the roads as early as possible and rebuild the roads otherwise any serious accident may happen.

Thanks
Yours faithfully,
Samir.

Example 18.
You are Rahul Rai. Write an application to the Manager, Maharaja Industries, Pvt. Ltd. Dewas for the post of a typist. (2008, 14) Rahul Rai,
59, Shamlat Road,
Dewas (M.P.)
Dt. 27 Aug 20

To,
The Manager,
Maharaja Industries Pvt. Ltd.
Dewas (M.P.)
Subject—Application for the post of a typist.

Sir,
Your ad in the ‘Nai Dunia’ daily Indore on 26th August asks candidates to apply for the post of a typist.

I offer my services for this post. I have passed my H.S.S.C. examination, in the first division with commerce subjects. I have also passed typing examination securing 80% of marks. My typing speed is good. 1 am expert in accountancy also. I enclose my resume for your perusal. 1 would be delighted if you give a chance to serve you.

Yours faithfully,
Rahul Rai

MP Board Class 11th General English Essay Writing

December 7, 2020

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for General English Essay Writing Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th General English Essay Writing

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किसी निश्चित topic पर prose में लिखे हुए एक short piece को essay या निबंध कहते हैं। आपको अपनी परीक्षा के लिए किसी विषय पर 250 शब्दों में essay लिखने के लिए कहा जाएगा।

Essay का कोई एक निश्चित structure नहीं होता और न ही इस बात का कोई बंधन होता है कि उसे किस बात से प्रारम्भ किया जाए और किस बात पर उसका अन्त हो। निबंध लेखक दिये गये विषय पर अपने विचारों, तर्कों, निष्कर्षों और भावनाओं को अपनी इच्छा तथा योजनाओं को प्रस्तुत करने के लिए स्वतन्त्र होता है। यह बिल्कुल आवश्यक नहीं है कि topic के बारे में सभी सूचनाओं, तर्कों, या दृष्टिकोणों को उनकी सम्पूर्णता में दिया जाये। बल्कि आवश्यक यह होता है कि जो भी points of thought या विचार बिन्दु निबंध के में दिये जाएँ वे पढ़ने वाले को प्रभावित कर सकें। विश्वसनीय तथा logical लगें और लेखक के दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्टता के साथ प्रतिबिम्बित करते हों।

Essay में paragraphs का निर्धारण भी अपनी योजनानुसार किया जा सकता है। हाँ essay की विषय वस्तु (content) को प्रारम्भिक वाक्यों में introduce करना होता है और उसके बाद विषय का विस्तार करना होता है जिसमें सूचनाओं, तर्कों और भावनाओं को एक systematic ढंग से प्रस्तुत करना होता है। अन्त में किसी विचार. निष्कर्ष, प्रश्न. सम्भावना, भविष्यवाणी या रोचक कथन के साथ essay का conclusion (समापन) कर दिया जाता है। यह आवश्यक नहीं कि introduction, main body व conclusion के लिए अलग-अलग paragraphs ही लिखें जाएँ। निर्धारित शब्द सख्या की सीमा में रहते हए essay को एक, दो, तीन, या चार-जितने भी उचित लगें-paragraphs में लिखा जा सकता है। हाँ, 250 शब्दों का निबंध structure में सन्तुलित दिखे, उसके paragraphs भी आकार में सन्तुलित लगें और उनमें points को उचित क्रम से संयोजित किया जाए। Essay की एक विशेषता यह भी होती है उसमें सभी सर्वमान्य विचारों, धारणाओं या points को सम्मिलित करना आवश्यक नहीं होता है। लेखक के अपने निजी तों, धारणाओं और निष्कर्षों को स्वतन्त्र रूप से essay में स्थान मिलता है। शर्त केवल यह है कि वे readable, तर्कसंगत, प्रभावी और रोचक हों।

निबंध के स्वरूप और उसके लेखन कौशल को ठीक से समझने के लिए इन essays को ध्यान से देखिए जो वर्तमान समय के लिए प्रासंगिक (relevant) topics पर लिखे गए हैं।

1. Festival Of Lights Or
Diwali [2008]
Or
An Indian Festival [2012, 14]

(1) Introduction-Diwali is called Festival of Lights. Really on Diwali, people light their houses by several lamps, bulbs, mercury tubes etc. Light is a very important thing in our lives. Light is the symbol of knowledge and learning also. Light makes us free from fears of darkness.

(2) The Main Festival-This festival is observed on Kartik Amavasya Day. The Amavasya (total darkness) is made ‘Poornima’ (full moon day) by lighting the houses, shops and buildings with intense bright light. People welcome Goddess Laxmi whole-heartedly. People of all ages wait for this day very eagerly. They wear new dresses. They decorate their houses. Children explode crackers. Sweet music is played. People offer sweets and presents to the goddess.

(3) Preparations-Preparations for this festival start before many days. People white wash their houses. Shops are cleaned, painted and decorated. The market looks very beautiful. People buy several things for this day. They think that Deepawali brings joy and prosperity for them, so they prepare to welcome her.

(4) The Festival-It is believed that Lord Ram returned to Ayodhya on this day. People welcomed him by decorating the whole city and lighting their houses. It has become a national festival, though originally it is a Hindu Festival. People of all communities, caste and creed observe this festival. It is observed mainly for three days-Dhan Teras (Worshipping of Money), Roop-Choudas or Narak Chaturdashi and the Amavasya (Diwali day).

(5) New Year-Diwali marks the end of the year. A new year starts from the next day. So people greet each other and wish a happy new year. Some merchants change accounts on-this day. People distribute sweets. Diwali Greeting Cards are sent. We see freshness and new spirit everywhere.

(6) Conclusion-Some bad customs are also attached with this festival. Some people gamble and drink wine. Due to carelessness at the time of letting off fireworks some people get burnt. There is a danger of life and property too. However, Diwali is a very nice festival.

2. MY HOBBY [2008, 10, 14, 15]

(1) Introduction-Hobby means a work that we do when we have no other work to do. When we are not busy, we find it difficult to pass time. An idle mind is the devil’s workshop. Bad thoughts enter our mind and sometimes we catch bad habits such as smoking, chewing tobacco or gambling.

(2) Hobby-The work that interests us, gives us joy and fills us with new power, we call it hobby. We can do planting, care for them, water them and see them. This will fill our hearts with joy and our time will pass happily. We won’t catch a bad habit. We may also collect some stamps and arrange them in a register. Our guests may enjoy when we show it to them. We may also take a camera. With its help we may take photograph of birds, trees, mountains, natural scenery or even men in their different moods. A big list can be drawn. Playing on musical instruments, carpentry, helping the sick, serving food to the poor etc. All can be called a hobby.

(3) My Hobby-My Hobby is toy-making. Since my boyhood I have been very interested in toys. I have seen several puppet shows. A child becomes very happy when he gets a toy. I have made many dolls, toys of birds and other animals. Not even children but elders have praised toys prepared by me. They say the toys look like living things. 1 have made toys showing different moods. My toys have been shown at exhibitions in my school. My friends, teachers and our principal admired these toys. I have also become successful in making some mechanical toys.

(4) Advantages of My Hobby-My hobby does not affect my studies. On Sundays I do not do any work. This is free time. I pass my Sundays mostly in making toys. In my vacations also 1 make toys. It gives great pleasure. When I present my toys to children they become happy. When some guests come to my house I show them my toys. They praise me, sometimes I get some rewards also. I have been greatly benefitted by my hobby.

(5) Conclusion-No good work, however small it may be, ever goes useless. A small seed sown gives us flowers, fruits, shade and wood. So small good works give you several gifts. A good hobby helps us in our later life when we have no work to keep us busy. Hence, I appeal to all my colleagues to adopt a hobby if they have not any.

3. Science In The Service Of Humanity (2009)
Or
Science In Our Daily Life F
Or (2008, 11,/12, 13)
Science In Human Life (2009)
Or
Science-Uses And Abuses (2009, 16)
(Advantages And Disadvantages)
Or
Science And Human (2010)
Or
Wonders Or Science

Science in the key which unlocks the storehouse of nature.

– V. Samuel

(1) Introduction-Science has revolutionised our life. It has considerably changed the world by its wonderful discoveries and inventions. No aspect of our life remains untouched by science, whether at home, school, market or office. In every walk of life it has become essential. Science has changed our thorny life into a bed of roses.

(2) Scientific Inventions-It is difficult to count the blessings of science. They are numerous. T.V., Video, CD, DVD, fan, light of mercuries, CFL, cooking gas, washing machines etc. have made our life easy, comfortable and enjoying.

(3) Means of Communication-In the field of transport and communication science has rendered great services. Aeroplanes, and helicopters are quickest means of transport. Mobile phone and Internet have been as great asset. Even the poorest and humblest can afford them and remain in touch with his friends and relatives, all over the world. The computers, Laptop and Internet have revolutionised our lives. With a high speed and lowest cost they can transfer information to any part of the world.

(4) Large Machines-With large and heavy machines we can quickly build roads, bridges, houses and big buildings. Manufacturing process also becomes faster and convenient with big machines. Also, the number and quality of goods manufactured is greatly improved.

(5) Medicines and Surgery-Science has given us life saving drugs. Today doctors are able to perform complicated operations and can save the life of serious patients. It has lengthened our life and made it healthier.

(6) Atomic Energy-With the discovery of atomic energy science has harnessed an inexhaustible source of energy. It can meet the demands of energy for a long time.

(7) Controlling and using Nature-Science has controlled natural distasters. It has sent satellites and space travellers in the sky. Man has reached the moon and is preparing to reach other planets. He has also become successful in the discovery of God Particle. ,

(8) Disadvantages of Science-It is said the science is a good servant but bad master. It has made man a slave of machines. It has made him lazy and crazy. It has also spread unemployment. With the use of destructive weapons, has created great threat to humanity. An atom bomb can destroy big cities into dust. Harmful chemical weapons too are a great threat to the ‘peaceful life.

(9) Conclusion-To list all the blessings and curses of science is very difficult. In short we can say that science in like a Jinn who can bring many gifts to man, but if uncontrolled it has the power to destroy humanity.

4. India In The Twenty-First Century [2014]

(1) The Glorious Past-Ancient India was better known as golden bird, a world leader in almost every field. But the plunderers and invaders in the medieval period and then the British robbed India of all its glory and prosperity. However, after becoming independent in 1947 India has taken impressive strides in practically every important direction.

(2) Present Scenario-Today, we have emerged as a widely respected and dependable member of the world community. We do not carry a begging bowl any more, rather we help the needy and impoverished nations. Our bright young men and women have successfully proved their superior intellectual powers in foreign countries. They are making laudable contribution to the prosperity of the countries where they work and are also strengthening India’s own economy. As doctors, engineers, IT professionals, industrialists and entrepreneurs, Indians are earning worldwide reputation and wealth.

(3) The Way Ahead-In the twenty-first century, India is all set to assume world leadership in several ways. It is a recognised nuclear power, an acknowledged ‘Yoga Guru’, a globally favoured destination for medical tourism, a popular entertainment resort and a unique nursery of spiritualism. As a social and political system also we have emerged as a force to reckon with, although we must immediately put a stop to corruption and the disintegration of the country on the basis of religion, caste and regionalism.

(4) Conclusion-In view of all these Indian achievements and steady and unmistakable steps of progress it can be unarguably predicted that the twenty-first century shall certainly be India’s century in the true sense.

5. Population Problem [2008]
Or
Any Burning Problem Of India [2010, 15]

(1) Introduction-Looking at the population figures, we come to the conclusion that the population in India has been rapidly increasing. Though this is not a problem of India alone but of the world, it is certain that backward countries like India suffer most from it. In about 10 years the population increases by about five crores. At present it is above 100 crores.

(2) Low Standard of Living-As science is making progress, the death rate is falling due to better medical facilities, while the birth rate is increasing. There is acute shortage of food because of this tremendous increase in population. We have limited resources and national wealth. Due to a large number of people, the income of an individual is very less. People cannot afford enough food, water and other necessities of life. Acute poverty and starvation is the result.

(3) Unemployment-Increasing population is also resulting in unemployment problem. It is becoming very difficult to provide jobs to so many people. This brings frustration among the youth. Unemployment brings unrest and a threat to law, order and peace in the country. The economy of the country may burst out at any time in the country.

(4) The Family Planning-The only solution to this problem is family planning. We will have to check the birth rate. A small family is the need of the hour. We can provide all necessities of our children when their number is limited. Children are the future of the country. If they are healthy and prosperous only then our country can make progress. Hence every adult person should pay attention to it. Our government is fully aware of it and is trying to educate the people about it. So many useful devices have been provided to check the number of births of children.

(5) Marriage at Proper Age-One of the reasons of growing population is early marriage also. People marry their children at a very early age. This results in early pregnancy and birth of children. Now the government has made it compulsory that a girl under 19 and a boy under 21 cannot be married.

(6) Conclusion-People are becoming aware of the problem and we hope that soon we shall bring it under control.

6. A Match I Witnessed (2008)
Or
Any Cricket Match (2009)
Or
Any Interesting Match (2012)

(1) Introduction-Cricket has become a very popular game. Test Matches are played for five days. They are played in two innings. A team may play for as many overs (1 over = 6 balls) till all players are out. Due to length of time, people get bored. Sp now one-day matches of limited overs have become very popular.

(2) One-Day Matches-These matches are played in a day. For the half period one team bats, the other fields. The overs given are generally 50, but it may be lessened. In second half the second team bats and the first one fields. The team that makes more runs is declared victorious. Mostly due to the decision of victory, there is sensation in the match. The persons who watch these games enjoy it. Telecasting of these’matches have made them very popular.

(3) The Match I Witnessed-I witnessed a match played by two very nice cricket clubs of our town. On 25th January, the Subhash Cricket Club and Nehru Cricket Club decided to play a match of 35 overs. On loudspeakers people were informed about this match. I was also eager to witness the match, so 1 bought a ticket for the match. Two of my friends also accompanied me.

(4) The Match-The match was to start at 10 a.m. We reached the ground at 9.30 a.m. The two teams reached the ground. The Nehru Cricket Club won the toss and put Subhash Club in to bat. The match started. Mr. Ajit and Mr. Shamshuddin were the first two players. They played very well. Ajit scored 15 runs with two fours, he was caught by the captain of the other team, when he was sure to get a sixer. Mr. Shamshuddin scored very slowly but he played for a long time, he scored 23 runs and was declared L. B. W. out. The other players also played well and when 35 overs were completed they had scored 151 r&ns with 3 wickets in hand.

(5) The Second Half of the Match-After lunch break from 12 noon to 1.30 p.m. the match resumed. Nehru Club started batting. The height of almost all their players was more than that of the opposite team. The openers played very well. They scored 45 runs. Their captain was a very skilled batsman. He alone made a score of 55 runs. They had to make 152 runs. The Match was very exciting. Subhash Club was trying hard to defeat the Nehru Club. They threw the ball very fast, several times spinning. They wanted to see all the players out soon. But the players of the Nehru Club gave a tough fight. They scored 152 runs in the 33rd over and so won the match with two overs still to go and having 4 wickets in hand.

(6) Conclusion-Prizes were distributed by the Collector of our district. Mr. Amritlal Merwani of Nehru Club was declared the Man of the Match. We enjoyed the match and returned happily to our homes.

7. News Papers [2015]
Or
Importance Of Newspaper [2016]
Or
Power Of The Press Or The Media [2011]

(1) Meaning of ‘The Press’-The word ‘Press’ is collectively used for newspapers and magazines and those parts of radio and television which broadcast and telecast news, views and publicity materials. The term also includes reporters and photographers working for them. ‘Media’ is another name given to whatever is covered under the ‘Press’. These materials are conveniently classified as ‘Print Media’ covering the newspapers and magazines, and ‘Electronic Media’, which include the audio-visual mediums such as Radio and Television.

(2) Its Motive-The function of the Press or the Media is to inform the people, motivate or demotivate them and influence their opinion. It creates a collective public opinion which is the driving force behindevery democracy. Political leaders and parties are always seen working hard to catch media attention so that they can spread their influence far and wide. Elections are won and lost depending on how the Press projects the personalities, the parties and their programmes as also the important incidents involving them.

(3) Its Rol e-The media plays a vital role in spreading social awareness. Tod^y, all social, political and cultural campaigns are launched by media support. It is because of their coverage in the print and electronic media that even children understand the meaning and message behind them.

(4) The Other Side-However, all that the press promotes in the society is not always good. Glitzy presentation and fake publicity promotes unhealthy consumerism and artificial mode of living. We must, therefore, control the evil influences of the Press, otherwise it can do very serious danger to the society.

8. A Visit To A Historical Place [2008, 16]

(1) Introduction-Visiting a place is a sort of education-informal education. It teaches us more than the books do. I like visiting places specially historical places. History is one of my optional subject. Last year our history- teacher took us on a historical tour to Agra.

(2) Visit to the city of Taj-We reached Agra by the Utkal Express at about 10 a.m. We got off at Raja-ki-Mandi station and went to a nearby guest house. After breakfast we hired a tourist bus and reached the famous Taj Mahal.

(3) Historical Buildings We Visited-There was no need of the tourist guide as our history teacher had a very good knowledge of historical buildings of Agra. He told us that Shahjahan built it in the memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz. I liked the beauty of the Taj Mahal but was sorry to know that Shahjahan got the craftsmen’s hands cut off.

After visiting the Taj we visited the Red Fort. It is made of red sandstone. It is so big that we were tired. Then we came back to the guest house and took our lunch. In the evening we did some shopping.

Next day we visited Sikandara and Fatehpur Sikri. Our history teacher told us many interesting things about the Fatehpur Sikri and Salim Chisti-the if saint. We liked the Panch Mahal and the Buland Darwaza. We saw the ponds where the queens used to take bath.

(4) The conclusions-our historical tour taught us much about the history of Agra. We were taken back for a while to the Mughal period of Shahjahan and Akbar. It was very fascinating.

9. Journey By Train
Or
The Happiest Journey You Have Undertaken [2007]

(1) Introduction-I always longed for a long journey by train. A journey by bus is not so thrilling as that by train. So, my joy knew no bounds when our games teacher informed us that our hockey team will go to Jabalpur for taking part in Inter-divisional Tournament. Our players were asked to reach Indore on 4th September.

(2) Preparations-I reached home and informed my parents about my selection for the tournament. My parents blessed me. All other members of the’family too became very much pleased. I took all my necessary clothes and other articles in a bag. Mother prepared some sweets and napkin for me and my friends. We started on 3rd September and reached Indore on the same day by bus. We stayed in a lodge for the night.

(3) At Indore-It was decided that we should go by the Indore-Bilaspur express which left Indore at 2.30 p.m. We got up early in the morning and, took our morning exercises. Then we went out for shopping and visiting some places at Indore. We returned at about 12.00 noon and took our lunch. At about 1.30 p.m. we reached the Railway Station.

(4) The Scene at the Railway Station-We entered the station and saw s that there was a big rush of people there. People were going in and out of the platform. Porters were carrying luggage of the passengers. At the booking office, there was a long queue of the people. As our tickets had been booked in advance, we did not need to purchase them from the booking window.

The train was standing on the platform. The hawkers were selling various articles. Men, women and children were wandering here and there. We entered our compartment. Exactly at 2.30 the guard whistled and the train started moving slowly.

(5) The Journey-I and my friends were feeling the excitement as it was our first long journey by train. When the train moves on rails it produces a rhythmic sound and I like it very much. We feel as if we are swinging on a swing. The train passed over the bridges. We saw vast fields, factories and rows of houses. We saw different types of people. We saw farmers ploughing their fields. The train passed on the curved rails and it gave me great joy to see it running in a curve motion. When we reached Bhopal it was about 8 p.m. So, now we should have a night journey.

At Bhopal several passengers got down and new passengers entered. Our train started from Bhopal. We saw the beauty ofBhopal illuminated by electricity. Jt was moonlit night, so night journey added a new dimension of joy to our journey. 1 saw- silver houses, silver trees and silver fields. A dreamy atmosphere was created. I thanked God for giving me this opportunity to see this aspect of nature, otherwise in electric light of our towns and cities we have lost the enjoyment of the beauty of the Moon and the Stars. At about 2 a.m. our games teacher asked us to sleep for some time. Though I wanted to enjoy the whole night looking out of the window, I had to obey the discipline. So 1 went off to sleep.

(6) Conclusion-1 was awakened by the shouting of our games teacher in the morning. It was day break. We had reached Jabalpur. We got off the train and went to our lodging place. I shall never forget this beautiful journey.

10. The Menace Of Terrorism
Or
Terrorism [2009]
Or
The Problem Of Terrorism [2009]

(1) What is Terrorism?-Terrorism is a violent way of behaving, motivated by political, social or religious beliefs, hatred or ambition, for achieving or promoting a particular objective or cause. It generally aims to overthrow the established order. Terrorist acts are designed to spread fear through indiscriminate, arbitrary and unpredictable violence such as hijacking, kidnapping and mass killings.

(2) Its Spread-Terrorism has now become a global phenomenon. The LTTE has shaken Sri Lanka and killed the young, illustrious Rajiv Gandhi of India. The U.S. lost its twin World Trade Towers with hundreds of people working therein. Grenade attacks on the tube stations in Britain, violence in Afghanistan, Chechenya, North Ireland and terrorist activities in several other countries have left ineffable scars on the face of humanity in general.

(3) Position in India-India has long been an unfortunate victim of this evil perpetrated by a number of militant outfits. Khalistan in Punjab, insurgent groups like ULFA in some north-eastern states, Naxalite groups in a sizeable : part of India and Jehadi terrorism from across the border in Jammu & Kashmir have left this peace loving country bleeding. Now this poison keeps erupting . sporadically anywhere and everywhere. Hijacking of the Indian plane, Mumbai serial blasts in 1993,2006 and recently on 26th Nov. 2008, attacks on the Indian . Parliament, Akshardham temple, Sankatmochan temple, and Ramjanmbhumi temple are all manifestations of this dreadul menace. Because of certain political constraints and weaknesses in the system, India has unfortunately not c succeeded in stopping the spread of terrorism. But, soon we must establish peace in the country.

11. My Ambition (In Life) [2008, 12, 16]

(1) Introduction-Ambition means a strong wish to become something in future. When a student starts learning, his parents and he himself wishes to have an aim in life. Aimless work wastes energy. When the aim is fixed a student follows a particular kind of study using his utmost attention and energy to become perfect in that work.

(2) Several Targets-Some students want to become engineer, some .’ doctor, some technicians, someone wants to become a teacher. A student who wants to become a doctor studies Biology. To become an engineer one has to opt for mathematics in place of Biology. The lawyer has to study – history, politics and economics. Someone who wants to become a teacher has a keen interest in one of the subjects.

(3) New Jobs-The advancement of science and technology has opened ^ . the gates for several kinds of jobs. Polytechnics teach several kinds of jobs civil, mechanical, electrical etc. Computers have brought a revolution in all ‘ walks of life. They work as the brain works. They do several jobs in a fraction „ of a second.

(4) My Ambition-I feel greatly attracted towards computers. When saw small calculators doing complex calculations in seconds, I was filled with _ wonder. I also heard about several youths who have become computer scientists and computer technicians and are earning a lot of money. 1 thought , that this was the course I should adopt in future.

(5) Realities about Computers-Some think that computers are complex and difficult. Others think that computers are capable of solving any problem. Both are wrong. Nothing is difficult if we study with interest. Computers are means not end in themselves. They make difficult and strenuous problems easy.

(6) Conclusion-For studying computer science one must have good knowledge of English language and mathematics. I am very much interested in learning these subjects. My teachers always inspire me to become successful. hope that by the grace of God, blessings of my teachers and elders and by working intelligently hard, 1 shall be successful in fulfilling my ambition.

12. The Evil Of Environmental Pollution
Or
Pollution Problem [2009, 14]

(1) Introduction-The most horrifying problem that confronts humanity today is that of environmental pollution. With the advancement of science and technology coupled with man’s unbridled greed and thoughtless action, the world is increasingly becoming uninhabitable for all forms of life. Earlier, mainly big cities were polluted, but now this menace is fast spreading over small towns and villages as well.

