Bhagya

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 11th English Unit 5 Using A Dictionary Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 5 Using A Dictionary

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Unit 5 Using A Dictionary Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Unit 5 Using A Dictionary Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in English subject and A Voyage Workbook Solutions. Here, along with the subject knowledge, A Voyage Workbook Solutions knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

See Workbook Page 193-194

Exercises

Consult a dictionary and answer the following:
Question 1.
Are the following pairs of words pronounced alike?
yes, put a (✓) mark against that pair and of no, put (✗) mark against that pair :

• principal — principle (✓)
• where — were (✗)
• oral — auraI (✗)
• sailing — selling (✗)
• horse — hoarse (✗)
• Stationary — stationery (✓)
• except — accept (✗)
• advise — advice (✗)
• Caste — cast (✓)
• rite — riot (✗)

Question 2.
IdentIfy the part of speech of ‘round’ in the following sentences:

• The final of voting is going on. Noun
• Her eyes with terror. Verb
• The earth moves the sun. Adverb
• The students stood waiting for the teacher. Preposition
• He has some beautiful and balls. Adjective

Question 3.
Two different pronunciations of the following words have
been given. Put a (✓) mark against the right pronunciation. Check your answer from the dictionary.

Question 4.
Look up the meaning of each of the following words. List at least two different meanings for each word.

Question 5.
Look up each of the following words. Decide whether both spellings are in use or one is more common than the other.

• color – color
• acknowledgment – acknowledgment
• harbour – harbor
• lambast – lambaste
• fledgeling – fledgling.
• programme – program
• center – center
• almanac – almanack
• moveable – movable
• focused – focussed

Ans.
Do yourself.

Question 6.
Find out plurals of the following nouns. If words have two plurals write both.

• scarf – scarfs
• memorandum – meronda
• formula – formulas/ formula
• motto – mottos
• duck – ducks
• fungus – fungi
• syllabus – syllabii
• dwarf – dwarfs
• medium – media
• lacuna – lacuae/lacunas
• buffalo – buffaloes
• pheasant – pheasants/pheasant

Question 7.
Find out the meanings of the following phrases/idioms.

• a curate’s egg — something that has some good parts and some bad ones.
• to crown it all — the worst of all in a series of unpleasant events.
• be in the doghouse — somebody’s arnnoyance for doing wrong.
• draw a blank — to get no response or result.
• an educated guess – a correct and calculated guess
• fast and furious — full of rapid action and sudden changes.

Above provided complete MP Board Solutions 11th English Study guide is useful for making your preparation effective. Students can frequently visit our page to get the latest updates on other subjects study materials.

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 11th English Clauses Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Grammar Clauses

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Clauses Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Clauses Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in English subject and grammar. Here, along with the subject knowledge, grammar knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

1. Noun Clauses
A noun clause does the function of a noun in a sentence.
Noun clause को शुरू करने के लिए निम्न connective words का प्रयोग करते हैं
(i) That clauses.
Look at these sentences :
I expect that I shall get a prize.
He says that he won’t go.
यदि कोई clause that से शुरू हो और उस that का अर्थ ‘कि’ हो तो वह Noun clause होता है।

(ii) Wh-clauses as Noun clauses.
Look at these sentences :
Tell me where he lives.
Tell me why you do this.
I don’t follow what you say.
No one knows who he is
who, where, which, how, why, how, when आदि से रूप हनी वाले clauses noun clauses होते हैं।

Look at these sentences :
What you say is true.
How he comes here is not known.

what, where, when, that, how, why आदि से शुरू होने वाले clauses जब किसी sentence के शुरू में रहते हैं और जब उनके बाद कोई noun नहीं आता है वे noun clauses होते हैं।

(iii) If/whether clauses as Noun clauses.
Look at these sentences :
Do you know if the office is open?
I Can you say whether Rohit is in the park?
Yes or no question में if या whether से noun clause शुरू होता है।

Look at these sentences :
I don’t know whether he will help me or not.
I don’t care if your car breaks down or not.
कुछ अन्य तरह के वाक्यों में whether और if से शुरु होने वाले clauses noun एवं clauses होते हैं जब उनका हिंदी में अर्थ कोई ऐसा शब्द होता है जो कि ‘कि’ से शुरू होते हैं।

2. Relative clauses (adjective clauses)
Adjective clause, एक Adjective के समान, अपने से पूर्व आने वाले noun एवं pronoun की विशेषता बताता है।
(i) Adjective clauses निम्न connective words से शुरू होते है-(i) who, which, that, whom, where.

Look at these sentences :
This is the man who gave me money.
The man whom you saw is an engineer.
This is the house that my father built.

Who, which, that, whom, whose shift a tam clauses adjective clauses होते हैं जब इनके पहले कोई noun रहता है।

(ii) Where, when, why Look at these sentences :
This is the house where I was born. :
He arrived on the day when the office was closed.
You can’t tell me the reason why he left so suddenly.
Where, when, why

3. Coordinate Clauses
(i) जो clause एक ही rank या order के होते हैं, coordinate clause कहलाते हैं।

Look at these sentences :
Govern your passion or they will govern you.
To err is human; to forgive divine.

पहले sentence में दो clauses को or से जोड़ा गया है। दूसरे sentence में दो clauses को एक semicolon से जोड़ा गया है।
(ii) Coordinate clauses प्रायः Coordinate conjunctions and, or, but आदि द्वारा जुड़े होते हैं या कभी – कभी conjunctions के बदले comma या semi-colon का प्रयोग किया जाता है। ”
(iii) मुख्य coordinating conjunctions है and, but, or, still, yet, as well as, both… and, either …. or, however, neither ……. nor, otherwise, else, for, so, not only …….., but also आदि।

4. Adverbial Clause

Adverbial clause वाक्य में Adverb का काम करता है एवं Principal clause में व्यवहार किए गए किसी adjective, adverb या verb की विशेषता बताता है। कभी-कभी यह पूरे clause की भी विशेषता बताता है।

Kinds of Adverbial Clauses

(i) Adverbial Clauses of Time
Look at these sentences :
She decided to wait, until the train arrived.
The students stood up when the teacher left the classroom.
There was silence as the leader spoke.
One of them began to cry before I opened the door.

Adverbial clauses of time are joined to the main clause by one. of the conjunctions when, while, after, as, before, since, till, until, whenever, as long as, then, as soon as.

(ii) Adverbial Clauses of Place
Look at these clauses :
Wherever you go, wear a helmet.
You should stay where he is.

These clauses are joined to the main clause by means of conjunctions like where, wherever, whether, wherein. .

(iii) Adverbial Clauses of Reason
Look at these sentences :
He can not work hard, because he is weak.
As we can not go tomorrow, we must give up the idea altogether.
Since she says so, I must believe it.
These clauses are introduced by because, as, since, for.

(iv) Adverbial Clauses of Result
Look at these sentences :
He speaks so fast that I cannot follow him.
He is so brave that he is not afraid of any danger.
These clauses are introduced by so, that, so ….. that, such …..that.

(vi) Ahok at the Faller that
(v) Adverbial Clauses of Condition
Look at these sentences :
I shall go if he asks me.
I would not go unless you come with me.
These clauses are introduced by if, unless, provided, that, in case, whether … or, on condition that.

(vi) Adverbial Clause of Comparison
Look at these sentences :
She is not taller than her husband.
He speaks better than he writes.
He is as obstinate as a mule.
He is not so clever as you think.
These clauses are introduced by as …….. , as, not so ……. as, then.

(vii) Adverbial Clauses of Purpose
Look at these sentences :
We eat that we may live.
He ran so that suspicion many not fall on him.
In order that there may be no mistake, I have typed out : the instructions.
These clauses are introduced by these following conjunction forms that, so that, in order that.

(viii) Adverbial Clauses of Manner
Look at these sentences :
Do as I tell you.?
He acts as if he were the Prime Minister.
It looks as though it might rain.
These clauses are introduced by the following conjunctions as, as if, as though.

(ix) Adverbial Clauses of Concession
Look at these sentences :
Although he worked hard, he could not succeed.
Whatever decision is made, the basic facts remain the same.
Though he is poor, he is sincere.
Whether he works or not, he will get a promotion.

This clause is introduced by these conjunctions—though, although, however, whether …. or not, no matter, even if.

EXERCISES
Q.1. Complete the following by adding Noun clauses :
(i) They all said …………………..
(ii) He told me …………………..
(iii) I wonder …………………..
(iv) I do not know …………………..
(v) I cannot understand …………………..
(vi) It is certain …………………..
(vii) You forget …………………..
(viii) Tell me …………………..
(ix) His father was anxious …………………..
(x) He was pleased with
Answer:
(i) that India is great.
(ii) that this news is false.
(iii) why he failed.
(iv) why he will come.
(v) how did you solve it?
(vi) that he would die.
(vii) that you are an Indian
(viii) who is at round.
(ix) for he was declining.
(x) what he had done.

Q. 2. Supply Adjective Clauses :
(i) He is the man …………………..
(ii) The house ………………….. is. hundred years old.
(iii) His offense is one …………………..
(iv) I found the book …………………..;
(v). He met a girl …………………..
(vi) I know the man …………………..
(vii) No man ………………….. shall suffer in any way.
(viii) Where is the book …………………..?
(ix) Any boy ………………….. gained the prize.
(x) I know the place …………………..
Answer:
(i) who has done it?
(ii) which I saw.
(iii) that he applied at last.
(iv) which I lost yesterday.
(v) who has blue eyes.
(vi) who is the Chief of Army.
(vii) who has courage.
(viii) which I bouglic yesterday.
(ix) who had worked hard.
(x) where I was born.

Q. 3. Pick out the adverb clauses in the following sentences:
(i) I do it because I choose to.
(ii) If I make a promise I keep it.
(iii) I shall remain where I am.
(iv) Will you wait till I return?
(v) You may sit whenever you like.
(vi) As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
(vii) He advanced as far as he dared.
(viii) When I was younger, I thought so.
(ix) If you eat too much you will be ill.
(x) Take a lamp because the night is dark.
Answer:
(i) because I choose to.
(ii) If I make
(iii) where I am.
(iv) till I return.
(v) wherever you like
(vi) As he was not there.
(vii) as far as he dared.
(viii) when I was younger.
(ix) If you eat too much
(x) because the night is dark.

Above provided complete MP Board Solutions 11th English Study guide is useful for making your preparation effective. Students can frequently visit our page to get the latest updates on other subjects study materials.

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 11th English Unit 4 Report Writing Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 4 Report Writing

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Unit 4 Report Writing Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Unit 4 Report Writing Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in English subject and A Voyage Workbook Solutions. Here, along with the subject knowledge, A Voyage Workbook Solutions knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

See Workbook Page- 152-153

Exercise

Write formal reports (100 to 150 words) on the themes given below:

1. You are the School Captain. You have been asked by the Principal to write a report on additional facilities required by the students.
Answer:

From: David John
To: The Principal
3 Sep. 2008

Additional facilities required by the students
As I have been asked to submit a report on the additional facilities required by the students. I surveyed and came to the following conclusions.

1. A better Sanitary condition is the first requirement.
2. A big hall for some indoor games is required.
3. Some audio visual aids are required for better education.
4. Transport facility needs to be impured.
5. Security on transport is needed.
6. Excussion tours need to be organised at least two times a year.
   The above points are the prime additional need at this hour.

David John
School captain

Question 2.
You are the Head of the Disaster Management Committee of M.P. Which was affected by flood. The Home Minister has sought a report from you on the extent of damage and loss of life, relief and rescue operations, grant and compensations given to the affected people and financial support needed Tor their rehabilitation from the government. Write a report including all the necessary details.
Answer:
From: Sushma Singh
To: The Home Minister Govt, of India
25 Aug. 2008

Damages caused by flood and relief measures
As I have been asked to submit a detailed report on the damages and loss of life, relief and resume operations grant and compensation given to affected people and financial support needed for their rehabilitation from the govt. I have prepared the following report.
Heavy damages have been caused. A great loss need to be compensated. Relief and other grants are very insufficient villages and local NGO’S are trying their best for rescued operation. People need govt, aid immediately.

Sushma Singh
Head, Disaster Management Committee

Report Writing: Newspaper Reports

See Workbook Page- 155-156

Exercises

Write reports (100 to 150 words) on the themes given below :

Question 1.
Yesterday a fire broke out in the busy Bada Bazaar Area. More than 1,000 shops were gutted. There has been a heavy loss of life and property. As a correspondent of a Local Daily, write a report.
Answer:

Fire Broke Out: Heavy Loss To Life

By Local Correspondent

New Delhi Aug 25. A fire broke up in the wee hours in the busy Bada Bazaar Area. More than 1000 shops were gutted. As it was the busy hours there was a panicky situation. People began running nervously to save themselves. Many fell down and were crushed down. Nearly 50 People were badly injured while 5 died in hospital. Fire brigade reached the spot but it was too late. However, the fire was controlled after the rigorous attempt of three hours. Most of the shops were completely ruined. Property estimated around  5 crore have been burnt and damaged. The businessmen are very upset. It will take a long time to compensate for the loss.

Question 2.
The misuse of water is a concern that affects everyone. Write a report for a Daily Newspaper urging people to stop the misuse and help in conserving water.
Answer:

Conserve Water : Save Life

By Local Correspondent

It has been a shocking fact that the people of this locality are not conscious enough to conserve water. Water is the prime need of our life. As it is a natural resource its availability is limited. People misuse it is washing their vehicles roads. They don’t care to turn off then taps when they are not in use. It is affecting us badly. Govt, supply can’t help us. We’ll have to take use steps. There is a need to be conscitous of our need and nature’s capacity to compensate it. We should find other ways to conserve water. Rain water harvesting, plantation are some of the useful ways to conserve water.

Question 3.
Recently your school organized a ‘book-week’. During this week many competitions were held such as-book reviews, discussions on books, meeting with authors etc. Write a report for your school magazine.
Answer:

Celebration Of Book Week

By Rohit Sharma

Last week our school organised a book week. It was a very purposeful occasion. Collection of rare books was put on dis- /play.’Some comptetions were also organised. Students were very much exited during the discussions if on books and meeting with famous authors who come to grace the occasion.
The Minister for Human Resources was the chief guest while the chairman UGC presided over the function on the closing day. It was grand occasion for the school.

4.2 Diary Entry

See Workbook Page-158

Exercise

Write diary entries on the themes given below :

Question 1.
You discover that Anita, whom you consider a good friend, has been indulging in backbiting against you. Record your feelings in your diary.
Answer:
August 15
Friday
Today I was shocked to know the fact that Anita, my best friend has turned to be my critic. She indulges in backbiting against me. I don’t know why she is doing so. I have always honoured her feelings. I am very close to her. I have always supported her in every situation still she is doing so. I really didn’t believe it when I came to know it. But I later got it confirmed. It has really hurt me and made me very upset. Once I think to ask her what the reason is. It is unbearable for me.

Question 2.
You have just joined a new school in a big city where your father has been transferred. It was difficult for you to leave your friends and shift to a strange place. Make a diary entry after your first day in the new school.
Answer:
August 25
Monday
It was my first day in the Greenfield Public School Bhopal. Recently my father has been transferred here and so I was to join this school. I was very much sad I couldn’t forget my friends at Jabalpur. I had spent four years with them. It is a long time. Some of the boys and teachers there were so special to me that I miss them. It will take time to adjust without them. They all were very helpful and unique for me. I have written letters to them today.

4.3 E-Mail Writing

See Workbook Page-160-161

Exercises

Compose e-mail messages on the following themes :

Question 1.
You are Deepa. Compose an e-mail to your friend Jaya whose address is [email protected], asking her to mail you the pictures she had collected for the science project.
Answer:
To: [email protected] cc :
Subject: Pictures of Science Project.
Hi Jaya
Please send the pictures you have collected for the science project through mail without delay as I need it urgently.
Deepa

Question 2.
You are Managing Director of Agro-Products Ltd. Write an e-mail message wishing Happy Diwali on behalf of your firm, intended to be sent to three of your vice-presidents. (Hint : Write one e-mail address in the ‘To’ box and the other two in the ‘Cc’ box separated by a semicolon.)
Answer:
To: [email protected]
Cc: Vice Presidents
Sub: Diwali greetings
This is to great you all the very very happy and prosperous Diwali.
Managing Director

4.4 Writing Advertisements

See Workbook Page-162

Exercise

Write short advertisements on the topics given below :

Question 1.
You are Anand Singh. You wish to sell your car, Tata Indica 2004 model in good condition. Write a classified advertisement.
Answer:

Question 2.
You are the proprietor of Payal Book Depot. Your firm is celebrating its Silver jubilee. You have decided to put up a week long exhibition-cum-sale at Community Hall Raipur. Compose an attractive display advertisement highlighting the variety of books and the special discounts offered.
Answer:

Question 3.
You are Shalini Khanna. You are going to launch a new toothpaste. Write a display advertisement.
Answer:

Question 4.
DAV School, Narsinghpur needs teachers for Maths, English and Economics. Only experienced and qualified teachers are asked to apply within 15 days. Write a classified advertisement for the posts.
Answer:

 4.5 Paragraph Writing

See Workbook Page-165-166

Exercises

Question 1.
Write a paragraph on the ‘Evils of Gender Discrimination’ in about 100 words. You may use the following suggestions as well as your own ideas :

• male-dominated society-privileges to boys-biased behaviour-evil effects
• curse to society-put an end-measures etc.

Evils Of Gender Discrimination
Answer:
Gender discrimination is an age-old orthodox view of our social system. It has created a very awkward situation in our society. It is very unjust to treat women with so much disgust. They are the pillars of success for a society. They can build a society. If we ignore their contribution we ignore the development of society. This distributing attitude must be abolished otherwise we shall leg behind in the race of globalisation.

Question 2.
Write a paragraph on ‘My Favourite Festival’ in about 100 words. You may use the following suggestions as well as your own ideas :
– Diwali-firecrackers-happy children-sweets-decorate the houses-cleaning the houses-exchange presents-Laxmi Puja- festival of joy-victory of good over evil etc.
Answer:
Diwali is my favourite festival. It is celebrated after the great festival of Durga Puja. It is a festival of light. The goddess Laxmi is worshipped. Children burst firecrackers and eat sweets. Houses are cleaned and decorated. We exchange presents. It is a festival of the victory of good over evil. It is a festival of joy and happiness. It brings wealth and prosperity to all.

Question 3.
Write a paragraph in about 100 words describing ‘A Train Accident’. Mention the following points :
– date-time-venue-impact of the accident-relief measures- probable causes reactions of passengers and Railway Staff etc
Answer:
Last week on 10th of August, 2008 at about 6 AM a train collided with one coming from the opposite direction just a few yards away from the Indore station. The accident was so serious that 5 boggiss of the train deraited. About 100 passengers were seriously injured, 5 died on the spot. The local people come to their rescue and took the injured to hospital. As it was assumed that the accident was the fault of the railway staff on duty. The railway staff became the victim of people’s outrage. However, the situation was controlled with the help of RPF.

Question 4.
Write paragraphs in about 100 words on each of the following topics :
(i). Where there is a will, there is away.
Answer:
‘Where there is a will, there is a way’ is a very old and perfect proverb. It is said in the context that if one has a with one can do anything. Will paves the way for any destination. It leads to success. It gives one determination and confidence. Confidence can win over every impossible target. Hence will is the way that brings success to us. If one has no will one make effort and shall always be idle. He can never get success.

(ii). Wars are no solutions to peace
Answer:
Wars are the worst form of man-made disaster. It always brings- ruin and destruction to life and property. It leads to nowhere but to great devastation. If one thinks to achieve peace through war it is just an illusion. Peace can never be achieved through it because one war gives birth to another. It is an endless process. War leads to war not to peace. Peace is achieved only through peaceful ways.

iii. Importance of sports in education
iv. Save the trees
v. Influence of media on students
vi. Beggary-a nuisance
vii All that glitters is not gold
Answer:
Do yourself in your notebook.

4.6 Letter Writing: Informal Letters

See Workbook Page-170-172

Exercises

Write informal letters on the themes given below :

Question 1.
A friend of yours has been hospitalized because of a fracture while playing football. Write him a letter giving some cheerful news, a promise of an early visit and wishing him a speedy recovery.
Answer:
6/5, Shivaji Enclave Bhopal
My dear Rohit
I was shocked .to know about your accident. I wished to see you come to see myself but I have to appear at an inter exam so I couldn’t came. I wish all my best for your early recovery. You shouldn’t be nervous. One can’t know what the god has for us in this store. I shall come to meet you very soon. I pray to god for your well being.
Yours
Rakesh

Question 2.
Write a letter to your younger sister who has failed in the final examination advising her not to give up hope and to do her best next time.
Answer:
Laxmibai Park
Gwalior
Dear Kusum
I have come to know about your result. You don’t get disheartened. Failures are the pillars of success. It gives a new spirit to start a new; labour hard concentrate yourself upon study, you are sure to get a better result next time. Hope for the best. Chances are bright. It depends upon the man how one takes it or how one avails it. If you have any problem is study inform me. First take up those subjects which are weak.
Hoping for your better future
Yours
Avneet

Question 3.
You have had a quarrel with your best friend and are not on talking terms anymore. Write a letter to your father seeking his advice about how to make up and be friends again.
Answer:
Gandhi Colony
Jabalpur
My dear father
You now Chanden has been my best friend since I joined this school. He has always been so helped and co-operative and loving that I never thought of him other than my own brother. But due to some misunderstanding, we are not on the talking terms and our friendship is broken for some quired him much. I went to pitch it up. but don’t. I misunderstand how. Advise me on how I can do it. I am very upset. The other student ridicule us. please write soon,
yours
Anup

Question 4.
Suppose you have done something against your father’s wishes and desire to be forgiven. Write a letter to your father, asking him to forgive you.
Answer:
Do yourself in your notebook.

