Bhagya

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 11th English Active and Passive Voice Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Grammar Active and Passive Voice

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Active and Passive Voice Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Active and Passive Voice Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in English subject and grammar. Here, along with the subject knowledge, grammar knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

Voice is the verb form which shows the relation of subject to action in a sentence. When the subject of the verb does something the verb is in Active voice, when something is done to the subject the verb is in the Passive voice.

Example :
Ritu writes a letter. (Active Voice)
A letter is written by Ritu. (Passive voice)

Rules :
(a) Active के Subject को Passive में Object की जगह और Active के Object को Passive में Subject की जगह दें;
(b) Passive में Object के पहले by लगाएं।
(c) Tense को निम्न structures के अनुसार बदलें-

Present Tense
(a) Simple Present—Subject + is/am/are + v₃ + by + object.

Example :
The teacher teaches English.
English is taught by the teacher.

(b) Present Continuous Tense—Subject + is/am/are + being + v₃ + by object

Example :
Rohan is” playing cricket.
Cricket is being played by Rohan.,

(c) Present Perfect—Subject + has/have + been + v₃ + by -r object.

Example :
Sneha has dope it
It has been done by Sneha.

Past Tense
(a) Simple Past—Subject + was/were + v₃ + by + object. Example :
My mother cooked food.
Food was cooked by my mother.

(b) Past Continuous Tense—Subject + was/were + being + v3 + by + object.

Example :
Shishir was driving a car.
A car was being driven by Shishir.

(c) Past Perfect Tense—Subject + had + been + v₃ + by + object.

Example :
The postman had delivered the letters.
The letter had been delivered by the postman.

Future Tense
(a) Simple Future—Subject + will/shall + be + v₃ + by + object.

Example :
I shall buy a car.
A car will be bought by me.

(b) FuturePerfect Tense—Subject + shall/will + have + been + v₃ + by + objective.

Example :
I shall have finished this lesson.
This lesson will have been finished by me.

Note. There is no change in the voice of present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, future continuous and future perfect continuous tenses.

Exercises

Q. 1. Change the voice from Active to Passive :
(i) Good manners make a character.
(ii) Vijay gave him a book.
(iii) He will do this work.
(iv) I am writing a book.
(v) I will teach him a lesson.
(vi) This news surprised me.
(vii) The mason was building the house.
(viii) I had finished my work by that time.
(ix) She makes a doll.
(x) Boys were playing football.
(xi) Somebody has put out the light.
(xii) They were consulting their teacher at that time.
(xiii) They kept him in prison for twenty years.
(xiv) Someone gave the baby a beautiful doll.
(xv) She knows Vinita.
(xvi) Rita found the lecture very dull.
(xvii) They should shoot the terrorist dead.
(xviii) We should keep promises.
(xix) He was delivering a lecture.
(xx) I gave him a book.
Answer
(i) Character is made by good manners.
(ii) A book was given by Vinay.
(iii) This work will be done by him.
(iv) A book is being written by me.
(v) A lesson will be taught to him by me.
(vi) I was surprised by this news.
(vii) The house was being built by the mason.
(viii) My work had been finished me by that time.
(ix) A doll is made by her.
(x) Football was being played by boys.
(xi) The light has been put out by somebody.
(xii) Their teacher was being consulted at. that time by them.
(xiii) He was kept in prison for twenty years.
(xiv) The baby was given a beautiful doll by someone.
(xv) Vinita is known by her.
(xvi) The lecture was found very dull by Rita.
(xvii) The terrorist should be shot dead.
(xviii) Promises should be kept.
(xix) A lecture was being delivered by him.
(xx) He was given a book by ..ie.

Above provided complete MP Board Solutions 11th English Study guide is useful for making your preparation effective. Students can frequently visit our page to get the latest updates on other subjects study materials.

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 11th English Articles and Determiners Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Grammar Articles and Determiners

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Articles and Determiners Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Articles and Determiners Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in English subject and grammar. Here, along with the subject knowledge, grammar knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

What is a Determiner?
“To determine’ means ‘to mark’, ‘to fix’ or ‘to limit’. Therefore, a determiner’ is a word which limits or fixes the meaning of a noun.
‘To Determine’ का अर्थ है ‘इंगित करना’, ‘निर्धारित करना’ या ‘सीमित करना’। इसलिए ‘Determiner’ एक ऐसा शब्द होता है जो किसी Noun (संज्ञा) के अर्थ को निर्धारित या सीमित करता है।

For Examples :
(i) He helped his friend.
(ii) The man gave me a pen.
In sentence (i) ‘his’ is a determiner. It tells us that he helped only his friend and none else.
In sentence (ii) the words ‘the’ and ‘a’ are determiners. ‘The’ shows that it was a specific man.
The word ‘a’ shows that it was one pen and not two or more.

Kinds of Determiners : 
There are following five types of Determiners:

1. Articles (a, an, the). These are the determiners which make a general or particular reference to a noun.
2. Possessives (my, our, your, his, her, their, its, etc.). These determiners show the relationship of possession.
3. Numerals (one, two, first, second, etc.). These determiners mention the number of a noun.
4. Quantitative (all, any, little, a little, much, some, etc.). These are used to denote quantity or degree.
5. Demonstratives (this, that these, those). These determiners draw our attention to a noun.