(2) The Cause-Pollution assumes different forms, such as soil pollution, water pollution, air pollution, and noise pollution. People have been digging the earth recklessly and then filling it with toxic waste and industrial effluents that poison the earth’s heart. The upper strata of soil are polluted when, out of his greed for producing more and more crops, man blindly uses chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides. These chemicals flow into pond and rivers with rain water and poison them. Besides, the dirty sewage and industrial effluents are being continuously dumped into rivers. This has polluted almost all the water bodies on earth. Today, unpolluted potable water has become a scarce commodity.

(3) Its Effects-Deforestation and large scale industrialisation have caused global air pollution. Smoke and toxic gaseous emissions from vehicles and industrial activity have caused global warming. The entire atmosphere has been polluted causing respiratory, cardiac, genetic and other physical disorders in humans. Noises created by the roar of vehicles, their horns and hooters and the deafeningly blaring loudspeakers are causing awful damage to man’s health.

(4) Remedies–If we do not check the pollution, it would become impossible for people to survive. The factories and mills must be erected outside the cities. Vehicles should be tuned to produce less smoke. Dirty things should not be allowed to mix in water. The vehicles should be compelled to produce little sound and there should be a complete ban on nuclear tests. Also, an effective way to fight this deadly menace is to return to nature and give up vicious greed.

13. Tree Plantation And Its Importance [2009]
Or
Importance Of Trees [2012]
(Forests and Human Life)

“Any interference with nature is damnable. Not only nature but also people will suffer.

– Anahario

(1) Introduction-Trees are very important for us. They give us fruits to eat and firewood to bum. We build houses and make furniture with their wood. Trees support the life of living things. They give us oxygen to breathe. They absorb the carbon dioxide which we exhale. They produce starch for our food.

(2) Other Services-Trees cause rainfall. Hot days are made cool by trees. They check the surface soil of the earth from being washed away by rains. Trees also help to prevent sudden floods.

(3) Different Kinds of Trees-There are various kinds of trees that fulfill our needs. Rubber trees supply rubber. Every part of the coconut tree can be put to some use or other. The sap of the cow tree is used in place of milk.

(4) Usefulness to Animals-The branches of trees give shelter to millions of birds. Forests give shelter to many wild animals. The leaves of the trees are food for animals. Many insects also depend on trees for their lives.

(5) Other Importance-We value trees not only for their usefulness but also for their beauty. They refresh our eyes and mind. The Rishis of the olden days lived in forests. They had their ashrams there. These were the centres of knowledge and learning. Trees help to check pollution.

(6) Urgent Need of Planting Trees-In olden days large areas of India were covered with forests. As the population grew, trees began to be cut down for man’s use. That is how a great part of forest wealth is lost. While the forests are disappearing, the demand for timber and wood is growing. We must, therefore, protect and develop our forests. We are trying to replace this loss. Our Government wants trees to be planted all over the country. ‘Van Mahotsava’ has been started for this purpose. During this week lakhs of saplings are planted throughout the country. Trees are the country’s wealth. We must consider it our sacred duty to protect them. We should plant new trees wherever we can and look after them properly.

(7) Conclusion-The Government has started a programme of ‘Samajik Vaniki’ for this purpose. Plants are freely distributed to the citizens. They also provide advice for their care and development. It is the duty of every citizen to plant at least one tree and take its full care.

14. Dowry Problem

(1) Introduction-Marriage in the Hindu religion is not merely tying of a girl and a boy for life. It is a ‘Sanskar. It is joining of so many families and relations. So many rites are performed before and after the main function. These continue for a number of days and involves a lot of expenditure by both the sides.

(2) The Barat Entertainment-The bride’s family bears the heaviest burden. It has not only to care for the guests and relatives of its side, it has to pay special attention to the ‘Baraties’. These people behave themselves as V.V.l. Ps and the bride side has to bear all their coquetries. Up to some extent it is good to entertain the guests. But sometimes it goes too far and ends in bitterness and strains in the relations.

(3) Kanyadan-The marriage of a daughter is considered as ‘Kanyadan’ and a ‘Dan’ without ‘Dakshina’ is useless. Hence the father of the bride has to give ‘Dan’ in cash and kind. Previously it may have been justified to give some of the articles of daily use to the new couple to settle the ‘Grahasthi’. But slowly and gradually it involved luxurious articles like Fridge, Scooter, Colour TV, Washing Machines etc. and big sums in cash.

(4) A Social Evil-The Dowry has become a social evil and it is eating away the Hindu society. All persons cannot spend so much money. The bridegroom side extracts full advantage of the situation. A bridegroom who is highly educated or nicely employed sells himself at auction and is carried away by the highest bidder. The father of a daughter, however good looking and highly educated his daughter might be cannot find a nice Dulha if he does not possess enough money.

(5) Remedy-This evil must be removed from society. Some attempts have been made in this direction when it was found that the ‘brides’ were harrased and either they were burnt or compelled to commit suicide. An AntiDowry law has been brought into force. Some young men ‘and progressive and reformative persons have also tried to check it.

(6) Conclusion-The measures are still not sufficiently effective. Police itself cannot take action against anybody. Secondly the bride’s side cannot run the risk of the daughter’s future. Hence the whole burden lies with the youth. If they take a vow not to accept any dowry, only then it can be controlled and checked.

15. Reservations In India

(1) The Objective of Reservations-The framers of our constitution made a special provision for safeguarding the interests of the traditionally exploited, deprived and weaker sections of the Indian society. They recommended positive discrimination in favour of these classes in order to bring them on a par with the rest of the people. For that purpose the castes and tribes that were socially and economically weak were listed in the schedule for planned development. These are now known as ‘scheduled castes’ and ‘scheduled tribes’. Reservation of seats in educational institutions and jobs in the public sector were some of the measures for their welfare.

(2) After-effects of Reservation-These reservations in a given proportion were intended to continue until these deprived classes came up to the level of the general sections. All political parties supported these reservations, but gradually their own political interest became more important than the original motive behind reservations. For votes, government created another group of traditionally weak castes. It is known as ‘Other Backward Castes’ (OBCS). These castes were also given the benefit of reservation.

(3) The Present time-Now there are demands for even religion based reservations. More castes and religious outfits, even converted groups, are extent it is good to entertain the guests. But sometimes it goes too far and ends in bitterness and strains in the relations.

(3) Kanyadan-The marriage of a duaghter is considered as ‘Kanyadan’ and a ‘Dan’ without ‘Dakshina’ is useless. Hence the father of the bride has to give ‘Dan’ in cash and kind. Previously it may have been justified to give some of the articles of daily use to the new couple to settle the ‘Grahasthi’. But slowly and gradually it involved luxurious articles like Fridge, Scooter, Colour TV, Washing Machines etc. and big sums in cash.

(5) Remedy-This evil must be removed from society. Some attempts have been made in this direction when it was found that the ‘brides’ were harrased and either they were burnt or compelled to commit suicide. An AntiDowry law has been brought into force. Some young men and progressive and reformative persons have also tried to check it.

15. Reservations In India

(3) The Present time-Now there ar6 demands for even religion based reservations. More castes and religious outfits, even converted groups, are clamouring for reservation in education and employment. The quota of reservations is increasingly growing and the opportunities foF even the talented poor in the general classes are shrinking. This is creating frustration and anger among the general classes. This critical situation urgently needs to be brought under control through a judicious review of the reservation policy to help the genuinely needy people.

16. Cleanliness Drive
Or
Swachhta Abhiyan

‘Cleanliness is Godliness’

– Mahatma Gandhi

(1) Introduction-‘Cleanliness’ is not a work which we should do forcefully. It is a good habit and healthy way of our healthy life. All type of cleanliness is very necessary for our good health whether it is personal cleanliness, surrounding cleanliness, environment cleanliness, pet animal cleanliness or work place cleanliness (like school, college, office etc.) We all should be highly aware about how to maintain cleanliness in our daily lives. It is very simple to include cleanliness in our habit. We should never compromise with cleanliness, it is necessary as food and water for us. It should be practiced from the childhood which can only be initiated by each parent as a first and foremost responsibility.

(2) Problem of Uncleanliness-People of India, in general are not aware of the loss due to uncleanliness. Modiji drew attention of the people of India toward uncleanly habits. It is a great hindrance on the path of progress. We throw refuse anywhere on the roads, on public places like bus-stands, railway stations, hospitals, in buses and trains etc. This makes our surroundings ugly and spreads diseases. Stray animals too spread dirtyness. This also creates wrong impression on foreigners. They laugh at us. Foreign tourists also avoid coming to India.

(3) Cleanliness Drive-Clean India Mission is a national campaign by the Government of India, covering 4041 statutory towns, to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country.

This campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi, where Prime Minister Narendra Modi himself cleaned the road. It is India’s biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million government employees and school and college students of India participated in this event. The mission was started by Prime Minister Modi, who nominated nine famous personalities for the campaign, and they took up the challenge and nominated nine more people and so on (like the branching of a tree). It has been carried forward since then with people from all walks of life joining it.

(4) Other Activities-Modiji in a public meeting administered the oath Qf cleanliness to several political workers, students and other people. He asked them to make cleanliness a habit. They should stop throwing refuse in public places like hotels, restaurants, parks etc.

(5) Model-Our country should be neat and clean like other modern countries. Our roads should be neat and clean. A programme of cleaning our rivers the Ganga and Yamuna has also been started. Our cities and villages should be models. Our countrymen have given their whole hearted support to this programme.

(6) Conclusion-Modiji wants that our country should become like other modern countries. It should be a model country in the world. It should again be leader in the world. For this we should whole heartedly support the government. Specially our youth must come forward and make our country great. We should keep our houses, surroundings, villages, cities and towns clean. They should look beautiful and joyful in living.

17. The Value Of Games And Sports [2011]
Or
Importance Of Sports And Games [2013, 15]

(1) Introduction-Games and sports are an important part of education. They help in the development of the physique and mind of the student. A sound body possesses a sound mind. If we are weak and §ick we cannot have a fertile brain. Games keep us active and make us smart.

The importance of health in human life could be very well understood from the following Arabian proverb “He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.”

(2) Physical and Mental Education-Gandhiji said, “Physical training should have as much place in curriculum as mental training’. Mere bookish knowledge would not lead to proper development of a personality. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Mere studies would not suffice. Similarly mere sports won’t do. The two should be blended in a suitable proportion so that the students can have the best of them. They should not only develop the mind but also the body. Both are essential for a wholesome personality.

(3) Other Benefits-Games and sports do not merely keep us healthy and physically fit, they also inculcate in young people the duty of loyalty. These qualities can be summed up in a word ‘sportsmanship’. The first and the foremost thing that games teach us is to take victory and defeat alike. In every game, there are two parties. One wins and the other loses. The winners need not be over-zealous and the loser ones should not get asperated. Both the parties should greet each other heartily after the game. Secondly, games and sports teach us discipline. Every player must obey his or her captain. He has to play obeying all the rules of the games. He has also to abide by the decision of the referee or umpire. Thirdly, games broaden our outlook. The players need have no bias. They should treat other players alike.

The player ought not to differentiate between one another on the basis of nationality, caste, creed or colour. The games promote international brotherhood and affection amongst the people of the world. Thus, they promote world peace too. The Reliance Cup 1987 organised jointly by Pakistan and India is an example. unemployment. As the age of machines advances, an ever-increasing number of people are thrown out of service. Lack of enterprise and hard labour among youth is also responsible for unemployment. Our youth hesitates to undertake any enterprise. They lack adventurous nature. They also abhor jobs in which hard labour and continuous work for a long time is needed. Hence, they shirk doing strenuous work and as such remain without work, while work is waiting for them.

(4) Remedies-The problem of unemployment is an economic one. It is essential, therefore, that the economic policy of the country be overhauled. Government has taken several steps in this direction. The banks have been nationalised. Banks are granting soft loans to unemployed persons who wish to start some factory, shop, or some other business. Various steps have been taken under 20-points programme to solve the rural unemployment problem. Several new jobs have been created. With the advancement of technology and mechanical advancement, job opportunities have increased. ‘Jawahar Rojgar Yojana’ has been started to solve the unemployments However, these measures do not outweigh the problem.

The increasing population is also to be controlled. Government is giving many incentives to the people to control the birth of children under family planning programmes. A lot has been achieved in this field too and much is left.

Wise use of machinery should also be made. Ill-planned and reckless industrialization has posed big problems. This needs deep thinking. Our government has become aware of this and many steps have been taken in this direction.

More stress should be laid on technical and vocational education. The present bookish education which produces clerks should be changed.

(5) Conclusion-Our country cannot advance economically, politically or socially unless this problem is solved. Many a social evil is spread through the unemployed. Unrest and disorder increase in society. It is a matter of satisfaction that the top priority has been given to this problem in our Five Year Plans.

MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input

December 7, 2020

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for General English Composition Based on Visual Input Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Objective Questions Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Objective Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in General English Composition Based on Visual Input. Here, along with the subject knowledge, General English Composition Based on Visual Input knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

Example 1.
Given ahead is a picture of two bulls and one lion in a jungle. Write a short composition based on it of 80-100 words. [2008]
MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input 1
Answer:

The Lion’S Trick

There were two bulls living in a jungle. They were fast friends. They helped each other. There was a lion. He wanted to eat them. But even the lion was afraid of them. So he thought a plan to separate them and kill them one by one. One day he whispered something in the ear of the first bull. The next day he whispered something in the ear of the second bull. Thus, the lion succeeded in separating them. One day he killed one of them. Another day he killed the other. The story teaches us a lesson that union is a strength.

Example 2.
Give a short description covering the details of the picture given below: [2009]
MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input 2
Answer:

The Clever Fox

Once a fox fell into a well. He tried, again and again, to jump out, but he failed. The well was too deep. After a little while a goat passed by. She was thirsty. She looked into the well. She saw the fox in it. She asked the fox, “What are you doing there?” The cunning fox replied, “I am drinking water. It is very cool.” As the goat was thirsty, she jumped into the well. The fox jumped upon the goat’s back and jumped out of the well and ran away. He did not stay to help the goat out. It is rightly said, “Look before you leap.”

Example 3.
Give a short description covering the details from the picture given below. [2011]
MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input 3
Answer:
There are many religions in the world namely-Hindu, Islam, Christian, Buddhism, Jews etc. All of them teach man to live a virtuous life. They ask him to be kind and loving, sympathic, peaceful and tolerant. But some of the leaders of these religions think that their religion is better than all the other religions. They ask people to hate and hurt other religion’s people and compel them ot adopt their religion. They spread violence and cruelty. Such person are a great threat to the peace in the world. In our country the various followers of many religions live happily with the people of other religions. They are tolerant and consider all human beings as their brothers. This is the real spirit of religion. We can make progress and prosperity only when there is peace and happiness.

Example 4.
Given below is a picture of a boat trip. Write a short composition based on the picture. [2009]
MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input 4
Answer:

A Boat-Trip

During the last summer vacation, I went to Mumbai. Two friends of mine were also with me. We visited several places there. Lastly, we decided to see the Elephanta Caves. They are on an island. It is about thirty kilometers from Mumbai.
It was a beautiful day. The weather was excellent. After a few minutes of sailing a lady got up. She announced herself our guide. She told us that the boat would reach the island in an hour. She pointed towards the harbour. Several ships were anchored there.

The most charming sight was that of the sea. It looked like a blue saucer. The sky was like a bowl put upside down. The waves hit our boat. White foam was produced. Sometimes water came over our faces. One foreigner had a guitar with him. We requested him to play on it. He played many lovely songs. Time flew fast. We reached our destination in almost no time.

Example 5.
Write a short description covering the details of the picture given below in 80-100 words.
MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input 5
Answer:

Mischief Hurts, Sometimes

A king’s elephant was daily taken for a bath in a river. On the way there was a tailor’s shop. The elephant used to place his trunk near the tailor through a window. The tailor gave him something or other to eat. One day the tailor-made mischief. The elephant put his trunk in as he always did. The tailor pricked his trunk with his needle. The elephant drew back his trunk and went away in pain.

The elephant went to the river. After bathing he filled his trunk with mud and water. When he passed by the tailor’s shop, he thrust his trunk into the tailor’s shop and poured the muddy water into the shop. All the new clothes were spoiled. It was tit for tat.

Example 6.
Give a short description covering the details of the picture given on next page in 80-100 words.
Answer:

Unity Is Strength

A king had three sons. But the king was not happy as his sons were always quarreling among themselves. One day the king brought a bundle of sticks and asked his Sons to break it. Each of them tried his best but could not break it. Then the king untied the bundle and asked his sons to break the sticks separately. They broke the sticks very easily. The king told them that none of them could break the sticks when they were tied together. But
MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input 6
when they were untied, they were broken easily. Remember, ‘united we stand, divided we fall’. Real strength lies in unity.

Example 7.
Give a short description covering the details of the picture given below: [2008]
MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input 7

Answer:

Shepherd And His Sheep

A shepherd takes great care of his sheep. From morning to evening he wanders with his sheep. He loves every one of his sheep. When he hears the lamb’s innocent call his heart is full ofjoy. He also hears Ewe’s (i.e., female sheep) reply. All the sheep also love him very much. They feel safe because they know that their master is near them. A story in the Bible describes how a shepherd lost his one sheep and he searched it. His 99 sheep were safe, yet he found the lost sheep with much labour. He did not take rest until he found the lost one. ¡n the picture the shepherd is feeding his sheep.

Example 8.
Smoking harms the smoker as well as the non- smoker. It should be banned in public places. Look at the picture given on next page and write your views on the subject in an article for publication in your school magazine. Your article should not exceed 100 words.

Give a short description covering the details of the picture given below:
MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input 8

Ban Smoking

The dangers of smoking are very serious. We cannot dismiss them lightly. Practically all major disorders are caused by smoking as well as aggravated and made worse. High B.P., heart disorders and cancer are the major killer diseases caused by smoking. Few people realise that non- smokers can also suffer from the diseases induced by smoking if they go on inhaling the smoke from other people’s smoking. Our government has realised the harms of smoking and has put ban on smoking in public places.

Exercise

1. The picture below shows the various forms of child labour. Write a paragraph using the picture in 80-100 words.
MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input 9

2. During the summer vacation, Rajesh visited his grandfather living in his native village Gauripur. It was a very pleasant yet unusual experience for him. Look at the pictures given below and write about this and other such experiences in 80-100 words.
MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input 10

3. Write a short composition covering the details of the picture given below. [2009]
MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input 11

MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Exercises

December 7, 2020

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for General English Grammar Exercises Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Exercises

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Objective Questions Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Objective Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in General English Grammar Exercises. Here, along with the subject knowledge, General English Grammar Exercises knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

1. Objective Type Questions

Fill in the blanks using correct words given in the brackets:
(i) Can you give me more Information? (some, any, many) [2009]
(ii) He did not buy sugar from the shop, (some, any, many)
(iii) room of this hotel has a cooler. (Each, Every, AH)
(iv) you like moving a bit? (Would, Should, Could)
(v) We obey the rules of the road. (should, ought to, must) [2009]
(vi) If I were rich, I give my money to the poor. (can, would, may) [2015]
(vii) Mohan is M.A. of Vikram University, (a, an, the) [2009]
(viii) I had to face trouble. (much, many, a few)
(ix) My father teaches in University. (a, an the) (2013, 15)
(x) I borrow this book for a day? (Can, Dare, Need)
(xi) It rain today. (can, may, might)
(xii) God bless you ! (Can, Will, May)
(xiii) Sunil the window yesterday, (shut/shuts/shutting) [2010]
(xiv) I played chess while my brothers kite, (fly, flies, flew) [2012]
(xv) it was getting late, I sent for a taxi. (Since, When, Though)
(xvi) Please wait here I come back. (when, till, as)
(xvii) Italy is European country. (a, an, the) [2009]
(xviii) She tried both keys but worked. (either, or, neither)
(xix) When he was young, he cross the river, (can, could, would)
(xx) They were homework by the teacher. (allot, allotting, allotted) [2009]
(xxi) Grammar is by Abhishek. (like, liking, liked) [2009]
(xxiii) She did not make mistake in the essay.(some, any) [2015]
(xxiv) Nidhi answered twenty questions correctly. (all, whole, enough) [2015]
(xxv) She usually Hindi. (speaks, spoke, spoken) [2015]
(xxii) I want a fresh apple. Have you? (any, some, much) [2010]
(xxvi) He is honour to his profession. (a, an, the)
(xxvii) How chairs do we need? (much, some, many)
(xxviii) In the games field we follow the rules, (might should, may)
(xxix) You should not give up studies you get the scholarship. (as soon as, as well as, as long as)
(xxx) Stop and start living happily, (worrying, worry, worried)
Answer
(i) some,
(ii) any,
(iii) Each,
(iv) Would,
(v) ought to,
(vi) would,
(vii) an,
(viii) much,
(ix) a,
(x) Can,
(xi) may,
(xii) May,
(xiii) shut,
(xiv) flew,
(xv) Since,
(xvi) till,
(xvii) a,
(xviii) neither,
(xix) could,
(xx) allotted,
(xxi) liked,
(xxii) any,
(xxiii) any,
(xxiv) all,
(xxv) speaks,
(xxvi) an,
(xxvii) many,
(xxviii) should,
(xxix) as long as,
(xxx) worrying.

2. Do As Directed

A. (i) Sunita has prepared tea for us. (Change into Present Indefinite Tense)
(ii) They made him captain. (Change the voice)
(iii) He was in the habit of walking in the morning. (Rewrite using ‘used to’)
(iv) I did it. (Change into negative) [2010, 15]
(v) I get up early in the morning so that I may go for a walk. (Change into simple sentence)
(vi) You will come tomorrow. (Add a question tag)
(vii) Mohan is the cleverest boy in the class. (Rewrite using Positive Degree) [2009]
Answer:
(i) Sunita prepares tea for us.
(ii) He was made captain.
(iii) He used to walk in the morning.
(iv) I did not do it.
(v) I get up early in the morning to go for a walk.
(vi) You will come tomorrow. Won’t you?
(vii) No other boy in the class is as clever as Mohan.

B. (i) They are not eager to learn. (Change into Interrogative)
(ii) He works hard. He may pass the examination. (Combine the sentences using ‘so that’)
(iii) As soon as the rats see the cat they run away. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘no sooner than’ in place of ‘As soon as’)
(iv) If he does not work properly, he will be punished. (Begin with : unless he )
(v) She was reading since 8 O’clock. (Change into Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
(vi) She speaks Marathi at home. (Change into Passive Voice)
(vii) (1) Gopal is my friend.
(2) He has topped the merit list. (Combine both sentences making a relative clause) [2011]
Answer:
(i) Are they not eager to learn?
(ii) He works hard so that he may pass the examination.
(iii) No sooner do the rats see the cat than they run away.
(iv) Unless he works properly, he will be punished.
(v) She has been reading since 8 O’clock.
(vi) Marathi is spoken at home by her.
(vii) Gopal who is my friend has topped the merit list.

C. (i) Our team won the match. (Change into Past Perfect Tense) [2009, 10]
(ii) The earth is not as big as the sun. (Rewrite using ‘bigger than’)
(iii) Hockey is played by him. (Change into active voice)
(iv) Students respect their teachers. (Change into interrogative)
(v) He was a poor child. (Change into interrogative) [2009]
(vi) He is my friend. (Add’a question tag)
(vii) I saw a beautiful bird. (Rewrite using ‘relative clause’) [2014]
(viii) They are cutting the tree. (Change into Present Perfect) [2013]
Answer:
(i) Our team had won the match.
(ii) The sun is bigger than the earth.
(iii) He plays hockey.
(iv) Do students respect their teachers?
(v) Was he a poor child?
(vi) He is my friend. Isn’t he?
(vii) I saw a bird who was beautiful.
(viii) They have cut the tree.