Letter Writing : Formal Letters

See Workbook Pase-174-175

Exercises

Question 1.
Write a letter to the Principal of your school requesting him/ her to open a career-counseling centre in the school to help and guide the students in the choice of subjects at + 2 level.
Answer:
To
The Principal
Vivekanand Shiksha Niketan
Jabalpur
25 Aug. 2008.
Sir
With due regards I wish to request you that we need a career councelling centre in our school. As the modern trend in education creates much confusion we feel its need urgently. We can get proper guidence for the choice of subject for our career. I hope you’ll arrange to start it soon.
Thanking you
Your sincerely
Ankur Chandra
Students’ Representative

Question 2.
Write an application to the Principal of your school requesting him/her to issue you a certificate in connection with a; Blood Donation Camp, which you attended.
Answer:
To
The Principal
St Lawrence Convent
Jabalpur
20 Aug. 2008
Sub : Certificate for Blood Donation Camp.
Sir
With due regards, I wish to bring to your notice that I arranged a Blood Donation Camp last week. It was a grand success. It brought many lands to our school. I request you to please issue a certificate in this connection which I will be an added benefit in my career.
Yours faithfully
Rakesh Singh
Students Representative

(II) Job Application

See Workbook Page-177-178

Exercises

Write job applications in response to advertisements as described below. Also, write your resume :

Question 1.
You have seen an advertisement for a salesperson in a fast food restaurant.
Answer:
To
The Manager
Navelty Fast Food Restaurant Gwalior
Date : 28 Sep. 2008
Re : Post of Selesperson
Dear Sir
I have come to know through an advertisement that a post said above is lying vacant under your control. I hereby submit my bio-data for the post. I am confident of serving your job satisfactorily.

Bio-Data
Name : Avinash Chandra
Address : 3/149, Ashok Vihar, Bhopal
Contact No. : 235439/9433259616
E-mail : [email protected]
Date of birth :25 Jan. 1985
Educational Qualification: PG Diploma in Sales Management
Experience: Three years job experience at Hotel Ashoka
Skills: Computer Basics
Language Known: Hindi, English, Marathi, Bengali, Frenchi

Question 2.
You are Pawan. You have done your M.Sc. in Mathematics from Vikram Vishwavidyalaya, Ujjain and have also done your B.Ed. You have seen an advertisement from Maharani Laxmi Bai Senior Secondary School, Rewa in The Hindustan Times asking for Post Graduate teachers.
Answer:
To
The Principal
Maharani Laxmi Bai Senior Secondary School, Rewa
Sub: Post of Postgraduate teachers
Date: August 30, 2008 Dear Sir
In response of your advertisement for the post said above I hereby submit my bio-data. I am confident to prove my ability to the maximum satisfaction of your requirement.

Bio-Data
Name : Sheetal Desai
Address : 14, Cresent Road, Rewa
Contact No. : 9319352526
Date of birth : 25 Dec. 1980
Educational qualification: M.Sc., B.Ed.
Experience : 5 years teaching experience as TGT in DAV Public School.
Skills : Dancing, Singing, Debate
Language known : English, Hindi.
Sheetal
Desal

(iii) Letters Of Complaint

See Workbook Page-181

Exercises

Write letters of complaint on the following themes :

Question 1.
You have ordered some books from Messrs Agni Prakashan. On receipt of the package, you find that the books are not the same as ordered by you.
Answer:
To
The Manager
M/s Agni Prakashan
Indore
Sub : Complaint for wrong order
Dear Sir
This is to bring to your notice that I had placed order for books vide letter No. 25/08 dated 13 Sep. 08. But to my surprise when I received the package I found the books were not the same. I had ordered. Hence I request you to replace their books and supply the exact that I had ordered otherwise refund my advance.
Thanking you.
Yours Sincerely
Prakash Singh

Question 2.
You are Arvind. Every time you stop at the red light crossing you find a number of beggars who swarm around the cars begging for alms. You have also noticed that recently the number of child beggars is increasing. Write a letter to the Editor highlighting the evils of beggary and suggesting some positive measures to check children from begging.
Answer:
To, The Editor
The Times Jabalpur
3 Sep. 2008
Sub: Problems of Beggar in the city
Sir,
This is through your esteemed newspaper that I wish to draw ‘ the attention of the concrened authorities to the grimmest problem of beggar at public places and red light signals. Every day we come across a number of beggars begging at these place. You know they present a very bad picture of our country. The tourists and people from other countries also come to visit our country.
They travel in cities but at red light Signals they see these beggars and get a very poor impression about our country. There beggars also do crimes like snatching, robbery etc. This practice should be controlled. Their rehabititation should be taken with priority. They should be promoted to awk in positive direction. I hope you would highlight this cause of forcefully.
Thanking you.
Yours Sincerely
Arvind Pandey

(iv) Letters Newspapers

See Workbook Page-184

Exercises

Question 1.
Write letters to newspaper editors on the following themes:
You are Varun Rohila. You are quite concerned about the bad condition of roads in your locality. Your letters to the authorities concerned have gone unheeded.
Answer:
To
The Editor
Bhopal Times
Bhopal
Sub: Poor Condition of Roads.
Sir,
Through your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw attention of the authorities to the poor condition of the roads of Bhopal. It causes many accidents. People had to risk their life while driving along these roads. For a number of time, we sent our complaints to the officials but of no use.
Hence raise our need with strong concern in under to save our life.
Yours Sincerely
Varun Rohila
President, Bhopal citizens forum.

Question 2.
You are Shailja Khakre. In your locality, it is common that certain people pilfer electricity from electric poles by putting wires on the main lines. As a result there are frequent break-downs in the supply of electricity.
Answer:
To
The Editor
The Hindustan Times Gwalior
Sub : Tampering with electric poles.
Sir,
I would like the attention of the concerned authorities to the pilfering electricity from electric poles by some people causing frequent breakdowns in the supply. It is very nuisance. Local police don’t bother for its. Please highlight this cause strongly.
Yours sincerely
Shailja Khakre
Secretary
RWA shineji colony
Gwalior

4.7 Essay Writing

See Workbook Page-186-189

Exercises

A. Write essays (about 300 words) on the following topics. You can use the words/phrases given below as hints:
Answer:
1. A scene of an Accident
an unpleasant event-happens unexpectedly-causes injury-late after-noon-going for tuition-crowded street-lots of traffic-a young boyriding a bicycle-suddenly takes a right turn-car in its own lane- screeching tyres-smell of burning rubber-could not stop in time-boy flung up high in the air-people shrieking-gather around-car sped away- no police in the vicinity-another car stops-a kind elderly man-takes the child to hospital-police arrives-license plate number noted by me- children should be instructed on rules of the road-rash driving punished-social awareness.

No one can say what will happen the next moment. Yesterday I was going to my tuition in the afternoon at about 3 p.m. Road was busy. Suddenly a young by on a bicycle look a right turn. A car was coming at fast speed. It hit the boy and speed away. There was no police in the vicinity. People gathered. The boy was ’ unconscions. He was bleeding. In the meantime another car came and stopped.

There was an elderly kind man in it. He took the child to the hospital. As I had seen the car that hit the boy from a close distance. I noted the number of the car. I reported the police that reached after an hour. The boy was very serious. As I saw it was not the fault of the car driver solely. The boy had turned suddenly at a great speed which caused the accident. I feel the boys should be taught properly how to walk or more along the road. There is a need of social awatenss.

2. Journey to Jupiter’s Moon
Year 2057-India’s first manned flight to Europa, one of Jupiter’s larger moons-scientific research-Europa’s surface consisting of ice sheets-warm ocean of water may be below-possibility of life forms-blast off at midnight-refuelling for the long journey at a permanent space station in our Moon’s orbit-pass by Mars-red planet-human colonies already established-asteroid belt-danger of colliding-Jupiter looms over-gas giant- red spot-landing on Europa-calm but extremely cold-sun, a small bright star-under water exploration-samples collected-excited to find some thing unexpected-safe return-congratulation-government and every Indian. Year 2057 will add a new chapter in the history of India when its first manned flight will land at Europa, one of the Jupiter’s large moons.

Scientific research have confirmed the existence of life including ice sheets warm ocean of water. There would be blast off midnight and refuelling would be done for a long – journey at a permanent space station in our Moon’s orbit. It would pass by Mars-red planet, human colonies which would have already established asteriod belt. But there may be a danger of collision. There would Jupiter looming large over gas giant- red spot landing on Europa. It is a calm but extremely cold- sun, a small bright star.

There would be exploration under water. Samples would be collected. Man would be excited to find something unexpected. He would return to earth safely and will be greated from all over world. The government would appreciate the team with several rewards. It would be a giant leap for mankind.

B. Write an essay about 300 words each on the following topics:
1. A friend in need is a friend indeed
2. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy
3. Choosing the right career
4. Computerization-its advantages and disadvantages
5. It I were a millionare
6. India of my dreams
7. Population explosion
8. Self help is the best help
9. The book I like most
10. Think before you shop
Answer
Do these topics in your notebook.

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MP Board Class 11th Special English Grammar Prepositions

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A preposition is a word used to show the position of one thing in relation to another. Preposition वह शब्द होता है जो एक वस्तु की स्थिति का दूसरी वस्तु के साथ संबंध स्थापित करता है।

There is a book on the table.

Here on tells us the position of the book in relation to the table. When we say, “There is a book under the table’, the position of the book has changed. Thus on and under are prepositions.

Preposition of Time and Date

(a) At is used for:
(i) exact time.
We got up at 6.30 a.m. and had breakfast at eight o’clock.
(ii) festivals which mark a point of time in the year.
My brother came home at Diwali.

(b) On is used :
(i) for day and date.
On Sunday/Monday/Christmas Day, etc.
On 15th August/26th January, etc.
(ii) For a specific part of a specific day.
On the night of Diwali; On the morning of 15th August “, 1947, etc.

(c) In is used :
(i) to show the total length of time for the completion of some activity or action : I can complete the work in two hours.
We shall reach Delhi in three hours.

(ii) to denote a period of time :
in summer; in 1962; in the evening, etc.

(d) By is used to denote the latest time by which something was to be done or will be done :
I can complete this work by 6 p.m.
He will reach home by evening.

(e) For is used for a period of time.
I have been teaching in this college for ten years.

(f) Since is used to denote the point of time from which an action has been continuing.
We have been waiting for you since two p.m.

(g) During is used to express an event that took place, or will take place, within a specified period of time :
The thieves broke into the house during the night.
The sale of milk products is banned during the summer.

(h) From is used for the starting point of action and is generally combined with to/till/until.
I lived in Calcutta from 1985 to 1990.

Preposition of Travel and Movement.

(a) From and To are used to express the starting point and the
last point of destinations, respectively :
He is coming from Delhi and going to Amritsar.
My cousin came from Agra.
We are going to Shimla next week.

(b) By is used to denote the mode of our travelling.
He will go there by bus/car/train/boat/sea/plane air.

(c) On is used for other forms of travel.
He traveled on horseback/foot/a bicycle/a camel.

(d) At is used to denote the reaching the destination or some other point: He arrived at a village in the evening.
Similarly at the hotel, at the theatre, at the station, at the bus stop, etc.

(e) Into is used to denote entering a vehicle :
He got into the bus at the bus stop.

(f) Out/Out of/ Off is used for alighting or dismounting a vehicle :
He got out of the train at New Delhi.
He got off the train and hired a taxi.

Preposition of Place
(a) At is used to denote :
(i) specific or particular places.
(ii) villages or smaller towns.
(iii) hotels.
(iv) addresses.
(v) particular houses.

I met Mohan at the cross-roads. A big fair is held at Pindara every month. During my visit to Mumbai, I stayed at the Taj Hotel. He lives at 280, Urban Estate, Hissar. The Prime Minister of England lives at 10 Downing Street, London.

(b) In is used to denote :
(i) Countries, cities, etc.
(ii) General mention of a house, village, etc.
(iii) Name of streets.
One of my cousins lives in America.
She lives in a big house.
Mohan does not like to live in America.
She lives in Hanuman Street.

(c) On is used to denote open spaces.
He works on a rubber plantation.
A coolie works on a platform.

Uses of Some Other Important Prepositions :

(a) Between is used for two things/persons.
Among is used for more than two things/persons.
He divided his property between his two sons.
Sweets were distributed among laborers on the completion of the house.

(b) In is used for position, whereas into is used with a verb, of motion to indicate entrance :
Mohan is in the room. Sita is going into the room.

(c) Beside and Besides :
Beside means ‘near’ or at the side of
Besides means ‘as well as’ or ‘in addition to’ :
The queen was sitting beside the king.
Besides having a big house, he has a lot of land also.

(d) On time is used when something happens at exact time :
The train left the station on time.
In time is used for an action which takes place when there is still time.
He reached the college in time, (before the college started).

(e) Above/Over means ‘higher than’ :
We saw a plane above/over us.
Below/under means ‘lower than:
Standing on the top of the hill we saw a beautiful valley below us.

Uses of Some Important Prepositions

1. Agree with (किसी व्यक्ति से सहमत होना) I agree with you.
2. Agree to (किसी बात, सुझाव आदि से सहमत होना) I agree to your proposal.
3. Act upon (या on) (अमल करना) I acted on my father’s advice.
4. Angry with ( किसी व्यक्ति से नाराज होना) He is angry with me.
5. Angry at (की बात पर नाराज होना). He is angry at your behaviour.
6. Aim at (i) (निशाना लगाना) Shyam aimed at the bird.
(ii) (लक्ष्य होना) He has aimed at becoming a doctor.
7. Accuse of (का इल्जाम लगाना) He was accused of cheating his friend.
8. Apply to (किसी को प्रार्थना-पत्र देना) He has applied to the officer for leave.
9. Apply for (किसी चीज के लिए प्रार्थना-पत्र देना) I have applied for the post of a clerk.
10. Attend to (ध्यान देना) Please attend to the lecture.
11. Abstain from (परहेज करना) You should abstain from smoking,
12. Abound in (प्रचुर मात्रा में होना) This pond abounds in fish.
13. Acquit of (बरी कर देना) The judge acquitted him of the crime.
14. Amazed at (हैरान होना) I was amazed at his. progress.
15. Ashamed of (शर्मसार होना) He was ashamed of his conduct and did not meet me.
16. Beg for (गिड़गिड़ाना, भीख माँगना) The criminal begged for mercy.
17. Benefit from (से फायदा उठाना) He has benefitted from the new scheme.
18. Believe in (में विस्वास करना) He does not believe in God.
19. Base on (पर आधारित करना या होना) This film is based on a famous novel.
20. Blind to (अनदेखा करना) You are blind to the faults of your brother.

21. Boast of (डाग मरना) He always boasts of his wealth.
22. Born in (जन्म होना) He was born in a rich family.
23. Blame for (दोष देना) He blamed me for his failure.
24. Backward in (किसी चीज से पिछड़े होना) This area is backward in education.
25. Belong to (से संबंध स्थापित रखना) This house belongs to Mohan.
26. Care for (परवाह करना) I do not care for Mohan.
27. Care about (देखभाल करना) You should take care about your health.
28. Charged with (दलजम लगाना) He was charged with murdering a man.
29. Cry for (किसी बात के लिए रोना या चिल्लाना) He is crying for his lost wealth.
30. Complain of (शिकायत करना) He complained of low pressure of water.
31. Compromise with (समझोता करना) He compromised with me and settled the matter.
32. Capable of (समर्थ होना) He is capable of doing great work.
33. Cure of (इलाज करना) The doctor cured me of cold.
34. Cure for (का इलाज) What is the cure for cold?
35. Careful of (जागरूक करना, सावधान करना) He is careful of his health.
36. Deal in (व्यापर करना) He deals in cloth.
37. Deal with (व्यवहार करना) You must deal with others politely.
38. Depend on (पर निर्भर होना) He depends on his father för all his needs.
39. Die of (किसी बीमारी से मरना) He died of cancer.
40. Die from (कुछ करने से मरना) He died from over eating.

41. Die for (किसी उदेश्य के लिए करना) He died for his country.
42. Different from (से भिना) This book is different from your book.
43. Exception to (अपवाद होना). There is exception to every rule.
44. Escape from (बच निकलना) He escaped from jail.
45. Enquire into (धनबिन करना) The police enquired into the matter.
46. Equal to (के बराबर) The weight of this packet is equal to the weight of that packet.
47. Faithful to (के प्रति वफादार होना) Ram is faithful to his master.
48. Full of (से भरा होना) I found a purse full of money.
49. Fond of (शैवकिन होना) I am fond of apples.
50. Fire at (किसी पर गोली चलना) The soldiers fired at the enemy.
51. Feed on (पर चलना) The cow feeds on grass.
52. Good at (किसी काम में निपुण होना) He is good at English.
53. Good for (उपयोगी होना) Playing is good for health.
54. Gaze at (ध्यान से देखना) He was gazing at the flower.
55. Guilty of (का दोषी होना) He is guilty of breaking the law.
56. Grateful to (कृतज्ञ होना) Mohan is grateful to Ram for helping him.
57. Hope for (आशा करना) He hopes for the best.
58. Hopeful of (का आशावान होना) He is hopeful of getting the last division.
59. Hungry for (भूखा होना, तीव्र लालसा होना) He is hungry for love.
60. Hint at (इशारा करना) He hinted at the new plan.

61. Hinder from (रोकना) The storm hindered me from reaching the city
62. Ill with (से ग्रस्त) He is ill with fever.
63. Interfere in (देखल देना) He interfered in my work,
64. Interested in (में रुचि होना) I am interested in stamp collecting.
65. Insist on (पर जोर देना) He insisted on going to Rewari.
66. Inferior to (से धटिया) This chair is inferior to that.
67. Junior to (से कनिष्ट) Mohan is junior to Sohan.
68. Jeer at (मजाक उड़ाना) The crowd jeered at the player.
69. Jealous of (ईर्ष्या करना) Radha is jealous of her sister.
70. Knock at (खटखटाना) He knocked at the door for some time.
71. Key to (कूँजी होना) Hard work is the key to success.
72. Laugh at (पर हँसना) The boys are laughing at the beggar.
73. Loyal to (वफादार होना) We should be loyal to the country.
74. Lead to ( की ओर जाना) This road leads to Ambala.
75. Liking for (रुचि होना) I have a liking for cricket.
76. Made of (का बना होना) This table is made of wood.
77. Mix with (से मिलना, संगती करना) You should not mix with bad boys.
78. Meddle with (दखाल देना) Pakistan is meddling with our affairs.
79. In need of (आवश्यकता होना) I am in need of money.
80. Pleased with (प्रसन होना) He is pleased with my work

81. Prefer to (प्राथमिकता देना) I prefer tea to coffee..
82. Popular with (प्रसिद्ध) Mohan is popular with his friends.
83. Prevent from (रोकना) He prevented me from going to Hissar.
84. Protect from (रक्षा करना) Woollen clothes protect us from cold.
85. Quarrel with (किसी व्यक्ति से झगड़ा करना) He quarrelled with me.
86. Quarrel over (किसी बात पर झगड़ना) He quarrelled over a pen.
87. Recover from (ठीक होना) He has recovered from illness.
88. Remind of (याद दिलाना) He reminded me of his application..
89. Rebel against (विद्रोह करना) People rebelled against the cruel king. : :
90. Rule over (शासन करना) Akbar ruled over India for a long time.
91. Repent of (पछताना) He repented of his misdeeds.
92. Send for (बुला भेजना) They sent for the doctor.
93. Search for (तलाश करना) The police is searching for the thief.
94. Similar to (के सामान) This shirt is similar to that.
95. Short of (कमी होना) At present I am short of money.
96. Sorry for (अफसोस होना) I am sorry for troubling you.
97. Surrendered to (आत्म समर्पण करना) The enemy surrendered to our army.
98. Slow at (धीमे होना) He is slow at learning English.
99. Succeed in (सफल होना) Mohan succeeded in getting Ist division.
100. Stare at (घूर – घूर कर देखना) The old man stared at me for a long time.

101. Speak to ( से बात करना) I spoke to him about it.
102. Tired of (तंग आ जाना) I am tired of waiting,
103. Think of (विचार करना) What do you think of this plan?
104. True to (पालन करना) You should be true to your word.
105. Talk about (बात करना) Everybody is talking about the new film.
106. Threaten to (घमकी देना) The terrorist threatened to blow up the plane,
107. Trust in (विशवास करना) We should have trust in God.
108. Taste for (रुचि होना) She has no taste for painting.
109. Useful to (व्यक्ति के लिए लाभदायक) This book is useful to me.
110. Useful for (किसी काम के लिए लाभदायक) This machine is useful for cleaning the wells.
111. Vain of (घमंडी होना) He is vain of his wealth.
112. Wait for (प्रतीक्षा करना) He is waiting for the bus.
113. Weep for (के लिए रोना) The brothers wept for their lost .: wealth.
114. Wish for (कामना करना) He wished for good weather.
115. Wonder at (हौरान होना) He wondered at the skill of that man.
116. Weary of (टंगा आ जाना) I am weary of listening to him.
117. Warn against/of (चेतावनी देना) The government warned the terrorists of serious results.
118. Worthy of (के योग्य) He is worthy of respect.
119. Weak in (में कमजोर) She is weak in Mathematics.
120. Write to (को लिखना) I have written to him about my plan.
121. Worry about (चिंता करना) He worried about the success of his son.
122. Witness of (गवाह होना) He is the witness of the whole scene. .
123. Yield to (हार मानना) The enemy yielded to uş.
124. Zeal for (जोश होना) He showed a great zeal for the party.

EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks, with suitable prepositions ;
1. He started going …………………………. school …………………………. the age of five. So now he’s been …………………………. school for ten years. He’s leaving …………………………. the end of this year.
2. He goes …………………………. his office every day except Sunday. On Sundays, he stays …………………………. home and works …………………………. the garden.
3. Don’t leave your luggage …………………………. the corridor. It’ll be …………………………. everyone’s way. Bring it …………………………. the compartment and put it …………………………. the rack.
4. He Is …………………………. his desk all day …………………………. his head …………………………. his hands.
5. …………………………. mistake I opened Mary’s letter instead of…………………………. my own. She was very angry …………………………. me.
6. I buy a newspaper …………………………. my way …………………………. the station and read it …………………………. the train. By the time I get …………………………. London I’ve read most …………………………. it.
7. He was charged …………………………. driving while the influence …………………………. alcohol. 1
8. People who drop litter …………………………. the pavements are liable …………………………. a fine …………………………. :
9. He accused me …………………………. selling secret information …………………………. the enemy.
10. You look worried, Are you …………………………. some sort …………………………. trouble? Yes, …………………………. a way. I’m …………………………. debt and my creditors want to be paid soon.
Answer:
1. to, at, at, at
2. to, at, in
3. in, in, into, on
4. at, with, in
5. By, of, with
6. on, to, in, to, of
7. with, under, of
8. on, to, of
9. of, to
10. in, of, in under.

Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions :
1. Much Ado About Nothing is …………………………. Shakespeare, and you’ll find more …………………………. his plays …………………………. the …………………………. bookcase …………………………. that corner.
2. As the child was too young to travel …………………………. herself, they arranged …………………………. her to travel …………………………. the guard’s van …………………………. the care …………………………. the guard,
3. Have you heard …………………………. John …………………………. his return? Yes, I had a letter …………………………. Monday. He’s thinking …………………………. going back …………………………. America.
4. He was ill …………………………. a week and …………………………. that week his wife’ never left his side.
5. Aren’t you coming …………………………. us. No, I’m waiting-Suresh.
6. I’m very sorry …………………………. þeing late. It was good …………………………. you to wait …………………………. me.
7. Passengers may leave bulky articles …………………………. the stairs …………………………. the conductor’s permission.
8. Remember to be …………………………. good time …………………………. the opera.
9. I want two seats …………………………. Romeo and Juliet …………………………. Friday night.
10. …………………………. spite …………………………. the heat he refused to take …………………………., his coat.
Answer:
1. by, of, in, in
2. by, for, in, under, of
3. from, since, on, of, to
4. for, during
5. with, for
6. for, of, for
7. under, with
8. in, for
9. for, for
10. In, of, off.

Exercise 3
Insert a preposition, where necessary. Choosing from the following: at, by, for, in, of, on, past, till/until, to, with.
1. He asked …………………………. his father …………………………. money.
2. They paid …………………………. me …………………………. the books.
3. I thought he would offer …………………………. Ann the job, but he offered it …………………………. me.
4. Keep …………………………. me a place, and keep a place …………………………. Ann too.
5. They showed …………………………. us photographs …………………………. their baby.
6. Buying presents …………………………. children is sometimes very difficult …………………………. the end I bought a kite …………………………. Tom and a torch …………………………. Ann.
7. Pass the salt …………………………. your father, Peter, and pass …………………………. me the pepper, please.
8. When you have lunch …………………………. a restaurant, who pays …………………………. the bill? On, each …………………………. us pays …………………………. what he has had.
9. Paul’s pianist. He sometimes plays …………………………. us …………………………. the evening. Last night he played some Chopin.
10. I think I’ll be able to find …………………………. Ann a job. Could you find a job …………………………. me, too?
11. He sold the picture …………………………. an American dealer …………………………. $5,000.
12. He promised …………………………. us a share …………………………. the profits.
Answer:
1. x, for
2. x, to
3. x, to
4. x, for
5. x, of
6. for, in, for, for
7. to, x.
8.at, x; of, for
9. to, in
10. x, for
11. to, for
12. x, in.

Above provided complete MP Board Solutions 11th English Study guide is useful for making your preparation effective. Students can frequently visit our page to get the latest updates on other subjects study materials.

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MP Board Class 11th Special English Grammar Narration

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किसी व्यक्ति की कही हुई बात को हम दो प्रकार से लिखते हैं :
1. कहने वाले के मूल शब्दों में लिखना। इसे Direct Speech कहते हैं। ये शब्द सदैव Inverted Commas “…” में बन्द रहते हैं।

जैसे-
Ram says, “I am going.”

2. कहने वाले की बात को अपने शब्दों में लिखना। इसे Indirect Speech कहते हैं। इसमें Reporting verb का Comma तथा Inverted Commas “…” का लोप कर दिया जाता है।
जैसे-
Ram syas that he is going.

Two Parts of Direct Speeches

1. Inverted commas से पूर्व वाला भाग जिससे वाक्य को आरम्भ करते हैं, इसे Reporting verb कहते हैं। जैसे उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में Ram says Reporting verb हैं।
2. Inverted Commas के अन्दर लिखा हुआ कथन Reported Speech कहलाता है। जैसे उपर्युक्त भाग में “I am going” Reported Speech हैं। Direct से Indirect बनाते समय Personal Pronouns का परिवर्तन :

नियम-Reported Speech में प्रयोग किए गए First Person-I, my, me, we, us, our Pronouns hat Reporting Verb में Subject Person के अनुसार बदल दते हैं। जैसे
Direct : The teacher says, ” I am writing a letter.”
Indirect : The teacher says that he is writing a letter.

उपर्युक्त वाक्य में वक्ता teacher है, जिसने अपने लिए ‘I’ का प्रयोग किया है। Indirect Speech में teacher के third Person के अनुसार subject बदल कर he हो गया है।

नियम-Reported Speech के Second Person के Pronouns-You, Your, Reporting Verb के Object के Person के अनुसार बदल जाते हैं

जैसे-
Direct : You said to me, “You are an honest man.”
Indirect : You told me that I was an honest man.
Direct : He said to him, “You have helped me.
Indirect : He told him that he had helped him.”
Direct : He said, “You never Helped me.”
Indirect : He said that he never helped him.
Direct : I said to you, “You are ill.”
Indirect : I told you that you were ill.
Direct : I said to him, “You killed a snake.”
Indirect : I told him that he had killed a snake.

Rule.
Indirect Speech में बदलते समय Third Person के Pronouns में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता। जैसे-

Direct : he said, “He will go there.”
Indirect : He said that he would go there.
Direct : He said, ” They will go there.”
Indirect : He said that they would go there.

Change of Tenses

Rule.
यदि Reporting Verb भूतकाल में हो तो Reported Speech की क्रिया नीचे लिखे नियमानुसार बदल जाती है :
Go, goes – is changed into went
has or have – is changed into was, were
has or have – is changed into had
has been or have been going is changed into has been going went – had gone
was or were going – is changed into had been going
will or shall – is changed into would or should
can – is changed into could
may – is changed into might
has and had – is changed into had
was and were – is changed into had been

Change of Tenses

Assertive Sentences
Rule.
यदि Reporting Verb Present या Future Tense में हो, तो Reported Speech के Verb का Tense नहीं बदलता।

Examples :
1. Direct : The boy says, “I am playing.”
Indirect : The boy says that he is playing.

2. Direct : Sita will say, “I write a letter.”
Indirect : Sita will say that she writes a letter.

3. Direct : The boy said, “I write a letter.”
Indirect : The boy said that he wrote a letter.

4. Direct : Hari said, ” I am playing.”
Indirect : Hari said that he was playing.

5. Direct : The servant said, ” I have swept the room.”
Indirect : The servant said that he had swept the room.

6. Direct : The boy said, “We have been playing for two hours.”
Indirect : The boy said that they had been playing for two hours.

7. Direct : The tailor said, “I pressed the clothes.”
Indirect : The tailor said that he had pressed the clothes.

8. Direct : My mother said, “I was cooking food.”
Indirect : My mother said that she had been cooking food.

Change of Auxiliary verbs

Rule.
यदि Reporting Verb में Auxiliary Verbs आए हैं, तो उनका परिवर्तन निम्न प्रकार से होगा।
Is, am, are – का was, were हो जायेगाI
Has. have – का had हो जायेगा
Dos, does – का did हो जायेगा
Will, shall – का would, should हो जायेगाI
Can, may – का Could, might हो जायेगाI

Examples :
Direct : The boy said, “I am a good student.”
Indirect : The boy said that he was a good student.
Direct : Sita said, “I have a nen.”
Indirect : Sita said that she had a pen.
Direct : He said, “I do not go.”
Indirect : He said, “I cannot go there.
Direct : I said to him. “I shall teach you.”
Indirect : I told him that I should (would) teach him.

Exerxise
Convert the following sentences into Indirect Speech:
1. ‘I say, ” I do my work daily.”
2. Hari says, ” I am working hard for the examination.”
3. You say, “I know Ravi and his father.”
4. Gopal said, “I have done my work.”
5. She said, “I cannot learn the lesson so soon.”
6. Anil said, “I daily get up at four in the morning.”
7. My mother said to me, “I am cooking food for you.”
8. These boys said, “We have been playing since morning.”
9. Vinod said, “My brother plays cricket.”
10. The naughty girl said, “I have plucked flowers.”

Interrogative Sentences

Rule.
Rule. जब प्रश्नवाचक वाकयों को Direct से Indirect में बदलते हैं, तो निम्नलिखित परिवर्तन किया जाता है :
1. Reporting Verb say अथवा tell को asked में बदल दिया जाताहै।
2. यदि प्रश्नवाचक वाकय where , why, what, which, when, who आदि में से किसी एक से आरम्भ होता है, तो that या if का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।
3. यदि वाक्य is, am, are, have, has, had, was, were, will, shall अथवा किसी अन्य. सहायक क्रिया ‘से आरम्भ होता है, तो Indirect Speech में if का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Example:
A. Direct : He said to the beggar, “What do you want?”
Indirect : He asked the beggar what he wanted:
Direct: The teacher said to Mohan, “Why are you late for shcool today?”
Indirect : The teacher equired of Mohan why he was late for the school that day.

B. Direct: I said to him, “Is your father at home?”
Indirect : I asked him if his father was at home.
Direct: The teacher said, “Hari did you bathe this morn ing?”
Indirect : The teacher inquired of Hari if he has bathed that moring.
Direct : Harbans said to you, “Will you accompany me to Simla tomorrw?”
Indirect : Harbans asked you whether you would accompany him to Simla next day.

Exercise
Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech :
1. You said to him, “What can I do for you?”
2. She said to Bimla, “Which school do you attend?”
3. I said to Hari, “How many boys are there in your class?”
4. He said to his friend, “When shall I can on you again?”
5. He said to me, “Where shall I wait for you?”
6. Sohan said to Mohan, ‘Do you play foot-ball daily?”
7. The teacher said to the girl, “Have you done your home work?”
8. She said to Bimla, “Does this book belong to you?”
9. He said to me, “Are you on speaking terms with your neighbour?”
10. Satish said, “Father, may I go to the picture today?”.

Imperative Sentences

Rule.
Imperative sentences में आदेश, आज्ञा, शिक्षा तथा प्रार्थना पाई जाती है, ऐसे वाक्यों को Indirect में बदलते समय Said to के स्थान पर ordered, advised, requested, proposed, forbade आदि शब्द लगाओ।
Rule. That को प्रयोग मत करो।
Rule. Verb के पूर्व To लगाओ। “Do not” को “not to” में बदल दो।

Examples :
Direct : The teacher said to Balbir, “Look at the black-board.”
Indirect : The teacher asked Balbir to look at the black-board.
Direct : He said to the servant, “Light the lamp atonce.”
Indirect :, He ordered the servant to light the lamp atonce.
Direct ; The general said to his men, “Stand at ease.”
Indirect : The general ordered his men, “Stand at ease,
Direct : He said to me, “Give me your knife.”
Indirect : He requested me to give him my knife.
Direct : I said to him, “Please wait here for me till I return.”
Indirect : I requested him to wait there for me till I returend.
Direct: She said to her maid-servant, “Let the beggar come in.”
Indirect : She ordered her maid-servant to let the beggar come in.”
Direct: He said to him companion, “Let me go on with my work, please.”
Indirect : He requested his companions to let him go with his work.
Direct : He said, “Let us go out for a walk.”
Indirect : He proposed that they should go out for a walk.

EXERCISE
Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech :
1.’I said to Raj, “Show me your new book.
2. The teacher said to the boys, “Sit down and revise your lesson.”
3. The fox said to the crow, “Please sing me a song.”
4. He said to you, “Do attend my marriage.”
5. Father said to me, “Respect your elders.”
6. I said to him, “Be quiet and listen to me.” (Use ‘urge’)
7. “Don’t do that again, or you will get into troubles,” said the old lady.
8. I said to my cousin, “Let us set out for Shimla tomorrow.”
9. Surender said, “Let us set out for Shimla tomorrow.”
10. Guru said to his disciples, “Do not mix with liars.”

Optative and Exclamatory Sentences Rule.

Rule. (i) Optative sentences में Reporting Verb के स्थान पर exclaimed with joy, sorrow, surprise आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है (ii) Optative Sentences में Reportin Verb के स्थान पर pray, wish आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग किया जाता है

Examples :
Direct : She said, “May you live long, my daughter!”
Indirect : She wished that her daughter might live long.
Direct : He said to me, “May God bless you with a son!”
Indirect : He wished that God might bless me with a son.
Direct: Sohan said, “O that I were a rich man’s son.”
Indirect : Sohan wislied that he were a rich man’s son.
Direct : Jagjit said, “What a terrible storm it is!”
Indirect : Jagjit exclaimed that it was a very terrible storm.
Direct: I said, “How fat he is!”
Indirect : I exclaimed that he was very fat.
Direct: “Hurrah! We are winning!” shouted the boys.
Indirect : The boys exclaimed with joy that they were winning.
Direct : Balbir said, “Alas! All my friends have deserted me.”
Indirect : Balbir exclaimed with sorrow that all his friends had deserted him.
Direct : Bimla said, “Alas! How foolish I have been!”
Indirect : Bimla confessed with regret that she had been very foolish.
Direct: The Inspector said, “Bravo! Well played, Raj.”
Indirect : The Inspector applauded (or praised) Raj, saying that he had played well.
Direct: “Good night to you all,” said Harnam.
Indirect : Harnam wished them all good night.

EXERCISE
Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech :
1. They said to me, “May you be happy!”
2. I said to him, “May God help you in his matter!”.
3. They said, “How sweetly the Cuckoo sings!”
4. He said to me, “May you succeed!”
5. She said, “Hurrah! I have won a prize in a lottery.”
6. You said, “Hurrah! I have won a prize in a lottery.”
7. Hari cried, “O that I were dead!”
8. He said, “Als! What a loos I have suffered!”
9. The man said, “What a fool I have been.”
10. He said, “Bravo ! Well done, Ramu.”

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MP Board Class 11th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 3 Reading

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3.1 Passages-1

See Workbook Page-119

Exercises

Read the following passages carefully and answer the question given below each passage :

A. Answer these questions :

1. Why did the man wander all over the world?
   Man wandered all over the world in search of riches.
2. What and where did he find what he wanted?
   He found precious stones in the backyerd of his house.
3. What principle should one follow to maintain peace of mind? To maintain peace of mind those must be minimum distance between one another to avoid provocation and yet not so much distance as to experience a feeling a cold isolation.
4. List the best things of life which are free.
   Beauties of nature and of the animal kingdom sunrise and sunset and some of the best things of life which are free.
5. Give a suitable, title to the above passage.
   Life’s Glory

B. (i) Pick out the words from the passage that mean the same as :

• unimportant vain
• unreasonable dislikes or preferences for a person-or a group prejudice
• rewards bounties
• rich affluent

(ii) Fill in the blanks with suitable words :

• For peace of mind it is necessary to be physically mentally and spiritually well tuned.
• Petty irritations, prejudices and ideas should not’dog the mind.

Passage 2

See Workbook Page-120-121

An Answer these questions :

1. Why did India lose her glory?
   The never-ending onslaught of invasions and infishting led India lose her glory.
2. How has the country been transformed during the last 50 years?
   The country has been transformed from being servivors to thought leaders.
3. What kind of growth does the author envisage for the country?
   The author envisages the balanced inclusive growth rather than a skewed development.
4. What are our policy makers emphasizing on for economic growth?
   Our policy makes are emphasizing agriculture and rural development along side information technology and biotechnology and other high tech sectors.
5. What is needed to sustain growth in the economy? Generating knowledge and managing it effectively is needed to sustain growth in the economy.
6. Why does the author say “Economic development by itself means’ nothing”?
   Because more than that India needs to invest and commit to social responsibility and cultural development which will contribute to a larger picture.
7. What is meant by “surviving community” in the passage? It means the people of India.
8. Give a suitable title to the passage.
   India and its prospects.

(B) Find out words or phrases in the passage which mean :

• Development directed towards a particular group in a way that may. not be fair Skewed
• Making use of an opportunity to get an advantage for oneself Survive
• Start to do something new or difficult Embark
• Provide enough of what is needed to survive or exist contribute

Passage-3

See Workbook Page-122-123

A. Give brief answers to the following questions :

1. What should be the relationship between means and end? Means justifies the end.
2. What is the secret of success?
   The secret of success in to pay much attention to the means as _ to the end.
3. Who is more blessed, the giver or the receiver or both? Both are equally blessed.
4. Why should we be thankful to God?
   Because we have been allowed to exercise our power of benevolence and mercy in the world and thus become pure and perfect.
5. What is the ultimate result of all actions?
   Finally truth presents over falsehood and good prevails over evil.
6. What is the ideal condition of human life?
   Doing good or being good is the ideal condition of human life.
7. Who can serve humanity in the best possible manner? One who works is a selfless manner without notice or desire for name fame or wealth can serve humanity in the best possible manner.
8. How would you characterize a great man if he makes ’sacrifices for his own good?
   He is a selfish and mean fellow.
9. What is the impact of the great deeds performed by great men?
   Mankind gets benefited from it.
10. Give a suitable title to the above passage.
    Virtue of humanity.

B. i. Make sentences with the following words in the context of their meaning in the passage :
Means, end, key, blessed, renounce Means-He has no proper means to live a happy life. End-The end of an evil way is always tragic. Key-Honesty is the key feature of his personality. Blessed-God has blessed us with all super characteristics. Renounce-We must renounce the good virtues.

ii. Locate the synonyms of the following words in the passage :
Kindnesses, untruth, accepted, recollect, recipient, incidents Benevolence, foul, adopted, Senitinze, Benefited, Events.

iii. Locate the antonyms of the followings words in the passage:
evil, failures, malevolence, locally, forget, Good, Rewards, Benevolence, universally withhold.

iv. Find the odd words in the following groups of words:

• success, achievement, acquisition, rspkmgj turmoil
• means, resources, income unwell
• doing, performing, pcj vgle argle relaxing
• own, jgcl private, personal alien.

Passage-4

See Workbook Page-124-125

A. Answer these question :

1. How did the young girl react to the admiration of the relatives? She become even more boastful.
2. How did the young girl’s heart differ from that of the woman?
   The young girl’s heart was pretty but not a beautiful one as that of the woman.
3. Why did the old woman say that the young girl’s heart was pretty but not beautiful?
   The old woman said this because she had sacrificed her life for others.
4. What did the open wounds on the old woman’s heart signify? The open wounds signified that people couldn’t give her a piece ‘ of their heart in return of her sacrifice.
5. How did the girl make her own heart beautiful?
   She cut a piece of her heart and filled up one of the empty spaces of the old woman’s heart.

B. Give one word each for the following from the passage.

1. The feeling of liking or loving admiring
2. To change the shape, appearance or sound distort
3. The act of giving up sacrifice
4. To keep a pleasant feeling in mind for a long time memoir.
5. Become aware of a fact or situation realize

C. Complete the following forms :

Passage-5

See Workbook Page -126 -127

A. Answer the Questions :

1. Why does the author call India as “many countries rolled into one?”
Because it provides an infinite variety in every sphere of life.
2. What, according to the author, is the serious problem India is facing at present?
The division of people on the lines of caste and religion and popula¬tion explosion are the serious problems India is facing at present.
3. What stimulates thinkers and sociologists to write about India? The contrasts, contradictions, and ironies in Indian society stimulate them to write about India.
4. Our young men and women writers are moving to western countries because-

• They find those countries interesting.
• They find better prospects there.
• They find a lot of subjects to write there.
• They don’t want to stay in India.

5. What sort of India does the author dream of?
He dreams of a casteless secular society and adequate space for trees to flourish.
6. What made India less clean after seventies?
The implanned industrialization and continuous discharge of wastes in the rivers have made India less deam after serventies.
7. What attracted Western philosopheres to India?
The intellectual atmosphere of India had attracted philsophers to India. They came here in search of spiritual knowledged.
8. What, according to the author, is the most striking feature of India?
Its warmth and fellow feeling that people have for one another Is, the most striking feature of India.
9. Give a suitable title to the passage.
India’s Glory,

B. Find out the words in the passage, which mean the following:

1. Left in its original condition pristine
2. A description that makes something larger, better, worse or more important than it really is exaggeration
3. An aggressive and unreasonable belief that your caste or religion is better than others mind-blowing
4. Make somebody interested and excited about something fascinate

Passage-6

See Workbook Page-128-129

A. Encircle the correct spellings of the following words :

1. advicor, advisar, advisir, btgqcp
2. dmpk jjw. formelly, formaly, farmally
3. pleij, njcbec. plej, plege
4. setilite, satelite, q rcjjgrc satilite

B. Fill in the blanks with one word each :

1. Dr. Kalam taught Just for a year at Annamalai University.
2. The largest gathering Dr.Kalam addressed was 50,000 students in Adichunchanagiri, Karnataka.
3. Dr. Kalam has set out with the task of Teaching with a million students.
4. Dr. Kalam especially interacts with students belonging to the underprivileged sections of the society.
5. Dr. Kalam makes children pledge to achieve global peace.
6. ‘Penguin India’ says that Dr. Kalam’s books are runaway bestsellers.
7. Dr. Kalam wants that the textbooks should be relevant to the 21st century.
8. Dr. Kalam sharply focuses on the utility of education and its developmental values.
9. The translations of Dr. Kalam’s books in regional languages .have brisk sales.
10. Dr. Kalam’s gift to Africa was a satellite, which would link 53 countries and provide distance education.