Classes Of Determiners

 1. Articles
There are two types of articles :
Articles दो प्रकार के होते हैं-
(a) Indefinite article = a, an
(b) Definite article = The

The Indefinite Article
A और के प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हैं-
(a) It is used before a singular noun which is countable when it is mentioned for the first time. I see a bird on that tree. A cow has a tail.
(b) Before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of the class of things or species. A horse is an animal. A cow has horns. A pine tree grows very tall.
(c) In the numerical sense of the word ‘one’. He gave me a pen. Not a word was spoken.
(d) In expression of price, speed, etc. a/an are used in the sense of “per’. ‘. Milk sells eight rupees a kilo. He drives at sixty miles an hour.
(e) The names of professions and occupations take the indefinite article. My father is an engineer. He grew up to be a politician.
(f) Sometimes ‘a’ can be used before Mr./Mrs./Miss + surname. Then it means a man/woman/girl of that name. A Mr. Kapoor came to see you when you were away. (This sentence means : ‘A man called Mr. Kapoor came ____’)(यदि vowels consonant (व्यंजन) की आवाज देते हैं तो उनसे पहले a का प्रयोग होता है।)
The cow is a useful animal. (यूजफुल)
I saw a one-eyed man. (वन)
I have a European friend. (यूरोपियन)
His brother is a university student. (यूनिवर्सिटी)

(g) Use of ‘a’ before few and little :
(i) a few and a little mean a small number or a small amount (‘few’ stands for number and ‘little’ for amount.)
(ii) ‘few’ and ‘little’ without article have an almost negative meaning I am thirsty but I am afraid there is little water in the pitcher. But there is a little water in the fridge. The college reopened today but there were few students in the classes. A few senior students came to the college but remained away from the classes.

(h) To attribute the qualities of a man (usually someone famous) to another person. He is a Shakespeare (He is a genius like Shakespeare).

The Definite Article
(a) ‘The’ is used before a noun which has become definite as it has been mentioned a second time. When it is introduced the first time, it takes ‘a/an’. A man is going on a road. The man has a bag. The bag contains clothes. The road goes to Sirhind.
(b) It is used before nouns of which there is only one, or which are considered as one. The earth, the sky, The weather, The North Pole.
(C) It is also used with a noun of which there is only one example in some given situation. The Principal is on leave. ‘. Has the postman not come yet?
(d) The definite article is placed before the superlative degree of adjectives. He is the best teacher I have known. She is the most intelligent girl in the class.
(e) When the nouns like English, Russian, French and Greek mean ‘language’, no article is placed before them. But when they stand for People (Nations), they are preceded by the definite article. The English ‘ruled India for a long time. They introduced English as a medium of education in India.
(f) The nouns like hospital, school, college, church, temple, prison, cinema, bed, table, market, office, etc. denote their primary function, if no article is placed before them. The use of ‘the’ before them makes them definite and particular. He met with an accident and was taken to hospital. When I came to know of it. I went to the hospital to meet him.
(g) It is used before singular nouns to represent a class of things. The donkey is lazy. (All donkeys are lazy).
(h) Before an adjective, it is used to represent a class of things. The rich should not exploit the poor. Today a gap exists between the old and the young.
(i). “The’ is used when we refer to a particular thing or a person. In that group, the boy in red shirt is my son.
(j) The definite article is used before ‘first/second’, etc and ‘only’. He was the first man to reach the party. Sunita was the second.
(k) Before the plural names of countries. The United States of America, The West Indies.
(l) Before special dinner, a feast means; as I take dinner at 9.00 p.m. (usual dinner) but Are you attending the dinner being given by Mohan?
(m) The का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित वस्तुओं के नामें से पहले किया जाता है:

• Mountain ranges : The Himalayas, The. Alps, The Pyrenees, etc.
• Rivers : The Ganga, The Brahmputra, The Thames, etc.
• Islands : The Andamans, The West Indies, etc.
• Holy Books : The Geeta, The Quran, The Bible, etc.
• Newspapers : The Indian Express, The Times of India, etc.
• Magazines : The Reader’s Digest, The Competition Master, etc.
• Historical Buildings : The Parliament, The White House, etc.
• Historical events : The First Battle of Panipat, The First/Second World War.
• Trains, Ships, Planes : The Shatabdi Express, The Vikrant, The Ashoka, etc.
• Oceans : The Indian Ocean, The Pacific, The Antarctic, etc.

2. Possessives
The possessives are personal pronouns in their possessive use. They are used before nouns to show the idea of possession, e.g.,

This is my book.
Our team has won the match.
Your father is a kind man.
His brother is an engineer.
I met her teacher at school.
This is Rohan’s bag.

3. Numerals
Numerals are words relating to number. There are three types of numerals, e.g.,
(a) Definite Numerals. They refer to a definite or exact number. 1. The definite numerals are further divided into two kinds:
(i) Cardinals. One, two, three, five, etc. are called cardinals. These words can be used before nouns which are countable. Please bring one pen for me.

He have him ten coins.

(ii) Ordinals. First, second, third, etc. are called ordinals.

These words are used to indicate order.
The first book was very boring.
He was the last man to come.

(b) Indefinite Numerals. They refer to a vague or indefinite number such as man, a few, several, any, all etc.

Is there any letter for me?
Several people witnessed the accident.

(c) Distributive Numerals. These words refer to each of a group, such as each, every either, neither, etc.

Each of us must work hard.
Each of the boys must do his duty.
Either Gurpreet or Harpreet has won the prize.

4. Quantitative
Or
Determiners of Quantity

Words like some, any, little, much, no etc, are the determiners, of quantity.

Uses of ‘some’ and ‘any :
(a) Some is used in affirmative sentences.
There are some books on the table.
There is some milk in the glass.

(b) Any is used in negative sentences..
There are not any books on the table.
There isn’t any milk in the glass.

(c) In interrogative sentences when we expect a negative
answer, we use any. Is there any milk in the glass?
Are there any books on the table?

(d) In those interrogative sentences when we expect a.
positive answer, we may use some.
Don’t you have some money?
Weren’t there some boys in the room?