D. (i) Earth turns on its axis. (Rewrite using suitable article where necessary)
(ii) Gwalior is not as big as Bhopal. (Rewrite using comparative degree)
(iii) He is so young that he cannot run fast. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘too’)
(iv) Sudhir gave me a pen. (Change into past perfect tense) [2014]
(v) India exports tea. (Change the voice)
(vi) I saw a beautiful bird. (Rewrite using relative clause)
(vii) Monu is hard working. Sonu is not so. (Combine the sentence using ‘than’) [2009]
(viii) (1) Who is the dancer?
(2) The chief guest wanted to know. (Combine the sentence using a noun clause) [2011]
(ix) Unless you work hard, you cannot make up your loss. (Transform into a compound sentence) [2013]
Answer:
(i) The Earth turns on its axis.
(ii) Bhopal is bigger than Gwalior.
(iii) He is too young to run fast.
(iv) Sudhir had given me a pen.
(v) Tea is exported by India.
(vi) I saw a bird which was beautiful.
(vii) Monu is hard working than Sonu.
(viii) The chief guest wanted to know who is the dancer.
(ix) Work hard or you cannot make up your loss.

E. (i) Mr. Sharma teaches us English. (Change into Present Perfect Tense)
(ii) When Kiran called I was (sleep). (Use the correct form of the verb and rewrite the sentence)
(iii) We do not hate the poor. (Change into Passive Voice) [2013]
(iv) An honest man is trusted by all. (Change into active Voice)
(v) The boy is my brother. He is wearing a red cap. (Combine the sentences using relative clause)
(vi) My sister is a doctor. My sister lives in Bhopal. (Combine the sentences with the conjunction ‘who’) [2009]
(vii) (1) He did not come to school on time.
(2) He did not complete his homework. (Combine the sentences into a compound sentence using ‘neither….nor’) [2011]
(viii) Hari opens the gate in the morning. (Change into Future indefinite Tense) [2012]
(ix) He purchased a new can (Change into interrogative) [2012]
(x) I will get ready. Wait till then. (Combine the sentences to make a complex sentence) [2013]
(xi) Where do you live?. (Change into past simple) [2014]
(xii) My aunt (walk) in the garden when I met her. (Use the correct tense and rewrite) [2014]
(xiii) The weather is so hot. I cannot go outside. (Combine using too-to) [2015]
Answer:
(i) Mr. Sharma has taught us English.
(ii) When Kiran called I was sleeping.
(iii) The poor are not hated by us.
(iv) All trust an honest man.
(v) The boy who is wearing a red cap is my brother.
(vi) My sister who lives in a Bhopal is a doctor.
(vii) He neither comes to school on time nor complete his homework.
(viii) Hari will open the gate in the morning.
(ix) Did he purchase a new car?
(x) Wait till I get ready.
(xi) Where did you live?
(xii) Was walking.
(xiii) Weather is too hot for me to go outside.

F. (i) They have changed the date of the meeting. (Change into passive voice) [2016]
(ii) That he failed in the examination was unfortunate. (Rewrite the sentence beginning with ‘It’ ) [2016]
(iii)(a) The man is the captain of the team.
(b) The man is wearing a blue cap. (Combine the sentences into relative clause using ‘who’) [2016]
(a) The car is badly damaged.
(b) It cannot be repaired. (Combine into simple sentence using too – to) [2016]
(iv) He goes to school at ten. (Frame a question using ‘when’) [2016]
(v) He can’t drive a car.
(vi) He can’t ride a motor-cycle. (Combine the sentences using ‘neither—nor’) [2016]
(vii) Unless you work hard you will not pass. (Rewrite the sentence beginning with) [2016]
Answer:
(i) The date of meeting has been changed by them.
(ii) It was unfortunate that he failed in the examination.
(iii) The man who is wearing a blue cap is the captain of the team.
(iv) The car is too much damaged that it cannot be repaired.
(v) When does he go to school?
(vi) He can neither drive a car not ride a motor-cycle.
(vii) If you do not work hard, you will not pass.

MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Complex Sentences

December 7, 2020

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MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Complex Sentences

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Complex Sentences – पिछले Chapter में हमने Sentences मात्र निरन्तरता के आधार पर Combine करना सीखा था। जब दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences इस प्रकार जोड़े जायें कि वे अपने अर्थ को पूरा करने के लिए परस्पर निर्भर हों, उनमें कोई विशेष सम्बन्ध हो तो ऐसे Simple Sentences जुड़कर एक Complex Sentence का निर्माण करते हैं। इनमें

(1) एक Principal या Main Clause होता है।
(2) शेष Subordinate Clauses कहलाते हैं।
(a) Noun clauses,
(b) Adjective या Relative clauses,
(c) Adverb clauses कहलाते हैं।
Note – Clause = जुड़ा हुवा Simple sentence !

Subordinating Conjunctions
(योजक शब्द)

(a) Simple Subordinators
Asm – after, although, as, because, before, if, since, that, though, till, until, unless, when, where, while, etc.
(b) Compound Subordinators so that, such that, as far as, as long as, as soon as, etc.
(c) Correlative Subordinators.
(इनका एक भाग एक जगह व दूसरा भाग दूसरी जगह जुड़ता है) –
If….then, although/though….yet, so…..as, so…..that, such…..that, such….as, same…..as, no sooner….than.

एक Complex sentence में कितने ही Simple sentences जुड़कर clauses कहलाते हैं
As –
(a) This man is a thief.
यह आदमी चोर है।

(b) This man entered the compartment.
इस आदमी ने कम्पार्टमेंट में प्रवेश किया।

(d) My brother is an inspector.
मेरा भाई एक इंस्पेक्टर है।

Complex Sentence The man who entered the compartment is a thief whom my brother, who is an inspector, caught him red-handed.
यह आदमी जिसने कम्पार्टमेंट में प्रवेश किया एक चोर है, जिसे मेरे भाई ने जो एक इंस्पेक्टर है, रंगे हाथों पकड़ा।
Synthesis (संश्लेषण) – Simple sentences को जोड़कर Complex sentence बनाने को Synthesis कहते हैं। (उदाहरण – उपर्युक्त)
Analysis (विश्लेषण) – किसी Complex sentence को clauses में विभक्त करना Analysis Thesis

As –
उपर्युक्त Complex sentence को निम्न तरह से Analyse करेंगे :
(a) Principal clause – The man is a thief.
(b) Subordinate clause – _Who entered the compartment.
Relation – Relative (or Adjective) clause qualifying the noun ‘the man’ in (a).
(C) Subordinate clause – Whom my brother caught red-handed.
Relation – Relative clause qualifying the noun the thief in (a).
(d) Subordinate clause who is an inspector.
Relation—Relative clause qualifying the noun ‘my brother’ in (c).

Important Rules

Simple sentences को combine करते समय कुछ महत्त्वपूर्ण Rules का पालन करना होता है
Rule 1.
Principal clause किसीबी प्रकार का your fat (Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Optative या Exclamatory) हो सकते है-
As –
(a) Assertive — know that he is a fool.
(b) Interrogative –
(i) Do you know that he is a fool?
(ii) How do you know that he is a fool?
(c) Imperative – Give me the same book as I gave you.
(d) Optative – May his brother who has lost the control of theplane land safely.
(e) Exclamatory – How great a fool he is who thinks that he candecide the fate of others.

Rule 2.
किन्तु Subordinate clause केवल assertive ही होगा। यदि वह अन्य Toht for a H assertive that JIST GIMI
As –
(a) Assertive – I know that he is a fool.
(b) Interrogative
(i) He asks if father has taken tea. (Has father taken tea?)
(ii) He asks why father has not taken food.
(Why has father not taken food?)
(c) Imperative – The teacher advised me to get up early. (Get up early).
(d) Optative – He wished that I may win the election. (May you win the election).
(e) Exclamatory – He exclaimed that the scene was lovely. (How lovely the scene is?)

Rule 3.
Sentences जोड़ने पर Rule of Sequence of Tense का पालन करना होता है।

Rule Of Sequence Of Tense

English language में उपर्युक्त नियम तथा Sequence of Tenses का Rule अति – महत्त्वपूर्ण है। चूंकि ये दोनों नियम हिन्दी व्याकरण में नहीं हैं, अतः हम English में Kinds of Sentences का परिवर्तन तथा Tenses का सही उपयोग नहीं कर पाते या हमें उसे समझने में कठिनाई होती है।

Examples,
He informs me that his friend is leaving.
वह मुझे सूचित करता है कि उसका मित्र जा रहा है।

He informed me that his friend was leaving.
उसने मुझे सूचित किया कि उसका मित्र जा रहा है। (न कि जा रहा था)

The Principle
The Sequence of Tenses is the principle according to which the tense of the verb in a Subordinate clause follows the tense of the verb in the Principal Clause.

काल अनुक्रम वह सिद्धान्त है जिसके अनुसार किसी Complex sentences के Subordinate clause/clauses ont Verb/Verbs at Tense, Principal Clause it Verb की Tense का अनुगमन करती है।

Rule 1.
A Present or Future Tense in the Principal Clause may be followed by any tense required by the sense of the Subordinate clause.
यदि Principal Clause की Verb Present Tense या Future Tense में हो तो Subordinate Clause की Verb उसके अर्थ के अनुसार किसी भी Tense की हो सकती है, उसमें किसी परिवर्तन की आवश्यकता नहीं होती।

Examples

Principal Clause – Subordinate Clause
You know – that he is doing right.
You know – that he was doing right.
He says – that he will go there.
You will find – that she works well.
I shall tell you – what I can do.

Rule 2.
किन्तु यदि Principal clause की Verb Past Tense की हो तो उसके अनुसार Subordinate clause की Verb को निम्नानुसार परिवर्तित करना होगा
(a) यदि Subordinate clause की Verb Present Tense में है तो उसे Past Tense में परिवर्तित कर प्रयोग करना होगा।
(b) यदि Subordinate clause की Verb Past Tense में हो, तो निम्नानुसार परिवर्तित होगा :

Original (मूल) – Change (परिवर्तन)
Past Indefinite – Past Perfect
Past Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous
शेष में – कोई परिवर्तन नहीं।

(c) Subordinate clause a Verb Future Tense Ft Future Tense के Modal, Auxiliary, shall/will को should/would…… में परिवर्तित कर प्रयोग लायेंगे।
(d) अन्य Modal Auxiliaries का Past Tense प्रयोग में लायेंगे।

Examples-
MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Complex Sentences 1

Note : उपर्युक्त उदाहरण, उदाहरणार्थ ही हैं।

Special Rule

उपर्युक्त Rule 2 के अपवादस्वरूप तीन मुख्य नियम हैं।

Rule 3.
(Exception to Rule 2) नियम 2 का अपवाद –
A Past Tense in the Principal clause may be followed by a Present Tense in the Subordinate clause when the Subordinate clause expresses some universal truth.

यदि किसी Subordinate clause में कोई सर्वाभौम सत्य प्रकट किया गया हो तो उसके Present Tense को यथावत रखा जा सकता है भले ही Principal clause की Verb Past Tense की हो।

Examples :
1. The teacher taught us that the earth is round.
शिक्षक ने हमें सिखाया कि पृथ्वी गोल है।

2. The king said that all men are mortal.
राजा ने कहा कि सभी मनुष्य नश्वर हैं।

3. He learnt from his experience that pride has a fall.
उसने अपने अनुभव से सीखा कि गर्व का पतन होता है।

4. Galileo proved that the earth moves round the Sun.
गैलिलिओ ने सिद्ध किया कि पृथ्वी सूर्य का चक्कर लगाती है।

5. The teacher taught us that the three angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles.
शिक्षक ने हमें सिखाया कि किसी त्रिकोण के तीनों कोणों का योग दो समकोण के बराबर होता है।

Rule 4.
When the Subordinate clause is introduced by the conjunction of comparison ‘than’, then Rule 2 does not apply at all.
जब कोई Subordinate clause conjunction ‘than’ से प्रारम्भ होता है तब कोई – सा भी Tense किसी भी Tense के बाद आ सकता है।

Examples :
Principal clause – Subordinate clause.

1. She likes you better than she likes me.
वह जितनी अच्छी तरह से मुझे चलती है उससे ज्यादा अच्छी तरह तुम्हें चाहती है।

2. She liked you better than she likes me.
3. She will like you better than she has liked me.
4. She has liked you better than she liked me etc.

Note : Comparison यदि as well as से प्रकट हो, तो यही नियम लागू होता है।
As –
1. She likes he as well as she liked him.
वह मुझे उसी प्रकार चाहती है जैसे व उसे चाहती थी।

2. She likes me as well as she likes him.
वह मुझे व उसे समान रूप से चाहती है।

Rule 5.
(A) जब Adverb Clause of Purpose, Principal clause से जोड़ा जाय तथा Principal clause की verb Present अथवा Future में हो, तो Subordinate clause verb may’ (Present Tense) में प्रकट की जानी चाहिए।
e.g. –
1. He works hard so that he may pass.
वह श्रम करता है ताकि वह सफल हो सके।

2. He will work hard so that he may pass.
वह श्रम करेगा ताकि वह सफल हो सके।

(B) किन्तु यदि Principal Clause की Verb Past Tense में हो, तो Subordinate clause ‘might’ (Past Tense) का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।
e.g. –
1. He worked hard that he might pass.
उसने श्रम किया ताकि वह सफल हो सके।

2. He was working hard that he might pass.
वह श्रम कर रहा था ताकि वह सफल हो सके।

(C) यदि Subordinate clause का प्रारम्भ Conjunction – lest (अन्यथा) से प्रारम्भ हो तो Subordinate clause में modal – should का प्रयोग किया जाता है भले ही Principal clause किसी भी Tense का हो।
e.g. –
1. She works hard lest she should fail. (= She may not fail.)
वह श्रम करती है ताकि वह असफल न हो।

2. She worked hard lest she should fail. (= She might not fail.)
3. She will work hard lest she should fail. (= She may not fail.)

Subordinate Clauses

जैसा कि हम पूर्व में जान चुके हैं, Complex Sentence Simple Sentences का एक ऐसा Group है जो दूसरे से घनिष्ठ रूप से सम्बन्धित होते हैं। जुड़ जाने के बाद ये Clauses कहलाते हैं तथा मुख्य Simple Sentence जिसमें अन्य Simple Sentences जुड़ते हैं Principal Clause कहलाता है। जुड़ने वाले Simple Sentences को Subordinate clauses कहा जाता है। सभी Subordinate clauses प्रत्यक्षतः या अप्रत्यक्षत: Principal Clause से जुड़े होते हैं किन्तु Principal Clause किसी से जुड़ा नहीं होता है, वह स्वतन्त्र होता है। Subordinate Clause के प्रारम्भ में सामान्यतः एक Conjunction होता है किन्तु Principal Clause के पूर्व नहीं।

प्रत्येक Subordinate clause किसी Principal clause या अन्य Subordinate clause से जुड़कर
1. Noun का
2. Adjective का या
3. Adverb का कार्य (Function) करता है।
A. Noun Clauses,
B. Adjective या Relative clauses,

C. Adverb clauses हम प्रारम्भिक तौर पर ऐसे Complex Sentences का अध्ययन करेंगे जिनमें दो clauses हों। किसी Complex Sentence में ये तीनों प्रकार के clauses कितनी भी संख्या में हो सकते हैं। यहाँ हम clauses का सरल से कठिन के क्रम में अध्ययन करेंगे।

Adverb Clauses

कोई Adverb सामान्यतः (Functions) करती है
1. किसी Verb को modify करना (अर्थात् उसके हाने का समय, स्थान, तरीका इत्यादि बताना)
As –
(1) He came early.
(2) Pratap fought bravely.

2. किसी Adjective को modify करना (अर्थात् उसके अंशो को बताना या तुलना करना।)
As—
Pratap is very brave.

3. किसी Adverb को modify करना (अर्थात् उसके अंशो को बताना या तुलना करना)
As –
He walked very slowly.
जब कोई Simple sentence अन्य Simple sentence में जुड़कर उपर्युक्त में से कोई कार्य करे तो उसे Adverb clause कहेंगे।

1. Adverb Clauses Of Reason

निम्न simple sentences को देखिये As – Hari did not go to school.
हरी विद्यालय नहीं गया।

He was ill.
वह बीमार था।

इन्हें because से जोड़कर यह complex sentence बनाया।
Hari did not go to school because he was ill.
हरी विद्यालय नहीं गया क्योंकि वह बीमार था।
क्यों नहीं गया? क्योंकि वह बीमार था।

अत: complex sentence :
Hari did not go to school because he was ill.
चूँकि Because he was ill वाला भाग (clause) प्रथम भाग की did not go verb के होने का कारण बतलाता है यह Adverb clause of Reason कारण सूचक उपवाक्य तथा प्रथम भाग Hari did not go to school – principal clause कहलाता है।

Other Examples
Note – 1. कुछ में पहले Principal clause व Adverb clause बाद में व कुछ में Adverb clause पहले व Principal clause बाद में आता है। इन्हें नोट करें। Conjunction से जुड़ा clause Adverb clause होता है।

2. Principal clauses की जिस verb को यह modify (कारण बताने का काम) करता है उसे हमने bold में रखा है।

Conjunctions – Because, as since, for = क्योंकि।
As –
1. He failed in the examination.
He fell ill at that time.
He failed in the examination because he fell ill at that time.
वह परीक्षा में असफल हुआ क्योंकि वह उस समय बीमार पड़ गया था।

2. Some persons pulled the chain several times.
The train became late.
As some persons pulled the chain several times the train became late.
क्योंकि कुछ व्यक्तियों ने कई बार चेन खींची ट्रेन देरी से हो गई।

3. Suresh was under age.
Suresh could not be selected for the match.
Since Suresh was under – age, he could not be selected for the match.
चूँकि सुरेश की उम्र कम थी, अत: मैच के लिए वह चुना नहीं जा सका।

4. We had taken brightest torches for it was the darkest night.
हमने अपने साथ अत्यन्त प्रकाशवान टार्चे ले ली थी क्योंकि वह अत्यन्त अँधेरी रात थी।

5. Mother could not break the stick.
The stick was very hard.
Mother could not break the stick because it was very hard.
माँ लकड़ी को तोड़ नहीं सकी क्योंकि वह बहुत कठोर थी।

6. He locked Delilah up in the coal celler.
The celler had a cement floor and two feet thick granite walls.
He locked Delilah up in the coal celler for it had a cement floor and two feet granite walls.
उसने डेलिला को कोयले की कोठरी में बन्द किया क्योंकि उसमें सीमेण्ट का फर्श व दो फुट मोटी चूने की दीवारें थीं।

Exercise :
1 Combine the Sentences :

I will not take food.
I suffer from stomach – ache. (because)
Will you wait here for some time?
I have some important work to do. (as)
I am ready to believe.
You say so. (since)
We had to stay there.
It was raining heavily. (for)
He failed.
He did not work hard. (because)
The teacher cannot teach.
The teacher suffer from cold. (since).
I will not come today.
Some guests have arrived. (because)

2. Adverb Clauses Of Time

निम्न simple sentences ont fait को देखिए
As –
Father called me.
I was taking food. [2014]

इन्हें when = जब conjunctions जोड़ा।
Father called me when I was taking food.
पिताजी ने मुझे बुलाया जब मैं भोजन कर रहा था।

When called? When I was taking food.
कब बुलाया? जब मैं भोजन कर रहा था।

अत : clause – When I was taking food दूसरे clause की verb ‘called’ के होने का समय (Time) बतलाता है अतः यह Adverb clause of Time कहलाया।
जब कोई Simple sentence किसी अन्य Simple sentence में जुड़कर उसकी Verb के होने का समय बताए तो उसे Adverb Clause of Time कहते हैं।

Conjunctions – When, as = जब, Whenever = जब कभी, While = जबकि, Since = से, Before = पहले, After = बाद में, As soon as = जैसे ही, No sooner…than = जैसे ही, As long as = जब तक, Till = तक etc.

As –
1. My son runs to the door.
He hears somebody knocking.
My son runs to the door when he hears somebody knocking.
मेरा पुत्र दरवाजे पर दौड़ा जाता है जब वह किसी के खटखटाने की आवाज सुनता है।

2. A stone hit me.
I was coming out.
As I was coming out a stone hit me.
जब मैं बाहर आ रहा था तो मुझे एक पत्थर लगा।

3. The girl found the ring.
She was sweeping the room.
The girl found the ring while she was sweeping the floor.
लड़की को अंगूठी मिली जब वह फर्श का झाड़ लगा रही थी।

4. He pays us a visit.
He comes here.
He pays us a visit whenever he comes here.
वह जब कभी यहाँ आता है हमसे मुलाकात करता है।

5. We had reached the station.
The train arrived.
We had reached the station before the train arrived.
ट्रेन के आने से पूर्व हम स्टेशन पहुँच चुके थे।

6. We reached the station.
The train had arrived.
We reached the station after the train had arrived.
ट्रेन के आगमन के पश्चात् हम स्टेशन पहुंचे।

7. I have not met him.
He came to live here.
I have not met him since he came to live here.
वह यहाँ रहने आया तब से मैं उससे नहीं मिला हूँ।

8. The sun rises.
I take bath.
As soon as the sun rises, I take bath.
जैसे ही सूर्योदय होता है, मैं स्नान कर लेता हूँ।

9. He came here.
I rushed to see him.
No sooner did he come here, than I rushed to see him.
वह यहाँ आया नहीं कि मैं उससे मिलने दौड़ पड़ा।

10. There is unity in the country.
We shall remain strong.
As long as there is unity in the country, we shall remain strong.
देश में जब तक एकता रहेगी, हम ताकतवर बने रहेंगे।

Exercise : 2
Combine the Sentences :
1. I found the house locked.
I reached home. (When)

2. I heard a knock at the door.
I was naving a bath at that time. (While)

3. The thief ran away.
He saw the police approaching. (As soon as)

4. The teacher entered the room.
Boys became quiet. (No sooner…..than)

5. The sun rose.
I had taken bath. (Before)

6. Mahesh came to the class.
The teacher had taken roll call. (After)

7. She has been weeping.
She came to know her result. (Since)

8. Piere Curie was run over by a car.
He was crossing the road. (As)

9. You can work here.
I trust you. (As long as)

10. He had been living there.
He took birth. (Since)

3. Adverb Clauses Of Place

निम्न simple sentences को देखिए

As –
He has gone.
From where no one returns.
जोड़ेने पर – He has gone from where no one returns.
वह वहाँ चला गया है जहाँ से कोई नहीं लौटता।
where (कहाँ) चला गया है ? From where no one returns. जहाँ से कोई नहीं लौटता।
अर्थात् where no one returms – clause verb ‘has gone’ की place बतलाता है। अतः यह Averb clause of place कहलाता है। जब एक Simple Sentence दूसरे Simple Sentence में इस तरह जुड़े कि जडकर वह उस Verb के होने का स्थान बतलाए तो उसे Adverb Clause of Place कहते हैं।

Conjunctions – Where = जहाँ, Wherever = जहाँ कहीं, Whence = जहाँ से, Whither = किस स्थान को।

As –
1. There can be no life.
There is no water.
Where there is no water, there can be no life.
जहाँ पानी न हो वहाँ जीवन नहीं हो सकता।

2. Arrest him.
He is found.
Arrest him wherever he is found.
वह जहाँ कहीं भी मिले उसे गिरफ्तार कर लो।

3. Return to the place.
You came from the place.
Return whence you came.
तुम जहाँ से आये हो वहीं लौट जाओ।

4. Do not go to the place.
You are not welcomed.
Do not go where you are not welcomed.
जहाँ तुम्हारा आदर न हो वहाँ मत जाओ।

5. The air bloweth.
It listeth.
The air bloweth whither it listeth. (= The air blows whither it lists.)
हवा जहाँ चाहे वहाँ जा सकती है।

Exercise : 3
Combine the Sentences :
1. You may go.
You like. (Wherever)

2. She wishes to tell her story.
There is nobody to understand her. (Where)

3. They sowed seeds.
The earth is soft. (Where)

4. Your father is digging the earth.
He hopes to find water. (Where)

5. Row brothers row.
The sky and the sea seem to meet. (Where)

4. Adverb Clauses Of Purpose

निम्न simple sentences देखिए के
As –
He worked hard.
He may get success.