C. Find the words for the following meanings in the text :

1. to communicate with somebody while you work interact
2. to give attention to one particular subject focus
3. an important moral, social or political idea target
4. a serious promise pledge
5. usefulness utility

D. On the basis of your reading the passage answer the following questions :

1. What task did Dr. Kalam take-up after his retirement as Chief Scientific Adviser to the government of India?
   Dr. Kalam took up the task of interesting with a millions of students.
2. Students from which sections of the society does Dr. Kalam especially address?
   Dr. Kalam especially addresses the students from under priviledges sections of the society.
3. What is the ambition towards which Dr. Kalam wants students to work?
   Dr. Kalam wants student to work towards the ambition to achieve glabol peace.
4. Who does Dr. Kalam admire as a universal teacher?
   Dr. Kalam admires St. Augustine as a universal teacher.
5. What is the opinion of Penguin India about Dr. Kalam’s books?
   Penguin India says that Dr. Kalam’s books are runaway bestsellers.
6. What does Dr. Kalam expect from educationists, Principals . and teachers?
   Dr. Kalam expects from them to produce books relevant to 21st- century to reach to the poor in slums and to adopt modern technology to teach children
7. What was the purpose of gifting a satellite to Africa? The purpose was to link 53 countries and provide distance education.
8. Give a suitable title to the passage.
   Dr. Kalam : A visionary Man.

Passage-7

See Workbook Page-131-132

A. On the basis of your reading the passage answer the following:

1. Which is the most important aspect of our constitution? Secularism is the most important aspect of our constitution.
2. What, according to the author, is secularism?
   Secularism, as per the author is the belief that one’s religion should not intrude in matters which are public or political unit.
3. How is equality spelt out in our constitution?
   In our country everyone enjoys the same equal constitutional right and privilege despite any difference of class, caste, religion or anything else.
4. How can we achieve the objective of a secular state?
   We ought to have secular spirit and secular outlook in order to promote secularism
5. What, according to the author, is true religion?
   True religion is that when you are dealing with public affairs with civic matters and with questions of policy, your approach should be as an Indian and not as a member of a particular community.
6. Why did the author’s friend say “there were so few Indians in this country?
   Because he was too harsh in his criticism.

B. Look for words or phrases in the test which are similar in meaning to the expressions given below :

1. an area of a city where many people of the same race or religion liVe, separately from the rest of the population ghettos
2. not connected with spiritual or religious matters secular
3. connected with the people living in towns or cities intimate
4. without considering some or being influenced by it irrespective.

Passage-8

See Workbook Fase-133-134

A. On the basis of your reading the passage, answer the following questions:

1. What did the man, carrying the cattle, expect to get by sacrificing the cattle?
   The man would be blessed with a sqn by sacrificing the cattle.
2. Who was the man to question the man,taking the cattle to sacrifice?
   Swami Dayanand was the man to question the man taking the cattle to sacrifice.
3. What did Swami Dayanand begin after acquiring the knowledge contained in the Vedas?
   Swarjti Dayanand began his erusade against-those who were fooling the illiterate masses in the name of religion, What was the orthodox view regarding the study of the Vedas ’ before Swami
4. Dayanand discovered the knowledge of Vedas? The orthodox view was that the study of the vedas by women and the debts was not allowed.
5. What was the condition of women before Swami Dayanad revealed the true knowledge of the Vedas?
   The condition of women was deplorable. They were not given any right to education or public life.

B. Given below are the meanings of some words in the text. Find those words.

1. to forbid or prevent prohibit.
2. in the way of a straight line passing through a circle diamerically.
3. exceeding bad deplorable.
4. fundamental truth or personal code of conduct Scriptures
5. to go beyond the range of human experience transcend
6. lofty or noble tutelage
7. following the tradition in the matters of life, religion and morals crusade.
8. religious songs in praise of God hymns.

C. Say whether the following statements are true or false :

1. Dayanand Saraswati invented the Vedas. false
2. The guru of the man, carrying the cattle, was a scholar of
   the Vedas. false
3. Dayanand Saraswati taught Vedas to Swami Virjanand. false
4. The Vedas prohibit their study to women and dalits. false
5. The Vedas permit equal status to all irrespective of caste, faith or geography. True

Passage-9

See Workbook Page-135-136

A. On the basis of your reading the passage, answer the following questions :

1. When were the first modern Olympic Games held.?
   The first modern Olympic games were held 15,000 years ago.
2. Who pioneered the idea of modem Olympic Games?
   Baron Pierrede coubertin pioneered the idea of modern Olympic Games.
3. Who was persuaded to fund first modem Olympic Games? George Averoff a wealthy Greek philanthropist was persuaded to fund it.
4. Which stadium was repaired to host the first Onympic Games? What was its capacity?
   The Pan-Athenaic stadium of Herodis was repaired to host the first Olympic games. Its capacity was 70,000 spectators.
5. When did Greece become independent from Turkey? Greece become independent from Tukey on April 16, 1822.
6. How many nations particpated in the first modern Olympic Games?
   13 nations particpated in the first modern Olympic games.
7. Where and when was a congress of nations convened to organize the first modern Olympics?
   A congress of nations was convened in 1894 at sorbanne is paris to organize the first modern Olympics.
8. Why did the first modern Olympic Games have periods of sheer farce.?
   Because theme was no considesable achievenment now were the participants well equipped.

B. Look for the words or phrases in the text, similar in meaning to the expressions given below :

1. an event so badly organized that it becomes ridiculous force
2. the fact of being more interested in money than in the quality of things dapper
3. a person who takes part in sports or other activities for enjoyment, not as a job or career amateur
4. a date that is exact number of years after the date of an important event anniversary

Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B as used in the text.

Column A – Column B

1. epic – (a) currency of Greece
2. commemorative – (b) a Sunday in March/April when Christians remember the death of Christ and his return to life.
3. track – (c) honouring an important person or remembering an event in the past
4. Drachmas – (d) very great and impressive
5. Easter – (e) a piece of ground with a special surface for running.
6. Philanthropist – (f) a rich person who helps’ by donating money.

Answer :
1 (c), 2. (d), 3. (e), 4. (a) 5. (b), 6. (f)

Passage-10

See Workbook Page-137

A. On the basis of your reading the passage answer these questions :

1. How did Vishwanath Dutt provide for his family? Vishwanath Dutt commanded a very good practice and prodigally spent all that he earned to surround his wife and children with every kind of comfort and luxury.
2. What qualities does the author attribute to Swami Vivekanand as a child?
   Swami Vivekanand was extremely naughty child yet very loving and devoted.
3. Give some examples to prove that Narendranath was generous. Narendranath gave whatever he had be it a dhotitor a gold ornament-to wandering Sadhus.
4. What was Narendranath’s favourite pastime in this childhood?
   Narendranath’s favourite pastime was to worship the clay images of Rama and Krishna, Shiva and Kali.
5. Which God did he like in the beginning? Which God became his favourite later on and why?
   In the beginning Rama was his favourite but later he was replaced by Shiva.
6. Which sentence in the passage proves that Narendranath believed in palmistry?
   Narendranath used to ask his friends “See this line of my palm”

B. Find out the words in the passage which have the following meanings :

1. extravagantly – prodigally
2. feeling of ease – comfort
3. of religious worship – ascetic
4. God or Goddess – deify
5. a thing experienced in mind and not in reality – imagination

C. Say whether the following statements are true or false :

1. Swami Vivekanand’s father was not a rich man. – false
2. Narendranath was headstrong in his childhood. – false
3. He disliked sadhus. – false
4. He was extremely generous. – true

3.2 Poems-1

Read the poems given below and answer the questions:

A. Answer these Questions

1. What lines in the poem show the poet’s sensitiveness towards the feeling of frogs?
   The Lines are—”Be kind and tender to the frog”/”No animal will more repay”
2. Pick four names from the poem that describe the frog and write the explanation pointing out why the poet says that we should not call the frog by these names.
   The names are “Slimy Skin”, “Polly wog”, “ugly James”, “gap a grin “, The poet says so because there names show insensitiveness and harshness.
3. Why does the poet say that the frog will repay more than any other animal and how does he do this?
   Because he finds the frog justly sensitive.
4. According to the poet what type of people are extremely rare? The people who keep a frog are extremely rare.
5. What qualities of frogs are most appealing to you and why? Write at least two.
   Its colour and its jump appeal me for they are very funny but attractive.

B. Use the Following expression in sentences of your own:

1. be kind We should be kind to all animals.
2. tended have a tender feeling for small birds.
3. justly sensitive He is justly sensitive to dogs.
4. kind and fair Be kind and fair in your treatment with animals.

Poem 2

See Workbook Page-140-141

A. On the basis of your reading the poem answer these question

1. In the first stanza of the poem there are two asides. What do they refer to?
   They refer to a garden full of flowers and a mango tree laden with richness of fruit. One dry out before they bloom while the other were eaten up by parasite long ago.
2. The poet describes flowers is the first two stanzas. Write about the flower mentioned there in. Why does the poet refer to them as ‘crossbred sweetpeas’ and ‘grafted roses’? The flowers dry up before they bloom. They cluster together patches of colours splashed all over, They are crossbred sweetpeas and grafted roses.
3. What does the poet say about the fruit tree?
   The bark of the mango tree is peeled. One a few remain. Sun shines through the Layers of the tree.
4. What are the things that the poet can see from his backyard window?
   The poet can see a garden of flowers and a mango tree laden with fruits.

B. Explain the following two expressions:

1. man made fetters on God made land fetters are men made artificial while land is god gifted man makes alterations
2. The temptation of killing time in sight seeing.
   As nature has provided a lot of beautiful sights for us to enjoy we can’t resist our temptation for sight seeing.

C. Note the use of words.’web’ and ‘water’ as verbs in the following lines:
‘Spider web over thorny bushes’ ‘who waters it all’
Now write sentences using following words as verbs and nouns: people, dust, stare, gutter

1. People (V) The auditorium was peopled by men from all over the world.
   People (N) We are proud to be people of India
2. Dust : (V) Dusting is necessary once a week.
   Dust : (N) Dust is the main course of allergy in big cities.
3. Stare (V) Don’t stare at me like this.
   Stare (N): His stare was very ferocious.
4. Gutter : (N) He has guttered all his old works.
   gutter : (N) most of the gutter are open in our town.

D. Write the central idea of the poem.
there the pot focuses on the ways how and what god has given to us and what do we do with them, man distorts the gifts of god, his own self. It makes the world troublesome

Poem 3

See Workbook Page-142-143

A. On the basis for your reading the poem answer the questions given below:

1. Who is “We” referred to in the first line of the poem? “We” refer to the palanquin bearers.
2. What is ‘palanquin’ compared to in the poem? Find at least four comparisons (Similies).
   Palanquin is compared with foam of stream, laughs from the lips of a dream a pearl on an string, brow of the tide.
3. The poetess says ‘ in the wind of our songs’ Here ‘winds’ and ‘song’ are compared without using the word like. Find four such expressions form the poem. Other such expressions are on the foam of a stream, the lips of a dream, in the dew of our song, on the brow of the tide.
4. Question No. 2 and 3 are based on two figures of speech Simile and Metaphor. Read the explanation for these and write two examples of each one.
   Simile: He fights like a tiger. I was hanging like a swing.
   Metaphor: He was a ball of fire with anger, our soldiers where hunger lions is the battlefield.

B. Use the following words in sentences of your own to bring out their meaning as used in the poem.
sway, skim, float, glide, hang, spring

1. Sway—My kite swayed in the air.
2. Skim—She skimmed in her bed.
3. Float—My boat was floating on water.
4. Glide—He won a medal for gliding.
5. Hang—Don’t hang like this on this beam.
6. Spring—The baby was springing on the bed of foam.

Poem 4

See Workbook Page-145

A. Now on the basis of your reading the poem answer the questions:

1. What are the cloths of heaven referred to by the poet? The night and light and the half light are referred to as the cloths of heaven.
2. What does golden and silver light refer to?
   The golden and silver light refers the bright and dim light.
3. Why does the poet think that he is poor?
   Because he has no such cloths.
4. Why does the poet say ‘tread softly on’.?
   Because dreams are extremely tender.
5. What do you think are the poets dreams?
   The poets dreams are his wishes to comfort his beloved.

B. (i) Write sentences using the following words.
enwrought His clothes are enronght. with lightened pearls, enrich He was enriched by some hidden treasures, enthrall I was enthralled by my sons success, encourage Encourage your child always. engulf Our city was engulfed by a sudden flood, encircle The is always encircled by his psychophants.

(ii)find out the difference in the meaning of these pairs of words and use them in separate sentences:

• cloths/clothes
• breath/breathe
• teeth/teethe

1. cloths—These cloths are sold 50 Rs per metre.
clothes—My clothes are dirty now.
2. Breath—Hold yours breath for a few seconds.
Breathe—Now breathe easy.
3. Teeth—My front teeth were damaged.
Teethe—Teethe them out.

Poem 5

See Workbook Page-146-147

A. Now on the basis of your reading the poem answer the question that follow:

1. What ‘baby show’ is the poet referring to?
   ‘Baby show’ refers to the kittens of a cat.
2. How is the fall to leaves described?
   Withered leaves fall one by one from the old lofty fifty tree.
3. Write out the stages of die kitten’s movement as described by the poet. The cat crouches, stretches and paws and darts. It attacks is prey like a tiger. I work hard. It shout and stare. It is playful and enjoys all happiness.

B. (i) Explain the following expressions in your own words.

• Tiger leap tiger leap indicates the cat’s attack on its prey like a tiger.
• Indian conjuror It indicates the India labour
• feats of Art variety of action.
• standers-by one who works
• Withered leaves the leaves that are faded anyway.

(ii) For which words does the poet use the phrases given below and why?
lofty elder, calm and frost, bright and fair.

• lofty elder — trees,
• calm and first — air
• bright and fair — morning

Poem 6

See Workbook Page-148-149

A. One the basis of your reading the poem, answer the questions given below:
(a) Why does the poet call the poem ‘encroachment’?
Because sprig, twigs and eggs are spread inside his mailbox a bird has occupied it. So it is a case encroachment.
(b) Why does the bird encroach the mailbox?
Because its is not in regular case. Its is an abandoned place.
(c) Does the poet think that human beings are responsible for this encroachment? Support your answer by quoting the relevant lines from the poem.
A nos one drops or sends any message from anywhere to the poet the poet feels them responsible for this encroachment. The line is messages and letters from now where.
(i) The following words have been used as verbs by the poet. They can be used as nouns also, use them in sentences of your own as nouns.

• nest The bird has built nest in my courtyard.
• balance try to maintain a balance between your income and expenditure.
• wreck This wreck did our ship to an unknown island.
• nail His nails are very dirty.
• head he has a head injury.
• encounter A dreaded animal” was killed in this encounter.

(ii) Choose the words from the poem that match with the.meanings given below:
search for groping graceless incongnious.
vague Clumsy displeasure Annoyed

(iii) The poet says ‘balancing in its yellow beak’. The word yellow describes the word beak. Can you find some more phrases like this from the poem, incongnious nest, Slender sticks, heavy showers escaped prosecution, slow prosecution.

C. Read the poem and fill in the gaps to bring out the central idea of the poem.
Answer:
The poet was groping in the mailbox. He found some sprig twigs and eggs. He was annoyed at this and cleared it all. Later in the day there was a maina in the garden and the poet saw the bird trying to rebuild the nest. This conveyed’ the message that we have encroached the habital of birds leaving for them to nest except in wooden mailboxes.

Above provided complete MP Board Solutions 11th English Study guide is useful for making your preparation effective. Students can frequently visit our page to get the latest updates on other subjects study materials.

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 11th English Active and Passive Voice Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Grammar Active and Passive Voice

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Voice is the verb form which shows the relation of subject to action in a sentence. When the subject of the verb does something the verb is in Active voice, when something is done to the subject the verb is in the Passive voice.

Example :
Ritu writes a letter. (Active Voice)
A letter is written by Ritu. (Passive voice)

Rules :
(a) Active के Subject को Passive में Object की जगह और Active के Object को Passive में Subject की जगह दें;
(b) Passive में Object के पहले by लगाएं।
(c) Tense को निम्न structures के अनुसार बदलें-

Present Tense
(a) Simple Present—Subject + is/am/are + v₃ + by + object.

Example :
The teacher teaches English.
English is taught by the teacher.

(b) Present Continuous Tense—Subject + is/am/are + being + v₃ + by object

Example :
Rohan is” playing cricket.
Cricket is being played by Rohan.,

(c) Present Perfect—Subject + has/have + been + v₃ + by -r object.

Example :
Sneha has dope it
It has been done by Sneha.

Past Tense
(a) Simple Past—Subject + was/were + v₃ + by + object. Example :
My mother cooked food.
Food was cooked by my mother.

(b) Past Continuous Tense—Subject + was/were + being + v3 + by + object.

Example :
Shishir was driving a car.
A car was being driven by Shishir.

(c) Past Perfect Tense—Subject + had + been + v₃ + by + object.

Example :
The postman had delivered the letters.
The letter had been delivered by the postman.

Future Tense
(a) Simple Future—Subject + will/shall + be + v₃ + by + object.

Example :
I shall buy a car.
A car will be bought by me.

(b) FuturePerfect Tense—Subject + shall/will + have + been + v₃ + by + objective.

Example :
I shall have finished this lesson.
This lesson will have been finished by me.

Note. There is no change in the voice of present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, future continuous and future perfect continuous tenses.

Exercises

Q. 1. Change the voice from Active to Passive :
(i) Good manners make a character.
(ii) Vijay gave him a book.
(iii) He will do this work.
(iv) I am writing a book.
(v) I will teach him a lesson.
(vi) This news surprised me.
(vii) The mason was building the house.
(viii) I had finished my work by that time.
(ix) She makes a doll.
(x) Boys were playing football.
(xi) Somebody has put out the light.
(xii) They were consulting their teacher at that time.
(xiii) They kept him in prison for twenty years.
(xiv) Someone gave the baby a beautiful doll.
(xv) She knows Vinita.
(xvi) Rita found the lecture very dull.
(xvii) They should shoot the terrorist dead.
(xviii) We should keep promises.
(xix) He was delivering a lecture.
(xx) I gave him a book.
Answer
(i) Character is made by good manners.
(ii) A book was given by Vinay.
(iii) This work will be done by him.
(iv) A book is being written by me.
(v) A lesson will be taught to him by me.
(vi) I was surprised by this news.
(vii) The house was being built by the mason.
(viii) My work had been finished me by that time.
(ix) A doll is made by her.
(x) Football was being played by boys.
(xi) The light has been put out by somebody.
(xii) Their teacher was being consulted at. that time by them.
(xiii) He was kept in prison for twenty years.
(xiv) The baby was given a beautiful doll by someone.
(xv) Vinita is known by her.
(xvi) The lecture was found very dull by Rita.
(xvii) The terrorist should be shot dead.
(xviii) Promises should be kept.
(xix) A lecture was being delivered by him.
(xx) He was given a book by ..ie.

Above provided complete MP Board Solutions 11th English Study guide is useful for making your preparation effective. Students can frequently visit our page to get the latest updates on other subjects study materials.

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 11th English Articles and Determiners Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Grammar Articles and Determiners

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What is a Determiner?
“To determine’ means ‘to mark’, ‘to fix’ or ‘to limit’. Therefore, a determiner’ is a word which limits or fixes the meaning of a noun.
‘To Determine’ का अर्थ है ‘इंगित करना’, ‘निर्धारित करना’ या ‘सीमित करना’। इसलिए ‘Determiner’ एक ऐसा शब्द होता है जो किसी Noun (संज्ञा) के अर्थ को निर्धारित या सीमित करता है।

For Examples :
(i) He helped his friend.
(ii) The man gave me a pen.
In sentence (i) ‘his’ is a determiner. It tells us that he helped only his friend and none else.
In sentence (ii) the words ‘the’ and ‘a’ are determiners. ‘The’ shows that it was a specific man.
The word ‘a’ shows that it was one pen and not two or more.

Kinds of Determiners : 
There are following five types of Determiners:

1. Articles (a, an, the). These are the determiners which make a general or particular reference to a noun.
2. Possessives (my, our, your, his, her, their, its, etc.). These determiners show the relationship of possession.
3. Numerals (one, two, first, second, etc.). These determiners mention the number of a noun.
4. Quantitative (all, any, little, a little, much, some, etc.). These are used to denote quantity or degree.
5. Demonstratives (this, that these, those). These determiners draw our attention to a noun.

Classes Of Determiners

 1. Articles
There are two types of articles :
Articles दो प्रकार के होते हैं-
(a) Indefinite article = a, an
(b) Definite article = The

The Indefinite Article
A और के प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हैं-
(a) It is used before a singular noun which is countable when it is mentioned for the first time. I see a bird on that tree. A cow has a tail.
(b) Before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of the class of things or species. A horse is an animal. A cow has horns. A pine tree grows very tall.
(c) In the numerical sense of the word ‘one’. He gave me a pen. Not a word was spoken.
(d) In expression of price, speed, etc. a/an are used in the sense of “per’. ‘. Milk sells eight rupees a kilo. He drives at sixty miles an hour.
(e) The names of professions and occupations take the indefinite article. My father is an engineer. He grew up to be a politician.
(f) Sometimes ‘a’ can be used before Mr./Mrs./Miss + surname. Then it means a man/woman/girl of that name. A Mr. Kapoor came to see you when you were away. (This sentence means : ‘A man called Mr. Kapoor came ____’)(यदि vowels consonant (व्यंजन) की आवाज देते हैं तो उनसे पहले a का प्रयोग होता है।)
The cow is a useful animal. (यूजफुल)
I saw a one-eyed man. (वन)
I have a European friend. (यूरोपियन)
His brother is a university student. (यूनिवर्सिटी)

(g) Use of ‘a’ before few and little :
(i) a few and a little mean a small number or a small amount (‘few’ stands for number and ‘little’ for amount.)
(ii) ‘few’ and ‘little’ without article have an almost negative meaning I am thirsty but I am afraid there is little water in the pitcher. But there is a little water in the fridge. The college reopened today but there were few students in the classes. A few senior students came to the college but remained away from the classes.