(e) In those sentences in which forbidding or prohibition is implied, we use any. In such sentences, we generally use such words as ‘prevent’, ‘without’, hardly/scarcely, etc.

There is hardly any water in the pitcher.
We reached there without any difficulty.

(f) Any is used in such phrases as mean ‘no matter which’, for example : in any case, at any rate, on any day, at any hour.
You can come any day you like.
I can meet him any hour of the day.

Uses of ‘few and ‘little’ :

1. Few एक संख्यात्मक शब्द है। ___Little एक मात्रावाचक शब्द है।
2. Few और Little दोनों Negative शब्द हैं, इनका अर्थ है ‘ज्यादा नहीं’ या ‘न के बराबर’।
3. A few और A little affirmative विशेषण हैं इनका अर्थ है ‘कुछ’ थोड़े से या थोड़ा/थोड़ी सी।
4. The few और The Little का अर्थ है, विशेष थोड़े से या थोड़ा सा। इससे Negative और Affirmative दोनों का बोध होता है।

Example :
He makes few mistakes.
He made a few mistakes in the essay.
The few mistakes which he made were minor.
I have little money.
But Mohan has a little money in his pocket.
The little money which I had was spent on food.

5. Demonstratives
The words this, that, these, those are known as demonstratives. ‘This’ is used for a singular thing lying near. “These’ is a plural of this. “That is used for a singular thing lying away. “Those’ is the plural of ‘that’.

For example :
This is a good book.
These books are very useful.
That fan does not work.
Those boys are very intelligent.

Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with ‘some’ or ‘any’ :
1. There isn’t ________ boot-polish in this tin.
2. Please give ________ more pudding. I’m sorry but there isn’t
3. You have ________ fine flowers in your garden.
4. Go and ask him for ________ more paper. I haven’t ________ in my desk.
5. I have ________ more letters for you to write.
6. I like those roses; please give me. ________ What a pity, there aren’t ________ red ones !
7. I can’t eat ________ more potatoes, but I should ________ more beans.
8: I don’t think there is ________ one here who can speak French
9. I must have ink and ________ paper, or I can’t write a thing.
10. We had ________ tea, but there wasn’t sugar to put in it.
Answer:
1. any
2. some; any
3. some
4. some; any
5. some
6. some; any
7. any; some
8. any
9. some; some; any
10. some; any.

Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with little, a little, few and a few :
1. Since there were ________ boys in the class, the teacher went back.
2. I have ________ money in the bank which is not going to be enough.
3. Satish is a boy of ________ words (a rare quality)
4. I regret to say that there is ________ I can do in this matter.
5. Art movies are appreciated only by ________
6. ________ boys were caught using unfair means in the examination.
7. You can master English with ________ effort.
8. is known about unidentified flying objects.
9. ________ words of appreciation yield rich reward.
10. You can learn swimming if you have ________ patience.
Answer:
1. few
2. a little
3. few
4. little
5. a few
6. a few
7. a little
8. Little
9. A few
10. a little.

Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with ‘a, an, the’:
1. Diamond is ________ hardest of all minerals.
2. He struck me on ________ back.
3. Sheela is ________ intelligent girl.
4. He bought ________pen.
5. ________ Ramayana is ________ sacred book.
6. My friend is ________ teacher.
7. He is : ________ European.
8. She is ________ M.L.A.
9. He will leave by ________ next train.
10. Ram is ________ most intelligent boy in the class.
Ans:
1. the
2. the
3. an
4. a
5. The, a
6. a
7. a
8. an
9. the
10. the

Exercise 4
Fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ :
Principal gave him _________ warning.
sun rises in _________ east.
3. I have pain in _________ back.
4. He remained here _________ whole day.
5. _________ eagle is a bird of prey.
6. Do not make _________ noise here.
7. _________ rich are not always happy.
8. _________ Ganges flows into _________ Bay of Bengal.
9. Gardening is _________ usefu hobby.
10. Who is _________ head of your family.
Answer:
1. The, a
2. The, the
3. the
4. the
5. The
6. a
7. The
8. The, the
9. a
10. the

EXERCISE 5
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles :
1. Gold is ______________ precious metal.
sun rises in the east and sets in _________ west.
3. Sham is ______________ pride of his parents.
4. Kalidas is ____________ Shakespeare of India.
5-. Delhi is __________ London of India.
6. __________ umbrella is essential at ___________ hill station.
7. They fought to ____________ last.
8. He is __________ M.P.
9. I have sent him ____________ message.
10. Charan Dass is ____________ loyal servant.
11. You are late by ____________ hour.
12. Punjabi is _________ official language of_______ Punjab.
13. He is ___________ only son of his parents.
14. He is _____________ man who stole my purse.
15. ________ little knowledge is _________ dangerous thing.
Answer:
1. a
2. Then, the
3. the
4. the
5. the
6. An, a
7. the
8. an
9. a
10. a
11. an
12. then, the
13. the
14. the
15. A, a

Exercise 6
Fill in the blanks with any one of the two given alternatives in each case :
1. I want to buy _________ mangoes. (this, these)
2. Ram has bought _________ house. (this, those)
3. _________ mangoes are a bit too high. (this, those)
4. You should love _________ country. (your, our)
5. Our teachers sit in _________ room. (these, this)
6. The Hindus burn _________ dead. (his, their)
7. He ordered me to mind _________ own business. (my, your)
8. India is _________ country. We are proud of her. (our, their)
9. She is a nice lady. We like _________ behaviour. (your, her)
10. _________ bicycle is mine. (this, these)
Answer:
1. these
2. this
3. Those
4. your
5. this
6. their
7. my
8. our
9. her
10. this.