इन्हें so that से जोड़ा तो निम्न complex sentence बना।
He worked hard so that he may get success.

उसने कठिन मेहनत की ताकि वह सफलता प्राप्त कर सके।
With what purpose? – worked hard किस उद्देश्य से?

So that he may get success.
चूँकि यह clause मुख्य clause की Verb के होने या करने का उद्देश्य (purpose) बतलाता है, अतः यह Adverb Clause of Purpose – modifying the verb ‘worked’ कहलाता है। जब एक Simple Sentence दूसरे Simple Sentence में इस तरह जोड़ा जाए कि जुड़कर वह दूसरे Simple Sentence की Verb के होने का उद्देश्य बताए तो उसे Adverb Clause of Purpose कहते हैं।

Conjunctions – So that = ताकि, that = ताकि, in order that = ताकि, lest = अन्यथा, ऐसा न हो कि

As –
1. Let us take a taxi.
We may reach the station in time.
Let us take a taxi so that we may reach the station in time.
हम एक टैक्सी कर लें, ताकि हम स्टेशन समय पर पहुँच सकें।

2. The players practised continuously.
They might win the match.
The players practised continuously in order that they might win the match.
खिलाड़ियों ने निरन्तर अभ्यास किया ताकि वे मैच जीत सकें।

3. Walk carefully.
You should stumble.
Walk carefully lest you should stumble.
सावधानी से चलो अन्यथा (ऐसा न हो कि) तुम लड़खड़ा जाओगे।

Exercise : 4
Combine the Sentences :
1. Obey the rules of the road.
You may not collide with someone. (so that)

2. Amit took two tuitions.
He might get money for his fees. (in order that)

3. She paid full attention to cooking.
She may get praise from guests. (that)

4. Take fresh food.
You should become ill. (lest)

5. The passenger ran fast.
He might catch the bus. (so that)

6. We obey the traffic rules.
There may not be any accident.

7. People should pay taxes honestly.
The government can work to develop the country.

5. Adverb Clauses Of Manner

निम्न simple sentences को देखिये
As –
I shall play the match.
I like.

इन्हें as से जोड़कर निम्न complex sentence बनाया

I shall play the match as I like.
मैं जैसे चाहूँगा मैच खेलूँगा।

यहाँ as I like, subordinate clause, Main clause की verb ‘shall play’ को तरीका (manner) बताकर modify करता है, अत: यह Adverb clause of manner कहलाता है।
जब कोई Simple Sentence किसी अन्य Sentence में इस तरह जुड़े कि वह उसकी Verb का होने का तरीका प्रकट करे तो उसे Adverb Clause of Manner कहते हैं।

As—
1. You may do this work.
You please in the way.

You may do this work as you please.
तुम इस कार्य को जैसा चाहो कर सकते हो।

2. Can you solve this problem?
Solve this problem as required.

Can you solve this problem as required?
क्या तुम इस समस्या को जैसा वांछनीय है इस प्रकार हल कर सकते हो?

3. Run quickly.
Run with your full capacity.

Run as quickly as you can.
जितना तेज दौड़ सकते हो दौड़ो।

4. The painter painted the house.
We showed him the way.

The painter painted the house as we showed him.
पेण्टर ने घर उसी प्रकार पेण्ट किया जैसा हमने उसे बताया था।

Exercise : 5
Combine the Sentences :

1. The workers did the work.
The manager directed. (as)

2. Why can’t she dance in that way?
Her dance master showed her the way. (as)

3. Pratap fought bravely.
He fought bravely as per hiş capacity.

4. The students solved the question.
The way was shown by the teacher.

5. Write the letters.
Write neatly to your full ability.

6. Adverb Clauses Of Condition

निम्न simple sentences को देखिये

As—
You work hard.
You will get success.

इन्हें if conjunction से जोड़ा तो निम्न complex sentence बना।
If you work hard, you will get success.
यदि तुम कठिन मेहनत करोगे, तो तुम्हें सफलता प्राप्त होगी।

उपर्युक्त वाक्य में will get (सफलता) मिलेगी, इस शर्त पर कि तुम कठिन मेहनत करोगे।
अत: If you work hard शर्त (condition) सूचक उपवाक्य कहलायेगा व Main clause की verb ‘will get’ को modify करेगा।
जब एक Simple Sentence दूसरे Simple Sentence में इस तरह जुड़े कि जुड़कर वह उस Sentence की Verb की शर्त हो तो वह Adverb Clause of Condition कहलाता है।

Conjunction – If = यदि, Unless = If not यदि नहीं, In case = उस परिस्थिति में, Provided (that) = बशर्ते।
As –
You know the formulas (formulae).
You can solve this problem.

If you know the formulas, you can solve this problem.
यदि तुम्हें सूत्र ज्ञात हो तो तुम इस समस्या को हल कर सकते हो।

2. We will have bumper crops.
It rains in winter.

We will have bumper crops, if it rains in winter.
हमें बहुत बढ़िया फसल मिलेगी यदि शीत ऋतु में वर्षा होगी।

3. You are not honest.
People will not respect you.

If you are not honest, people will not respect you.
(= Unless you are honest, people will not respect you.)
यदि तुम ईमानदार नहीं होंगे तो लोग तुम्हारा आदर नहीं करेंगे।

4. Ravi would not have failed.
He had given proper attention to his studies.

Ravi would not have failed, if he had given proper attention to his studies.
(or = Had Ravi given full attention to his studies, he would not have failed.)
यदि रवि ने अध्ययन पर उचित ध्यान दिया होता तो वह अनुत्तीर्ण नहीं होता।

5. Take the advice of Mr. Prasad.
I am not available.

In case I am not available, take the advice of Mr. Prasad.
मेरी अनुपस्थिति की दशा में मिस्टर प्रसाद से सलाह लेना।

6. I shall give you a cash prize.
You get 75% of marks.

I shall give you a cash prize, provided that you get 75% of marks.
मैं तुम्हें नकद इमान दूंगा बशर्ते तुम 75% अंक प्राप्त करो।

7. He asks forgiveness.
I shall not give him his salary.

Unless he asks forgiveness, I shall not give him his salary.
(or = If he does not ask forgiveness, I shall not give him his salary.)
यदि वह क्षमा नहीं माँगेगा तो मैं उसे उसका वेतन नहीं दूंगा।

8. I shall mark you absent.
You come late.
I shall mark you absent, if you come late.
(or = I shall mark you absent, unless you come in time.)
यदि तुम देरी से आये तो मैं तुम्हारी गैरहाजिरी लगा दूंगा

9. Tom had been given money.
He would have wasted it.
If Tom had been given money, he would have wasted it.
यदि टॉम को धन दिया जाता तो वह उसे व्यर्थ खर्च कर देता।

10. Kamala would have danced.
The doctor had attended her.
Kamala would have danced, had the doctor attended her.
यदि डॉक्टर ने कमला की देखभाल की होती तो कमला नृत्य करती।

Exercise : 6
(A) Combine the Sentences :
1. The patient will not become healthy.
He takes medicine. (Unless)

2. He had informed me.
I would have stayed there. (If)

3. You want to become lawyer.
You must study law. (If).

4. I like tea.
It is hot. (Provided)

5. The judge will not believe.
You prove it. (Unless)

6. I hear the knock.
I shall go to the door. (In case)
7. You don’t ring the bell.
The servant will not come. (If)

8. Father will not attend the party.
He is invited. (Unless)

9. The king will take up your charges.
You have plenty of proof. (In case)

10. They will stay here.
You make nice arrangements. (Provided)

(B) Rewrite using ‘Unless’ in place of ‘if :
1. If he comes, I will go there. [2010]
2. You will not be admitted, if you don’t pay fees.
3. The bus will start running, if there are sufficient passengers.
4. If she doesn’t stop talking, she will be removed from this place.
5. If you come to me, I will help you. [2011]

7. Adverb Clauses Of Result Or Effect

Simple sentences के निम्न pairs देखिये –

As –
1. The stick is very soft.
I can bend it easily.

2. The stick is very hard.
I cannot bend it.

इन्हें so …… that से जोड़ने पर निम्न complex sentences तैयार होंगे।
1. The stick is so soft that I can bend it easily.
लकड़ी इतनी नरम है कि मैं इसे आसानी से मोड़ सकता हूँ।

2. The stick is so hard that I cannot bend it.
लकड़ी इतनी कठोर है कि मैं इसे मोड़ नहीं सकता।
कितनी नरम या कठोर?
कि उसे मैं मोड़ सकता हूँ। नहीं मोड़ सकता।

अत: clauses—50 ……. that I can bend it easily.
SO ……. that I cannot bend it.

Adjectives soft व hard के result या effect (परिणाम) को बतलाते हैं।
अत: Adjectives को modify करने वाले Adverb clauses of Result या effect कहलाते हैं।

अब निम्न pairs को देखिए

As –
1. It is a soft stick.
I can bend it easily.

ऊपर के sentence में soft का प्रयोग predicative था यहाँ attributive है। अतः इन्हें such ….. that से जोड़ेंगे।

It is such a soft stick that I can bend it easily.
यह एक ऐसी नरम लकड़ी है कि मैं इसे आसानी से मोड़ सकता हूँ।

जब कोई Simple Sentence किसी अन्य Simple Sentence में इस प्रकार जुड़े कि जुड़कर वह दूसरे Sentence के किसी Adjective या Adverb को Modify करते हुए उसके परिणाम को बनाए तो उसे Adverb Clause of Result or Effect कहते हैं।

Conjunctions—So…..that या Such……that.

(A) Adjectives
As –
1. Akbar’s memory was very remarkable.
He could keep a lot of facts in his mind.
Akbar’s memory was so remarkable that he could keep a lot of facts in his mind.
अकबर की याद्दाश्त इतनी तीव्र थी कि वह बहुत सारे तथ्यों को दिमाग में रख सकता था।

2. The question is very easy.
I can solve it quickly.
The question is so easy that I can solve it quickly.
प्रश्न इतना सरल है कि मैं उसे जल्दी हल कर सकता हूँ।

3. His father was very patient.
He could bear troubles calmly.
His father was so patient that he could bear troubles calmly.
उसके पिता इतने धैर्यवान थे कि वे कठिनाइयों को शान्ति से सहन कर सकते थे।

4. Malwa’s climate is very pleasant.
One feels much happiness.
Malwa’s climate is so pleasant that one feels much happiness.
मालवा की आबोहवा इतनी मस्त है कि व्यक्ति प्रसन्नता महसूस करता है।

5. Vikram was very just.
Everyone was satisfied with his judgement.
Vikram was so just that everyone was satisfied with his judgment.
विक्रम इतना न्यायशील था कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति उसके न्याय से सन्तुष्ट था।

6. He has a very good personality.
Everyone is impressed with him.
He has such a good personality that everyone is impressed with him.
उसका व्यक्तित्व इतना अच्छा है कि हर व्यक्ति उससे प्रभावित है।

7. It is a very difficult situation.
He has become hopeless.
It is such a difficult situation that he has become hopeless.
यह एक इतनी कठिन स्थिति है कि वह निराश हो गया है।

8. His father is very weak.
He cannot walk.
His father is so weak that he can’t walk.
उसके पिताजी इतने कमजोर हैं कि चल नहीं सकते।

9. The box is very heavy.
This boy can’t move it.
The box is so heavy that this boy can’t move it.
यह बक्सा इतना भारी है कि यह बालक इसे हटा नहीं सकता।

10. I am very much perturbed.
I am unable to think.
I am so much perturbed that I am unable to think.
मैं इतना परेशान हूँ कि मैं सोचने में असमर्थ हूँ।

Exercise : 7
A. Combine the Sentences with so…..that or such……that :
1. Pratap was very brave.
He could fight with many persons alone.

2. His brother is very tall.
He can touch the ceiling.

3. This cloth is very fine.
I like it very much.

4. She had a very lovely face.
Everyone was attracted by it.

5. Mr. Gupta had very bad habits.
All hated him.

6. His father is very fat.
He cannot move easily.

7. The food is very dry.
It cannot be swallowed easily.

8. The inangoes are very sour.
I cannot eat them.

9. Gopal was very sad.
He was unable to enjoy the party.

10. Jagannath was very miser.
He did not spend sufficient money.

B. अब निम्न pairs को देखिए
1. The teacher spoke very loudly.
We could hear him easily.

2. The teacher spoke very slowly.
We couldn’t hear him properly.

इन्हें so …. that से जोड़ने पर निम्न complex sentences बनेंगे।
1. The teacher spoke so loudly that we could hear him easily.
शिक्षक इतने जोर से बोले कि हम उन्हें आसानी से सुन सके।

2. The teacher spoke so slowly that we could not hear him properly.
शिक्षक इतने धीमे बोले कि हम उन्हें ठीक तरह से सुन न सके।
कितने जोर से या धीमे से?
कि हम उन्हें सुन सके/नहीं सुन सके।

यहाँ …..” कि हम उन्हें सुन सके/न सुन सके से Adverbs loudly’ व ‘slowly’ को modify करते हैं, अत: इसे Adverb clause of Result or Effect कहते हैं।

(B) Adverbs

As –
1. She speaks very slowly.
We are unable to hear her.
She speaks so slowly that we are unable to hear her.
वह इतना धीमे बोलती है कि हम सुन नहीं सकते।

2. Mr. Raina spoke loudly.
Al could hear him.
Mr. Raina spoke so loudly that all could hear him.
मिस्टर रैना इतने जोर से बोले कि सभी उन्हें सुन संके।

3. Pratap fought very bravely.
All praised him.
Pratap fought so bravely that all praised him.
प्रताप इतनी बहादुरी से लड़ा कि सबने उसकी प्रशंसा की।

4. He attempted questions intelligently.
The examiner awarded him full marks.
He attempted questions so intelligently that the examiner awarded him full marks.
उसने प्रश्नों को इतनी बुद्धिमता से हल किया कि परीक्षक ने उसे पूर्ण अंक प्रदान किए।

Exercise : 8
Combine the Sentences with so…..that:
1. He ran the business very profitably.
He leads a comfortable life now.

2. You work very hastily.
You lose your gains.

3. The old lady talks bitterly.
All avoid her company.

4. She works differently.
The boss is amazed at her working.

5. She manages the house very nicely.
Members of her family feel happy.

8. Adverb Clauses Of Degree
निम्न Simple sentences को देखें
As –
1. Mohan is tall.
Gopal is equally tall.

2. Lata is intelligent.
Mohan is more intelligent.

इन्हें जोड़कर निम्न complex sentences बनाये
1. Gopal is as tall as Mohan is.
2. Mohan is more intelligent than Lata is.

इस प्रकार बने complex sentences में दूसरा clause as …… as Gopal is a more ….. than Lata is …… Adverb clauses of degree कहलाते हैं व ‘is’ repeat होने से. delete कर देते हैं।

जब कोई Simple Sentence किसी अन्य Simple Sentence में इस तरह जुड़े कि जुड़कर वह उसके किसी Adjective या Adverb की Degree की तुलना बताए तो उसे Adverb Clause of Degree कहते हैं।

As –
1. The pen is long.
The pencil is equally long.
The pencil is as long as the pen.
पेन्सिल उतनी ही लम्बी है जितनी कि पेन।

2. The pen is long.
The pencil is longer.
The pencil is longer than the pen.
पेन्सिल पेन से ज्यादा लम्बी है।

3. Sudhir runs fast.
Gopal runs equally fast.
Gopal runs as fast as Sudhir does.
गोपाल उतनी ही तेज दौड़ता है जितना सुधीर।

4. Sudhir runs fast.
Gopal runs faster.
Gopai runs faster than Sudhir does.
गोपाल सुधीर से ज्यादा तेज दौड़ता है।

5. He speaks better.
He does not write better.
He speaks better than he writes.
वह लिखने से ज्यादा बोलता अच्छी तरह से है।

Exercise : 9
Combine the Sentences :
1. Ram is tall.
Gopal is equally tall.

2. Rahim is intelligent.
Hakim is more intelligent.

3. Mahesh speaks easily.
Suresh speaks equally easily.

4. Kedar runs quickly.
Mohan does not run so quickly.

5. The doctor examines the patient better.
He does not prescribe medicines better.

9. Adverb Clauses Of Contrast Or Concession

जब कोई Simple Sentence किसी अन्य Simple Sentence में इस तरह जुड़े कि वह उस पूर्ण Sentence को Modify करते हुए विरोधाभास दर्शाए तो उसे Adverb Clause of Concession or Contrast कहते है

Conjunction – Although, Though = यधपि, Yet = तो भी Even if = भले ही etc.
As –
1. He spent a lot of time in learning.
He has not acquired sufficient knowledge.
Although he spent a lot of time in learning, he has not acquired sufficient knowledge.
यद्यपि उसने सीखने में बहुत समय बिताया किन्तु वह पर्याप्त ज्ञान अर्जित नहीं कर सका

2. Her complexion is black.
She bears a lovely face.
Though her complexion is black yet she bears a lovely face.
यद्यपि उसकी त्वचा काली है पर चेहरा सुन्दर है।

3. I will not lose faith.
You desert me.
O Lord ! I will not lose faith even if you desert me.
ओ मालिक! मैं अपना विश्वास नहीं खोऊँगा भले ही आप मुझे त्याग दो।

4. Mangoes are ripe.
They are not sweet.
Mangoes are ripe yet they are not sweet.
आम पके हैं किन्तु मीठे नहीं हैं।

5. The wood looks nice.
It is not strong.
Though the wood looks nice, it is not strong. लकड़ी दिखती ठीक है पर पक्की नहीं है।

Exercise : 10
Combine the sentences :
1. The book is voluminous.
It does contain sufficient knowledge.

2. He looked kind.
In his heart he was a cruel man.
The teacher is strict.
His heart is soft.

4. The girl won’t love you.
You give up life for her.

5. The sun is set.
There is enough light for us to see the way.

Adjective Or Relative Clauses

अभी तक हमने उन clauses का अध्ययन किया है जो Main clause की verb या Adjective या Adverb या पूर्ण sentence से सम्बन्धित होकर उनको modify (विशेषता) करते थे। अब हम उन clauses का अध्ययन करेंगे जो कि किसी Noun से सम्बन्धित होकर उनको qualify करेंगे। चूँकि यह कार्य Adjective का है,

अतः हम उन्हें Adjective clause या Relative clause कहेंगे।
1. The boy has run away.
The boy was wearing red shirt.
इन्हें जोड़कर इस तरह complex sentence बनाया।
The boy who was wearing red shirt has run away.
लड़का जो लाल शर्ट पहने था भाग गया है।
प्रश्न है कौन – सा लड़का? उत्तर है लाल शर्ट पहने।

अत: इसमें who was wearing red shirt इत्यादि clause – Main clause – The boy has run away के Noun ‘the boy’ की विशेषता (quality) बतलाता है, अतः यह Adjective clause कहलायेगा।

Other Examples

Who, which, whom, when, where Relative Pronouns a Relative Adverbs Conjunctions के रूप में कार्य करते हैं।
As –
1. I have lost the book.
You gave me the book.
I have lost the book which you gave me.
मैंने वह पुस्तक जो तुमने मुझे दी थी खो दी है।

2. The girl is my cousin.
The girl is wearing blue sari. [2009]
The girl who is wearing a blue sari is my cousin.
लड़की जो नीली साड़ी पहने है मेरी बहन है।

3. The news is not true.
Mohan brought this news.
The news that Mohan brought is not true.
खबर जो मोहन लाया सच नहीं है।

4. The place is dirty.
You are sitting there.
The place where you are sitting is dirty.
स्थान जहाँ तुम बैठे हो गन्दा है।

5. This is the time.
We must act now.
This is the time when we must act.
यह वह समय है जब हमें सक्रिय होना चाहिए।

6. The boy was very stupid.
The boy was sitting next to me. [2009]
The boy who was sitting next to me was very stupid.
लड़का जो पास बैठा था बेवकूफ था।

Relative Clauses अपने main clause में adjective के समान कार्य करते हैं। अर्थात् main clause के किसी noun phrase से जुड़कर noun की विशेषता बताने का कार्य करते हैं। इनके function के आधार पर इन्हें दो categories में बाँटा जाता है :

1. Restrictive या Defining Relative Clauses,
2. Non – restrictive या Non – defining Relative Clauses.

जैसा कि नाम से ही स्पष्ट है, Restrictive या Defining Relative Clause जिस noun से जुड़ता है उसकी विशेषता बताकर उसके identification में मदद करता है :
The old man who lives near my house has gone to Jabalpur.
(वह बूढ़ा आदमी जो मेरे घर से पास रहता है, दूसरा नहीं)

इसके विपरीत Non – restrictive या Non – defining Relative Clause जिस noun से जुड़ता है वह पहले से ही पूर्ण रूप से identified होता है और यह clause उसके बारे में additional information देता है :

My father, who is an engineer, lives in Indore.
(यह clause मेरे पिता के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी दे रहा है)

Now look at these two sentences :
(a) My sister who is a doctor lives in Gwalior.
(b) My sister, who is a doctor, lives in Gwalior.

वाक्य (a) स्पष्ट करता है कि मेरी एक से ज्यादा बहन हैं और मैं उस बहन की बात कर रहा हूँ जो डॉक्टर है; जबकि वाक्य (b) स्पष्ट करता है कि मेरी एक की बहन है और वह डॉक्टर है।

Note : दोनों प्रकार के Relative Clauses का formation एक ही प्रकार से होता है किन्तु Non – defining Relative clause अपनी noun से comma (अल्पविराम) द्वारा separate किया जाता है।

Exercise : 11
Combine the sentences with the conjunctions given
1. This is the method.
You can solve this problem in this way. (How)

2. The lady is collector.
The lady is wearing a blue saree. (Who)

3. The Satpuras look beautiful.
They are covered with dense forests. (Which)

4. The man has just left.
You want the man. (Whom)

5. Blessed is the man.
His cares are few. (Whose)

Look at these examples :
1. (i) My sister lives in Gwalior.
(ii) My sister is a doctor.
(iii) My sister is a doctor
⇒ who is a doctor.
(i) My sister lives in Gwalior.”
(ii) who is a doctor.
(iii) My sister who is a doctor lives in Gwalior.

2. (i) I have met your brother.
(ii) Your brother lives in Raipur.
(iii) Your brother lives in Raipur.
⇒ who lives in Raipur.
(i) I have met your brother.
(ii) Who lives in Raipur
(iii) I have met your brother who lives in Raipur.

Note :

Relative clause transformation के लिये यह जरूरी है कि दोनोंवाक्यों में कोई noun phrase similar reference वाले हों।
यदि ऐसा होता है तो जिस clause को relative clause के रूप में insert करना हो उसके noun phrase के स्थान पर appropriate relative pronoun substitute किया जाता है।
Relative Pronoun यदि clause के शुरू में नहीं हो तो उसे clause के शुरू में लाया जाता है। ऊपर के दोनों examples में वह क्योंकि subject के समान function कर रहा है, अत: clause के शुरू में आया है और उसे move करने की आवश्यकता नहीं पड़ी।

Appropriate Relative Pronouns :
MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Complex Sentences 2

Note :
1. That का उपयोग non – defining relative clauses में नहीं किया जाता है।
2. Whom का उपयोग defining relative clauses में सामान्यतः नहीं किया जाता।

Object के समान भी who या that का उपयोग किया जाता है। That ज्यादा Common है। Defining and Non – defining Relative Clauses (Or Restrictive and Non – restrictive)

जब कोई Relative Clause किसी अपरिचित (Common Noun सामान्यतः ) के परिचय के रूप में आता है तथा आवश्यक होता है तो उसे Defining या Restrictive Relative Clause कहते हैं।

As –
I saw the man who was stealing.
मैंने उस आदमी को देखा (कौन – सा?) जो चोरी कर रहा था।
(यहाँ हम उस आदमी से अपरिचित थे)

किन्तु यदि कोई Noun (सामान्यत: Proper Noun) जो परिचत है उसके बाद कोई Relative Clause जोड़ते हैं तो वह एक अतिरिक्त सूचना के रूप में आता है, अत: वह Non – defining या Non – restrictive Relative Clause कहलाता है। उसे हम () Comma के द्वारा अलग लिखते हैं।

As –
I saw Mohan, who was stealing the purse.
मैंने मोहन को देखा, जो पर्स चोरी कर रहा था।

Other Examples –
1. Lal Bahadur Shastri, who was our Prime Minister, was a very bold , man.
2. Mr. Verma, who was our neighbour, has died.
3. The man whose wife died last year has vacated his house.
4. The boy whom we met yesterday has topped the merit list.
5. The Ganga, that flows to the south – east, is a holy river.
6. The river that we are crossing is the Yamuna.
7. His brother who lives in Delhi has arrived. (कई भाइयों में से एक)
8. His brother, who is a doctor in Bombay, has come. (एक मात्र भाई)
9. The minister against whom the arrest warrant was issued has resigned.