(h) To attribute the qualities of a man (usually someone famous) to another person. He is a Shakespeare (He is a genius like Shakespeare).

The Definite Article
(a) ‘The’ is used before a noun which has become definite as it has been mentioned a second time. When it is introduced the first time, it takes ‘a/an’. A man is going on a road. The man has a bag. The bag contains clothes. The road goes to Sirhind.
(b) It is used before nouns of which there is only one, or which are considered as one. The earth, the sky, The weather, The North Pole.
(C) It is also used with a noun of which there is only one example in some given situation. The Principal is on leave. ‘. Has the postman not come yet?
(d) The definite article is placed before the superlative degree of adjectives. He is the best teacher I have known. She is the most intelligent girl in the class.
(e) When the nouns like English, Russian, French and Greek mean ‘language’, no article is placed before them. But when they stand for People (Nations), they are preceded by the definite article. The English ‘ruled India for a long time. They introduced English as a medium of education in India.
(f) The nouns like hospital, school, college, church, temple, prison, cinema, bed, table, market, office, etc. denote their primary function, if no article is placed before them. The use of ‘the’ before them makes them definite and particular. He met with an accident and was taken to hospital. When I came to know of it. I went to the hospital to meet him.
(g) It is used before singular nouns to represent a class of things. The donkey is lazy. (All donkeys are lazy).
(h) Before an adjective, it is used to represent a class of things. The rich should not exploit the poor. Today a gap exists between the old and the young.
(i). “The’ is used when we refer to a particular thing or a person. In that group, the boy in red shirt is my son.
(j) The definite article is used before ‘first/second’, etc and ‘only’. He was the first man to reach the party. Sunita was the second.
(k) Before the plural names of countries. The United States of America, The West Indies.
(l) Before special dinner, a feast means; as I take dinner at 9.00 p.m. (usual dinner) but Are you attending the dinner being given by Mohan?
(m) The का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित वस्तुओं के नामें से पहले किया जाता है:

• Mountain ranges : The Himalayas, The. Alps, The Pyrenees, etc.
• Rivers : The Ganga, The Brahmputra, The Thames, etc.
• Islands : The Andamans, The West Indies, etc.
• Holy Books : The Geeta, The Quran, The Bible, etc.
• Newspapers : The Indian Express, The Times of India, etc.
• Magazines : The Reader’s Digest, The Competition Master, etc.
• Historical Buildings : The Parliament, The White House, etc.
• Historical events : The First Battle of Panipat, The First/Second World War.
• Trains, Ships, Planes : The Shatabdi Express, The Vikrant, The Ashoka, etc.
• Oceans : The Indian Ocean, The Pacific, The Antarctic, etc.

2. Possessives
The possessives are personal pronouns in their possessive use. They are used before nouns to show the idea of possession, e.g.,

This is my book.
Our team has won the match.
Your father is a kind man.
His brother is an engineer.
I met her teacher at school.
This is Rohan’s bag.

3. Numerals
Numerals are words relating to number. There are three types of numerals, e.g.,
(a) Definite Numerals. They refer to a definite or exact number. 1. The definite numerals are further divided into two kinds:
(i) Cardinals. One, two, three, five, etc. are called cardinals. These words can be used before nouns which are countable. Please bring one pen for me.

He have him ten coins.

(ii) Ordinals. First, second, third, etc. are called ordinals.

These words are used to indicate order.
The first book was very boring.
He was the last man to come.

(b) Indefinite Numerals. They refer to a vague or indefinite number such as man, a few, several, any, all etc.

Is there any letter for me?
Several people witnessed the accident.

(c) Distributive Numerals. These words refer to each of a group, such as each, every either, neither, etc.

Each of us must work hard.
Each of the boys must do his duty.
Either Gurpreet or Harpreet has won the prize.

4. Quantitative
Or
Determiners of Quantity

Words like some, any, little, much, no etc, are the determiners, of quantity.

Uses of ‘some’ and ‘any :
(a) Some is used in affirmative sentences.
There are some books on the table.
There is some milk in the glass.

(b) Any is used in negative sentences..
There are not any books on the table.
There isn’t any milk in the glass.

(c) In interrogative sentences when we expect a negative
answer, we use any. Is there any milk in the glass?
Are there any books on the table?

(d) In those interrogative sentences when we expect a.
positive answer, we may use some.
Don’t you have some money?
Weren’t there some boys in the room?

(e) In those sentences in which forbidding or prohibition is implied, we use any. In such sentences, we generally use such words as ‘prevent’, ‘without’, hardly/scarcely, etc.

There is hardly any water in the pitcher.
We reached there without any difficulty.

(f) Any is used in such phrases as mean ‘no matter which’, for example : in any case, at any rate, on any day, at any hour.
You can come any day you like.
I can meet him any hour of the day.

Uses of ‘few and ‘little’ :

1. Few एक संख्यात्मक शब्द है। ___Little एक मात्रावाचक शब्द है।
2. Few और Little दोनों Negative शब्द हैं, इनका अर्थ है ‘ज्यादा नहीं’ या ‘न के बराबर’।
3. A few और A little affirmative विशेषण हैं इनका अर्थ है ‘कुछ’ थोड़े से या थोड़ा/थोड़ी सी।
4. The few और The Little का अर्थ है, विशेष थोड़े से या थोड़ा सा। इससे Negative और Affirmative दोनों का बोध होता है।

Example :
He makes few mistakes.
He made a few mistakes in the essay.
The few mistakes which he made were minor.
I have little money.
But Mohan has a little money in his pocket.
The little money which I had was spent on food.

5. Demonstratives
The words this, that, these, those are known as demonstratives. ‘This’ is used for a singular thing lying near. “These’ is a plural of this. “That is used for a singular thing lying away. “Those’ is the plural of ‘that’.

For example :
This is a good book.
These books are very useful.
That fan does not work.
Those boys are very intelligent.

Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with ‘some’ or ‘any’ :
1. There isn’t ________ boot-polish in this tin.
2. Please give ________ more pudding. I’m sorry but there isn’t
3. You have ________ fine flowers in your garden.
4. Go and ask him for ________ more paper. I haven’t ________ in my desk.
5. I have ________ more letters for you to write.
6. I like those roses; please give me. ________ What a pity, there aren’t ________ red ones !
7. I can’t eat ________ more potatoes, but I should ________ more beans.
8: I don’t think there is ________ one here who can speak French
9. I must have ink and ________ paper, or I can’t write a thing.
10. We had ________ tea, but there wasn’t sugar to put in it.
Answer:
1. any
2. some; any
3. some
4. some; any
5. some
6. some; any
7. any; some
8. any
9. some; some; any
10. some; any.

Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with little, a little, few and a few :
1. Since there were ________ boys in the class, the teacher went back.
2. I have ________ money in the bank which is not going to be enough.
3. Satish is a boy of ________ words (a rare quality)
4. I regret to say that there is ________ I can do in this matter.
5. Art movies are appreciated only by ________
6. ________ boys were caught using unfair means in the examination.
7. You can master English with ________ effort.
8. is known about unidentified flying objects.
9. ________ words of appreciation yield rich reward.
10. You can learn swimming if you have ________ patience.
Answer:
1. few
2. a little
3. few
4. little
5. a few
6. a few
7. a little
8. Little
9. A few
10. a little.

Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with ‘a, an, the’:
1. Diamond is ________ hardest of all minerals.
2. He struck me on ________ back.
3. Sheela is ________ intelligent girl.
4. He bought ________pen.
5. ________ Ramayana is ________ sacred book.
6. My friend is ________ teacher.
7. He is : ________ European.
8. She is ________ M.L.A.
9. He will leave by ________ next train.
10. Ram is ________ most intelligent boy in the class.
Ans:
1. the
2. the
3. an
4. a
5. The, a
6. a
7. a
8. an
9. the
10. the

Exercise 4
Fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ :
Principal gave him _________ warning.
sun rises in _________ east.
3. I have pain in _________ back.
4. He remained here _________ whole day.
5. _________ eagle is a bird of prey.
6. Do not make _________ noise here.
7. _________ rich are not always happy.
8. _________ Ganges flows into _________ Bay of Bengal.
9. Gardening is _________ usefu hobby.
10. Who is _________ head of your family.
Answer:
1. The, a
2. The, the
3. the
4. the
5. The
6. a
7. The
8. The, the
9. a
10. the

EXERCISE 5
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles :
1. Gold is ______________ precious metal.
sun rises in the east and sets in _________ west.
3. Sham is ______________ pride of his parents.
4. Kalidas is ____________ Shakespeare of India.
5-. Delhi is __________ London of India.
6. __________ umbrella is essential at ___________ hill station.
7. They fought to ____________ last.
8. He is __________ M.P.
9. I have sent him ____________ message.
10. Charan Dass is ____________ loyal servant.
11. You are late by ____________ hour.
12. Punjabi is _________ official language of_______ Punjab.
13. He is ___________ only son of his parents.
14. He is _____________ man who stole my purse.
15. ________ little knowledge is _________ dangerous thing.
Answer:
1. a
2. Then, the
3. the
4. the
5. the
6. An, a
7. the
8. an
9. a
10. a
11. an
12. then, the
13. the
14. the
15. A, a

Exercise 6
Fill in the blanks with any one of the two given alternatives in each case :
1. I want to buy _________ mangoes. (this, these)
2. Ram has bought _________ house. (this, those)
3. _________ mangoes are a bit too high. (this, those)
4. You should love _________ country. (your, our)
5. Our teachers sit in _________ room. (these, this)
6. The Hindus burn _________ dead. (his, their)
7. He ordered me to mind _________ own business. (my, your)
8. India is _________ country. We are proud of her. (our, their)
9. She is a nice lady. We like _________ behaviour. (your, her)
10. _________ bicycle is mine. (this, these)
Answer:
1. these
2. this
3. Those
4. your
5. this
6. their
7. my
8. our
9. her
10. this.

EXERCISE 7
Fill in the blanks with either of the two suggested determiners:
1. We must do _________ duty. (our, your)
2. I have _________ books with me. (some, any)
3. There is not _________ letter for me. (some, any)
4. Is there _________ letter for me? (some, any).
5. _________ statement is correct. (neither, nor)
6. _________ girl in the group got the prize. (each, every)
7. _________ team won the match? (which, who)
8. _________ persons know the truth. (few, the few)
9. _________ children passed the test. (any, many)
10. He gave me _________ books he had. (a few, the few)
Answer:
1. our
2. some
3. any
4. any
5. Neither
6. Each
7. Which
8. Few
9. Many
10. the few.

Exercise 8
Fill in the blanks with either of the two suggested determiners:
1. _________ flower fades away. (each, every)
2. I sold _________ books I had. (a few, the few)
3. Manjula gave away _________ coins she had. (several, all the)
4. Is there _________ tea in the pot? (some; any)
5. _________ time has passed now. (much, many)
6. I can write with _________ pen. (either, or)
7. I have written _________ sentences. (a few, the few).
8. Please wait _________ longer. (little, a little)
9. I have eaten too _________ apples. (much, many)
10. There is not _________ truth in it. (much, many)
Answer:
1. Every
2. the few
3. all the
4. any
5. Much
6. either
7. a few
8. a little
9. many
10. much.

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MP Board Class 11th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 2 Grammar

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2.1 Preposition

See Workbook Page- 15-20

Exercises

(a) Kumar’s house is full of mice. Write exactly where each mouse is:
Use the expressions below:

in front of, in the middle of,
next to, beside, at the back of,
on the edge of, in the comer of,
on top of, below,
behind, to the left of,
to the right of, in between etc.
The mouse is in front of the sofa

(b) Write a complete sentence below each picture using an appropriate preposition—
Example
1. What do you need a jug for?
2. We need a jug to pour water from.

• I need a jug to pour water from.
• I need a bucket to store water in.
• I need an envelope to put a letter in.
• I need a pair of scissors to cut clothes with.
• I need a suitcase to put clothes in.
• I need a broom to clean the floor with.

(c) Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.

1. I go to the hospital on my way to school.
2. The temple is at the top of the hill, we’ll start climbing at six of clock in the morning and reach there in the afternoon.
3. The batsman hit the ball to the fence and scored six runs.
4. He was not allowed to enter the theater as he was below eighteen years of age.
5. Go straight to the square and then turn to the corner.
6. You can reach the station in taxi in ten minutes.
7. The girl with blue eyes has just gone to the door.
8. You can cut the apple in two with his knife.

(d) Preposition have not been used correctly in the sentences below, correct them and rewrite the sentences.

1. She entered into the room and began talking.
   She entered the room and began talking.
2. You can cut this mango by this knife.
   You can cut this mango with this knife.
3. The river is flowing below the bridge.
   The river in flowing across the bridge.
4. He died from cancer.
   He died of cancer.
5. I have been waiting for you since four hours.
   I have been waiting for you for four hours.
6. She is suffering with malaria.
   She is suffering from malaria.
7. I prefer tea for coffee.
   I prefer tea to coffee.
8. Water freezes when temperature falls under 0°Celsius.
   Water freezes when temperature falls below 0°Celsius.
9. He went to the sea side from a car.
   He went to the sea side in a car.
10. She spoke with me rudely.
    She spoke to me-rudely.

Verb with Prepositions

See Workbook Page-23-24

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

1. You must concentrate on your studies.
2. The teacher said. “Boys, listen to me”
3. I was marveled at his sense of humour.
4. The hakim cured him of his disease.
5. The workers are protesting against the cut in their wages.
6. I am waiting for your reply.
7. She invited me to dinner.
8. Don’t compare me with my brother.
9. Refrain him from taking any rash action.
10. We take pride of our heritage.

(b) Fill in the blanks in this story :

Shravan is an orphan who came to Delhi from His village in Bihar in search of work. His father kept a shop, but was tricked of it by a deceitful uncle. Despair drove him to alcohol and gambling, and he died of a stroke soon after.

Shravan worked in a tea shop in his village for a while. He moved for the more lucrative environs in Delhi, where his elder brother Gopal had preceded him. Following a brief spell of unemployment and a short spell as an assistant in a car park, he joined a tea shop.

(c) Put an appropriate preposition after the verb in each sentence. Then use your own ideas to complete each sentence. One is done for you.

1. I broke her glasses and she made me pay
2. I am excited because I am going to play
3. He was not paying attention and crashed
4. I have to stay home tonight and prepare
5. All the furniture in the room belongs
6. Whether or not we go out depends
7. There was so much noise that I could not concentrate rm
8. In my opinion, an ideal breakfast consists of
9. It was an aweful hotel and we complained
10. We only had one sandwich, so it was divided

Phrasai Verbs

See WorkBook Page-26-28

Exercises

Replace the underlined words with phrasai verbs:

1. The Child wrote something and then erased it.
   The Child wrote something and then erased out it.
2. He the theatre to book seats for tonight. rang up
3. I could not what you had written. take in view
4. Please your shoes before you enter the room. takeoff
5. He speaking for an hour. went on
6. The old man lbmlcb smoking. gave up
7. The children playing inspite of asking them not to carried out.
8. He the light and went to bed. turned off
9. The air-conditioner is not working. Will you please the mechanic? send for
10.  He ugrfbpcu bis resignation after much persuasion. took back
11. We r prcb our journey in the morning. set off
12. The meeting was because of the lack of quorum. put off
13. He umpc his shirt and went out. put on
14. The boys from school to play. got away
15. My boss my application for leave. turned down

2.2 Determiners

See Workbook Page-30-32

(a) Tell before which of the following nouns can an indefinite article be used:

(b) Insert a or an where necessary.

1. Rama is a good cook.
2. He said, “I shall be back in an hour.”
3. There is an hourly train from Bhopal to Indore.
4. She is a paying guest.
5. We have recently bought a scooter.
6. He is an extraordinary man.
7. My neighbour is a farmer.
8. He has recently purchased a cow and a buffalo.
9. He is a magician.
10. Here is a pen and a piece of paper for you to write a letter.

(c) Complete the following sentences by using the words given in brackets:

1. She was thirsty. She needed a glass of water, (glass, water)
2. I want to write a letter. Give me a piece, of paper, (piece, paper)
3. I am confused. I want a word of advice, (word, advice)
4. He has difficulty in reading. He needs to buy a pair, of spectacles, (pair, spectacles)
5. They are all hungry. They all need a glass of milk each, (glass,milk)
6. They are tired. They want a bit of rest, (bit, rest)
7. The country has made a lot of progress, (lot, progress)
8. A lot of people (lot, people) are coming to attend the meeting.
9. I am thankful to you. You have given me a lot of advice. (lot, advice)
10. Recently they have grown rich. They have bought a lot of diamonds, (lot, diamonds)

(d) Make the following sentences singular. Remember to add ‘a or an’ and change the verb from plural to singular, if required.

1. Children love to play.
   A Child loves to play.
2. Architects make plans of buildings.
   An architect makes plans of buildings.
3. Cows are useful animals.
   A cow is a useful animal.
4. Teachers are men of women.
   A teacher is a man or a woman.
5. Doctors cure patients.
   A doctor cures patients
6. Teachers teach students.
   A teacher teaches students.
7. They are anarchists.
   He is an anarchist.
8. Nationalists are hard to find.
   A nationalist is hard to find.
9. Tables are made of wood.
   A table is made of wood.
10. Ministers have become gods today.
    A minister has become a god today.

Definite Article ‘The’: It is used:

See Workbook Page-34-37

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the words provided in brackets. Use ‘the’ where necessary.

1. The box is made of wood, (wood)
2. In India the coins (coins) are made of copper, (copper)
3. Gold, (gold) mined in India is of poor (poor) quality.
4. The dinner, (dinner) they gave yesterday was excellent.
5. Do you have tea (tea) daily?
6. He is the only teacher (teacher) of English known all over the state.
7. Is the beauty (beauty) really skin deep?
8. He read all the morning, (morning).
9. They are really poor. They cannot make body (body) and soul (soul) meet together.
10. This letter was delivered to me by hand (hand).

(b) Use the following nouns in two-ways; (a) with ‘the’ (b) without ‘the in your own sentences:

1. air
   We breathe air to live.
   The air that blows around the sea is cool.
2. copper
   Copper is not so precious.
   The Copper that I have kept is pure
3. water
   Water is precious for us.
   The water of the sea is salty.
4. paper
   Paper .is made of bamboo.
   The paper on which I am writing is yellow.
5. gold
   Gold is cheaper than diamond.
   The gold of Singapore is very costly.
6. kindness
   Kindness is the essence of humanity.
   The kindness of the old man saved me from many problems.

(c) Rewrite the following sentences using the nouns given in brackets with ‘the’ where necessary:

1. He had severe pain in the stomach and was admitted to hospital, (hospital)
2. Today I would go to the hospital, (hospital) to ask about his health.
3. He was found guilty of theft and sent to prison, (prison)
4. I want to go to the prison (prison) to see him if I am given permission.
5. My granddaughter is old enough to be admitted to school (school).
6. I would go to the school (school) next Monday to collect the admission form.
7. Muslims go to mosque (mosque) for prayer every Friday.
8. I stood outside the mosque (mosque) awaiting his return.
9. People do not usually go to the office (office) on Sunday.
10. I have not been to cinema (cinema) for several months now.

(d) Write a, an or the where required. In some cases the sentence may already be correct Simply write them as they are.

1. Have you ever eaten cheese?
   Have you ever eaten cheese!
2. I am too tired to go home. I will take bus.
   I am too tired to go home. I will take a bus.
3. I wish I knew how to play harmonium.
   I wish I knew how to play harmonium.
4. I used to play cricket while at school.
   I used to play cricket while at school.
5. He would not get job, even if he applied for it.
   He would not get a job, even if he applied for it.
6. Have you read book I gave you yesterday.
   Have you read the book I gave you yesterday.
7. Earth goes round sun.
   The earth goes round the sun.
8. Is elephant longest living animal in world?
   Is elephant the longest living animal in world?
9. Ganga flows into Bay of Bengal.
   The Ganga flows into the Bay of Bengal.
10. Your new house is beauty.
    Your new house is beautiful.

(e) Fill in the blanks with a, an or the where necessary.

Bhola was a rustic and a big fool. He was about eighteen years old, but he had never seen a lamp. The people of the village were very poor and they went to bed quite early. They never used lamps in their houses. Once Bhola went to his father-in-law’s house. The people there gave him a warm welcome. His mother-in-law gave him delicious food to eat. Bhola was very happy. After about a month Bhola wanted to return to his village. He went to his father-in-law and pointing towards the lighted lamp he said. “I want this . baby moon. I will give him sweets to eat and milk to drink every day. I promise to look after him well.” Everybody laughed at him. At last, his father-in-law gave the lamp to him.

At night Bhola heard a noise. He thought there were x thieves in the house. He said to himself. “They have come to take away the baby moon from me.” “So he went out and put the lamp tinder the straw roof of the veranda. The house was soon on fire. Everybody woke up and shouted, “Get out. The house is on fire. Take boxes out of it”. And Bhola also started shouting. “Where is the baby moon? I put him under the starw roof. He is burning. Please save him”.The neighbors ran to the place and they soon put out the fire. Poor Bhola went away next morning without the baby moon!