EXERCISE 7
Fill in the blanks with either of the two suggested determiners:
1. We must do _________ duty. (our, your)
2. I have _________ books with me. (some, any)
3. There is not _________ letter for me. (some, any)
4. Is there _________ letter for me? (some, any).
5. _________ statement is correct. (neither, nor)
6. _________ girl in the group got the prize. (each, every)
7. _________ team won the match? (which, who)
8. _________ persons know the truth. (few, the few)
9. _________ children passed the test. (any, many)
10. He gave me _________ books he had. (a few, the few)
Answer:
1. our
2. some
3. any
4. any
5. Neither
6. Each
7. Which
8. Few
9. Many
10. the few.

Exercise 8
Fill in the blanks with either of the two suggested determiners:
1. _________ flower fades away. (each, every)
2. I sold _________ books I had. (a few, the few)
3. Manjula gave away _________ coins she had. (several, all the)
4. Is there _________ tea in the pot? (some; any)
5. _________ time has passed now. (much, many)
6. I can write with _________ pen. (either, or)
7. I have written _________ sentences. (a few, the few).
8. Please wait _________ longer. (little, a little)
9. I have eaten too _________ apples. (much, many)
10. There is not _________ truth in it. (much, many)
Answer:
1. Every
2. the few
3. all the
4. any
5. Much
6. either
7. a few
8. a little
9. many
10. much.

Above provided complete MP Board Solutions 11th English Study guide is useful for making your preparation effective. Students can frequently visit our page to get the latest updates on other subjects study materials.

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 11th English Unit 2 Grammar Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 2 Grammar

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Unit 2 Grammar Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Unit 2 Grammar Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in English subject and A Voyage Workbook Solutions. Here, along with the subject knowledge, A Voyage Workbook Solutions knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

2.1 Preposition

See Workbook Page- 15-20

Exercises

(a) Kumar’s house is full of mice. Write exactly where each mouse is:
Use the expressions below:

in front of, in the middle of,
next to, beside, at the back of,
on the edge of, in the comer of,
on top of, below,
behind, to the left of,
to the right of, in between etc.
The mouse is in front of the sofa

(b) Write a complete sentence below each picture using an appropriate preposition—
Example
1. What do you need a jug for?
2. We need a jug to pour water from.

• I need a jug to pour water from.
• I need a bucket to store water in.
• I need an envelope to put a letter in.
• I need a pair of scissors to cut clothes with.
• I need a suitcase to put clothes in.
• I need a broom to clean the floor with.

(c) Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.

1. I go to the hospital on my way to school.
2. The temple is at the top of the hill, we’ll start climbing at six of clock in the morning and reach there in the afternoon.
3. The batsman hit the ball to the fence and scored six runs.
4. He was not allowed to enter the theater as he was below eighteen years of age.
5. Go straight to the square and then turn to the corner.
6. You can reach the station in taxi in ten minutes.
7. The girl with blue eyes has just gone to the door.
8. You can cut the apple in two with his knife.

(d) Preposition have not been used correctly in the sentences below, correct them and rewrite the sentences.

1. She entered into the room and began talking.
   She entered the room and began talking.
2. You can cut this mango by this knife.
   You can cut this mango with this knife.
3. The river is flowing below the bridge.
   The river in flowing across the bridge.
4. He died from cancer.
   He died of cancer.
5. I have been waiting for you since four hours.
   I have been waiting for you for four hours.
6. She is suffering with malaria.
   She is suffering from malaria.
7. I prefer tea for coffee.
   I prefer tea to coffee.
8. Water freezes when temperature falls under 0°Celsius.
   Water freezes when temperature falls below 0°Celsius.
9. He went to the sea side from a car.
   He went to the sea side in a car.
10. She spoke with me rudely.
    She spoke to me-rudely.

Verb with Prepositions

See Workbook Page-23-24

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

1. You must concentrate on your studies.
2. The teacher said. “Boys, listen to me”
3. I was marveled at his sense of humour.
4. The hakim cured him of his disease.
5. The workers are protesting against the cut in their wages.
6. I am waiting for your reply.
7. She invited me to dinner.
8. Don’t compare me with my brother.
9. Refrain him from taking any rash action.
10. We take pride of our heritage.

(b) Fill in the blanks in this story :

Shravan is an orphan who came to Delhi from His village in Bihar in search of work. His father kept a shop, but was tricked of it by a deceitful uncle. Despair drove him to alcohol and gambling, and he died of a stroke soon after.

Shravan worked in a tea shop in his village for a while. He moved for the more lucrative environs in Delhi, where his elder brother Gopal had preceded him. Following a brief spell of unemployment and a short spell as an assistant in a car park, he joined a tea shop.

(c) Put an appropriate preposition after the verb in each sentence. Then use your own ideas to complete each sentence. One is done for you.

1. I broke her glasses and she made me pay
2. I am excited because I am going to play
3. He was not paying attention and crashed
4. I have to stay home tonight and prepare
5. All the furniture in the room belongs
6. Whether or not we go out depends
7. There was so much noise that I could not concentrate rm
8. In my opinion, an ideal breakfast consists of
9. It was an aweful hotel and we complained
10. We only had one sandwich, so it was divided

Phrasai Verbs

See WorkBook Page-26-28

Exercises

Replace the underlined words with phrasai verbs:

1. The Child wrote something and then erased it.
   The Child wrote something and then erased out it.
2. He the theatre to book seats for tonight. rang up
3. I could not what you had written. take in view
4. Please your shoes before you enter the room. takeoff
5. He speaking for an hour. went on
6. The old man lbmlcb smoking. gave up
7. The children playing inspite of asking them not to carried out.
8. He the light and went to bed. turned off
9. The air-conditioner is not working. Will you please the mechanic? send for
10.  He ugrfbpcu bis resignation after much persuasion. took back
11. We r prcb our journey in the morning. set off
12. The meeting was because of the lack of quorum. put off
13. He umpc his shirt and went out. put on
14. The boys from school to play. got away
15. My boss my application for leave. turned down

2.2 Determiners

See Workbook Page-30-32

(a) Tell before which of the following nouns can an indefinite article be used:

(b) Insert a or an where necessary.