Exercise : 12
Change into or Use Relative Clause :
(i) The boy standing in the corner is my brother. [2008]
(ii) The girl dancing in the hall is my sister. [2008]
Answers
(i) The boy is my brother.
The boy is standing in the corner.

(ii) The girl is my sister.
The girl is dancing in the hall.

Exercise : 13
1. Look at this example :
The man did it very badly
⇒ The man cut your hair.
(a) The man who cut your hair did it very badly.
(b) The man that cut your hair did it very badly.

Now combine the following pairs of sentences. Write two sentences for each pair :
(i) The boy was very stupid.
The boy was sitting next to me.

(ii) The old man has not come for three days.
The old man brings milk.

(iii) The boy is my brother.
The boy is wearing a red cap. [2015]

(iv) The thief was sent to prison.
The thief stole my watch.

(v) The man is his uncle.
The man came to see the teacher. Now look at this example :
The book is mine.
⇒ The,book is lying on the table.
(a) The book which is lying on the table is mine.
(b) The book that is lying on the table is mine.

Now combine the following pairs of sentences. Write two sentences for each pair :
(i) The road is very wide.
The road leads to the school.

(ii) The garden has lovely flowers.
The garden is at the back of the house.

(iii) The bus starts at seven in the evening.
The bus goes to Jabalpur.

(iv) The film was very interesting.
The film was shown yesterday.

(v) The car came first in the race.
The car was driven by a foreigner.

3. Now look at this example :
The man is coming to tea.
You met the man yesterday

You met whom/who/that yesterday. ⇒
(a) whom you met yesterday ⇒
(b) who you met yesterday ⇒
(c) that you met yesterday ⇒
(a) The man whom you met yesterday is coming to tea.
(b) The man who you met yesterday is coming to tea.
(c) The man that you met yesterday is coming to tea.

Now combine the following pairs of sentences. Write three sentences (like (a), (b) and (c) above)] for each pair :

(i) The man has just gone out.
You want to see the man.

(ii) The doctor is very famous.
She visited the doctor yesterday.

(iii) The girl is my sister.
You met the girl at the door.

(iv) The woman is the secretary of the club.
You saw the woman last evening.

(v) The man is my neighbour.
They have invited the man to the party.

Now look at this example : The man whom (or who or that) you met yesterday is coming to tea. ⇒
The man you met yesterday is coming to tea.

Note : In a defining relative clause, the relative pronoun can be omitted if it is functioning as an object in the relative clause. Such sentences
are preferred in modern English.

4. Now, rewrite the sentences that you have done for Exercise 3 omitting the relative pronouns.

Look at this example :
The pen has been found. ⇒ [2008]
I lost the pen yesterday.
I lost which/that yesterday.
(a) which I lost yesterday. →
(b) that I lost yesterday. →
(a) The pen which I lost yesterday has been found.
(b) The pen that I lost yesterday has been found.

Now combine the following pairs of sentences. Write two sentences (like (a) and (b) above) for each pair :

(i) The flowers are still fresh.
I cut the flowers this morning.
(ii) The letter had no stamp on it.
We received the letter yesterday.

Noun Clauses
अभी तक हमने Adverb व Adjective clauses का अध्ययन किया है। अब निम्न simple sentences को देखें
His father says ………. .
Guests have arrived.

Says के आगे रिक्त स्थान कहता है कि यहाँ say क्रिया का object जो कि एक Noun होना चाहिए रखा जाय वहाँ हम दूसरा simple sentence जोड़ेंगे तो निम्न complex sentence बनेगा।

His father says that guests have arrived.
उसके पिताजी कहते हैं कि मेहमान आ गये हैं।

यहाँ दूसरा clause verb ‘says’ के object के रूप में जुड़ा है जो कि Noun का कार्य है अत: दूसरा clause Noun clause कहलायेगा। आगे हम इनका विस्तार से अध्ययन करेंगे।
किसी Sentence में Noun मुख्यत: 5 कार्य (Function) करता है

1. Object of a Transitive verb किसी क्रिया का प्रत्यक्ष कर्म
2. Subject of a verb किसी क्रिया का कर्ता
3. Complement of an Incomplete verb किसी क्रिया का पूरके.
4. Object of Preposition किसी Preposition का object
5. Case in Apposition समानाधिकरण।

यदि कोई Simple Sentence किसी अन्य Simple Sentence में जुड़कर उपर्युक्त में से कोई Function करता है तो Noun clause कहेंगे।

जोड़ेते समय हम पूर्व में कहे गये नियमों का पालन करेंगे। इन्हें हम सरल से कठिन के क्रम में अध्ययन करेंगे। नोट – Chapter के प्रारम्भ में दिये गये नियमों को देखिये।

Noun Clause As

1. Object of a Transitive Verb अधिकांश Noun clauses किसी Clause की Transitive Verb (सकर्मक क्रिया) के Object के रूप में जुड़ते हैं। ये verb सामान्यत: निम्न होती हैं :

tell, hope, think, inform, know, request, report, say, see, suggest, advise, wonder, ask, discuss, find out, explain, admit, believe, declare, hear, imagine, mean etc.

अब हम इनका Synthesis सीखेंगे

Examples :
Combine the sentences (सभी प्रकार के वाक्य)
1. (a) Mohan hopes this.
(b) He will get first division.

Mohan hopes that he will get first division.
मोहन आशा करता है कि वह प्रथम श्रेणी पा लेगा।

2. (a) His father asks this.
(b) Will the boy get first division?
His father asks if the boy will get first division.
उसके पिता पूछते हैं कि क्या वह लड़का प्रथम श्रेणी पा लेगा?

3. The teacher asks his brother this.
Why does the boy not come to school?
The teacher asks his brother why the boy does not come to school.
शिक्षक उसके भाई को पूछता है कि लड़का विद्यालय क्यों नहीं आता है?

4. The saint advises people this.
Do not tell lies. The saint advises people not to tell lies.
संत लोगों को सलाह देता है कि वे झूठ न बोलें।

5. The girl exclaims this.
What a bright light it is ! The girl exclaims with wonder that it is a very bright light.
लड़की आश्चर्य से कहती है कि वह कितना चमकीला प्रकाश है।

6. I wish this.
May you liye long ! I wish that you may live long.
(सभी प्रकार के वाक्य + Rule of Sequence of Tense)

7. He imagined this.
He has won the prize.
He imagined that he had won the prize.
उसने कल्पना की कि उसने पुरस्कार जीत लिया है।

8. The Principal asked the boy this.
Why did you come late?
The Principal asked the boy why he had come late.
प्राचार्य ने लड़के से पूछा कि वह देरी से क्यों आया?

9. You wished for Gopal.
May you win the election.
You wished for Gopal that he might win the election.
तुमने गोपाल के चुनाव जीतने की इच्छा प्रकट की।

10. I requested him.
Please help me.
I requested him to help me.
मैंने उससे सहायता देने की प्रार्थना की।

Now look at these examples :
1. He suggested this. ⇒
We should start early.
We should start early. →
that we should start early →
He suggested that we should start early.

2. He asked this. ⇒
Did I know his brother?
Did I know his brother? → whether I knew his brother +
He asked whether I knew his brother.

3. The judge will decide this. ⇒
Who does the land belong to?
Who does the land belong to? → who the land belongs to →
The judge will decide who the land belongs to.

Exercise : 14
Note – (1)Assertive Sentence को जोड़ते समय Conjunction that’ सामान्यतः प्रयोग में आता है, कभी – कभी इसे drop भी कर सकते हैं।
As—
I know you are right.

(2) (a) Inverted question के पूर्व whether तथा—
(b) Question word वाले वाक्य में Question word स्वयं Conjunction बन जाता है। शेष के लिए उदाहरण देखिये।

Combine the Sentences :

1. (a) I notice this.
(b) A change has come in you.

2. (a) Gopal proposes this.
(b) We should go to see the dam.

3. (a) They suggest this.
(b) The marriage must take place in a simple way.

4. (a) We expect this.
(b) The party will get absolute majority. [2009]

5. (a) His father says this.
(b) All of you can take your lunch here.

6. (a) The Principal asks the teacher this.
(b) Have all the teachers written the diary?

7. (a) Mother asks this.
(b) How many persons will dine in the party?

8. (a) His father told this.
(b) The girl has fainted.

9. (a) The teacher explained this.
(b) The situation rose due to faulty behaviour of Mr. Rode.

10. (a) The accused confessed this.
(b) He has stolen the ornaments.

11. (a) Wilson family decided this.
(b) The marriage will take place on 17th March.

12. (a) The policeman noticed this.
(b) The trucks are not having the permission.

13. (a) I heard this.
(b) They do not respect you.

14. (a) They asked this.
(b) Have guests taken tea?

15. (a) I know this.
(b) Who is he?

Now look at these examples :

1. I am not certain of this. ⇒
When will the next grant be released? [2009]
I am not certain that when will the next grant be released.

2. Can you tell me this? ⇒
When is he coming?
Can you tell me when he is coming?

3. I would like to know this. ⇒
Has he ever been there before?
I would like to know whether he has ever been there before.

4. Do you know this? →
Did they finish in time?
Do you know whether they finished in time?

Now change these direct questions into indirect questions. You have to write four indirect questions for each one of them. Begin your indirect questions with :

1. Tell me ………..
2. I want to know ………
3. Do you know ………?
4. Can you tell me ……?
(i) Where does he live?
(ii) When did he get back?
(iii) Why is she leaving the town?
(iv) How did she finish so early?
(v) What do they do in the evenings?
(vi) Did she reach before dark?
(vii) Are they coming to the meeting?
(viii) Can they carry it without help?
(ix) Will they stay here long?
(x) Can they finish it by Sunday?

Noun Clause As

2. Subject of a Verb
Remember (याद रखो)
1. Question word के रूप में Who, What, Which, When, Where etc.का अर्थ हमने पूर्व में ज्ञात किया है। ये Conjunction का कार्य भी करते हैं।
2. यही word जब Relative Pronoun तथा Relative Adverbs का कार्य करते हुए Conjunction का कार्य करते हैं तब इनका अर्थ निम्नानुसार होता है Who, Which = जो, जिसने। What = जो। That = जो। Whom = जिसे, जिसको। Whose = जिसका, जिसकी। When = जब। Where = जहाँ। How = कैसे, किस प्रकार इत्यादि।
3. Relative Pronoun या Relative Adverb के पूर्व कोई Noun अवश्य आता है जिसे उसका Antecedent कहते हैं।

As –
1. I know who he is.
मैं जानता हूँ कि वह कौन है।

2. I know the man who came here.
मैं उस आदमी को जानता हूँ जो यहाँ आया।

जब कोई Simple Sentence किसी अन्य Simple Sentence में इस तरह जुड़े कि वह उस Sentence की Verb के Subject का स्थान ले ले तो वह Noun clause subject of a verb कहलायेगा।

As –
1. The ex-minister has been arrested.
This is true.
That the ex-minister has been arrested is true.
(यह बात) कि पूर्व मंत्री महोदय गिरफ्तार हो गए हैं सत्य है।

2. What does he do?
This is not known to me.
What he does is not known to me.
वह क्या करता है मुझे ज्ञात नहीं।

3. He says this.
This is not true.
What he says is not true.
वह जो कहता है सत्य नहीं है।

4. When will he return?
This is not certain.
When he will return is not certain.
वह कब लौटेगा निश्चित नहीं है।

5. How could she marry her daughter?
That was her chief problem.
How she could marry her daughter was her chief problem.
वह अपनी पुत्री का विवाह कैसे करे यह उसकी मुख्य समस्या थी।

इन उदाहरणों को भी देखो
1. This is almost certain. ⇒
He will get a berth. He will get a berth. → that he will get a berth →
That he will get a berth is almost certain.

जब वह वाक्य जिसको noun clause में परिवर्तित कर उपयोग करना है statement (कथनात्मक वाक्य) होता है तो उसमें subordinator that जोड़ा जाता है और इसी कारण
उसे that – clause कहा जथा है

2. This is doubtful.
Will he be able to come?
Will he be able to come? → whether he will be able to come →
Whether he will be able to come is doubtful.

जब वह वाक्य जिसको noun clause में परिवर्तित कर उपयोग करना है Yes/No Type question हो तो subordinator whether जोड़ा जाता है और क्योंकि noun clause का structure, जैसा हम पहले कह चुके हैं, assertive sentence का होना चाहिए, इसलिए Yes/No Type question का subject और finite verb का inversion समाप्त करना होता है।

3. (a) This is a mystery. ⇒
How did the thieves get in?
How did the thieves get in? how the thieves got in →
How the thieves got in is a mystery.

(b) This is a mystery. ⇒
Who came to see him last night?
Who came to see him last night? → who came to see him
last night →

Who came to see him last night is a mystery.

जब वह वाक्य जिसके noun clause में परिवर्तित कर उपयोग करना है Questionword question हो तो किसी subordinator की आवश्यकता नहीं होती question – word ही subordinator का काम करता है। यदि Question – word question में subject और finite verb का inversion हो – जैसा ऊपर (a) में तो उसे समाप्त किया जाता है। यदि Question – word question Subject Question हो जैसा ऊपर (b) में तो उसमें subject और finite verb का inversion होता ही नहीं है, अत: समाप्त करने का प्रश्न ही नहीं उठता।

Exercise : 15
Combine the Sentences
1. What was your grandfather’s name?
We’d like to know. [2008]

2. He will be able to educate his children.
This is sure.

3. The sanction has been made.
This has yet not been declared.

4. You did not know him.
This was obvious.

5. Do you know this?
The train is late. [2012]

कुछ भाषाशास्त्री मानते हैं कि इस प्रकार के long subject, sentence को ज्यादा भारी बना देते हैं। अत: वे sentence का प्रारम्भ It से करके उस Subject को sentence अन्त में लिख देते हैं और उसे postponed (आगे बढ़ा हुआ) Subject कहते हैं।

As –
1. Whether you pass or not doesn’t interest me.
तुम सफल होते हो या नहीं (इसमें) मुझे कई दिलचस्पी नहीं है।
= It doesn’t interest me whether you pass or not.

2. (i) That he will get a berth is almost certain.
(ii) It is almost certain that he will get a berth.

3. (i) Whether he will be able to come is doubtful. →
(ii) It is doubtful whether he will be able to come

4. (i) How the thieves got in is a mystery. →
(ii) It is a mystery how the thieves got in.

5. (i) Who came to see hin last night is a mystery. →
(ii) It is a mystery who came to see him last night.

Exercise : 16
A. Now combine the following pairs of sentences using the appropriate subordinators. Write two sentences for each pair one like (i) and the other like (ii) :

1. This was unfortunate.
The weather was bad.

2. This is true.
He is going to retire next year.

3. This is possible
They misunderstood us.

4. This is strange.
They did not come to the meeting.

5. This is doubtful.
Will he be able to pass the exam?

6. This is not certain.
Will they be able to join us?

7. This is a mystery.
Why were all his attempts unsuccessful?

8. This is a mystery.
How does he earn his living?

B. Rewrite beginning with ‘It’ :
1. Whatever, she says is absurd.
2. That you go for a walk in the morning is a nice thing.
3. When I shall start work is not decided.
4. That you take interest in your work is a pleasant news.
5. That he has become successful is a good news.

Noun Clause As

3. Complement of a Verb
किसी Incomplete Verb के अर्थ को पूर्ण करने के लिए जो Noun दिया जाता है वह Noun Complement कहा जाता है।

As – Gopal is my fast friend.
यदि हम एक Simple Sentence दूसरे Simple Sentence में इस तरह जोड़ें कि वह उस Sentence की Verb का Complement बन जाये तो उसे Noun Clause complement of a verb कहेंगे

As – 1. His suggestion is…..
We should go for a picnic.
His suggestion is that we should go for a picnic.
उसका सुझाव है कि हमें पिकनिक पर जाना चाहिए।

2. The question was…..
Is the new drug effective on human beings?
The question was whether the new drug was effective on human beings.
प्रश्न यह था कि नया रसायन मानव पर प्रभावशाली है या नहीं?

3. The problem is…..
Why did he commit suicide?
The problem is why he committed suicide.
समस्या यह है कि उसने आत्महत्या क्यों की?

Exercise : 17 Combine the Sentences :
1. The Prime Minister’s appeal is……
We must remain united at this crucial position.

2. The sum and substance of his talk is….
They are not ready to accept our proposal.

3. His contention is…..
The President has a right to nominate him as M.P.

4. His idea was….
Attack from right side will be fruitful.

5. The main point was…..
Honesty pays in the long run.

6. The fact is this.
We cannot afford a holiday this year.

7. His suggestion is this.
We should go for a picnic.

8. The allegation is this.
They are receiving foreign money.

9. The rumour is this.
The government is not going to survive.

10. My opinion is this.
You have made a mistake.

Noun Clause As
4. Object of a Preposition
किसी Sentence में प्रयुक्त Preposition (सम्बन्धसूचक अव्यय) in, on, to, for, from…. etc. के बाद एक Noun अवश्य आता है जो उसका Object कहलाता है। यदि हम इस Noun के स्थान पर एक Simple Sentence जोड़ दें तो वह Noun Clause object of a Preposition कहलाएगा।

As –
1. I do not believe in his words.
He says the words. I do not believe in what he says.
वह जो कहता है उसमें मैं विश्वास नहीं करता।

2. He was punished for his misdeed.
He had done the misdeed.
He was punished for what he had done.
उसने जो किया उसके लिए उसे सजा दी गई।

3. I had drawn this conclusion from his words.
He said these words.
I had drawn this conclusion from what he said.
उसने जो कुछ कहा उससे मैंने यह निष्कर्ष निकाला।

Exercise : 18
Combine the Sentences :
1. You will be answerable for your work.
You do the work.

2. Be careful about things.
You take things in your hands.

3. Don’t jump upon conclusions.
You conclude conclusions.

4. The minister is responsible for his statement.
He expressed the statement in the Parliament.

5. Pay attention to the teacher’s words.
The teacher says the words.

Noun Clause As
5. Case in Apposition
जब एक Noun के बाद दूसरा Noun आकर पहले Noun की व्याख्या करता है। अर्थात् वह क्या है तो उस Noun को Case in Apposition (समानाधिकरण) कहते हैं।
As –
His son, Gopal has committed suicide.
उसके पुत्र, गोपाल ने आत्महत्या कर ली है।

यदि किसी Noun के बाद Simple sentence जोड़ा जाए तथा वह यह बताए कि पूर्ववर्ती Noun क्या है तो वह Noun Clause – Case in Apposition या Appositive Clause कहलायेगा। यहाँ That Conjunction का अर्थ होगा ‘कि’।

As –
1. The news is true.
Mr. Gupta is promoted.
The news that Mr. Gupta is promoted is true.
समाचार कि मिस्टर गुप्ता को पदोन्नत किया गया है सही है।

2. His suggestion is very good.
We should go for a picnic.
His suggestion that we should go for a picnic is very good.
उसका सुझाव कि हमें पिकनिक पर जाना चाहिए बहुत अच्छा है।

3. The manager’s proposal was accepted.
The workers should be given bonus.
The manager’s proposal that the workers should be given bonus was accepted.
मैनेजर का सुझाव कि कर्मचारियों को बोनस दे देना चाहिए स्वीकार कर लिया गया।

4. All liked Mr. David’s idea.
There must be some incentive for the students for remaining present in the classes.
All liked Mr. David’s idea that there must be some incentive for the students for remaining present in the classes.
सभी ने मिस्टर डेविड के इस विचार को पसन्द किया कि छात्रों को कक्षा में उपस्थित रहने के लिए कुछ प्रोत्साहन दिया जाना चाहिए।

5. I do not think your proposal is right.
No holiday should be declared.
I don’t think your proposal that no holiday should be declared is right.
मैं नहीं सोचता कि तुम्हारा प्रस्ताव कि अवकाश घोषित नहीं किया जाना चाहिए सही है।

Exercise : 19
Combine the Sentences :
1. We have heard the news.
Elections have been declared.

2. His guess proved correct.
It will rain in torrents the next day.
3. His hope proved false.
He will have a bumper crop.

4. The calculation did not prove right.
We shall build the house in one lakh.

5. He strongly believed in the assumption.
God is everywhere.

6. Your theory is right.
The water flowing from God’s effigy has health-giving property.

7. Her belief may give good results.
Her son will soon become healthy.

8. The merchant’s guess did not come true.
The price of the oil will decrease.

9. His son’s fear proved false.
He may fail in the examination.

10. Team Manager’s belief came true.
They would win the match.

Exercise : 20
Rewrite the sentence as directed :
1. As soon as the train arrived, I reached the station.
(Rewrite using No sooner…. than) [2009]
Answer:
No sooner did the train arrive than I reached the station.

2. As soon as the sun rises, I take bath.
(Rewrite using No sooner…. than) [2009]
Answer:
No sooner does the sun rise than I take bath.

[Rule : जब कोई Sentence किसी Negative adverb जैसे – No sooner, Not only etc. से प्रारम्भ होता है तब Sentence को inverted question का रूप देते हैं।]

3. You will not be admitted, if you don’t pay fees.
(Use unless in place of if) [2009]
Answer:
You will not be admitted, unless you pay fees.

4. If you work hard, you can pass.
(Use Unless in place of If) [2009]
Answer:
Unless you work hard, you cannot pass.

5. As soon as Mohan gets salary he starts spending it.
(Rewrite using No sooner…….than in place of As soon as) [2012]
Ans:
No sooner does Mohan get his salary than he starts spending it.

6. He wrote something. It is not legible.
(Combine the sentences using noun clause) [2013]
Answer:
What he wrote is not legible.

(Remember: (1) If के साथ वाले दोनें Clauses positive या negative हो सकते है
(2) किन्तु Unless के साथ वाला Clause हमेशा positive व main clause negative रहेगा

Additional Exercises

Exercise : 1 (Solved)
Complete the following sentences with proper clauses :
(i) None knows ……………….
(ii) The first thing is ……………….
(iii) I want to know …………………
(iv) God helps those ………………….
(v) I shall go ……………..
(vi) She did not attend the school ……………….
(vii) You should act ……………….
(viii) She cannot convince her husband ……………….
(ix) There are many places ……………….
(x) Let us consider ……………….
Answers:
(1) when she is coming.
(ii) that one needs food.
(iii) how far it is right.
(iv) who help themselves.
(v) wherever I like.
(vi) because she was ill.
(vii) as you are old.
(viii) however hard she may try.
(ix) which we haven’t visited.
(x) what causes typhoid.

Exercise : 2
Look at the sentences given below in a disorderly form. Re – order (Rearrange) them into meaningful sentences
(i) it/life/make/is/we/what.
(ii) I/attend/say/to/what/please.
(iii) he/careless/failed/he/so/was.
(iv) certain/he/be/that/is/will/late.
(v) I/go/ready/till/get/not/do.
(vi) you/where/like/go.
(vii) 1/back/till/waited/came/she.
(viii) that/gold/glitters/not/is/all.
(ix) house/live/is/this/I/where/the.
(x) that/children/he/live/hard/may/works/comfortably/his/so.
Answers:
(1) Life is what we make it.
(ii) Please attend to what I say.
(iii) He was careless, so he failed.
(iv) That he will be late is certain.
(v) Do not go till I get ready.
(vi) Go where you like.
(vii) I waited till she came back.
(viii) All that glitters is not gold.
(ix) This is the house where I live.
(x) He works hard so that his children may live comfortably.