Other Determiners

See Workbook Page-39-42

Exercises

Fill in the blanks with some or any:

1. I have read it in some book or other.
2. Karan has hidden the money in some place.
3. We do not know if there are any survivors of the plane crash.
4. Does Raina have some talent for painting?
5. I am very hungry. Will you give me some food?
6. I know you enjoy coffee. Would you like some more?
7. These boys earn some money by selling fruits.
8. They receive some new books every month.
9. Karan left home without any luggage.
10. Some boys came to see you, when you had gone to school.

2. Few, a few, and the few

See Workbook Page-43

Exercises

Fill in the blanks with few, a few or the few whichever is proper

1. Mr. Saxena is a man of a few words.
2. Very few students learn Persian these days.
3. A few shirts he has are all torn.
4. They have been to our place quite a few times.
5. We have had the few replies to our queries.

3. Little, a little and the little

See Workbook Page-43-44

Exercises

Fill in the blanks will little, a little of the little as necessary:

1.  Poor people can receive little medical assistance.
2. I have the little choice in this matter.
3. Is there any doubt in your mind? I have a little doubt.
4. He has little mind full of useless things.
5. You can do the job if you have a little patience.

4. Much and Many

See Workbook Page-44

Exercises

In the following sentences use much, many or a lot of as required.

1. Karan has many problems to solve.
2. He always takes much sugar in his tea.
3. There are many temples in this town.
4. We haven’t had much rain in Bhopal this year.
5. We do not have much money to spend.
6. Are there many books on Grammar in this library?
7. He is very popular. He has many friends.
8. I am very busy today. I have much work to do.

5. All Both, Every, Each

See Workbook Page-45-46

Exercises

Fill in the blanks with one of the .words given in brackets (In some cases two answers may be possible).

1. These books are all Karan’s, (all, both)
2. Not all the people who were invited were present, (all, both)
3. He can write with both his hands, (all, both)
4. He has two sons. Both are in America, (all, both)
5. These mangoes are rupees five each (each, every)
6. The Olympic Games are held every four year, (each, every)
7. Karan plays cricket every Sunday, (each, every)
8. He enjoyed every minute of his stay in Houston. (each, every)
9. Each book on grammar has been bought in the library. (each, every)
10. Each boy was presented with a dictionary, (each, every)

6. No, Not

See Workbook Page-46

Exercises

Complete the following sentences by using no or not:

1. No shops were open today.
2. I have got no money in my purse.
3. No student is expected to leave the room.
4. It is not easy to beg the first prize.
5. You must not go.

7. Either, Neither

See Workbook Page-47

Exercises

Complete the following sentences with either or neither.

1. Neither of my sons is a doctor.
2. Can either of you speak English?
3. I was invited to two marriage receptions but I did not attend either.
4. There were a few messages received this morning but neither of them was for me.
5. We could not open the room because neither of us had a key.

Review exercise

It is the month of July. Schools have opened and students are busy in buying books, stationery and other items used in studies. Karan asks his father for the purchase of books. This is the conversation that ensues. But the determiners are missing. Fill in the blanks from the following determiners. Sometimes the same determiner can be used more than once: a, an, the, one, several, these, some
Karan: Dad, please take me to the market so that I could buy books and stationery I need.
Dad: Please make a list of the items you want to buy.
Karan: I have already made the list.
Dad: Read the list out.
Karan: one dozen exercise books; a packet of pencils, a book of grammar, some loose paper, an eraser.
Dad: There are several bookshops in the town, where can we get all these things under one roof?
Karan: The bookshop opposite the Government School of Excellence sells all items.
Dad: Well, let’s go there.

2.3 Modal Auxiliaries

See Workbook Page-49-52

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks a modal for the modalities shown in brackets after each sentence.

1. People from India can travel to Nepal without a passport (permission)
2. Due to drought, the prices may go up. (possibility)
3. The principal might be coming. It is time he generally comes, (doubtful possibility)
4. A little boy like him could not climb up the hill, (capability in negative)
5. People could go about freely before the blast, (permission in the past)
6. Could you dine with me tonight? (request)
7. His friends deceived him, otherwise he might have won the’ election, (unfulfilled possibility in the past)
8. They can take possession of the house tomorrow, (permission)
9. Can you speak French? She wants a translator, (ability)
10. He is blind. He cannot see (power in negative)
11. Buy the tickets in advance so that you may avoid standing in the queue, (purpose)
12. How can a man be so damned to kill so many innocent animals? (disbelief)

(b) Use the correct modal. Choose from can, could, may and might.

1. Keep all the items ready so that the programme may not be delayed.
2. Can you define a modal? Yes, I can.
3. The flights may be delayed for there is a snag in the wheel.
4. He could run halfway before he collapsed.
5. My son could walk ten miles at a stretch before the accident.
6. No one can beat him in chess.
7. Could you permit me to have some rest?
8. The inspection team may cancel the visit, I fear.
9. Take a raincoat with you. It may rain.
10. You left the door open. The birds might have flown.
11. The officer might have taken strong objection against your behaviour.
12. May you live to see a hundred summers!

(c) Choose the right option to fill in the blank.

Question 1.
Our friend must he coming. It is time for him to arrive,
(a) might have come
(b) can come
(c) must be coming
(d) might be coming

Question 2.
Have some extra money with you. You might need it in the journey.
(a) can need
(b) cannot need
(c) may not need
(d) might need

Question 3.
He is only a little boy. He can not ride a horse.
(a) can ride
(b) cannot ride
(c) could ride
(d) may not ride

Question 4.
Whenever you were in need, you should have borrowed some money from me.
(a) can have
(b) should have
(c) could have
(d) might have

Question 5.
Things could have gone in our favour, only our planning failed.
(a) would have gone
(b) should have gone
(c) could have gone
(d) might have gone

Question 6.
She is working hard so that she may be selected.
(a) might be
(b) could be
(c) maybe
(d) can be

Question 7.
The wind was cold. I would have caught cold
(a) should have caught
(b) would have caught
(c) might caught
(d) might have caught

Question 8.
If he called upon me. I would give him a warm welcome,
(a) would have given
(b) would give
(c) should give
(d) should have given

Question 9.
She would rather fail than take to copying.
(a) should rather fail
(b) could rather fail
(c) would fail
(d) would rather fail.

Question 10.
If you had demanded, I would have given you all I had.
(a) might have given you
(b) should have given you
(c) would not have given you
(d) would have given you

7. Must, should ought to, needn’t

See Workbook Page-54-65

Exercises

(a) Use suitable modal from amongst ‘must, should, ought to, needn’t as required.

1. Attendance in the school is obligatory. The students should take note of it. (external obligation)
2. Your behaviour must be above suspicion, (necessity)
3. Non-Violence should be practiced in letter and Spirit, (advisability as a matter of conscience)
4. Demand for dowry is a crime. People ought to shun it. (obligation of law)
5. If you wish to learn English, you should read an English newspaper every day, (advice)
6. I need to pay the bill. Somebody has already paid it. (lack of obligation)
7. We ought to keep the public toilets clean after use. (moral obligation)
8. People should use their franchise, (general advice)
9. If You see the thief, please inform the police, (chance happening, replacement of ‘if”)
10. You needn’t go on foot. You can take my scooter, (absence of obligation)
11. She has failed. She mightn’t have worked hard, (unfulfilled obligation)
12. She needn’t come every day. She can come on alternate days, (lack of compulsion)

(b) Use must; should, ought to, needn’t as required.

1. An enemy must be treated as enemy.
2. A good citizens needn’t not accept undue advantages.
3. He said to his grandfather, “You need not work anymore”.
4. Bill Gates ought to be a happy man, I suppose.
5. Some books ought to be read-only in parts; but some must be read wholly, diligently and attentively.
6. If a man writes a little, he must have a good memory.
7. You needn’t buy books if you have access to the Internet.
8. A child’s birthday should be celebrated solemnly.
9. Every child born into the world is a gift of god. We should be very gentle with it.
10. If India has to avoid disgrace, they must win this match.
11. Truth must be told.
12. The match should have been finished by now.
13. A government servant should dispose of his work regularly.
14. The office ought to have rejected the bribe.
15. Run fast lest you should get late.
16. If the rains deceive, the farmers shall die.
17. People must be welt educated in the matters of social sense.
18. India should have played to win. It is a pity, they didn’t
19. A judge ought to be above suspicion.
20. It is high time. You must prepare well for your exams.

(c) Fill the right alternative in the blank.

Question 1.
An upright man like him must have been ashamed of his guilt
a. ought to be ashamed
b. ought to ashamed
c. must have been ashamed
d. ought not to be ashamed

Question 2.
You don’t mean it. You must be joking
a. should be joking
b. ought to joke
c. ought to be joking
d. must be joking

Question 3.
You should take your father to hospital at once. He is ill.
a. should take
b. ought to take
c. must take
d. needn’t take

Question 4.
You must have fixed your priorities. Now there is no time left.
a. must have fixed
b. should fix
c. must fix
d. should be fixing

Question 5.
I needn’t cook my meals. They have been served by my host,
a. must have fixed
b. should fix
c. needn’t cook
d. didn’t need to cook

Question 6.
People could have common sense.
a. should have
b. ought to have
c. must have
d. could have

Question 7.
It is bad that you are late again. You ought to come before time.
a. could have come
b. ought to come
c. sould becoming
d. should have come

Question 8.
Must you go to the railway station, bring a timetable for me.
a. should
b. must
c. could
d. might

Question 9.
The boys should not shout like that. They are in the college, they must know.
a. should not shout
b. must not shout
c. needn’t shout
d. ought not to shout

Question 10.
Mr. Singh ought to take care of his dress.
a. ought to take care of
b. must take care of
c. should take care of
d. need to take care of

9. Have to(have to, has to, will have to, shall have to)

See Workbook Page-59-60

Exercises

(a) Use a suitable modal as required.

1. Before his illness, his father used to walk six miles every day, (discontinued habit in the past)
2. She has to go on foot as her bicycle had a flat tyre, (act under compulsion)
3. These days’ I need to work overtime to meet my expenses, (force of circumstances in the present)
4. How dare you abuse me like this? (courage)
5. My teacher used to shout at the students when they made mistakes; (habitual action in the past)
6. Most of the poor have to live on a single meal a day. (under force of circumstances in the present)
7. It might be very cold here. Now the climate has changed, (contrasting the past with the present.)
8. You may not challenge him. He is so stout, (lack of courage)

(b) Fill in the blanks with ‘used to’, ‘have to’, ‘has to’.

1. Many people in India have to go to bed with empty stomach.
2. She used to live in a small room before joining service.
3. All his money was spent. He has to sell his house.
4. Being poor, he has to walk on foot to his office.
5. My neighbour used to drink heavily before his death.
6. They have to face such heavy odds.
7. As a student, Mr. Verma used to live in hostel.
8. These days I have to work under a hard taskmaster.
9. Those days have to work under a hard taskmaster

(c) Fill in the blanks with the right alternatives:

Question 1.
They poor boys have to undertake menial tasks to support their families.
a. have had to
b. has to
c. have to
d. had to

Question 2.
My father used to work hard when he was young,
a. used to work
b. did use to work
c. had worked to
d. uses to work

Question 3.
My father had to sell his house for the marriage of my sister ten years ago.
a. has to
b. will have to
c. had to
d. has not to

Question 4.
A constable didn’t dare to challenge the S.P. as he is very strict.
a. didn’t dare to
b. hardly dared to
c. hardly dared
d. deren’t

Question 5.
I used to wear a long coat when I was a child
a. use to
b. did use to
c. need to
d. used to

Question 6.
My wife doesn’t have to cook in the morning. The maid does it.
a. doesn’t have to
b. is not to
c. have not to
d. don’t have to

Question 7.
She used to be a pilot. Now she is a housewife,
a. used to be
b. had to be
c. had better be
d. didn’t use to be

Question 8.
The gardener had to dig the garden by himself. Now he has fallen ill.
a. have to dig
b. will have do dig
c. has to dig
d. had to dig

Question 9.
I am not to do it all alone whatever you may say.
a. have not to
b. have to
c. am not to
d. am to

(d) What would you say in these situations:

Use the expressions given below to make sentences. There can be more than one sentence for one situation. One example has been done to help you.
would you mind …………………?
May I …………………?
Gould/You …………………?
Would you mind if I …………………?
Example :
Situation-You can’t do your homework
Would you mind doing my homework?
May I use your car if your allow …………………?
Could you help me if I need it …………………?
Would you mind if I take your book …………………?

(e) Write down the names of the places where you can find these instruction and reframe these instructions using modal auxiliary verbs, as given in the first sentence.

2.4 Tenses

See Workbook Page-65 & 66

Exercises

(a) Use the proper from of the verbs given in brackets to form Simple Present Tense sentences :

1. Good students always work hard, (work)
2. Good students seldom miss their classes, (miss)
3. I read a novel every weekend, (read)
4. Doctors cure patients, (cure)
5. All living things need oxygen, (need)
6. Water boils at 100 degree Celsius, (boil)
7. She cries when she is hungry, (cry)
8. They are vegetarians. They never eat meat, (eat)
9. Do you always have milk before going to bed? (have)
10. The District Education officer always inspects this school on a Monday, (inspect)
11. Fish swim in the water, (swim)
12. The Shatabdi Express seldom comes late, (come)
13. Karan does his homework every evening, (do)
14. Empty vessels always make much noise, (make)
15. Barking dogs seldom bite, (bite)

(b) Given below are two boxes with and when Shishir does something.

Make meaningful sentences with the help of the ‘actions’ and time expressions. Use appropriate phrases also on your own to complete the sentences.
Example: 1.
Shishir washes his father’s ear once a week.
His father goes to office every day.
Shishir studies every day.
He invites a letter to his friend once a month.
He invites his pen friend once a year.
He reads English every day.
He decorates his house once a year on his birthday.

The Present Continuous Tense:

See Workbook Page-68

Exercises

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using either Present Simple or Present Continuous forms of the verbs provided in brackets. (In some cases two answers can be possible).

1. Ask the boy what he wants? (want).
2. Prachi reads books during spare time, (read)
3. It was very cloudy this morning It is raining now. (rain)
4. Parchi is tired. She is haring rest now. (rest)
5. My grandchildren usually spends their vacations in Bhopal (spend)
6. My cousin is arriving tomorrow, (arrive)
7. They never drink water during meals, (drink)
8. Karan is workings on his school project at this moment (work)
9. Rana sleeps often (sleep) on the sofa while watching T.V. (watch)
10. The Himalaya divides India and Tibet, (divide)
11. Raina cannot come to see you. She is writing a letter now. (write)
12. Rama is having a .party today as it is her birthday, (have)
13. My mother is preparing a special dish now. (prepare)
14. What examination are you and your sister is studying for at the moment? (study)
15. They never have coffee, (have)

The Present Perfect Tense:

See Workbook Page-69-70

Exercises

a) It was Sunday and Vipul was Planing to do something. Given below is the list of things that he was planning to do. Write about the things and the things
✓  finish my homework
✓  wash the scooter
✗ buy a birthday card for my friend
✓ arrange my bookshelf
✓ see my friend who is ill
✗ help my younger brother in his studies
✗ join ‘Guitar Classes’
✗ watch my favourite movie
Note :
✓means: He
✗ means: He hasn’t done work yet.

1. Vipul has already finished his homework.
2. Vipul has already washed the scooter.
3. Vipul has not bought a birthday card for his friend
4. Vipul has already arranged his bookshelf.
5. Vioul has already seen his’ friend who is ill.
6. Vipul has not helped his younger brother is his studies.
7. Vipul has not joined ‘guitar classes’.
8. Vipul hasn’t watched his favourite movie.

(b) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using the approprite time expressions.

Question 1.
His English has improved considerably since I saw him last.
(i) I saw him last
(ii) he has started taking lessons.
(iii) May 1999

Question 2.
He has not read a newspaper for as long as I can remember.
(i) as long as I can remember
(ii) yesterday
(iii) more than a year.

Question 3.
My father has not come home for four years.
(i) my birth
(ii) I went to school
(iii) four years

Question 4.
I have not caught a cold for many years.
(i) my childhood
(ii) many years
(iii) last year

Question 5.
They have not been to a school since their birth.
(i) their birth
(ii) a long time
(iii) two months now.

(c) Rewrite the following sentences using the verbs provided in brackets in the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous form as required.

1. Karan has been attending the Cricket Academy for the last four years. Now he can play cricket well, (attend)
2. Nidhi has already taken the Linguaphone course, (take)
3. She has been living here for two years now. (live)
4. Professor Saxena has adopted several different methods of teaching verbs, (adopt)
5. He has been teaching foreign students for about six years. (teach)

(d) Read the situations and write one complete sentence for each as given in the example.
Example :

Roma started working on computer at 7o’ clock.
She is still working on it.
Answer:
Roma has been working on computer since 7 o’clock.

Question 1.
We started living in Bhopal in 1990.
We are still living in Bhopal.
Answer:
We have been living in Bhopal since 1990.

Question 2.
The gardener started mowing the grass two hours ago.
He is still mowing it.
Answer:
The gardener has been mowing the grass for two hours.

Question 3.
My mother started decorating the house in the morning.
She is still decorating it.
Answer:
My mother has been decorating the house since morning

Question 4.
I started reading Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ three hours ago
I am still reading it.
Answer:
I have been reading Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ for three hours.

Question 5.
They began their tour three months ago.
They are travelling round Singapore at the moment.
Answer:
They have been travelling round Singapore for three moment.

Question 6.
Abbas and Aditi started making films when they left college.
They are still making films.
Ans.
Abbas and Aditi have been making films since they left college.

Question 7.
My brother began playing chess when he was only three. He still plays it
Answer:
My brother have been playing chess since he was only three.

Question 8.
Puran started painting the walls four hours ago.
He is still painting them.
Answer:
Puran has been painting the walls for four hours.

The Simple Past Tense:

See Workbook Page-73-74

Exercises

Use the verbs provided in brackets in Simple Past Tense:

1. Reema went to the market after school, (go)
2. My sister saw a beggar an hour ago. (see)
3. Karan visited his grandparents yesterday, (visit)
4. Raina did not do her homework because she was ill. (do, be),
5. Rohini never went to school, (go)
6. I took the entrance examination in 2005. (take)
7. We studied English verbs last month, (study)
8. Rohan asked for some more money from his father, (ask)
9. What did you eat for lunch yesterday? (eat)
10. Karan sent a telegram to his father last month (send)

b. Rewrite the following sentences into the Simple Past Tense. Also, add an appropriate adverbial in each case from the list provided here: yesterday, last month, last year, sometimes ago, this morning.

1. It suddenly becomes hot.
   It suddenly became hot this morning.
2. We are in a difficult situation.
   We were in a difficult situation last year.
3. My sister teaches me.
   My sister taught me yesterday.
4. The doctor looks after patients.
   The doctor looked after patients sometimes ago.
5. Rohan get’s up early.
   Rohan get up early this morning.
6. She speaks French.
   She spoke French sometimes ago.
7. They play cricket well.
   They played cricket well last month.
8. We have lunch at one o’clock
   We had lunch at one o’clock yesterday.
9. He speaks English well.
   He spokes English well this morning.
10. The porter carries luggage.
    The porter carries luggage yesterday.

The Pat Continuous Tense

See Workbook Page-75-76

Exercises

Fill in the blanks in the following sentence with the Past Continuous form of the verb given in brackets:

1. What were you doing when the accident occurred? (do)
2. I was changing the bulb that had burnt out. (change)
3. At 5 o’clock it was raining, (rain)
4. When Kiran called I was sleeping, (sleep)
5. The postman came when I was sleeping, (sleep)
6. When I was eating lunch Soha was reading, (read)
7. When they were waiting for the train, they saw Prachi. (wait)
8. While mother was cooking lunch, father was watching the T.V. (cook, Watch)
9. When I went to her house she was not there. She was studying at the library, (study)
10. While I was watching a horror film on the T.V. the power went out. (watch)

The Past Perfect Tense

See Workbook Page-76-77

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with Fast Simple or Past Perfect form of the verbs provided in brackets :

1. By the time the ambulance arrived the patient had died (arrive, die)
2. Several hours before the cricket match started the spectators had filled the stadium, (start, fill)
3. We came to this house in 2001 and had lived here ever since, (come, live)
4. When I was a boy, we had lived on a farm, (be, live)
5. Mother was very tired as she had worked the whole day. (be, work)

(b) Combine the following pairs of sentences using the Past Perfect
Tense to express the earlier action :

Question 1.
He joined his father’s trade.
He was then fifteen years of age.
Answer:
When he was fifteen years of age he had joined his father’s trade.

Question 2.
Mother laid the table for lunch.
We came to the table a little later.
Answer:
Mother had laid the table for lunch before we came.

Question 3.
Nidhi went to sleep.
The telephone rang a little later.
Answer:
Nidhi had gone to sleep before the telephone rang.

Question 4.
The bell rang.
We entered the class a little later.
Answer:
The bell had rung before we entered the class.

Question 5.
The fire devastated the whole village.
The fire brigade arrived later.
Answer:
The fire had devastated the whole village before the fire brigade arrived.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

See Workbook Page 78-80

Exercises

Prachi does the following things every day. Tell what she is going to do tomorrow.
(Use be going to form) :

1. Prachi gets up at 7 o’clock.
   Prachi is going to get up at 7 o’clock.
2. She has a bath.
   She is going to have a bath.
3. She puts on her school uniform.
   She is going to put on her school uniform.
4. She puts on shoes.
   She is putting on shoes.
5. She has breakfast.
   She is going to have breakfast.
6. She waits for the school bus.
   She is waiting for the school bus.
7. She arrives at school at 9 o’clock.
   She is going to arrive at school at 9 o’clock.
8. She attends her school.
   She is going to attend her school.
9. In the interval, she eats her lunch.
   In the interval, she is going to eat her lunch.
10. At 2 o’clock she goes to the library.
    At 2 o’clock she is going to the library.
11. At 4 o’clock she returns home.
    At 4 o’clock she is going to return home.
12. Then she goes to play.
    Then she is going to play.
13. She returns from play at 7 o’clock.
    She is going to return from play at 7 o’ clock.
14. She has her dinner.
    She is going to have her dinner.
15. At nine she goes to bed.
    At nine she is going to bed.