1. Rama is a good cook.
2. He said, “I shall be back in an hour.”
3. There is an hourly train from Bhopal to Indore.
4. She is a paying guest.
5. We have recently bought a scooter.
6. He is an extraordinary man.
7. My neighbour is a farmer.
8. He has recently purchased a cow and a buffalo.
9. He is a magician.
10. Here is a pen and a piece of paper for you to write a letter.

(c) Complete the following sentences by using the words given in brackets:

1. She was thirsty. She needed a glass of water, (glass, water)
2. I want to write a letter. Give me a piece, of paper, (piece, paper)
3. I am confused. I want a word of advice, (word, advice)
4. He has difficulty in reading. He needs to buy a pair, of spectacles, (pair, spectacles)
5. They are all hungry. They all need a glass of milk each, (glass,milk)
6. They are tired. They want a bit of rest, (bit, rest)
7. The country has made a lot of progress, (lot, progress)
8. A lot of people (lot, people) are coming to attend the meeting.
9. I am thankful to you. You have given me a lot of advice. (lot, advice)
10. Recently they have grown rich. They have bought a lot of diamonds, (lot, diamonds)

(d) Make the following sentences singular. Remember to add ‘a or an’ and change the verb from plural to singular, if required.

1. Children love to play.
   A Child loves to play.
2. Architects make plans of buildings.
   An architect makes plans of buildings.
3. Cows are useful animals.
   A cow is a useful animal.
4. Teachers are men of women.
   A teacher is a man or a woman.
5. Doctors cure patients.
   A doctor cures patients
6. Teachers teach students.
   A teacher teaches students.
7. They are anarchists.
   He is an anarchist.
8. Nationalists are hard to find.
   A nationalist is hard to find.
9. Tables are made of wood.
   A table is made of wood.
10. Ministers have become gods today.
    A minister has become a god today.

Definite Article ‘The’: It is used:

See Workbook Page-34-37

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the words provided in brackets. Use ‘the’ where necessary.

1. The box is made of wood, (wood)
2. In India the coins (coins) are made of copper, (copper)
3. Gold, (gold) mined in India is of poor (poor) quality.
4. The dinner, (dinner) they gave yesterday was excellent.
5. Do you have tea (tea) daily?
6. He is the only teacher (teacher) of English known all over the state.
7. Is the beauty (beauty) really skin deep?
8. He read all the morning, (morning).
9. They are really poor. They cannot make body (body) and soul (soul) meet together.
10. This letter was delivered to me by hand (hand).

(b) Use the following nouns in two-ways; (a) with ‘the’ (b) without ‘the in your own sentences:

1. air
   We breathe air to live.
   The air that blows around the sea is cool.
2. copper
   Copper is not so precious.
   The Copper that I have kept is pure
3. water
   Water is precious for us.
   The water of the sea is salty.
4. paper
   Paper .is made of bamboo.
   The paper on which I am writing is yellow.
5. gold
   Gold is cheaper than diamond.
   The gold of Singapore is very costly.
6. kindness
   Kindness is the essence of humanity.
   The kindness of the old man saved me from many problems.

(c) Rewrite the following sentences using the nouns given in brackets with ‘the’ where necessary:

1. He had severe pain in the stomach and was admitted to hospital, (hospital)
2. Today I would go to the hospital, (hospital) to ask about his health.
3. He was found guilty of theft and sent to prison, (prison)
4. I want to go to the prison (prison) to see him if I am given permission.
5. My granddaughter is old enough to be admitted to school (school).
6. I would go to the school (school) next Monday to collect the admission form.
7. Muslims go to mosque (mosque) for prayer every Friday.
8. I stood outside the mosque (mosque) awaiting his return.
9. People do not usually go to the office (office) on Sunday.
10. I have not been to cinema (cinema) for several months now.

(d) Write a, an or the where required. In some cases the sentence may already be correct Simply write them as they are.

1. Have you ever eaten cheese?
   Have you ever eaten cheese!
2. I am too tired to go home. I will take bus.
   I am too tired to go home. I will take a bus.
3. I wish I knew how to play harmonium.
   I wish I knew how to play harmonium.
4. I used to play cricket while at school.
   I used to play cricket while at school.
5. He would not get job, even if he applied for it.
   He would not get a job, even if he applied for it.
6. Have you read book I gave you yesterday.
   Have you read the book I gave you yesterday.
7. Earth goes round sun.
   The earth goes round the sun.
8. Is elephant longest living animal in world?
   Is elephant the longest living animal in world?
9. Ganga flows into Bay of Bengal.
   The Ganga flows into the Bay of Bengal.
10. Your new house is beauty.
    Your new house is beautiful.

(e) Fill in the blanks with a, an or the where necessary.

Bhola was a rustic and a big fool. He was about eighteen years old, but he had never seen a lamp. The people of the village were very poor and they went to bed quite early. They never used lamps in their houses. Once Bhola went to his father-in-law’s house. The people there gave him a warm welcome. His mother-in-law gave him delicious food to eat. Bhola was very happy. After about a month Bhola wanted to return to his village. He went to his father-in-law and pointing towards the lighted lamp he said. “I want this . baby moon. I will give him sweets to eat and milk to drink every day. I promise to look after him well.” Everybody laughed at him. At last, his father-in-law gave the lamp to him.