Exercise : 3
Fill up the blanks with the suitable clauses :
(i) When he will be free,
(ii) Our friend Amit has returned from Delhi,
(iii) We will enjoy a picnic.
Rajiv – How do you do?
Pramod – I am quite well.
Rajiv – Do you know (a) …………………
Pramod – Is it true? When are we going to meet him?
Rajiv – I shall ask him (b) …………………
Pramod – If possible (c) …………………
Rajiv—Yes, it will be fine.
Answer:
a (ii),
b (i),
c (iii).

II.
(i) If my father permits me,
(ii) How I should spend my holidays,
(iii) Your uncle has asked you to visit him,
(iv) I should go to our village.
Vipul – Mahesh, I do not know (a) …………………
Mahesh–I think (b) …………………
Vipul – Yes, but he has gone abroad for some important work.
Mahesh – What has your father suggested?
Vipul – Father has suggested (c) …………………
Mahesh – Good Idea, I can too accompany you there.
Vipul – Yes we shall meet many of our friends.
Mahesh – O.K. I shall ask (d) …………………
Answer:
a (ii),
b (iii),
c (iv),
d (i).

MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Verbal Input

December 7, 2020

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for General English Composition Based on Verbal Input Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Verbal Input

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Objective Questions Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Objective Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in General English Composition Based on Verbal Input. Here, along with the subject knowledge, General English Composition Based on Verbal Input knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

Example 1.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on “The Scene at a Railway Station” in 80-100 words.
(i) Visit to receive a friend,
(ii) Train late,
(iii) Enough time,
(iv) Second class waiting room,
(v) Booking office,
(vi) Coolies,
(vii) Hawkers,
(viii) People around,
(ix) Train arrives,
(x) Friend came,
(xi) Train left,
(xii) I came out.
Answer:

The Scene At A Railway Station

Last Saturday I went to the railway station to receive a friend. On reaching the station I found that the train was late. So I had enough time to enjoy the scenes. The second class waiting room was packed to full. Some passengers were talking in groups, others were lying on the floor. There were long queues before the booking windows. The enquiry clerk seemed very busy. The coolies were carrying luggage to the platform. The railway platform presented an interesting amusing and absorbing scene. The hawkers were having a good time. People were anxiously waiting for the train. The scene changed as soon as the train arrived. There was a lot of noise and confusion. Everyone was eager to get down. They were pushed back by those who wanted to get in. My friend waved to me. I helped him in moving down his luggage. Soon the guard whistled and the train moved off. Now die platform looked deserted. I came out of the station with my friend.

Example 2.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on “A Visit to a Historical Building” in 80-100 words.
(i) Place of visit,
(ii) Building built by,
(iii) Its appearance,
(iv) Time taken to build,
(v) Visitors.
Answer:

A Visit To A Historical Building

During Dussehra Holidays I decided to go to Agra and see the Taj Mahal. It stands on the right bank of Yamuna. It was built by Emperor Shahjahan in the memory of his queen Mumtaz Mahal and took about twenty years to build. It is made of white marble. It has a beautiful big dome and has four minarets on the four sides. The dome shines in the moonlit night, especially on the full moon day. It looks like it is made of pearls. Inside, there are two beautifully decorated graves. People from all over the world come to see it.

Example 3.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on “An Evening in a Park” in 80-100 words.
(i) The Cnnvd,
(ii) Children around,
(iii) The Scene around,
(iv) Natural view,
(v) Trees, towns and fences,
(vi) The Hawkers,
(vii) Evening refreshing.
Answer:

An Evening In A Park

An evening in a park in summer is always full of pleasures. There is a big crowd of people. Children run here and there to play. Women sit, walk or talk in groups. Old men play cards or gossip or talk together. It is all the more beautiful because of the natural background of the park. There are trees, grassy lawns and green fences. Many hawkers came there to sell their items. So an evening in a park is always refreshing.

Example 4.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on “A Village Fair” in 80-100 words.
(i) Basant Panchami,
(ii) Location,
(iii) Occasion,
(iv) Large crowds,
(v) Kinds of shops,
(vi) Men, women and children,
(vii) Amusements,
(viii) Time passed nicely.
Answer:

A Village Fair

Basant Panchami heralds spring season. A fair is held in this season on the bank of a river at Nurpur village. Last Sunday, 1 visited this fair. It is also held every year in the memory of an old saint. There wais a huge crowd of men, women and children. There were shops of sweets, household items, utensils, clothes etc. These all were decorated with great charm. All were busy in purchasing their favourite items. Women were buying bangles, clothes and cosmetics. Children were enjoying sweets.
TJiere were merry-go-rounds, swings etc. A magician was showing various tricks. There was wrestling going on in one comer. I enjoyed and had a great time in the fair.

Example 5.
With the help of the words given below, produce a writeup on “The Independence Day-the national function” in about 70-80 words. [2008]
(i) Time of function,
(ii) The Chief Guest,
(iii) The beginning of function,
(iv) Progressive report,
(v) Honour of the Chief Guest,
(vi) The end of the function.
Answer:

The Independence Day

A notice was issued by the Principal of our school that the Independence day will be celebrated on the school ground at 8 a.m. Accordingly, all the students and teachers reached the school at about 7.45 a.m. The chief guest, freedom fighter Mr. Hiralalji arrived at7.55 a.m. He unfurled the flag at 8 a.m. All presented there saluted the flag. National anthem was sung in chorus.
N.C.C. cadets made the march past and saluted the flag and the chief guest. The Principal gave the welcome speech to the guests. The chief guest was honoured by garlands. In his speech Mr. Hiralalji addressed the gathering. He remembered the days of struggle for freedom and asked the students to be vigilant.

Example 6.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on the “Role of Students in National Development” in 80-100 words. [2009]
(i) Students’ place in country,
(ii) Role they can play,
(iii) Problems of v
the country,
(iv) Contribution of students.
Answer:

Role Of Students In National Development

Students are the pride and glory of a nation. They can play a very constructive role in the progress, upliftment and development of country. Our educated youth have a tremendous responsibility on their young shoulders.

Our country is overpopulated and beset with poverty, ignorance, illiteracy and superstitions. The young students can play a positive and constructive role in every field of national development. They can enlighten the villagers about new techniques in agriculture. In short, they can bring a transformation in the society.

Example 7.
With the help of words given below, produce a write upon “Education gives Power or The Power of Education” in 80-100 words.
(i) Provides knowledge,
(ii) Trains mind,
(iii) Sharpens skill and ability, .
(iv) Helps to improve,
(v) Refines our tastes,
(vi) Improves the quality of life,
(vii) Control and shape destiny.
Answer:

Education Gives

Education provides us knowledge. It trains our mind and sharpens our skills and abilities and helps us to improve ourselves. Education refines our tastes and temperaments and builds our thought process. Professional and vocational courses equip us for adopting various professions. Education is important for our survival. It improves the quality of our life. Education gives us, power. We can control the situations and shape our destiny.

Example 8.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on “The Value of Games” in 80-100 words.
(i) Necessary for life,
(ii) Removes monotony,
(iii) Makes our body healthy,
(iv) Learning good habits,
(v) Develop equality and brotherhood.
Answer:

The Value Of Games

Games are very necessary for a happy and healthy life. After monotony of the day’s hard work, we get freshness if v. e play in the evening. A sound mind exists only in a sound body. Games teach us team spirit and discipline.

We learn to be punctual. We are cheerful and make many friends. Games develop the sense of equality and brotherhood among players.

Example 9.
You are Ronak Agarwal, a student of Class XI. Write a report for “Advantages of Small Family” with the help of words given below :
(i) Population growth,
(ii) Problems of a large family,
(iii) One or two children,
(iv) Better facilities,
(v) Happy life. [2009,12]
Answer:

Advantages Of Small Family

Population growth is a great problem for developing countries especially. In these hard times parents cannot provide even the bare necessities to their children. If the family is large, every member has to live a life of scarcity. If we have only one or two children, we can provide them better facilities and hence, we all shall lead a happy life. Therefore, it is clear that everyone must have a. small family. Only then one can be happy.

Example 10.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on “The Importance of English” in 80-100 words. [2008, 11, 15]
(i) International language,
(ii) Invention of internet,
(iii) Communicate with other countries,
(iv) Progress,
(v) Rich literature,
(vi) Students enjoy.
Or
Write a report on “The Importance of English Language”. You are Anil Sharma, student of Class XI. [2009]
Answer:

The Importance Of English

English is an international language and is spoken all over the world. With the invention of internet, no country can depend upon its local language. We can communicate with other countries only when we know English. To understand medicine, technology and trade we must know it well. Without knowing English no community can progress. We are the champion in information technology only because we have good English. It has a rich literature and students can enjoy it while and after learning it.

Example 11.
You went to cast your vote at the election booth. Using following imparts describe in about 80-100 words, what you saw as a reporter:
(i) Queue of voters,
(ii) Polling officers and polling agent!,
(iii) Indelible ink,
(iv) Polling Box,
(v) Electronic Voting Machine. [2012]
Answer:

Scene At An Election Booth

When I reached 18 years of age, my name was enrolled in the voters’ list and I was given a voter ID card. Soon elections were declared and I got my first choice to vote. I was proud that as a citizen of our Great Country I can take part in making our own government. On the date of election I went to polling booth in my village at about 9 a.m. I found a long queue of voters at polling booth. I was happy that our citizens had become aware of their rights and duties. Soon I entered the booth. The polling officer No. 1 identified me and took my signature. The second officer put indelible ink on my finger. Previously the voters were given ballot paper which was marked and dropped in the ballot box. But now electronic voting machines have arrived. So the presiding officer sent me into the booth and I pressed the key of the machine and exercised my voting power. I was happy that the candidate whom I gave my vote, became the winner.

Example 12.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on “Exploitation of Parents by Private Schools” in 80-100 words.
(i) Number of public schools increasing,
(ii) Weakness of parents,
(iii) English medium schools,
(iv) Teaching shops,
(v) Make money,
(vi) Ignorant parents,
(vii) Temples of learning.
Or
Write a report in exploitation of parents by private schools. You are Ravi Dubey, a student of Class XL [2009]
Answer:

Exploitation Of Parents By Private Schools

Consumerism has reduced everything, including school education, to the economics of demand and supply. Thousands of so-called public schools have been flourishing on the growing weakness of the parents to send their children to ‘English Medium’ schools. Barring a few reputed and established names, most of them are nothing more than ‘teaching shops.’ They make money at the cost of ignorance and credulous parents. This is not good. Let our schools remain the temples of learning. Let us not bury them deep in the dung of wealth and gold.

Example 13.
Write a report in about 80-100 words for publication in your school magazine describing the “Celebration of the Teachers’ Day” using following details : [2008, 10, 16]
(i) Date of function,
(ii) The Chief Guest,
(iii) Honouring of the teachers by the students,
(iv) Welcome speech,
(v) Speech by a teacher,
(vi) Thanks by the students.
Answer:
Teachers’ Day
The school celebrated ‘Teachers’ Day’ on 5 September, 2015. The Chief guest for the day was the Principal.

All the teachers, staff members and students were present. The students of the seniormost class assumed the roles of various teachers and undertook their responsibilities. After half day a cultural programme was organised. It began with the lighting of lamp before goddess Saraswati by the chief guest. The welcome speech was delivered by the secretary of the cultural club. It was followed by a few songs, dance performances and a skit. After this the chief guest’addressed the students. He shared his views on the occasion, the degrading education system and some of his experiences on teachers’ day. In the end the chief guest, the Principal and the teachers were given gifts and momentos. The student teachers were also honoured. The Senior English teacher delivered a speech. He expressed the delight of teachers and thanked the students on behalf of all the teachers. Finally, the head boy of the seniormost class gave vote of thanks.

Example 14.
The following news report is about the ill-effects of pesticides. Making use of the given information, write an article for your school magazine in about 80-100 words.

There is Poison in you
(i) It’s there jn your water, milk, fruits, vegetables, eggs, meat, flour and now…. soft drinks,
(ii) Evidence about the harmful effects of pesticides has been mounting for quite a long time,
(iii) From mentally retarded babies in one part of the country to cancer cases in the other part, it has been an unending saga of death and misery.
Answer:

Are Humans Pests?

Pesticides are used in controlling pests in the farms. They are meant to kill harmful weeds, insects and animals which are harmful to crops.

Their benefits to crops are many. But they can cause serious problems to human beings. They get into our water, milk, fruits, vegetables, eggs, meat, flour and now…. soft drinks.

Evidence about the harmful effects of pesticides has been mounting for quite a long time. From mentally retarded babies in one part of the country to cancer cases in the other part, it has been an unending saga of death and misery.

Example 15.
You are Rajendra Solanki, a student of Class XI in Govt. Excellent H. S. School, Barnagar. You have witnessed an accident between a truck and a car. Write a report for a newspaper about the accident using the following details. Where, when and how did the accident happen? [2010]
Answer:
Barnagar July 17,20….
We daily hear the news of accidents happening here and there, in which there is loss of people’s lives. Today I witnessed an accident between a Maruti car and a truck. The scene was so shocking that I felt my body trembling. It happened at Barnagar, Ujjain Road. I was coming back from school. A truck was coming from Ujjain and a car was going towards it. The truck was in high speed. Suddenly the driver lost the control of the truck and straightway it collided with the car. There was deafening collision. The car was broken into pieces and the driver was instantly killed. The truck driver was also severely injured. People rushed to help the other passengers ofthe car. Police also arrived and rescue operation started. I was so afraid that I could not sleep properly for several days.

Example 16.
The following are various headlines of different articles on different wildlife creatures and sanctuaries :
Katnataka plans Indian Bustard sanctuary.
Time runs out for Siberian cranes poisoned in China and shot in Pakistan.
Rhino poaching on rise in Kaziranga.
With above headlines of Newspaper write about “The role of sanctuaries in preserving wildlife.” [2013]
Answer:
Wildlife Sanctuaries-Their Problems and Their Contribution. Endangered by hunting and encroachments on their habitat, many species of wild life are in the verge of extinction. Our sanctuaries are not always fully equipped to meet the onslaught of poachers and hunters. But they have to quite an extent, saved our many species from extinction.

The Indian Bustard, one of the heaviest winged animals essentially a ground bird are an easy target of hunters. The Karnataka government has initiated a project to protect the bird at a wildlife sanctuary.

Shortage of staff, weapons and equipment with the guards engaged in anti-poaching operations has also been standing in the way of effective control of poaching.

The Rhino horns fetch a fabulous prize in international market. Hence,it is a lucrative proposition for the villagers in the vicinity of Kaziranga National Park to guide a poacher to a rhino than to depend on the environment projects which can bring only small benefits.

Loss of wintry habitat, an ardous migratory journey and hunting on the migratory route are posing tremendous threats to Siberian crane. Urgent measures are needed to protect the species whose numbers have been steadily decreasing at Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary.

More or less, we have the infrastructure and the intelligence to protect certain endangered species, but there is a greater need to tap methods in conserving these species before they too are wiped out like many others.

Exercise
With the help of the words given, prepare a write up on the given topics in 80-100 words.
(1) Holi Celebration,

Commemorate,
Holika Dahan,
Holika, Hiranyakashyap,
Holika burnt,
Prahalad, unscathed,
Full moon,
Collect firewood, stack,
Worship,
Sing and dance,
Festival mood,
Sprinkling colour, gulal.

(2) Christmas Celebration,

Marks, birth of Jesus Christ,
Bethlehem,
Joy,
Christmas trees,
Decorate,
Coloured, lights, song, cards,
Christmas cakes pudding,
Christmas stockings, “bells,
Parents,
Sweets, presents,
Santa Clause,
Father Christmas.

(3) The Children’s Day.

When to Celebrate,
Occasion,
Celebration,
Chief Guest,
Cultural programme,
Speeches,
Bal Mela,
Student’s stalls,
Prize distribution.

(4) A Well-planned Party,

Occasion,
Place and date,
Description of Venue,
Decoration,
Persons present,
Party games,
Cake ceremony,
Presents,
Food,
Gifts,
Atmosphere.

MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Modals

December 7, 2020

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for General English Grammar Modals Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Modals

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Objective Questions Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Objective Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in General English Grammar Modals. Here, along with the subject knowledge, General English Grammar Modals knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

Anomalous finites be, have तथा do व उनके रूप temporal finites कहलाते हैं और अंग्रेजी भाषा की व्याकरण में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं। इनकी negatives, questions, tenses और passives की रचना में बड़ी अहम् भूमिका होती है। किन्तु शब्दकोष में इनका अर्थ देखने से हमें विशेष लाभ नहीं होता क्योंकि इनमें शाब्दिक अर्थ नहीं के बराबर होता है। इसके विपरीत can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, need, dare और used to जिन्हें हमने modal finites के अन्तर्गत रखा है, व्याकरण में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाने के साथ-साथ अर्थ के क्षेत्र में भी बड़ी अहम् भूमिका निभाते हैं। Modal finites में आपस में काफी समानताएँ हैं :

1. Form की दृष्टि से modal finites अन्य finites से काफी भिन्न हैं। 3rd person singular subject के साथ इनमें -5 या-es नहीं लगता। इस प्रकार इनके infinitive, present participle तथा past participle forms का उपयोग नहीं होता।

2. could, might, should और would क्रमश: can, may, shail और will के past tense के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हैं। परन्तु यह उनके function का केवल एक छोटा-सा क्षेत्र है। इनका अधिकतर उपयोग present और future की घटनाओं की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए होता है। शेष में से dare, need, must और ought ‘to के past tense के रूप उपलब्ध नहीं हैं तथा उनका उपयोग भूतकाल की घटनाओं के लिये नहीं होता। वहीं used to का present tense का रूप उपलब्ध नहीं है व उसका उपयोग present या future की घटनाओं के लिये नहीं किया जाता।

3. वास्तव में need और used दोनों एक ही spelling की दो अलग-अलग क्रियाएँ हैं तथा दोनों का कार्यक्षेत्र और अर्थ एक-दूसरे से काफी भिन्न हैं। एक need anomalous finite के समान कार्य करती है वह उसके साथ questions और negatives में do के forms की आवश्यकता नहीं होती जबकि जो need regular verb के समान कार्य करती है जिसका अर्थ होता है “आवश्यकता होना”; उसके साथ questions और negatives में do के forms का उपयोग करना पड़ता है:

We need a lot of paper every month.
We do not need a lot of paper every month.
Do we need a lot of paper every month?

इसी प्रकार use की दो क्रियाएँ हैं, एक anomalous finite के समान काम करती है-used to- तथा दूसरी regular verb के समान कार्य करती है तथा इसके साथ questions और negatives में do के form का उपयोग करना पड़ता है :

They use a lot of paper every month.
They do not use a lot of paper every month.
Do they use a lot of paper every month?

4. Ought और used को छोड़कर सभी के साथ main verb का bare infinite (infinitive without to) का उपयोग होता है। केवल ought और used के बाद to-infinitive का उपयोग होता है :
You need not come to this meeting.
(तुम्हारा इस बैठक में आना जरूरी नहीं है।)

You must come to this meeting.
(तुम्हारा इस बैठक में आना जरूरी है।)

You ought to come to this meeting.
(तुम्हें इस बैठक में आना चाहिए।)

Can you come to this meeting?
(क्या तुम इस बैठक में आ सकते हो?)

I used to attend such meetings.
(भूतकाल में मैं इस प्रकार की बैठकों में आता था।)

5. Function की दृष्टि से भी modal finites अन्य finites से काफी भिन्न हैं। इनका उपयोग ऐसी घटनाओं के लिए नहीं किया जा सकता जो निश्चित रूप से घट रही हों या घट चुकी हों। used to का उपयोग केवल भूतकाल में आदतन घटने की प्रत्याशा में उनके घटने की सम्भावना, आवश्यकता, अनिवार्यता आदि की चर्चा करने के लिए किया जाता है :

They can finish the work by Saturday.
(उनमें शनिवार तक कार्य पूर्ण करने की योग्यता है।)

They may finish the work by Saturday.
(उनके शनिवार तक काम पूरा कर लेने की सम्भावना है।)

They might finish the work by Saturday.
(ऐसी सम्भावना है कि वे शनिवार तक काम पूरा कर लेंगे–पर सम्भावना ऊपर वाले वाक्य से कम है)

They will finish the work by Saturday.
(वे शनिवार तक काम पूरा कर लेंगे।)

They must finish the work by Saturday.
(उन्हें शनिवार तक काम पूरा कर लेना होगा।)

They needn’t finish the work by Saturday.
(यह आवश्यक नहीं है कि वे शनिवार तक काम पूरा कर लें।)

They ought to finish the work by Saturday.
(शनिवार तक काम पूरा करना उनकी नैतिक बाध्यता है।)

6. Modal finites के बाद perfect infinitive (have + past participle) का उपयोग कर हम ऐसी घटनाओं की चर्चा कर सकते हैं जिन्हें भूतकाल में घटना था परन्तु वे नहीं घर्टी या जिनके बारे में निश्चित रूप से ये नहीं जानते कि वे घटी या नहीं :

They could have come earlier.
(वे पहले आ सकते थे-पर नहीं आए।)

You should have told me at once.
(तुम्हें मुझको तुरन्त बताना चाहिए था—पर तुमने नहीं बताया।)

They may have missed the train.
(हो सकता है उनकी ट्रेन छूट गई हो हमें निश्चित नहीं मालूम कि क्या हुआ।)

They will have come by now.
(वे अभी तक आ चुके होंगे-हमें निश्चित नहीं मालूम कि वे वास्तव में आए या नहीं।)

She must have typed the letter.
(उसने पत्र टाइप कर लिया होगा—सम्भावना है, पर निश्चित नहीं मालूम।)

SHALL and WILL

Future tense में 1st person subjects-I और we के साथ shall तथा 2nd person -you- 311 3rd person—he, she, it, they, the boy, the car, the girls, etc. के साथ will का उपयोग किया जाता है।

I shall be seventy next birthday.
(मैं अगले जन्मदिन पर सत्तर वर्ष का हो जाऊँगा।)

We shall have a good monsoon this year.
(इस वर्ष मानसून की वर्षा अच्छी होगी।)

Tomorrow will be Monday.
(कल सोमवार होगा।)

The sun will set at 17.56 hours today.
(आज सूर्यास्त 5 बजकर 56 मिनट पर होगा।)

Next year they will celebrate the golden jubilee of their marriage.
(अगले वर्ष वे अपनी शादी की स्वर्ण जयन्ती मनायेंगे।)

The train will reach Jabalpur about an hour late.
(ट्रेन जबलपुर करीब एक घंटे देर से पहुँचेगी।)

Note : क्योंकि औपचारिक लेखन व भाषण के अलावा सभी परिस्थितियों में
subjects, विशेषकर pronoun subjects के साथ shall और will का contracted form-II,जो दोनों के लिये एक जैसा ही है प्रयुक्त होता है, अत: Modern English में shall और will का अन्तर करीब-करीब समाप्त हो गया है।

केवल प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में, जहाँ ये subject के पूर्व आते है और इस कारण इनके contracted form का उपयोग नहीं किया जा सकता, इनका अन्तर अभी भी बरकरार है।

Shall

1. Shall का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा हम किसी के लिये कुछ करने का प्रस्ताव करते हैं तथा हमें उम्मीद होती है कि हमारा प्रस्ताव स्वीकार कर लिया जायेगा :

Shall I spell that word for you?
(क्या मैं उस शब्द की हिज्जे कर दूँ?)

2. Shall का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में भी किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा हम किसी अन्य व्यक्ति के साथ मिलकर कुछ करने का सुझाव देते हैं :

Shall we go and see a film?
(क्यों न हम लोग जाकर एक फिल्म देखें?)

3. Shall का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में भी किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा हम स्वयं कुछ करने का सुझाव देते हैं :

Shall I contact the chairman?
(क्या मैं चेयरमेन से सम्पर्क स्थापित करूँ?)