2.5 Non-Fxnites

See Workbook Page-83

Exercises

(a) (i) Say whether the underlined verb-forms in each of the given sentences are finite or non-finite.

1. I him rm qcc the teacher.
   asked-finite; to see-non-finite.
2. The bus a ppwgle the passengers late.
   Carrying-finite; arrived-Non-finite.
3. We have emr the cvncarcb results.
   Got-finite; expected-Non-finite.
4. about, I lmrgacb a snake.
   Walking-Non-finite; Noticed-finite.
5. his homework he jcdr for the market.
   Having done-Non-finite; left-finite.
6. The Prime Minister uclr to kccr the President.
   Went-finite; to meet- Non-finite.
7. My brother urafcb us j sefgle from the doorway.
   Watched-finite; Laughing-Non-finite.
8. We ucpc pcjgctcb to ecr our belonging back.
   Were relived-finite; to get-Non-finite.
9. is good for health.
   Swimming-Non-finite.
10. He ulrq an glrcpcqrgle company.
    Wants-finite; interesting-Non-finite.

(ii) Also, choose infinitive/gerund/present participle/past participle from each of the sentences given in the previous exercise.

(b) Given below are certain rules of a school. Write complete sentences about the school rules using any of the two phrases below-

1. We aren’t allowed ………….
2. We are asked ………….

School rules

• Don’t bring mobile phones.
• Always write in ink.
• Help one another.
• Don’t leave the class again and again.
• Have lunch only during lunch break.
• Speak English.
• Don’t play in the classroom.
• Keep silence.
• Don’t talk in the library.
• Come to school on time.

1. We aren’t allowed to bring mobile phones.
2. We are always asked to write in ink.
3. We are asked to help one another.
4. We aren’t allowed to leave the class again and again.
.5 We are asked to have lunch only during lunch break.
6. We are asked to speak English.
7. We aren’t allowed to play in the classroom.
8. We are asked to keep silence.
9. We aren’t allowed to talk in the library.
10. We are asked to come to school on time.

(c) Combine the following pairs of sentences using a suitable verb in its-ing form.
Example :
(a) Don’t eat stale food.
(b) It is harmful to health.
Eating stale food is harmful to health.

1. She talks too much. Nobody likes it.
   Nobody likes her talking too much.
2. Don’t break the rules of the road. It is harmful to all.
   Breaking the rules of the road is harmful to all.
3. We must appreciate our friends’ achievements. It promotes, goodwill.
   Appreciating our’s friends’ achievements promotes goodwill.
4. One should do one’s work in time. It brings success in life.
   Doing work in time brings success in life.
5. The team did well in the match. All appreciated them.
   All appreciated the team for doing well in the match.
6. He tells lies. It has made him unpopular.
   Telling lies made him unpopular.
7. We should always help others. It gives happiness and satisfaction.
   Helping others gives happiness and satisfaction.
8. She got first position in the examination. I congratulated her.
   I congratulated her for getting first position in the examination.

(d) Use the Gerund or Infinitive form of the words given in brackets and complete the sentences.

1. I dislike getting up early, (get)
2. Would you mind opening the window, please? (open)
3. My little daughter likes to play with dolls, (play)
4. They were surprised to hear the news, (hear)
5. All the students were prevented from attending the party, (attend)
6. He promised to finish it in time, (finish)
7. Most children enjoy building sandcastles. (build)
8. My friend is certain to find fault with my work, (find)
9. The chair was not /very comfortable to sit (sit)
10. It was brave of him to rescue the child from drowning. (rescue)

(e) Fill in with the correct non-finite verb-forms.

1. Smoking is harmful. (Smoke)
2. My landlord is a deadening fellow, (dread)
3. Your performance was entertaining. (entertain)
4. He loves to walk. (walk)
5. We are generally afraid of dieing .(die)
6. Your comments are disheartening. (dishearten)
7. Fighting for the country is an honour, (fight)
8. Poverty presents a depressing sight, (depress)
9. Swimming is the best exercise, (swim)
10. I have a writing test of the speech, (write)

(f) Rewrite the following sentences, using the participle construction, as shown in the example :
Example

• The thief saw the policemen and ran away
• Seeing the policemen, the thief ran away.

Question 1.
I saw him weeping and went to see what was wrong.
Answer:
Seeing him weeping, I went to see what was wrong.

Question 2.
As the weather was fine, we went for a picnic.
Answer:
Having a fine weather, we went for a picnic.

Question 3.
She walked up to the front door and rang the bell.
Answer:
Having walked up to the front door the rang the bell.

Question 4.
My little on heard the noise and woke up.
Answer:
Having heard the noise my little son woke up.

Question 5.
When I returned home, I found my kids playing outside.
Answer:
Having returned home I found my kids playing outside.

Question 6.
The policemen ran with all his might and caught the thief.
Answer:
Having ran with all his might the policemen caught the thief.

Question 7.
As he was defeated in the match, he decided not to play cricket again.
Answer:
Having been defeated in the match, he decided not to play cricket again.

Question 8.
My father put on his overcoat and went for a walk.
Answer:
Having put on his overcoat my father went for a walk.

2.6 Passive Voice

See Workbook Page-87

Exercises

(a) Make meaningful sentences in passive voice from the table given below. Use proper forms of verbs
given in B.

1. All the students were called for interview.
2. Badminton is played in an indoor stadium.
3. The notice was displayed on the notice board.
4. Patients were treated in the hospitals.
5. Wheat is grown in fields.
6. Grammar is taught in schools.
7. Shirts are stitched by tailors.
8. Cameras are manufactured in the USA and Japan.

(b) Use the information is given below and frame sentences by matching them.

1. America was discovered by Columbus.
2. The Discovery of India was written by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
3. The Geetanjali was written by R.N. Tagore.
4. Television was invented by J.L. Baird.
5. Penicillin was discovery by Alexander Fleming.
6. Monalisa was painted by leonardo de vinci.
7. Vande Matram was written by Bankim Chandra Chaterjee.
8. The Tajmahal was built by Shahjehan.

(c) Use the verbs given below in passive form and complete the passage :
Make, grow, grind, harvest, send, by, knead, sell, keep, pack, use

In our country bread (chapati) gq kbc from Wheat. Wheat seeds are grown in fields. When the wheat is ripe, it /s harvested , then it is sent to the flour mill. At the mill it is griunded into flour. Now, this flour is packed and sent to different cities. For this purpose, big vans are used it is then sold by the shopkeeper. It is bought by the customers and kept in dry cans at home, then it is kneaded and chapatis are made from it.

(d) Look at the pictures give below and frame complete sentences using the verbs-repair, plough, milk, water, harvest, build. One example has been given to help you.

1. The wall is being built.
2. The Field is being ploughed.
3. The crop is being harvested.
4. The car is being repaired.
5. The plant is being watered.
6. The cow is being milked.

(e) Given below is the procedure to find the pH of lemon juice, vinegar, apple juice, orange juice, and tomato juice. Rewrite ‘ the whole procedure by using passive construction :

Procedure

• Take five strips of PH paper and place them on a glazed tile. Mark them 1 to 5.
• Take the test solutions in separate test tubes. Dissolve the solid substances by adding distilled water to it. Label the test tubes.
• Now place a drop of the pH solution on one of the strips of pH paper with the help of a dropper.
•  Observe the colour and match it with the different colour shades of the standard colour pH chart.
• Note down the pH from the colour chart of the colour which matches the most with the colour produced on the pH paper.
• Similarly find out the pH values of remaining samples using fresh strips of pH paper and a separate dropper for each.

Start Like This

Five strips of pH paper are taken and placed on a glazed tile. They are mared 1 to 5. The test solutions and taken in separate test tubes and the solid substances are dissolved by adding distilled water to it. Test tubes are labellad then. Then a drop of the pH solution is placed on one of the strips of pH shades of the standard colour pH chart. Then the pH is noted down from the colour chart of the colour which matches the most with the colour produced on the pH paper. Simplify the pH values of remaining samples are found out using fresh strips of pH paper and a separate dropper for each.

(f) Shahida read the following “News Headlines” in Yesterday’s ” newspaper. Now she wants to write these headlines in complete sentences. Help her to write sentences in Passive voice

Example:

1. A terrorist was arrested yesterday in Delhi.
2. Rs. 15 crore was allotted for the flood victims by centre.
3. Painting competition was held at Bal Bhawan.
4. youths have been asked to meditate for success.
5. Twenty people were arrested after demonstration.
6. 25th trade fair was welcomed at New Delhi.
7. Ulcer was cured by wonder medicine.
8. Two bird Flue cases were confirmed by Indonesia
9. Security at airports is being tightened in India.
10. The finals here won by Indian hockey team.

(g) What improvements have been made in your village/town/ city/country over the last ten years? You can write about the areas given in box A with the help of the verbs given in box B as given in the example.

Example:

1. Compulsory education has introduced in our country.
2. Roads have been repaired.
3. Schools have been set up.
4. Hospitals have been modernized.
5. Industries have been set up.
6. Agricultures have been modernized.
7. Medical services have been improved.
8. Public transport has been improved.
9. Housing and living conditions have been developed.
10. Social system has been improved.

(h) Given below are instructions to minimize eye strain while using computers. Rewrite them using passive construction.

1. keep the screen clean and free from dust.
2. Use glasses if possible.
3. Position the computer screen about 10-15 degrees below eye level.
4. Avoid glare.
5. Don’t work continuously, take frequent breaks.

Start Like This :

While using a computer Screen is kept clean and free from dust. It possible glasses should be used. The computer screen should be positioned about 10-15 degrees below eye level glare should be avoided, continuous work should be avoided and frequent breaks are suggested.

(i) Given below are certain problems. Do you think that these problems will have been solved by year 2020?
world’s terrorist problem
a cure for AIDS
the population problem of India
the unemployment problem
new energy sources
settlements on sea
international traffic laws
drug problem among youths
passenger transport to the moon
the problem of global warming
Begin your sentences with I think/I don’t think
And use the verbs accordingly like find, introduce invent, solve, etc.

Example : Noise pollution in India
I think the problem of noise pollution in India will have been solved by the year 2020.

1. I don’t think world’s terrorist problem will have been solved by the year 2020.
2. I think a cure for AIDS will have been discovered by the year 2020.
3. I think the population problem of India will have been controlled by the year 2020.
4. I don’t think the unemployment problem will have overcome by the year 2020.
5. I think new energy sources will have been explored by 2020
6. I think settlements on sea will have been done by 2020.
7. I don’t think international traffic laws will have been forced by 2020.
8. I think drug problems among youths will have been controlled by 2020.
9. I don’t think passenger transport to the moon will have been started by 2020.
10. I think the problem of global warming will have been controlled by 2020.

(J) Put the following sentences into the passive form :

1. The king gave him a reward.
   A reward was given to him by the king.
2. They were plucking flowers in the park.
   Flowers were being plucked by them in the park.
3. One should keep one’s promise.
   One’s promise should be kept.
4. Who told you the truth?
   By when were you told the truth.
5. All trust an honest man.
   An honest man is trusted.
6. Somebody has cleaned the room.
   The room has been cleaned.
7. We shall play the match tomorrow.
   The match will be played by us tomorrow.
8. Why did the teacher punish the students?
   Why the students were punished by the teacher?
9. Someone has already switched off the light.
   The light has already been switched off.
10. We should not waste our time in gossiping.
    Our time should not be wasted in gossiping.
11. My grandmother tells me amusing stories about Birbal.
    I am told amusing stories about Birbal by my grandmother.
12. The manager dismissed him from service for his rude behaviour.
    He was dismissed by the manager for his rude behaviour.

2. 7 Narration

See Workbook Page-97-98

Exercises

Pick up and write the sentences of three kinds in the space provided and in case of Direct and Indirect narration also mention the Reporting verb.

Direct Narration

Indirect Narration

Reporting Statements

See Workbook Page-99-100

Exercises

Change the following sentences into the Indirect Narration:

1. He said to me, “I have asked you not to tell lies.”
   He told me that he has asked me not to tell lies.
2. He said, “It is time we depart.”
   He told that it was time they depart.
3. She said, “I am waiting and watching and longing for my son’s return.”
   She told that she was waiting and watching and longing for her
4. She said to her sister, “I want to show you something.”
   She told her sister, “I want to show you something.”
5. My mother said to me, “I am cooking your favourite dish today.”
   My mother told me that she was cooking my favourite dish that day.
6. The shopkeeper said, “Here is your packet.”
   The shopkeeper told me that there was my packet.
7. She said to her brother, “I have washed your clothes in the morning.”
   She told her brother that she had washed his clothes in the morning.
8. They said to the teacher, “We want to play football.”
   They told the teacher that they wanted to play football.

2. Reporting Questions

See Workbook Page-101

Exercises

Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration:

1. She said to me, “Where do you live?”
   She asked me where did I live.
2. He said to me, “Will you show me your homework?”
   He asked me if I would show him my homework.
3. She said to her brother, “What do you want?”
   She asked her brother what did he want.
4. He said, “When will you return?”
   He asked when would he return.
5. I said to him, “Which book do you like most?”
   I asked him which book did he like most.
6. Raina said to him, “Which way did the man go?”
   Raina asked him which way had the man go.
7. He said to us, “Why are you all sitting about there doing nothing?”
   He asked us why were we all sitting there doing nothing.
8. The teacher said to me, “What kind of help do you need from me.?”
   The teacher asked me what kind of help did I need from him.
9. Roma said to her, “Will you play with me?”
   Roma asked her if she would play with her.
10. Rohit said to his mother, “Have you seen my pencil box?”
    Rohit asked him, mother if she had seen his pencil box.

3. Reporting Commands,
Requests And Advice

See Workbook Page-102

Exercises

Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration.

1. The old man said to the villager, “Bring me a glass of milk.”
   The old man asked the villager to bring him a glass of water.
2. The king said to the hatter, “Take off your hat.”
   The King ordered the hatter to take off his hat.
3. The teacher said, “Sit down, boys.”
   The teacher asked the boys to sit down.
4. He said to his servant, “Go to the bazaar and bring me some oil.”
   He ordered his servant to go to the Bazaar and bring him some oil.
5. The teacher said to her, “Don’t read so fast.”
   The teacher prohibited her to read so fast.
6. He said, “Rina, go to the well and fetch me some water.”
   He asked Rina to go to the well and fetch him some water.

(4) Reporting Exclamations

See Workbook Page-103

Exercises

Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration.

1. He said angrily, “What a stupid fellow you are!”
   He exclaimed with anger that he was a great stupid fellow.
2. She looked at the Taj and said, “What a beautiful building!”
   She looked the Taj and exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful building.
3. He said, “My God! I am ruined!”
   He exclaimed with regret that he was ruined.
4. She said to me, “How smart you are!”
   She exclaimed with praised that I was very smart.
5. He said to the soldier, “Alas! Our foes are too strong!”
   He exclaimed with sorrow that his foes are very strong.
6. He said to me, “May God bless you!”
   He wished me that God might bless me.

Review Exercises

(a) (i) Say/write what he/she wants to know

Answer:

1. The girl/She wants to know where does the rainbow come from.
2. She wants know why does it thunder.
3. She wants to know how do trees grow.
4. The boy wants to know why does it rain.
5. He wants to know why do birds fly in the sky.
6. He wants to know why do stars shine at night.

(ii) Now write what he/she wanted to know.

1. The girl/she wanted to know where did the rainbow come from
2. She wanted to know why did it thunder.
3. She wanted to know how did trees grow.
4. The boy wanted to know why did it rain.
5. He wanted to know why did birds fly in the sky.
6. He wanted to know why did stars shine at night.

(b) Given below are some situations. What would you advise these people in these situations? Use advise, tell, ask, suggest. One example has been done to help you.

Example :

Your friend looks ill-I would suggest him to go to this doctor
Your mother is worried about your future-I would tell her to be assured-
Your younger brother has a terrible cough-I would advise him to get it treated properly.
Your neighbour is playing loud music-I would tell him to stop it.
Your friend has found a bag full of money-I would suggest him to hand it over to the police.
Your servant has brought vegetables that are not fresh-I would ask him to return them.
Children are making noise outside your room-I would tell them to stop it.
Your friend always has trouble with his scooter-I would suggest him to replace it.

(c) You have just come back from an educational tour. Your neighbour Anil comes to meet you. He wants, to know about your trip and asks you the questions given below:

Now you report to another friend what Anil asked you.

1. Anil asked me how I was.
2. He asked me where was my sister.
3. He asked me why hadn’t I reply to his phone calls.
4. He asked me when had I come back.
5. He asked if I had enjoyed the trip.
6. He asked me how may friend had been with me.
7. He asked me which places had I visited.
8. He asked me if I had been give a warm welcome there

(d) Work in pairs. Interview each other under the headings given below and note down the answer :

Now write two continuous paragraphs reporting the details:
(i) Veena said that she usually had bjgw lb qrsddcb n p rf fcp pc id qr.
Veena said that her favourite dish was malai kofta but she didn’t like noodles. Then she said that her favorite place was Andman Nicobar Islands. She added that her favourite book was Ignited Minds by APJ Abdul Kalam.

(ii) Ruchika told me that she usually had sprorted grains and fruits for breakfast. She added that she preferred milk for her breakfast. She said that her favourite dish was Palak paneer while the hated food was berger for her. Then she said that her favourite places are Agra and Jaipur. She added that her favourite film was mother India by Mahboob Khan.

2.8 Clauses

See Workbook Page-108

Exercises

Mark the clauses in the following sentences and identify the types of sentences :

1. He went to market/but did not buy anything/
   Main clause Compound clause
2. She knows/what you want.
   Main clause Subordinate clause
3. The boy finished his homework/and went to play.
   Main clause Compound clause
4. I can not say/when I will return.
   Main clause Subordinate clause
5. The book you gave me yesterday is very interesting.
   The book is very interesting Main clause/(Which) you gave me yesterday-Subordinate clause.
6. We have no room for you.-Sentence
7. We read/whatever books they find in the library
   Main clause Subordinate clause
8. I do not know his name. -Sentence
9.  I do not know/what his name is.
   Main clause Subordinate clause
10.  He is poor/but he is honest.
    Main clause Subordinate clause

Noun Clauses

See Workbook Page-109

Exercises

Make complex sentences adding Noun clauses.

1. He was convinced that he had made mistakes.
2. Let us see which team plays better.
3. It is said that India is the largest democracy.
4. Pay attention to what your parents say.
5. The message said the Prime Minister is going to china.
6. I was told that my ancestors belonged to Kashmir.
7. I feel that this city doesn’t suit me.
8. She is hopeful that she would get a good result.
9. The question is that whether it is true or not.
10. The rumour that the terrorists have entered the city is confirmed.

Adjective Clauses

Exercises

(a) Complete the questions given below :

1. What is the name of the teacher who teaches us English?
2. What is the name of the place where your father is posted?
3. What is the name of the object which shows direction?
4. What is the name of the film that you saw last weeks?
5. What is the name of the singer who sang this song?
6. What is the name of the stadium where the third test match will be held?
7. What is the name of the book which you are reading now?
8. What is the name of the author whose book was awarded last year?
9. What is the name of the place where you are going to take admission?
10. What is the name of the game which you like most?

(b) Complete the following sentences by adding suitable adjective clauses :

1. No one can tell the reason how did it happen.
2. The place where I was born is now in Jodhpur.
3. Mr. Sharma Who is a renowned leader lives near my house.
4. The pen which I gifted him is very expensive.
5. A person who acts in a film is called an actor.
6. He has a brother who sings very fine.
7. The flowers which 1 bought yesterday have faded.
8. I have spent the money that you gave me yesterday.
9. This is the place where we lived for four years.
10. Youth is the time that everyone enjoys.

(c) Rewrite the following sentences by changing the underlined
phrases/clauses to Relative Clauses as given in the example.
Example-
The boy is my cousin,
The boy who is sitting in the last row is my cousin.

1. People jgtgle gl ej qq fmsqcq should not throw stones at others. People who live glass houses should not throw stones at others.
2. A man md qgknjc I rspc is liked by all.
   A man who has simple nature is liked by all.
3. Men ugrf emmb k I eckclr qigjjq are needed everywhere. Men who knows good management skills are needed everywhere.
4. I don’t know the reason dmp fgq d gjspc.
   I don’t know the reason why he failed.
5. Do you know the time
   Do you know the time when she would return?
6. Can you tell me fgq bucjjgle nj ac Can you tell me where he lives?
7. A science book ugrf amjmspdsj bg ep kq lb dgespcq is useful for all the learners.
   A science book which has colourful diagrams and figures is useful for all the learners.
8. The man ugrfmsr ksqga gl fgq qmsj can’t live life in full. The man who is without music in his soul can’t live life in full.

(d) Given below are the people whom you met in a party. They told you something about them.

Later you tell of your friends about the people you met. Write your sentences using ‘who’ or ‘whose’

1. I met a girl whose brother is a chess champion.
2. I met a boy whose ambition is to be a great musician.
3. I met a lady whose daughter wants to fly in the sky.
4. I met a boy who never misses a hockey match.
5. I met a girl whose neighbour has come back from Australia.
6. I met a boy whose father has retired from service.