At night Bhola heard a noise. He thought there were x thieves in the house. He said to himself. “They have come to take away the baby moon from me.” “So he went out and put the lamp tinder the straw roof of the veranda. The house was soon on fire. Everybody woke up and shouted, “Get out. The house is on fire. Take boxes out of it”. And Bhola also started shouting. “Where is the baby moon? I put him under the starw roof. He is burning. Please save him”.The neighbors ran to the place and they soon put out the fire. Poor Bhola went away next morning without the baby moon!

Other Determiners

See Workbook Page-39-42

Exercises

Fill in the blanks with some or any:

1. I have read it in some book or other.
2. Karan has hidden the money in some place.
3. We do not know if there are any survivors of the plane crash.
4. Does Raina have some talent for painting?
5. I am very hungry. Will you give me some food?
6. I know you enjoy coffee. Would you like some more?
7. These boys earn some money by selling fruits.
8. They receive some new books every month.
9. Karan left home without any luggage.
10. Some boys came to see you, when you had gone to school.

2. Few, a few, and the few

See Workbook Page-43

Exercises

Fill in the blanks with few, a few or the few whichever is proper

1. Mr. Saxena is a man of a few words.
2. Very few students learn Persian these days.
3. A few shirts he has are all torn.
4. They have been to our place quite a few times.
5. We have had the few replies to our queries.

3. Little, a little and the little

See Workbook Page-43-44

Exercises

Fill in the blanks will little, a little of the little as necessary:

1.  Poor people can receive little medical assistance.
2. I have the little choice in this matter.
3. Is there any doubt in your mind? I have a little doubt.
4. He has little mind full of useless things.
5. You can do the job if you have a little patience.

4. Much and Many

See Workbook Page-44

Exercises

In the following sentences use much, many or a lot of as required.

1. Karan has many problems to solve.
2. He always takes much sugar in his tea.
3. There are many temples in this town.
4. We haven’t had much rain in Bhopal this year.
5. We do not have much money to spend.
6. Are there many books on Grammar in this library?
7. He is very popular. He has many friends.
8. I am very busy today. I have much work to do.

5. All Both, Every, Each

See Workbook Page-45-46

Exercises

Fill in the blanks with one of the .words given in brackets (In some cases two answers may be possible).

1. These books are all Karan’s, (all, both)
2. Not all the people who were invited were present, (all, both)
3. He can write with both his hands, (all, both)
4. He has two sons. Both are in America, (all, both)
5. These mangoes are rupees five each (each, every)
6. The Olympic Games are held every four year, (each, every)
7. Karan plays cricket every Sunday, (each, every)
8. He enjoyed every minute of his stay in Houston. (each, every)
9. Each book on grammar has been bought in the library. (each, every)
10. Each boy was presented with a dictionary, (each, every)

6. No, Not

See Workbook Page-46

Exercises

Complete the following sentences by using no or not:

1. No shops were open today.
2. I have got no money in my purse.
3. No student is expected to leave the room.
4. It is not easy to beg the first prize.
5. You must not go.

7. Either, Neither

See Workbook Page-47

Exercises

Complete the following sentences with either or neither.

1. Neither of my sons is a doctor.
2. Can either of you speak English?
3. I was invited to two marriage receptions but I did not attend either.
4. There were a few messages received this morning but neither of them was for me.
5. We could not open the room because neither of us had a key.

Review exercise

It is the month of July. Schools have opened and students are busy in buying books, stationery and other items used in studies. Karan asks his father for the purchase of books. This is the conversation that ensues. But the determiners are missing. Fill in the blanks from the following determiners. Sometimes the same determiner can be used more than once: a, an, the, one, several, these, some
Karan: Dad, please take me to the market so that I could buy books and stationery I need.
Dad: Please make a list of the items you want to buy.
Karan: I have already made the list.
Dad: Read the list out.
Karan: one dozen exercise books; a packet of pencils, a book of grammar, some loose paper, an eraser.
Dad: There are several bookshops in the town, where can we get all these things under one roof?
Karan: The bookshop opposite the Government School of Excellence sells all items.
Dad: Well, let’s go there.

2.3 Modal Auxiliaries

See Workbook Page-49-52

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks a modal for the modalities shown in brackets after each sentence.

1. People from India can travel to Nepal without a passport (permission)
2. Due to drought, the prices may go up. (possibility)
3. The principal might be coming. It is time he generally comes, (doubtful possibility)
4. A little boy like him could not climb up the hill, (capability in negative)
5. People could go about freely before the blast, (permission in the past)
6. Could you dine with me tonight? (request)
7. His friends deceived him, otherwise he might have won the’ election, (unfulfilled possibility in the past)
8. They can take possession of the house tomorrow, (permission)
9. Can you speak French? She wants a translator, (ability)
10. He is blind. He cannot see (power in negative)
11. Buy the tickets in advance so that you may avoid standing in the queue, (purpose)
12. How can a man be so damned to kill so many innocent animals? (disbelief)

(b) Use the correct modal. Choose from can, could, may and might.

1. Keep all the items ready so that the programme may not be delayed.
2. Can you define a modal? Yes, I can.
3. The flights may be delayed for there is a snag in the wheel.
4. He could run halfway before he collapsed.
5. My son could walk ten miles at a stretch before the accident.
6. No one can beat him in chess.
7. Could you permit me to have some rest?
8. The inspection team may cancel the visit, I fear.
9. Take a raincoat with you. It may rain.
10. You left the door open. The birds might have flown.
11. The officer might have taken strong objection against your behaviour.
12. May you live to see a hundred summers!