4. Shall का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में भी किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा हम किसी से निर्देशों के लिए आग्रह करते हैं :

What shall we do now?
(अब हमें क्या करना चाहिए?)

5. Shall का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में भी किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा हम किसी से सलाह देने का आग्रह करते हैं :

Which book shall I buy?
(मैं कौन-सी किताब खरीदूँ?)

6. Shall का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा कुछ जानकारी चाही जाती है :
Shall I need some help there?
(क्या वहाँ मुझे कुछ सहायता की आवश्यकता होगी?)

When shall we go there?
(हम लोग वहाँ कब जाएँगे?)

Where shall we be this time tomorrow?
(कल इस समय हम कहाँ होंगे?)

7. 2nd और 3rd person subjects के साथ shall का उपयोग कानूनी या शासकीय शर्तों में होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों में इसके contracted form का उपयोग नहीं किया जाता:

Candidates shall not be allowed to use calculators.
(परीक्षार्थियों को केलक्युलेटर का उपयोग नहीं करने दिया जाएगा।)

Applicants shall submit three copies.
(आवेदकों को तीन प्रतियाँ प्रस्तुत करनी होंगी।)

Will

1. 1st person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग ऐसे वाक्यों में किया जाता है जो
किसी कार्य को करने में सहयोगशीलता दिखाते हैं :

A. Can somebody help me?
(क्या कोई मेरी मदद कर सकता है?)

B. I will.
(मैं करूँगा।)

2. 1st person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग ऐसे वाक्यों में किया जाता है, जो किसी कार्य को करने का प्रस्ताव करते हैं :
A. There isn’t any bread in the house.
(घर में डबलरोटी नहीं है)

B. Don’t worry. I will go and get some.
(चिन्ता मत करिये। मैं जाकर ले आऊँगा।)

3. 1st person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग ऐसे वाक्यों में किया जाता है जिनसे दृढ़ निश्चय या वादा प्रकट किया जाता है।

I will stop smoking.
(मैं सिगरेट पीना छोड़ दूंगा।)

4. 1st person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग ऐसे वाक्यों में किया जाता है जो धमकी देने का काम करते हैं :
I will break your neck.
(मैं तुम्हारी गर्दन तोड़. दूंगा।)

5. 2nd person subject के साथ will का प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य में उपयोग किसी से कुछ करने का अनुरोध करने के लिए किया जाता है :

Will you pass the salt, please?
(कृपया क्या नमक इधर बढ़ाने का कष्ट करेंगे?)

अनुरोध के लिय उपयोग किये गये प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में will के स्थान पर would का उपयोग अनुरोध को ओर अधिक विनम्र बना देता है :
Would you pass the salt, please?
(कृपया क्या नमक इधर बढ़ाने का कष्ट करेंगे?)

6. 2nd person subject के साथ will का उपयोग आज्ञा देने के लिए किया जाता है:
Will you be quiet?
(खामोश रहो।)

7. 2nd person subject के साथ will का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में किया जाता है जिनका अभिप्राय किसी से कोई कार्य करने का अनुरोध करने के लिए किया जाता है :
Will you have some more coffee?
(थोड़ी और कॉफी लीजिए।)

ऐस प्रश्नों में will के स्थान पर won’t का उपयोग अनुरोध को और सबल बना देता है:

Won’t you have some more coffee?
(थोड़ी और कॉफी लीजिए न।)

8. 1st और 3rd person subjects के साथ won’t का उपयोग किसी कार्य को करने से इन्कार करने के लिए भी किया जाता है :

No I won’t do it.
(नहीं, मैं यह नहीं करूँगा।)

She won’t open the door. (वह दरवाजा खोलने से इन्कार कर रही है।)

3rd person subjects के साथ won’t का उपयोग ऐसी चीजों की चर्चा के लिए भी किया जाता है, जो हमारी इच्छा के अनुसार काम नहीं करती :
The scooter won’t start.
(स्कूटर स्टार्ट नहीं हो रहा है।)

The door won’t open.
(दरवाजा खुल ही नहीं रहा है।)

9. 2nd और 3rd person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा कुछ जानकारी चाही जाती है :

How will you reach there?
(तुम वहाँ कैसे पहुँचोगे?)

Why will he oppose our suggestions?
(वह हमारे सुझाव का विरोध क्यों करेगा?)

10. 3rd person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग तथ्यात्मक कथन के लिए भी किया जाता है :
There will be time for questions after the lecture.
(लेक्चर के बाद प्रश्नों के लिये समय होगा।)

They will not be able to come tomorrow.
(वे कल नहीं आ सकेंगे।)

11: 3rd person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग वर्तमान के आदतन व्यवहार के लिए भी होता है :

She will sit for hours without saying anything.
(वह बिना कुछ कहे घंटों बैठी रहती है।)

12. 3rd person subjects के साथwill तथा won’t का उपयोग किसी चीज के स्वाभाविक व्यवहार या उसकी विशेषता बताने के लिए भी होता है :

Sulphuric acid will dissolve most metals.
(सल्फ्यूरिक एसिड अधिकतर धातुओं का विलयन कर लेता है।)

Gold won’t dissolve in hydrochloric acid.
(सोना हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड में नहीं घुलता।)

Should And Would

1. Should और would का उपयोग subordinate clause में जबकि main clause की verb past tense में हो, shall और will के past form के रूप में होता है। ऐसा अधिकतर reported speech में होता है :

I said, “I shall be there before ten.”
I said that I should be there before ten.
He said, “They will see you again tomorrow.”
He said that they would see me again the next day.

Note: आजकल reported speech में 1st person subjects के साथ भी should के स्थान पर would का उपयोग करने की प्रवृत्ति बढ़ रही है। इसका एक कारण यह हो सकता है कि इससे should के औचित्य के अर्थ में व्याख्या की जाने की सम्भावना समाप्त हो जाती है :
I said I would be there before ten.

2. Should और would का उपयोग conditional constructions में भी होता है :

If I worked hard, I should be paid well.
(यदि मैं मेहनत से काम करता तो मुझे अच्छी मजदूरी मिलती।)

If he worked hard, he would be paid well.
(यदि वह मेहनत से काम करता तो उसे अच्छी मजदूरी मिलती।)

Note : ऐसे वाक्यों में भी आजकल 1st person subjects के साथ should के स्थान पर would का उपयोग करने की प्रवृत्ति बढ़ रही है :
If I worked hard, I would be paid well.

Should

1. Should और ought to का उपयोग सभी प्रकार के subjects के साथ कर्तव्य, बाध्यता, या औचित्य की चर्चा के लिए किया जाता है। बाध्यता को मुख्य रूप से दो भागों में बाँट सकते हैं :
(i) बाध्यता जहाँ चुनाव करने का अवसर नहीं होता-कानून या नियम के अनुरूप यह कर सकते हो, यह नहीं कर सकते,

जैसे-
In India, you must keep to your left while driving.
(भारत में, तुम्हें बायें हाथ पर वाहन चलाना चाहिए।)

(ii) बाध्यता जहाँ चुनाव करने का अवसर होता है, जैसे
You should help old people.
(तुम्हें बूढ़े व्यक्तियों की मदद करनी चाहिए।)

यह एक सामाजिक बाध्यता है। यदि तुम ऐसा नहीं करते तो कानूनन तुम्हें दण्ड नहीं मिल सकता पर समाज में तुम्हारे सम्मान को ठेस पहुँच सकती है, या:

I ought to go and see my doctor.
(मुझे अपने डॉक्टर से मिलना चाहिए।)

यदि मैं ऐसा नहीं करता तो मुझे दण्ड तो नहीं मिल सकता पर इसके न करने से मुझे ही नुकसान होने वाला है।

Note : Should और ought to के अर्थ में बहत साम्य है. अतः इन अर्थों में एक के स्थान पर दूसरे का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। (देखिये आगे ought to)

2. Should का उपयोग सम्भावना व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है :

Our team should win this series.
(Provided they keep playing like this.)
(हमारी टीम यह श्रृंखला जीत जायेगी–यदि वे इसी प्रकार खेलते रहे तो।)

3. Should का उपयोग यह व्यक्त करने के लिए भी किया जाता है कि क्या करना अच्छा या उचित है। यह ऊपर 1 पर बताए अर्थ के करीब-करीब समान है :

We should send him a reply.
(हमें उसे उत्तर दे देना चाहिए।)

We shouldn’t spend all the money.
(हमें सारा पैसा खर्च नहीं कर देना चाहिए।)

4. Should का उपयोग अन्य व्यक्तियों को क्या करना चाहिए इस बाबत सलाह देने के लिए भी किया जाता है :
You should attend this meeting.
(तुम्हें इस बैठक में उपस्थित रहना चाहिए।)

You shouldn’t watch TV for long duration.
(तुम्हें बहुत देर तक टी.वी. नहीं देखना चाहिए।)

5. Should का उपयोग स्थिति विशेष पर लोगों का अभिमत जानने के लिए भी किया जाता है। ऐसे वाक्य अक्सर I think’, ‘I don’t think’, या ‘Do you think’ से शुरू होते हैं :

I think he should join the army.
(मैं सोचता हूँ उसे सेना में भर्ती हो जाना चाहिए।)

I don’t think that a mid-term poll should be held.
(मैं नहीं सोचता कि मध्यावधि चुनाव होना चाहिए।)

Do you think we should go there?
(क्या तुम सोचते हो कि हमें वहाँ जाना चाहिए?)

6. Should के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग कर यह बताया जाता है कि भूतकाल में हमें किसी घटना के घटने की आशा थी पर वह नहीं घंटी :

They should have arrived yesterday.
(उन्हें कल आ जाना चाहिए था-परन्तु वे नहीं आए।)

Would

1. Would का उपयोग भूतकाल की ऐसी घटनाओं के लिए किया जाता है जो नियमित रूप से घटती रही हों :

We would normally go to school by bus.
(हम सामान्यतः बस से स्कूल जाते थे।)

Note : इस अर्थ में would का उपयोग उन क्रियाओं के साथ नहीं होता जो सामान्यतः continuous tenses में उपयोग (देखिये Present Progressive Tense) इस अर्थ में would के स्थान पर used to का उपयोग किया जा सकता है :

We used to go to school by bus.

Used to का उपयोग उन क्रियाओं के साथ भी किया जा सकता है जो सामान्यत: continuous tenses में उपयोग में नहीं लाई जाती :
People used to believe that the earth was flat.
(लोग विश्वास करते थे कि पृथ्वी चपटी है।)

2. Would you का उपयोग किसी से कुछ करने के लिए कहने को किया जाता है। इस अर्थ में will you का उपयोग भी किया जाता है। Will you और Would you दोनों का उपयोग सामान्यतः सत्तासम्पन्न व्यक्तियों द्वारा किया जाता है।

Will you से would you अधिक विनम्र है :

Will you please leave the room?
Would you please leave the room?

3. औपचारिक परिस्थितियों में जब हम किसी से सहायता के लिए आग्रह करते हैं तब would you और could you दोनों का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। इनका उपयोग तब किया जाता है जब हम अत्यधिक विनम्रता दिखाते हुए किसी से ऐसा कुछ करने के लिए कहते हैं जिसमें कुछ अतिरिक्त मेहनत लगती हो। would you से could you अधिक विनम्र है:

Would you show me how to do this?
(क्या आप यह बताने का कष्ट करेंगे कि इसे कैसे किया जाता है?)

Could you show me how to do this?
(कृपया यह बताने का कष्ट करें कि इसे किस प्रकार किया जाता है।)

4. I would like के बाद to infinitive या noun group का उपयोग किसी से कुछ अनुरोध करने के लिए किया जाता है :
I would like to ask you à question.
(मैं आपसे एक प्रश्न पूछना चाहूँगा।)

I would like black coffee, please.
(मैं बिना दूध की कॉफी लेना चाहूँगा।)

5. Would you mind’ के बाद present participle का उपयोग कर किसी से कुछ करने के लिए अनुरोध किया जा सकता है:
Would you mind waiting a moment?
(क्या आप कुछ इन्तजार कर सकेंगे?)

6. ‘Would you like’ के बाद to- infinitive या noun group का उपयोग किसी से कुछ करने का निवेदन करने के लिए किया जाता है :
Would you like some more coffee?
(थोड़ी और कॉफी लीजिए।)

Would you like to come to the film with us?
(आप हमारे साथ फिल्म देखने चलिए न?)

7. Would like के बाद to- infinitive या noun group का उपयोग कोई क्या चाहता है यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है :

They would like to know the date of the next meeting.
(वे अगली मीटिंग की तारीख जानना चाहते हैं।)

He would like the work to be finished by Saturday.
(वह चाहता है कि शनिवार तक काम समाप्त हो जाए।)

Would not like का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई व्यक्ति क्या नहीं चाहता :

They would not like your presence in the meeting.
(वे मीटिंग में तुम्हारी उपस्थिति नहीं चाहते।)

She would not like to go there alone.
(वह वहाँ अकेले जाना नहीं चाहती।)

8. Would hate, would love या would prefer के बाद to-infinitive याnoun group का उपयोग करके भी यह बताया जाता है कि कोई क्या चाहता है क्या नहीं चाहता :

I would hate to go there again.
(मैं फिर से वहाँ जाना पसन्द नहीं करूंगा।)

I would prefer a cup of tea.
(मैं एक कप चाय पसन्द करूँगा।)

Note: Would enjoy के बाद noun group या present participle का उपयोग किया जाता है, to- infinite का नहीं :

I would enjoy a bath before we leave.
(रवाना होने से पहले मैं स्नान करना पसन्द करूँगा।)

I would enjoy seeing the film again.
(मैं यह फिल्म दोबारा देखना पसन्द करूँगा।)

9. I wouldn’t mind’ के बाद noun group या present participle का उपयोग भी .. यह बताने के लिए किया जा सकता है कि हम क्या चाहते हैं :

I wouldn’t mind a cup of tea.
(मैं एक प्याला चाय चाहता हूँ।)

I wouldn’t mind going there alone.
(मैं वहाँ अकेला जाना चाहूँगा।)

CAN

1. Can का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई कार्य सम्भव है :

Watching television can sometimes be boring.
(टेलीविजन देखना कभी-कभी उबाऊ हो सकता है।)

Cannot या can’t का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई कार्य सम्भव ‘नहीं है :

You cannot learn English in just three months.
(तुम अंग्रेजी केवल तीन महीनों में नहीं सीख सकते।)

Note: Cannot हमेशा एक शब्द के समान लिखा जाता है। 2. Can का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए भी किया जाता है कि किसी में कुछ करने की सामर्थ्य है :

He can speak two languages.
(वह दो भाषाएँ बोल सकता है।)

Can not और can’t का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये किया जाता है कि किसी में कुछ करने का सामर्थ्य नहीं है :

She can’t lift this heavy table.
(वह इस भारी टेबिल को नहीं उठा सकती।)

3. Can और can’t का उपयोग verb of senses (see, hear, smell, taste, feel) के साथ यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई व्यक्ति इनका उपयोग कर कुछ अनुभव कर पाता है अथवा नहीं:

I can hear that sound.
(मैं यह आवाज सुन रहा हूँ।)

I can’t see her from here.
(मैं यहाँ से उसे नहीं देख पा रहा हूँ।)

4. Can का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए भी होता है कि किसी व्यक्ति को कुछ करने की अनुमति है :
Any student can participate in this competition.
(कोई भी विद्यार्थी इस प्रतियोगिता में भाग ले सकता है।)

Cannot या can’t का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि उन्हें ऐसा करने की अनुमति नहीं है :
Students cannot use calculators in the exam.
(विद्यार्थी परीक्षा में केलक्युलेटर का उपयोग नहीं कर सकते।)

5. Can का उपयोग किसी कार्य करने की अनुमति चाहने के लिए भी किया जाता है। Can का उपयोग अनौपचारिक परिस्थितियों में किया जाता है :

Can I ask a question?
(क्या मैं एक प्रश्न पूछ सकता हूँ?)

6. Can का उपयोग किसी को कोई कार्य करने की अनुमति प्रदान करने के लिए भी किया जाता है। इसका उपयोग अनौपचारिक परिस्थितियों में होता है:

She can take a day off.
(वह एक दिन का अवकाश ले सकती है।)

Cannot या can’t का उपयोग किसी काम के करने की अनुमति से इन्कार करने के लिए किया जाता है :

Student : Can I leave the class for a moment?
(विद्यार्थी : क्या मैं कुछ देर के लिये कक्षा से बाहर जा सकता हूँ?)

Teacher : No, You can’t.
(शिक्षकः नहीं, तुम नहीं जा सकते।)

7. Can का उपयोग अनौपचारिक परिस्थितियों में सहायता के लिये अनुरोध करने के लिये भी किया जाता है। ऐसा तभी किया जाता है जब सहायता के काम में कम समय व मेहनत लगती हो :

Can you give me his telephone number?
(क्या आप मुझे उसका टेलीफोन नम्बर बताएँगे?)

8. Can का उपयोग किसी की सहायता के लिये कुछ करने के प्रस्ताव में भी किया जाता हैं :

Can I help you with your homework?
(क्या मैं तुम्हारे गृहकार्य में तुम्हारी मदद करूँ?)

9. I can’ का उपयोग विवरणात्मक वाक्यों में यह बताने के लिये भी किया जाता है कि हम उनकी सहायता करने की स्थिति में है व उनके लिए कुछ कर सकते हैं :

I am going to town, I can post the letters for you.
(मैं शहर जा रहा हूँ और तुम्हारे पत्र पोस्ट कर सकता हूँ।)

COULD

1. Could का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये किया जाता है कि किसी व्यक्ति में भूतकाल में कोई विशेष योग्यता थी।

He could run faster than any one else.
(वह किसी भी अन्य से तेज दौड़ सकता था।)

Note : Could का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये नहीं किया जाता कि भूतकाल में कोई व्यक्ति किसी विशेष समय पर कुछ कर सका था, इसके लिये managed to का उपयोग किया जाता है। Could तो बीते हुए समय की किसी सामान्य योग्यता की चर्चा के लिये काम में लाया जाता है :

Pete Sampras was a better player but Paes managed to beat him on that occasion.
(पीट सम्प्रास बेहतर खिलाड़ी था परन्तु पेस उस अवसर पर उसे हरा सका था।)

Could not का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये किया जाता है कि बीते हुए समय में किसी व्यक्ति में एक विशेष योग्यता नहीं थी :

A lot of them couldn’t read or write.
(उनमें से बहुत से व्यक्ति पढ़-लिख नहीं सकते थे।)

Note : Could not या couldn’t का उपयोग बीते हुए किसी विशेष अवसर पर कोई व्यक्ति कोई कार्य नहीं कर सका था इसको बताने के लिए भी किया जाता है :

Pete Sampras was a better player but on that occasion he could not beat Paes.
(पीट सम्प्रास बेहतर खिलाड़ी था परन्तु उस अवसर पर वह पेस को हरा नहीं सका था।)

2. Could का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए भी किया जाता है कि बीते हुए समय में किसी व्यक्ति को कुछ करने की अनुमति थी :

We could keep library books for the whole session.
(हम पुस्तकालय की किताबें पूरे सत्र रख सकते थे।)

Could not या couldn’t का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि उन्हें कुछ करने की अनुमति नहीं थी :

We couldn’t go to the library after 5 p.m.
(हम शाम के 5 बजे के बाद पुस्तकालय में नहीं जा सकते थे।)

3. Could का उपयोग किसी काम को करने की अनुमति मांगने के लिये किया जाता है। Can की अपेक्षा could का प्रयोग अधिक विनम्रता दर्शाता है :

Could I just ask you a question?
(क्या मैं आपसे एक प्रश्न पूछ सकता हूँ?)

4. Could के बाद you का उपयोग कर हम किसी से कोई काम करने के लिये कह सकते हैं। Could का उपयोग इसे बहुत विनम्र बना देता है :

Could you just open that window?
(क्या आप उस खिड़की को खोल देंगे?)

Note: Could you का उपयोग औपचारिक परिस्थितियों में किया जाता है :

Can you show me how to do it? (informal)
Could you show me how to do it? (formal)

5. Could का उपयोग कुछ करने का सुझाव देने के लिये भी किया जाता है :

We could meet next Sunday.
(हम लोग अगले रविवार को मिल सकते हैं।)

6. Could I का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नों में किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा हम किसी के लिए कुछ करने का प्रस्ताव करते हैं। Can की अपेक्षा Could I प्रस्ताव को अधिक विनम्र बनाता है :

Could I help you carry those bags?
(क्या मैं इन थैलों को ले जाने में आपकी मदद करूँ?)

7. I could का उपयोग ऐसे वाक्यों में किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा आप किसी को यह बताने का प्रयत्न करते हैं कि आप उनकी मदद करने की स्थिति में हैं:

I could pay some of the rent.
(कुछ किराया मैं चुका सकता हूँ?)

8. Could के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि बीते हुए समय में कुछ होने की सम्भावना थी परन्तु आप निश्चित रूप से यह नहीं कह सकते कि वैसा हुआ अथवा नहीं :

They could have been you.
(हो सकता है कि उन्होंने तुम्हें देख लिया हो।)

इसी प्रकार की नकारात्मक संरचना could not + perfect infinitive यह बताती है कि यह सम्भव नहीं है कि कोई घटना घटी हो :
His train was late by two hours, so he could not have reached in time.
(उसकी ट्रेन दो घंटे देर से चल रही थी, अतः यह सम्भव नहीं है कि वह समय से पहुँच गया हो।)

9. Could के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये भी किया जाता हैं कि बीते हुए समय में किसी घटना के घटने की सम्भावना थी परन्तु वह नहीं घटी :

You could have broken your legs.
(तुमने अपना पैर तोड़ लिया होता।)

10. Could के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए भी किया जाता है कि बीते हुये समय में किसी में कुछ करने की सामर्थ्य थी किन्तु उसने वैसा नहीं किया। ऐसा उस समय किया जाता है जब तुम कार्य के न किए जाने पर अपनी नापसन्दगी दिखाना चाहती हो :

You could have told me earlier.
(तुम मुझे पहले बता सकते थे।)

MAY

1. May का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई कार्य सम्भव तो है पर हम निश्चित तौर पर यह नहीं कह सकते कि वैसा होगा :

They may help us.
(हो सकता है वे हमारी मदद करें।)

इसी प्रकार के अर्थ की नकारात्मक अभिव्यक्ति के लिए may not का उपयोग किया जाता है :

They may not get a house in our locality.
(हो सकता है कि उन्हें हमारे इलाके में मकान न मिले।)

First person के साथ प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में may का उपयोग किसी काम को करने की अनुमति प्राप्त करने के लिये किया जाता है। परन्तु may का उपयोग औपचारिक (formal) परिस्थितियों में ही किया जाता है-अनौपचारिक परिस्थितियों में can का उपयोग होता है :

May I come in?
(क्या मैं अन्दर आ सकता हूँ?)