Adverb Clauses

See Workbook Page-113-115

Exercises

(a) Make complex sentences by adding adverb clauses :

1. Be careful lest you will fail.
2. Let us stay here till are get reservation ticket Confirmed.
3. The doctor had arrived before the patient died.
4. She came to school though she had sereze cough and cold.
5. The accident took place where road was badly damaged.
6. They will go out to play when the days become bright.
7. He is wearing a coat as it is cold outside.
8. The grapes were so expensive that we couldn’t buy.
9. He ran very fast so that he could catch the train.
10. It was a much better entertainment than we had last time.

(b) Replace the underlined phrase by an Adverb Clause, as given in the example.
Example-On his return, we asked about his journey.
When he returned, we asked about his journey.

1.  I shall wait for you rgjj rfc clb md rfc ucci.
   I shall wait for you as long as the week ends.
2. The weather is rmm amjb rm go out.
   The weather is so cold that we cannot go out.
3. He talked jgic kb.
   He talked as he was mad.
4. he ran away.
   As he saw the snake he ran away.
5. F tgle bmlc fgq umpi he switched off the light.
   As soon as did his work he switched off the light.
6. They behave jgic dmmjq.
   The behave as they were fools.
7. He ran ugrf jj fgq kgefr.  
   He ran as much as he could.
8. I am grateful to her dmp bmgle kw umpi gl rgkc.
   I am grateful to her as he had done my work in time,

(c) Read what Rohan did Yesterday :

Now he is sitting thinking of what might have happened if:
Write complete sentences. Start like this :

If I hadn’t watched T.V. late at night, I would have got up early.
If I could have gat up early I would have time to be ready.
If I could have gat up early I would not have missed the school bus.
If I could have gat up early I would not have been cate for school.
If I could have gat up early I would not have been punished by the feather.

(d) Combine the following pairs of sentences by turning one of them into an Adverb/Adjective/Noun clause as shown in the example.
Example
I reached the hall late.
The examination had started.
The examination had started before I reached the hall.

Question 1.
You are the royal priest.
You must be very wise.
Answer:
As you are the royal priest you must be very wise.

Question 2.
A balloon filled with hot air always goes up. Do you know it?
Answer:
Do you know that a balloon filled with hot air always goes up.

Question 3.
I want to score high marks.
I am working hard for it.
Answer:
As I want to score high marks so I am working hard.

Question 4.
My bag is missing.
I had kept all my money in it.
Answer:
I had kept all my money in the bag where is missing.

Question 5.
I have just met a man in the party.
He is a magician.
Answer:
In the party I have just met a man who is a magician.

Question 6.
He will be cured.
The doctor is hopeful.
Answer:
The doctor is hopeful that he will be cured.

Question 7.
The time given was short.
I couldn’t answer all the questions.
Answer:
The time given was so short that I couldn’t answer all the questions.

Question 8.
You were absent yesterday.
Can you tell me the reason?
Answer:
Can you tell me the reason why were absent yesterday?

Question 9.
He was not doing his homework regularly.
This was the complaint.
Answer:
This was the complaint that he was not doing homework regularly.

Question 10.
She worked in a factory.
It was caught in a fire yesterday.
Answer:
She worked in a factory which caught fire yesterday.

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MP Board Class 11th Special English Grammar Modals

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Modals एक प्रकार की auxiliary verbs हैं जो Main Verbs के साथ मिलकर कार्य करने के mode को व्यक्त करती हैं। उनकी सहायता से ability, capacity, permission, possibility, duties जैसे विचारों को व्यक्त किया जाता है। निम्न Auxiliary verbs modals कहे जाते हैं, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, used to, ought to.

Features of Modals :
(a) Modals सहायक क्रियाएँ कभी अकेली नहीं आतीं। इनका प्रयोग सदा : main verb के साथ किया जाता है;

जैसे-
” You must do this work.
I’ can solve this sum.

(b) Subject के number, gender और person का modals पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं होता; जैसे
I can go there.
We can go there.
You can go there.
They can go there.
He can go there.
She can go there.

(c) Modals के साथ verb की Ist form का प्रयोग होता है, परन्तु ought और used के साथ ‘to’ infinitive का प्रयोग होता है;

जैसे-
He will leave for Mumbai today.
You should work hard.
I can help you.
We ought to serve our country.
He used to help me in the past.

(d) Modals के साथ ‘be’ लगने पर उसके बाद verb की Ist form और ing का प्रयोग करते हैं; जैसे-
Sudha will be writing a letter.
I shall be travelling in a train tomorrow.
Poonam will be dancing.

(e) Modals के बाद ‘have’ लगने पर उसके बाद verb की IIIrd form का प्रयोग करते हैं;
जैसे-
He must have done this work.
He should have passed the test.
He may have gone to Delhi.

Uses of Modals :
Modals Auxiliary के प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हैं

1. Shall
(i) Shall का प्रयोग Ist person (I, We) के साथ साधारण future tense – को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है;
जैसे-
I shall know my result tomorrow.
We shall leave for Mumbai in the evening.

(ii) आदेश (command) के लिए 2nd person (You) और 3rd person (He, She, They, It) के साथ होता है;

जैसे-
You shall do as I say.
You shall not disobey your parents.

(iii) वचन (promise) को व्यक्त करने के लिए 2nd और 3rd person के साथ;
जैसे-
You shall get a prize.
The school shall remain closed tomorrow on account of Holi.

(iv) बाध्यता या अनिवार्यता (compulsion or necessity) को व्यक्त करने के लिए 2nd और 3rd Person के बाद;

जैसे-
You shall not enter the kitchen with dirty feet.
You shall not make a noise.

(v) संकल्प (determination) अथवा निश्चय (certainty) को व्यक्त करने के लिए 2nd और 3rd Person के बाद;
जैसे-
He shall take revenge on his enemy.
He shall get good marks, I am sure.

(vi) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों (interrogative sentences) में shall का प्रयोग We के साथ किसी दूसरे के लिए अपनी सेवा प्रस्तुत करने के लिए प्रार्थना करने के लिए किया जाता है।

जैसे-
Shall I bring a glass of water?
Shall I carry your heavy bag?
Shall we go to see a film today?

2. Will
(i) Will का प्रयोग 2nd और 3rd Person (You, He, She, They, It आदि) के साथ simple future tense को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है;
जैसे-
He will come here at Diwali.
They will never learn good manners.
They will learn dancing from Birju Maharaj.

(ii) प्रार्थना या निमंत्रण के लिए;
जैसे-
Will you open the door, please?
Will you have a cup of tea?

(iii) Or या Otherwise वाले वाक्यों में चेतावनी देने के लिए;

जैसे-
Work hard or you will fail.
Run fast otherwise you will miss the train.

(iv) Ist person (I/We) के साथ निश्चय (certainty) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I will write a letter to her in the evening.
We will visit the theatre next week.

(v) I/We के साथ संकल्प (determination) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
I will succeed in this matter.
I will never speak to him.

(vi) इच्छा (willingness) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I will come with you if you want.
I will help you in this matter.

(vii) शर्त वाले (conditional) वाक्य के लिए;
जैसे-
If you work hard, you will pass.
If you don’t run, you will miss the train.

3. Should
(i) Indirect Speech में shall के past tense के रूप में;

जैसे-
I told him that I should help him.
He said that they should go there.

(ii) कर्तव्य (duty) की भावना प्रकट करने के लिए;

जैसे-
We should obey our parents.
We should help the poor.

(iii) सलाह तथा सुझाव (advice or suggestion) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
You should work hard.
You should take exercises.

(iv) Lest के पश्चात् उद्देश्य (purpose) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
Work hard lest you should fail.
Walk slowly lest you should fail.

(v) नैतिक उत्तरदायित्व (moral obligation) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
You should not drink wine.
You should help your sister.

(vi) कल्पना (supposition), संभावना (possibility), तथा शर्त (condition) की भावना को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
Should you see my brother teli him to send me a good book.
I think you should win the championship.

(vii) अनुमान (assumption) की भावना को दर्शाने के लिए;

जैसे-
She should be here by now. They should have reached Delhi.

4. Would
(i) Indirect speech में will के past के रूप में;

जैसे
He told me that he would go to Mumbai.
Mohan said that he would not do that work.

(ii) Past के किसी कार्य को करने की आदत को व्यक्त करने के
Gandhiji would spin for hours.
He would often study till late in the night.

(iii) विनम्र प्रार्थना (polite request) के लिए;
जैसे-
Would you open the door, please?
Would you lend me your bicycle for an hour?

(iv) किसी की इच्छा को जानने के लिए;
जैसे-
Would you have a cup of tea?
Would you like to come with me?

(v) इच्छा (wish) व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
Would that I were a king!
Would that my son were a hard worker!

(vi) असंभावित परिस्थिति (improbable condition) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
If a thief came here, he would find only books.
If I got a lottery, I would be very happy.

(vii) दृढ-निश्चय (determination) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
He would have his own way.
I would buy that car at any cost.

(viii) अधिमान (preference) को बताने के लिए;

जैसे-
I would like to have coffee.
I would rather starve than beg.

5. Can
(i) योग्यता (ability) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I can solve this problem.
He can swim across the river.

(ii) अनुमति (permission) देने के लिए;
जैसे-
You can see a film if you like.
You can go home if you have done your work.

(iii) अनुमति माँगने के लिए; जैसे
Can I use your dictionary?
Can I go home?

(iv) संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
Any team can win this match.
He can reach here any time.

मत करने के लिए. जैसे (0) क्षमता या शक्ति (capacity or power) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
I can lift this heavy table.
The Headmaster can remit your fine.

6. Could
(i) Indirect speech में can के past के रूप में;

जैसे-
Mohan said that he could solve the sum.
He asked me if I could help him.

(ii) Past की अनुमति (permission) को दर्शाने के लिए;

जैसे-
Father said that I could the film.
She asked me if she could meet me.

(iii) Past की संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
If he had money, he could buy a scooter.
I wondered whether the news could be true

(iv) भूतकाल में क्षमता (capacity) या योग्यता (ability) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I could swim when I was young.
She could solve the sum when she was only five-year-old.

(v) विनम्र प्रार्थना करने के लिए please वाले प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में-
(i) Could I talk to the Headmaster, please?
(ii) Could I change my seat, please?

7. May
(i) औपचारिक अनुमति (formal permission) लेने या देने के लिए;

जैसे-
May I come in, sir? Yes, you may.
May I use your book? Yes, you may take it.

(ii) इच्छा (wich), प्रार्थना (prayer) या आशीर्वाद (blessing) को व्यक्त करने के लिए ;
जैसे-
May you live long !
May I be able to cross the river !
May God bless her with a son !

(iii) संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
There are clouds in the sky. It may rain.
Mohan may reach here any time.

(iv) उद्देश्य (purpose) को बताने के लिए यदि so that से पहले verb की Ist Form लंगी हो तो;

जैसे-
We eat so that we may live.
I go to school so that I may become a great man.

(v) Past possibility (अतीत की संभावना) को व्यक्त करने के लिए may have का प्रयोग होता है;

जैसे-
He may have reached Kanpur.
You may have heard about Akbar.

8. Might – यह may का past रूप है। इसका प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में किया जाता है :
(i) भूतकाल में अनुमति लेने या देने के लिए;
जैसे-
I asked him if I might use his book.
My father told me that I might see a picture.

(ii) भूतकाल (past) में संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए ;

जैसे-
The doctor said that the patient might recover.
He might have done the mischief.

(iii) भूतकाल की इच्छा (wish) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I wished that I might pass the examination.
Mohan wished that his sister might win the race.

(iv) भविष्यतकाल में किसी क्षीण संभावना (remote possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
I might go to the market, but I am not sure.
He might come, if he gets time.
The prices might fall down a little.

(v) सुझाव (suggestion) देने के लिए; जैसे-
You might consult a doctor.
You might seek legal opinion.

(vi) उद्देश्य को बताने के लिए यदि so that से पहले verb की 2nd Form लगी हो तो; जैसे He died so that his country might survive. He worked hard so that he might get good marks.

9. Must
(i) तीव्र आवश्यकता (dire necessity) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
You must take an umbrella as it is raining.
We must run if we want to catch the train.

(i) तीव्र आवश्यकता
(ii) अनिवार्यता (compulsion) या बंधन (obligation) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
A servant must obey his master.
We must obey the laws of the country.

(iii) दृढ़-संकल्प (determination) को व्यक्त करने के लिलिए;
I must finish this work by evening.
We must attack the enemy before day break.

(iv) कर्तव्य (duty) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे-
You must obey your parents.
We must serve our country.

(i) मनाही (prohibition) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
You must not swim in that river.
You must not disobey your elders.

(vi) उत्तरदायित्व (obligation) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
We must serve our country.
We must pay the taxes.

(vii) संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
He must have reached Delhi.
She must have gone to bed by now.

10. Ought
Ought का प्रयोग should के स्थान पर किया जा सकता है, मगर इसके साथ to का प्रयोग आवश्यक है। इसके प्रयोग निम्नलिखित है;
(i) नैतिक एवं सामाजिक कर्तव्य (moral and social duty) के लिए;
जैसे-
We ought to obey our teachers.
You ought to help the poor and the needy.
We ought to take pity on the beggars.

(ii) Advice (सलाह) या Suggestion (सुझाव) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
You ought to work hard for the examination.
You ought to consult the doctor.

Ought to + have + verb की IIIrd form के द्वारा यह व्यक्त किया जाता है कि कार्य होना चाहिए था, मगर हुआ नहीं;
जैसे-
You ought to have met the principal. (but you did not).
You ought to have informed the police.

11. Need
Need एक नियमित क्रिया भी है और एक modal भी। Modal के रूप में इसका प्रयोग केवल नकारात्मक (Negative) तथा प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative) वाक्या में निम्नलिखित रूप में होता है :
(i) आवश्यकता का न होना;

जैसे-
You needn’t take an umbrella as it has stopped raining.
We need not go to England to learn English.

(ii) आवश्यकता के बारे में कोई प्रश्न पूछना; जैसे
Need you go home so soon?
Need you speak so fast?
Need she run for catching the bus?

12. Dare Need
की तरह dare का प्रयोग भी नियमित क्रिया एवं Modal दोनों प्रकार से होता है। Modal के रूप में इसका प्रयोग केवल नकारात्मक (Negative) और प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative) वाक्यों में निम्नलिखित रूप में होता है :

(i) साहस का न होना; जैसे
I dare not enter the Headmaster’s office.
The child dare not go into a dark room at night.

(ii) साहस के बारे में प्रश्न करना; जैसे
Dare you catch a lion by its tail?
How dare you insult me?

13. Used to
Used to का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में किया जाता है:
(i) भूतकाल की किसी आदत (past habitual action) को दर्शाने के लिए;

जैसे-
In the past people used to believe that the earth was flat.
Before marriage, he used to drink a lot.

(ii) भूतकाल में किसी वस्तु के अस्तित्व के लिए;
जैसे-
There used to be a big building at the corner. A fair used to be held in this ground every year.

EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks with ‘shall’ or ‘will’ :
1. We ……………… know the result tomorrow.
2. He ……………… go to Mumbai next month.
3. ……………… you help me in this matter.
4. …………….. you have a cup of tea?
5. You ……………… not enter the kitchen with muddy shoes.
6. You ……………… get all help from me, this is my promise.
7. If you desire, I ……………… come with you.
8. ………………. you do me a favour?
9. ……………… I ring him up?
10. It is my determination that I ……………. go to England for higher studies.
Ans.
1. shall
2. will
3. Will
4. Will
5. shall
6. shall
7. will
8. Will
9. Shall
10. will.

EXERCISE 2
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with ‘can’ or ‘could’:
1. He …………. come here any time without ringing the bell.
2. I wish I …………….. drive a scooter.
3. Her daughter ……………… cook well.
4. Everybody ……………… make mistakes.
5. Although the water was cold, I ……………. cross the river.
6. Although she is only five years old, she …………….. solve this sum.
7. We ……….. always visit his house any time (we had permission).
8. I ……………… climb the trees when I was a boy.
9. …………….. you lift this heavy box?
10. He ……………. come any moment.
Answer:
1. can
2. could
3. can
4. can
5. could
6. can
7. could
8. could
9. can
10. can.

EXERCISE 3
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with ‘May’, ‘Might, ‘Musť and ‘Need’ :
1. …………….. I take your book?
2. You ……………… take my book if you need.
3. I think it …………….. rain today.
4. We …………….. pay our taxes.
5. …………….. she live long !
6. A son ……………… obey his father.
7. Mohan wished that he …………….. get a lottery.
8. I ……………… visit Lucknow, but I am not much sure.
9. You ……………… work hard if you want to succeed in life.
10. You …… ………. not swim in the river as there are crocodiles in it.
11. You …………….. do this work. This is an order. 12. One ……………… respect the national flag.
13. You …………….. take the raincoat, it has stopped raining.
14. You …………….. go to Delhi to learn music, I can teach you here.
15. ……………. you take so much luggage with you?
Answer:
1. may
2. may
3. may
4. must
5. may
6. must
7. might
8. might
9. must
10. must
11. must
12. must
13. needn’t
14. needn’t
15. Need.

EXERCISE 4
Fill in the blanks with ‘Would’ or ‘Should :
1. Work hard lest you ……………… fail.
2. …………… you like to have a cup of tea?
3. …………. you mind helping me?
4. They …………… arrive here any time.
5. Mohan ………….. keep sitting near the railway line for hours.
6. I ………. like to get a good post.
7. He told me that Mohan ……………… meet me after two days.
8. I told him that I…………….. do that work.
9. We ……………… respect the elders.
10. The examinations are drawing near. You ……………. work hard.
Answer:
1. should
2.Would
3. Would
4. should
5. would
6. would
7. would
8. should
9. should
10. should.

.EXERCISE 5
Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning given in the brackets :
1. You ……………… do as you are told. (obligation)
2. He …………… rather go to the cinema than to sit here. (preference)
3. He …………….. attend the dinner. (Future)
4. I ……………… meet him tomorrow. (future)
5. He ……………. help the poor. (past habit)
6. You …………….. write an essay. (advice)
7. If he were here, he …………… help you. (possibility)
8. ……………… you please tell me the way? (polite request)
9. You …………… bring an umbrella. It has stopped raining, (absence of necessity)
10. The train …………. be late because of heavy rains. (possibility)
Answer:
1. must
2. would
3. will
4. shall
5. used to
6. should
7. might
8. Will
9. needn’t
10. may.

EXERCISE 6
Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning given in the brackets :
1. He didn’t come yesterday, he ……………… come today. (remote possibility)
2. You ………….. help your younger brother ing an in me thelp you. (advice)
3. I ………….. lend you some money if you so desire. (willingness)
4. Work hard lest you …………….. fail. (expression of fear)
5. I ……………… like to ask you something (wish)
6. You ……………. hurry, there is plenty of time. (absence of necessity)
7. I …………….. not come yesterday since I was busy. (past inability).
8. You ………….. touch those books. (prohibition)
9. You ………………. see a doctor at once.. (emphatic advice)
leave the papers here and go. (permission)
Answer:
1. might
2. should
3. will
4. should
5. would
6. needn’t
7. could
8. shall
9. must
10. may.

EXERCISE 7
Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning indicated in brackets :
1. You …………….. not disobey your father.(moral obligation)
2. I am afraid ………….. not succeed even this year.(probability).
3. He ………. tell his father the whole truth. (absence of courage).
4. You …………….. see a doctor at once. (advice)
5. Sometimes he ……………. get very angry with his children. (a frequent happening in the past)
6. I …………….. like to ask you something. : (would)
7. I ……………… rather fail in the examination than use unfair. (preference)
8. The Headmaster ………….. be in his room. The fan is on. (certainty)
9. You ………. drive fast: there is a speed limit here.(prohibition)
10. You ……………… have the money tomorrow. (promise)
Answer:
1. should
2. may
3. daren’t
4. should
5. used to
6. would
7. would
8. must
9. mustn’t
10. shall.

EXERCISE 8 Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning in brackets:
1. I …………….. help you at all costs. (determination)
2. …… meet you at the bus stand. (future)
3. You …………….. help the needy. (duty)
4. You ……………… come to my ……. come to my office. Just ring me up. (absence of necessity)
5. He ………… face the officer again. (absence of courage) …….. coor die than besan’t.
6. You …………….. have the money tomorrow. (promise)
7. I ………….. speak English well. (present ability)
8. I …………….. work hard when I was young. (past ability)
9. He …………….. come tomorrow. (slight possibility)
10. I …………… rather die than beg. (preference)
Answer:
1. will
2. shall
3. should
4. needn’t
5. daren’t
6. shall
7. can
8. could
9. might
10. would.

EXERCISE 9
Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning in brackets:
1. You ……………… go home now. (permission)
2. You ……….. …… finish your work before going home. (compulsion)
3. I …………… not let myself become a slave to machines. (determination)
4. You ……………. run: the train is late.(absence of necessity)
5. Mohan went to Agra last week. He ……………. come today. (probability)
6. I am afraid he …………… fail even this time. (probability)
7. …………….. you lift this baggage? (present ability)
8. We do not know whether the primitive men ………. plough the fields. (past ability)
9. He ……………… tell his father the truth.(absence of courage)
10. …………….. you mind moving a little? (polite request)
Answer:
1. may.
2. must
3. will
4. needn’t
5. might
6. may
7. can
8. could
9. daren’t
10. Would.

EXERCISE 10
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with ‘dare’, ‘ought to’, ‘used to’:
1. How ……………… you say such a thing?
2. You …………… work hard for the examination.
3. We ……………… serve our nation.
4. I ……………. enter his room in his absence.
5. ……………. you go into that house at night?
6. I …………… to go for a walk daily; now I rarely go.
7. A great man …………….. to live in this house in the past.
8. You ……………. to take regular exercise.
9. I …………….. to go to the college on foot. Now I go on a scooter.
10. You ……………… to have consulted a doctor.
Answer:
1. dare
2. ought to
3. ought to
4. daren’t
5. Dare
6. used
7. used
8. ought
9. used
10. ought.

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