(c) Choose the right option to fill in the blank.

Question 1.
Our friend must he coming. It is time for him to arrive,
(a) might have come
(b) can come
(c) must be coming
(d) might be coming

Question 2.
Have some extra money with you. You might need it in the journey.
(a) can need
(b) cannot need
(c) may not need
(d) might need

Question 3.
He is only a little boy. He can not ride a horse.
(a) can ride
(b) cannot ride
(c) could ride
(d) may not ride

Question 4.
Whenever you were in need, you should have borrowed some money from me.
(a) can have
(b) should have
(c) could have
(d) might have

Question 5.
Things could have gone in our favour, only our planning failed.
(a) would have gone
(b) should have gone
(c) could have gone
(d) might have gone

Question 6.
She is working hard so that she may be selected.
(a) might be
(b) could be
(c) maybe
(d) can be

Question 7.
The wind was cold. I would have caught cold
(a) should have caught
(b) would have caught
(c) might caught
(d) might have caught

Question 8.
If he called upon me. I would give him a warm welcome,
(a) would have given
(b) would give
(c) should give
(d) should have given

Question 9.
She would rather fail than take to copying.
(a) should rather fail
(b) could rather fail
(c) would fail
(d) would rather fail.

Question 10.
If you had demanded, I would have given you all I had.
(a) might have given you
(b) should have given you
(c) would not have given you
(d) would have given you

7. Must, should ought to, needn’t

See Workbook Page-54-65

Exercises

(a) Use suitable modal from amongst ‘must, should, ought to, needn’t as required.

1. Attendance in the school is obligatory. The students should take note of it. (external obligation)
2. Your behaviour must be above suspicion, (necessity)
3. Non-Violence should be practiced in letter and Spirit, (advisability as a matter of conscience)
4. Demand for dowry is a crime. People ought to shun it. (obligation of law)
5. If you wish to learn English, you should read an English newspaper every day, (advice)
6. I need to pay the bill. Somebody has already paid it. (lack of obligation)
7. We ought to keep the public toilets clean after use. (moral obligation)
8. People should use their franchise, (general advice)
9. If You see the thief, please inform the police, (chance happening, replacement of ‘if”)
10. You needn’t go on foot. You can take my scooter, (absence of obligation)
11. She has failed. She mightn’t have worked hard, (unfulfilled obligation)
12. She needn’t come every day. She can come on alternate days, (lack of compulsion)

(b) Use must; should, ought to, needn’t as required.

1. An enemy must be treated as enemy.
2. A good citizens needn’t not accept undue advantages.
3. He said to his grandfather, “You need not work anymore”.
4. Bill Gates ought to be a happy man, I suppose.
5. Some books ought to be read-only in parts; but some must be read wholly, diligently and attentively.
6. If a man writes a little, he must have a good memory.
7. You needn’t buy books if you have access to the Internet.
8. A child’s birthday should be celebrated solemnly.
9. Every child born into the world is a gift of god. We should be very gentle with it.
10. If India has to avoid disgrace, they must win this match.
11. Truth must be told.
12. The match should have been finished by now.
13. A government servant should dispose of his work regularly.
14. The office ought to have rejected the bribe.
15. Run fast lest you should get late.
16. If the rains deceive, the farmers shall die.
17. People must be welt educated in the matters of social sense.
18. India should have played to win. It is a pity, they didn’t
19. A judge ought to be above suspicion.
20. It is high time. You must prepare well for your exams.

(c) Fill the right alternative in the blank.

Question 1.
An upright man like him must have been ashamed of his guilt
a. ought to be ashamed
b. ought to ashamed
c. must have been ashamed
d. ought not to be ashamed

Question 2.
You don’t mean it. You must be joking
a. should be joking
b. ought to joke
c. ought to be joking
d. must be joking

Question 3.
You should take your father to hospital at once. He is ill.
a. should take
b. ought to take
c. must take
d. needn’t take

Question 4.
You must have fixed your priorities. Now there is no time left.
a. must have fixed
b. should fix
c. must fix
d. should be fixing

Question 5.
I needn’t cook my meals. They have been served by my host,
a. must have fixed
b. should fix
c. needn’t cook
d. didn’t need to cook

Question 6.
People could have common sense.
a. should have
b. ought to have
c. must have
d. could have

Question 7.
It is bad that you are late again. You ought to come before time.
a. could have come
b. ought to come
c. sould becoming
d. should have come

Question 8.
Must you go to the railway station, bring a timetable for me.
a. should
b. must
c. could
d. might

Question 9.
The boys should not shout like that. They are in the college, they must know.
a. should not shout
b. must not shout
c. needn’t shout
d. ought not to shout

Question 10.
Mr. Singh ought to take care of his dress.
a. ought to take care of
b. must take care of
c. should take care of
d. need to take care of

9. Have to(have to, has to, will have to, shall have to)

See Workbook Page-59-60

Exercises

(a) Use a suitable modal as required.

1. Before his illness, his father used to walk six miles every day, (discontinued habit in the past)
2. She has to go on foot as her bicycle had a flat tyre, (act under compulsion)
3. These days’ I need to work overtime to meet my expenses, (force of circumstances in the present)
4. How dare you abuse me like this? (courage)
5. My teacher used to shout at the students when they made mistakes; (habitual action in the past)
6. Most of the poor have to live on a single meal a day. (under force of circumstances in the present)
7. It might be very cold here. Now the climate has changed, (contrasting the past with the present.)
8. You may not challenge him. He is so stout, (lack of courage)

(b) Fill in the blanks with ‘used to’, ‘have to’, ‘has to’.