3. May का उपयोग किसी काम को करने की अनुमति प्रदान करने के लिए भी किया जाता है। ऐसा औपचारिक परिस्थितियों में ही होता है :

You may leave as soon as you have finished.
(जैसे ही तुम्हारा काम पूरा हो तुम जा सकते हो।)

4. May का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए भी किया जाता है कि आमतौर से ऐसा करने की इजाजत है :

Candidates may submit an advance copy.
(प्रत्याशियों को एडवान्स कॉपी भेजने की इजाजत है।)

इस प्रकार के अर्थ की नकारात्मक अभिव्यक्ति के लिए may not का उपयोग किया , जाता है :

Candidates may not use calculators.
(परीक्षार्थियों को कलक्युलेटर के उपयोग की इजाजत नहीं है।)

5. May के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि भूतकाल में ऐसा हुआ हो यह सम्भव तो है पर हम निश्चित रूप से नहीं कह सकते कि ऐसा हुआ था :

You may have seen this advertisement.
(हो सकता है तुमने यह विज्ञापन देखा हो।)

इसी प्रकार के अर्थ की नकारात्मक अभिव्यक्ति के लिये may not के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग होता है :

They may not have seen you.
(हो सकता है उन्होंने तुम्हें नहीं देखा हो।)

Might

1. Might का उपयोग भी यह बताने के लिये किया जाता है कि कोई कार्य सम्भव तो है पर हम निश्चित रूप से यह नहीं कह सकते कि वैसा होगा :

He might come to the meeting.
(सम्भव है कि वह मीटिंग में आ जाए।)

Might के बाद व्यक्त अनिश्चितता may से ज्यादा होती है।

2. You के बाद might का उपयोग like या want जैसी क्रिया के साथ बहुत ही विनम्रता के साथ कुछ सुझाव देने के लिए किया जाता है :

You might want to see another book.
(कदाचित आप एक और किताब देखना पसन्द करेंगे।)

3. Might के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि भूतकाल में ऐसा हुआ हो, यह सम्भव तो है परन्तु हम निश्चित रूप से यह नहीं कह सकते कि ऐसा हुआ था। Might का उपयोग may से अधिक अनिश्चितता बताता है :

You might have seen this advertisement.
(हो सकता है आपने यह विज्ञापन देखा हो।)

इसी प्रकार के अर्थ की नकारात्मक अभिव्यक्ति के लिए might nor के बाद perfect infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है :

They might not have seen you.
(हो सकता है उन्होंने तुम्हें नहीं देखा हो।)

MUST
1. Must का उपयोग तब किया जाता है जब वक्ता किसी चीज के बारे में पूर्ण रूप से आश्वस्त हो :

You must be Mr. Gupta’s son.
(मैं निश्चित रूप से कह सकता हूँ कि तुम गुप्ताजी के पुत्र हो।)

2. जब वक्ता पूर्ण रूप से आश्वस्त हो कि ऐसा नहीं है तो must not का उपयोग नहीं किया जाता। इसके लिए cannot या can’t का उपयोग होता है :

You cannot be Mr. Gupta’s son. (And not : must not be)
(मैं निश्चित रूप से कह सकता हूँ कि तुम गुप्ताजी के पुत्र नहीं हो।)

3. Must का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए भी होता है कि किसी के लिए कुछ करने की बाध्यता (obligation) है या उसके लिए ऐसा करना आवश्यक है। Must का उपयोग यह बताता है कि बाध्यता या आवश्यकता वक्ता की ओर से है :

You must go now.
(अब तुम्हें जाना चाहिए-यह बाध्यता मेरी ओर से है।)

जब वक्ता यह बताना चाहता है कि बाध्यता किसी और व्यक्ति की ओर से है वह तो केवल सूचित कर रहा है, तो वह have to का उपयोग करता है :

You have to go now.
(अब तुम्हें जाना चाहिए—यह बाध्यता किसी और की ओर से है।)

4. जब वक्ता यह बताना चाहता है कि किसी काम को नहीं करना आवश्यक है तब वह must not का उपयोग करता है :

You must not come tomorrow.
(तुम्हें कल नहीं आना है—यह आवश्यक है कि तुम कल नहीं आओ।)

जब वक्ता यह बताना चाहता है कि किसी काम को करना आवश्यक नहीं है कर भी सकते हो नहीं भी कर सकते-तब वह need not या not have to का उपयोग करता है:

You need not come tomorrow.
Or
You don’t have to come tomorrow.
(तुम्हारे लिए कल आना आवश्यक नहीं है।)

5. जैसा ऊपर बताया जा चका है. must के past का form उपलब्ध नहीं है, अत: ऐसी परिस्थिति में have to के past का उपयोग किया जाता है :

We had to reach there before Sunday.
(हमें वहाँ रविवार से पहले पहुँचना आवश्यक था।)

NEED

जैसा हम पहले बता चुके हैं, need एक ही spelling की दो अलग-अलग क्रियाएँ हैं। Modal need का उपयोग अक्सर negative sentences में ही होती है।

1. Need not का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई काम करना आवश्यक नहीं हैं :

You need not bring your homework on Monday.
(तुम्हें सोमवार को अपना होमवर्क लाना आवश्यक नहीं है।)

2. Need not के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि किसी व्यक्ति ने भूतकाल में कोई काम किया था जिसका करना आवश्यक नहीं था :

I need not have bought a Hindi-English dictionary
(मुझे हिन्दी-अंग्रेजी शब्दकोश नहीं खरीदना था।)

DARE

Dare का उपयोग अक्सर affirmative sentences में नहीं होता :

I dare not go there again.
(मैं फिर वहाँ जाने का साहस नहीं कर सकता।)

लेकिन हमें इन दो उपयोगी fixed phrases को याद रखना चाहिए:

(i) Idare say………’ जिसका अर्थ होता है 1 suppose ………’ या I think probably……… I dare say you are tired after that long journey. (मैं समझता हूँ कि इस लम्बी यात्रा के बाद तुम थक गये हो।)

(ii) How dareyou……….’ How dare you speak to me like that? (तुम्हें मुझसे इस प्रकार बात करने का साहस कैसे हुआ?)

OUGHT TO

जैसा हम ऊपर बता चुके हैं, ought to का उपयोग जिन अर्थों की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए किया जाता है उनके लिए should का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है। दोनों के अर्थ में कोई बड़ा अन्तर नहीं है। 1. Ought to का उपयोग कर्तव्यजनित बाध्यता या आवश्यकता के लिए किया जाता है :

You ought to go and see your parents.
(तुम्हें जाकर अपने माता-पिता को देखना चाहिए।)

2. Ought to का उपयोग किसी काम को करने की सलाह देना या अनुशंसा करने के लिए भी किया जाता है :

You ought to improve your English if you want a good job.
(यदि तुम अच्छी नौकरी चाहते हो तो तुम्हें अपनी अंग्रेजी सुधारनी चाहिए।)

USED TO

जैसा हम पहले कह चुके हैं, used to का उपयोग केवल past की घटनाओं के लिए ही किया जा सकता है।
1. Used to का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये किया जाता है कि भूतकाल में कोई काम नियमित रूप से या आदतन किया जाता था पर अब ऐसा नहीं किया जाता :

I used to smoke a lot.
(मैं पहले बहुत सिगरेट पीता था-पर अब नहीं पीता।)

वर्तमान आदत को बताने के लिए am/is/are + used to + verb + ing का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

As-
I am used to taking a cup of milk every morning.
(मैं एक कप दूध (आदतन) सुबह पीता हूँ।)

2. Used to का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये नहीं किया जा सकता कि बीते हुए काल में कोई काम कितने समय तक होता रहा या कितनी बार हुआ। इसके लिए past indefinite tense का उपयोग करना पड़ता है :

I lived in Sagar for four years. (note : used to live)
I went to Delhi a number of times.. (note : used to go)

Exercise (a)
Fill in the blanks choosing the right modals.
1. We ………….. obey our teachers. (must, may, will) [2009]
2. I know the place so I ………….. advise you where to go. (can, must, should, ought to)
3. The swimmer was very tired but he ………….. reach the shore. (could, managed to, would, might)
4. He ………….. read well when he was only five years old. (could, managed to, might, would)
5. You should buy it now; prices ………….. go up after the budget. (will, must, may, shall)
6. We eat so that we ………….. live. (may, should, can) [2008]
7. The buses were all full so l………… take a taxi. (would, could, had to, must)
8. “Cars ………… not be parked here.” (must, need, could, should)
9. Hands up ! otherwise l…………… kill you.(may, will, shall) [2012]
10. He ………….. not ask for a pay rise for fear of losing his job. (must, need, dare, will)
11. You ………….. not do all the exercise. Ten sentences will be enough. (could, should, need, must)
12. We ……….. obey the law. [2010] (must, should, may)
13. I ……… be an atheist but now I believe in God. (would, could, used to, ought to)
14. ………… I do that sum for you? (shall, will, can, may)
15. Come what may I ………. stop smoking? (shall, will, can, may)
16. He said I………….use his telephone at any time. (dare, might, should) [2013]
17. He will get a driving license as soon as he ………… drive well. (will, shall, may, can)
18. The sun ….. rise at 6.17 hours tomorrow. (can, may, will, shall)
19. ……….. I need a lot of money for the journey? (can, may, will, shall)
20. You … speak up. I can hardly hear you. (must, will, can, may)
21. I ……….. be 18 next birthday. (can, may, shall, should)
22. You ………. not come with us if you don’t want to. (need, can, will, must)
23. I hope it will not be necessary, but I …… borrow some money from you. (have to, would, might, can)
24. When we were children we ……….. get up at five every morning. (would, could, should, might)
25. We………get up early in the morning. (should, would, must) [2008]
Answers
1. would for will, 2. won’t for will, 3. used to play, 4. could for would, 5. going for to go, 6. can for could, 7. could for can, 8. can for may, 9. might for may, 10. cannot for must, 11. may for might, 12. have to for must, 13. need not for must, 14. must not for must. 15. for must, 16. used to smoke for smokes, 17. may for can, 18. could for may, 19. could for can, 20. would for used to.

(b) Rewrite the following sentences as required :
1. Will you pass the sugar, please? (Express a more polite request)
2. Will you have some more tea? (Express a more polite offer)
3. Praveen was in the habit of playing cricket when he was in college. (Rewrite using used to) [2008]
4. Would you show me how to run this machine? (Express a more forceful request)
5. I would hate to go there again. (Use enjoy in place of hate)
6. Could I just ask you a question? (Make it slightly less formal)
7. Can I help you carry that box? (Make it more polite)
8. May I borrow this book for a day? (Make it less formal)
9. He may come to the meeting. (Express lesser possibility)
10. You must be an engineer. (Express a negative meaning)
11. They might have seen this film. (Express greater possibility)
12. I must go to Jabalpur tomorrow. (Express that the obligation is not from your side)
13. They must finish the work by Monday. (Express that there is no obligation to do it)
14. You Haust invite him to the meeting. (Express a negative obligation)
15. We must finish the work by Saturday. (Express a past obligation)
16. He smokes a hundred cigarettes a day. (Express a past habit)
17. You can leave as soon as you have finished. (Make it more formal)
18. We may keep library books for the whole session. (Express it in the past)
19. Can you give me his telephone number? (Make it more formal)
20. We used to go swimming on Sundays. (Use another modal without changing the meaning)
Answers
1, must, 2. can, 3. managed to, 4. could, 5. may, 6. may, 7. had to, 8. must, 9. will, 10. dare, 11. need, 12. must to, 13. used to, 14. Shall, 15. will, 16. might, 17. can, 18. will, 19. Shall, 20. must, 21. shall, 22. need, 23. might, 24. would, 25. must.

Charts Of Modals

Chart : 1
हम यहाँ एक चार्ट के माध्यम से यह स्पष्ट कर रहे हैं कि कौन-सी Modal Auxiliary किस बात को प्रकट करती है।
MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Modals 1

Chart : 2
MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Modals 3

Note: There are no such fit words for other modals. They are selected on the basis of the circumstances expressed in the sentence.

Additional Exercises

Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals :
Exercise : 1 (Solved)
1. You ………. not think so, but dirty streets ……. cause ‘epidemics.
2. (i) The doctor told me that I …….. not smoke any more.
(ii) 1 ……. come there even if it rains.
(iii) One …….. always be kind to others.
(iv) If you have a ticket, you ………. go inside.

3. (i) You ……. not enter my class. I forbid it.
(ii) He has been absent for a fortnight, he …….. be ill.
(iii) …….. I come in? I’m sorry to be late.
(iv) You …….. to respect your elders.
(v) …….. you possibly lend me a thousand rupees?

4. (i) ……. I speak to Principal for a minute?
(ii) The breeze is cool and fresh; it ……. rain soon.

5. …….. not come yesterday since I was too busy.
6. We …….. go to the station by taxi; it is getting late.
7. We …….. help our neighbours as much as we can.
8. You ……. respect your elders.
9. You ……. not see him. Just write a letter.
10. You ……. always remember that you ……. be the first to offer help wherever needed. 11. Work hard lest you ……. fail.
Answers
1. may, can 2. (i) must, (ii) will, (iii) should, (iv) can, 3. (i) shall, (ii) must, (iii) May, (iv) ought, (v) Could, 4. (i) Could, (ii) may, 5. could, 6. must, 7. should, 8. ought to, 9. need, 10. must, should, 11. should.

Exercise : 2 (Solved)
1. (i) In a democracy everyone …….. obey the laws of the country. [2014]
(ii) We ……. borrow any money. We have enough for our needs.
(iii) If I were rich, I ……. give my money to the poor.
2. (i) …… you like to take coffee?
(ii) The headmaster …….. check all these accounts.
3. We ……. go shopping next week. We ……. need a lot of things for the holidays.
4. (i) He …….. be rich; but he is very cruel.
(ii) We …….. do as we are told.
5. (i) 1 …….. not come yesterday since I was too busy.
(ii) If you have a ticket, you ……. go inside.
6. (i) The doctor told me that I …….. not smoke any more.
(ii) The children asked if they …….. have ice cream.

7. (i) He …….. like to spend the evening with you.
(ii) ……… help him with money before I leave for London.
8. (i) …….. he work hard, he will pass.
(ii) Children ……. obey and respect their elders.
9. (i) We eat that we …….. live.
(ii) I doubt, if it …….. be of any use telephoning them so late.

10. Fill in the blanks with one of the following:

Should; would; can; could; may; might.
(i) …….. his soul rest in peace !
(ii) If I were you, I …….. not do it.

11. Fill in the blanks with suitable modals :

May; ought to; would; must; need.
(i) The doctor told me that I ……. not smoke any more.
(ii) You ……. go home now.
(iii) You ……. not see him. Just write a letter to him.
(iv) We ….. show respect to our elders.
(v) ……. you possibly lend a thousand rupees?
Answers
1. (i) should, (ii) needn’t, (iii) would, 2. (i) Would, (ii) must, 3. (i) may, (ii) shall, 4. (i) may, (ii) must, 5. (i) could, (ii) can, 6. (i) must, (ii) should, 7. (i) would, (ii) will, 8. (i) Should, (ii) ought to, 9. (i) may, (ii) would, 10. (i) May, (ii) would, 11. (i) must, (ii) may, (iii) need, (iv) ought to, (v) Would.

Exercise : 3
(Solved) Complete the following sentences with appropriate modals.
1. Work hard so that ……..
2. He is so weak that ………………
3. I want to go to Delhi ……………….?
4. Till father is earning enough ………..
5. This old man has no relatives to look after so
6. The wolf said to the lamb “……………?”
7. Father could not walk properly so ……….
8. The traffic is heavy, everyone
9. On the answer book the instruction was
10. He was a good jumper so ………
Answers
1. you may not fail.
2. he cannot walk.
3. Would you give me a ticket?
4. you need not worry.
5. I have to look after him.
6. “How dare you dirty the water that I am drinking.”
7. he used to carry a stick.
8. ought to obey traffic rules.
9. candidate must not write their name anywhere in the answer book,
10. he could jump this wall easily.

MP Board Class 11th General English Report Writing

December 7, 2020

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for General English Report Writing Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th General English Report Writing

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Objective Questions Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Objective Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in General English Report Writing. Here, along with the subject knowledge, General English Report Writing knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

Example 1.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up .on the Farewell to the English teacher in 40-50 words.
(i) The teacher and his services,
(ii) His personality,
(iii) Function decision,
(iv) The meeting,
(v) Honour of the teacher,
(vi) Speeches delivered,
(vii) Teacher’s speech. [2014]
Answer:

Farewell To The English Teacher

Our English teacher Mr. R. S. Negi retired last month. He served for a long period. His distinguished services were for more than forty years. He was a perfect gentleman with an imposing personality. The school decided to hold a farewell function in his honour. It was held on 20th of October in him a long, healthy and peaceful life. Other speakers too showered praises on such a great and sincere teacher. He was given several gifts. Mr. Negi made his speech, blessed the students and wished for their bright future. In he end tea and refreshment were served.

Example 2.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on an N. C. C. a scout camp in about 70-80 words :
(i) Location of camp,
(ii) The N. C. C. Officer Scout master,
(iii) 300 Cadets,
(iv) Opeaning of ground,
(v) Activities of Cadets,
(vi) Enjoyed the camp.
Answer:

N.C.C scout Camp [2008]

N. C. C./Scout camp was organised on the grounds of M. S. H. S. School, Indore from 26th Dec. to 29th Dec. Our N. C. C. oflficer Scout master Mr. Raviranjan Mehta was our leader. We went to Indore by train. Our berths were reserved by our Principal. We reached the M. S. H. S. School ground on 25th Dec. at about 10 p.m. There were camps for all of us. Nearly about 300 cadets from several schools attended it. In the morning, after warming up we were given the task of cleaning the ground. We did it with pleasure. Several activities were arranged for the cadets, these included races, hurdle races, jumping etc. A cultural programme was also organised. We were given nice meal. We made several friends. I enjoyed the camp very much.

Example 3.
With the help of the words given below, prepare a write-up on the topic given in 40-50 words :
“An Election Scene”.
(a) Age limit,
(b) Propaganda of elections,
(c) Canvassing by candidates,
(d) Promises made,
(e) Voting,
(f) Polling over. [2015]
Answer:

An Election Scene

People rule today through votes. We elect representatives to Panchayats, Corporations, Assemblies and Parliament. At present, the age limit of voters is 18 years. Very recently we saw elections in five states that were under President’s rule. Candidates in the fray were in large number. The propaganda of election was stopped twenty-four hours before the polling date. Candidates went from door to door to contact their voters. Even money was given by some contestants to some voters. All sorts of promises were made. At last, the day of voting came. But voters had no zeal. They were led to polling booths by party workers. When the election was over they waited for the result.

Example 4.
With the help of the words given, produce a write up (report) on a Looted Tourist Bus in 40-50 words.
(i) Details of bus, date and time,
(ii) The place of incident,
(iii) Details of looting,
(iv) Complaint to the police.
Answer:

Tourist Bus Looted

A dare devil act of loot was reported by the passengers of an ill-fated deluxe tourist bus which was going from Pune to Indore in the night of 16th April. It passed Shirdi around 11.20 p.m. When the bus reached near Malegaon the driver noticed road blocks and indicators of diversion. He Applied brakes. Just then some miscreants appeared from the cover of darkness. Two of them engaged the driver in conversation while the two managed to enter the bus. They threatened to shoot the conductor and a passenger, they compelled the driver to take the approach road. The bus reached a wilderness. All the miscreants became active. They surrounded the passengers and forced ladies to part»>vith their jewelry and compelled men to surrender cash and costly items. A case has been registered for robbery but still no offender could be arrested.

Example 5.

With the help of these words produce a write-up :
(i) Place of accident,
(ii) People who died – 50 and injured – 127,
(iii) Causes of accident,
(iv) Help from NGO’s and other local people. [2013]
Answer:

Bus Collides With A Train
(By our own correspondent)

A bus going from Indore to Bhopal collided with a train coming from Bhopal near Dewas on Thursday. Eyewitnesses say that the bus was overloaded. A railway crossing had no barrier and so the bus was crossing it. Suddenly the train came and the driver lost control over the bus due to anxiety resulting in to a collision. The collision was so terrible that the engine got off the track and a general compartment bogie next to the engine was damaged. As soon as the accident took place, the local people came running for help and put their efforts in taking the affected people for treatment. The accident took the lives of 50 people and around 127 are reported to be injured. Many NGO’s have come forward to provide help to the affected persons.

Example 6.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on a match between India and New Zealand in 40-50 words:
(i) Venue of the match,
(ii) Weather,
(iii) The toss,
(iv) The winning team,
(v) Man of the match,
(vi) Reaction of the spectators. [2009]
Answer:

An Amazing Match

India scored a convincing victory over New Zealand in the third One Day International Cricket Match held at New Delhi today. Ganguli won the toss and decided to bat first. The opening pair put up 150 runs in thirty overs. Then came the debacle. Four wickets collapsed in four overs for seven runs. The whole team bundled out for 247 runs. Now it was the turn of the Kiwis. They thrashed Indian fast bowlers all around the wicket and scored at will. The spin of Kumble proved the turning point. He got 6 wickets for 26 runs in ten overs. He was declared the Man of the Match. India won by 29 runs.

Example 7.
With the help of the words given below, produce a report on the “Polio Camp” :
(i) The date and time,
(ii) Venue and queue of parents,
(iii) How many children involved,
(iv) The scene of the camp. (2010)
Answer:

The Polio Camp

It was a polio Sunday. On this day children whose age is 5 years were given two drops of life i.e., polio drops. It prevents occurring of polio disease at later age. Polio makes a person disabled for the whole life. I saw a polio camp on a Sunday (8th Aug 20…) at a primary school. People brought their children (1-5 years) for polio drops. There was a long queue but they were patient for their turn. About 80-85 children were there. The attendants were from the Health Department. They performed their duties cheerfully.

Example 8.
With the help of the following input write an article on corruption in India:

Corruption is spreading like cancer from top to bottom-politicians and officials-corruption everywhere-priorities have changed-simple living and high thinking no more the ideals-even the Prime Minister and Ministers are not free from suspicion-effective steps to curb parallel black money and corruption. [2013, 16]
Answer:
Corruption has become a way of life in India. It has entrenched itself deeply in the social, political, economic and religious life of the nation. To be true, right from the Prime Minister down to the ordinary clerk in the office, no one is free from the suspicion of being a corrupt person. The criminalization of social and political life has only sanctified Corruption in every walk of life. It seems corruption filters down from top to bottom. In India, a parallel economy of black money works controlled and regulated by the dons of the underworld.

Simple living and high thinking used to be the ideals of our leaders during the struggle for independence. But now the priorities have changed.

These days scams and scandals- dominate their political and social life. The God of wealth has corrupted their minds and morals. Top posts and jobs can be bought. The members of State Legislatures and the Parliament are vulnerable to corrupt practices and bribery. The need of the hour is an inspiring leadership equipped with a firm political will to fight and root out the growing cancer of corruption.

Example 9.
With the help of the words given below, prepare a write up on the topic given (in 40-50 words) ‘Essay Competition’.
(i) Topic,
(ii) Time and date,
(iii) Time given,
(iv) Judgment,
(v) The prize winners,
(vi) Distribution of prizes. [2008, 14]
Answer:

Essay Competition

[Context-I study in class XI in Tagore Memorial School, Seoni Malwa, 125/88 Hoshangabad]. On 5th September every year we celebrate ‘TEACHERS DAY’. This is an important day. This year it became more significant as our Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi himself honored the teachers and spoke about them in a reverent manner. He said, ‘A teacher never retires’. On 5th September he met students through network and answered their questions.

Our student leaders, and the Principal decided to organise an Essay Competition on ‘Importance of Teachers in Society.’ It was organised on 6th September in the school. The time was from 10 am. to 11:30 am. About 30 students participated. The M.P. of our area donated the prizes.’ The prizes were ₹ 1001, ₹ 501, ₹ 251 for First, Second and Third winners. 5 consolation prizes were of? 101. The judge were one Professor, one retired Lecturer and one frpm management committee. At about 2 pm. the results were declared and prizes were given. Mr. S.M. Gupta a judge gave away the prizes. Ramesh Mehta, Class XII was the 1st winner, Om Prakash Jain, Class X was second and Vidhya Makwana Class XI was the third. The Principal thanked the guests and judges.

Example 10.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write upon ‘Grow More Trees’,
(a) Food to eat,
(b) Houses fbr shelter,
(c) Support life,
(d) Cause rain,
(e) Medicinal plants. [2016]
Answer:

Grow More Trees

Trees are very important to us. They are just like a friend to a man. They are the gifts of nature to man. They give us fruits to eat and firewood to bum. They also support the life of living things. They give us oxygen. We make furniture and houses by providing us timber. Trees cause rainfall. Now-a-days due to various reason many trees are being cut. It causes ecological imbalance. Global warming increases. There is a need to plant new trees. Tree plantation should be made a compulsory drive throughout the nation and every citizen should actively participate in it and do tree plantation. Trees also supply many medicines. Neem tree has great medicinal value.