1. Many people in India have to go to bed with empty stomach.
2. She used to live in a small room before joining service.
3. All his money was spent. He has to sell his house.
4. Being poor, he has to walk on foot to his office.
5. My neighbour used to drink heavily before his death.
6. They have to face such heavy odds.
7. As a student, Mr. Verma used to live in hostel.
8. These days I have to work under a hard taskmaster.
9. Those days have to work under a hard taskmaster

(c) Fill in the blanks with the right alternatives:

Question 1.
They poor boys have to undertake menial tasks to support their families.
a. have had to
b. has to
c. have to
d. had to

Question 2.
My father used to work hard when he was young,
a. used to work
b. did use to work
c. had worked to
d. uses to work

Question 3.
My father had to sell his house for the marriage of my sister ten years ago.
a. has to
b. will have to
c. had to
d. has not to

Question 4.
A constable didn’t dare to challenge the S.P. as he is very strict.
a. didn’t dare to
b. hardly dared to
c. hardly dared
d. deren’t

Question 5.
I used to wear a long coat when I was a child
a. use to
b. did use to
c. need to
d. used to

Question 6.
My wife doesn’t have to cook in the morning. The maid does it.
a. doesn’t have to
b. is not to
c. have not to
d. don’t have to

Question 7.
She used to be a pilot. Now she is a housewife,
a. used to be
b. had to be
c. had better be
d. didn’t use to be

Question 8.
The gardener had to dig the garden by himself. Now he has fallen ill.
a. have to dig
b. will have do dig
c. has to dig
d. had to dig

Question 9.
I am not to do it all alone whatever you may say.
a. have not to
b. have to
c. am not to
d. am to

(d) What would you say in these situations:

Use the expressions given below to make sentences. There can be more than one sentence for one situation. One example has been done to help you.
would you mind …………………?
May I …………………?
Gould/You …………………?
Would you mind if I …………………?
Example :
Situation-You can’t do your homework
Would you mind doing my homework?
May I use your car if your allow …………………?
Could you help me if I need it …………………?
Would you mind if I take your book …………………?

(e) Write down the names of the places where you can find these instruction and reframe these instructions using modal auxiliary verbs, as given in the first sentence.

2.4 Tenses

See Workbook Page-65 & 66

Exercises

(a) Use the proper from of the verbs given in brackets to form Simple Present Tense sentences :

1. Good students always work hard, (work)
2. Good students seldom miss their classes, (miss)
3. I read a novel every weekend, (read)
4. Doctors cure patients, (cure)
5. All living things need oxygen, (need)
6. Water boils at 100 degree Celsius, (boil)
7. She cries when she is hungry, (cry)
8. They are vegetarians. They never eat meat, (eat)
9. Do you always have milk before going to bed? (have)
10. The District Education officer always inspects this school on a Monday, (inspect)
11. Fish swim in the water, (swim)
12. The Shatabdi Express seldom comes late, (come)
13. Karan does his homework every evening, (do)
14. Empty vessels always make much noise, (make)
15. Barking dogs seldom bite, (bite)

(b) Given below are two boxes with and when Shishir does something.

Make meaningful sentences with the help of the ‘actions’ and time expressions. Use appropriate phrases also on your own to complete the sentences.
Example: 1.
Shishir washes his father’s ear once a week.
His father goes to office every day.
Shishir studies every day.
He invites a letter to his friend once a month.
He invites his pen friend once a year.
He reads English every day.
He decorates his house once a year on his birthday.

The Present Continuous Tense:

See Workbook Page-68

Exercises

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using either Present Simple or Present Continuous forms of the verbs provided in brackets. (In some cases two answers can be possible).

1. Ask the boy what he wants? (want).
2. Prachi reads books during spare time, (read)
3. It was very cloudy this morning It is raining now. (rain)
4. Parchi is tired. She is haring rest now. (rest)
5. My grandchildren usually spends their vacations in Bhopal (spend)
6. My cousin is arriving tomorrow, (arrive)
7. They never drink water during meals, (drink)
8. Karan is workings on his school project at this moment (work)
9. Rana sleeps often (sleep) on the sofa while watching T.V. (watch)
10. The Himalaya divides India and Tibet, (divide)
11. Raina cannot come to see you. She is writing a letter now. (write)
12. Rama is having a .party today as it is her birthday, (have)
13. My mother is preparing a special dish now. (prepare)
14. What examination are you and your sister is studying for at the moment? (study)
15. They never have coffee, (have)

The Present Perfect Tense:

See Workbook Page-69-70

Exercises

a) It was Sunday and Vipul was Planing to do something. Given below is the list of things that he was planning to do. Write about the things and the things
✓  finish my homework
✓  wash the scooter
✗ buy a birthday card for my friend
✓ arrange my bookshelf
✓ see my friend who is ill
✗ help my younger brother in his studies
✗ join ‘Guitar Classes’
✗ watch my favourite movie
Note :
✓means: He
✗ means: He hasn’t done work yet.

1. Vipul has already finished his homework.
2. Vipul has already washed the scooter.
3. Vipul has not bought a birthday card for his friend
4. Vipul has already arranged his bookshelf.
5. Vioul has already seen his’ friend who is ill.
6. Vipul has not helped his younger brother is his studies.
7. Vipul has not joined ‘guitar classes’.
8. Vipul hasn’t watched his favourite movie.

(b) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using the approprite time expressions.

Question 1.
His English has improved considerably since I saw him last.
(i) I saw him last
(ii) he has started taking lessons.
(iii) May 1999

Question 2.
He has not read a newspaper for as long as I can remember.
(i) as long as I can remember
(ii) yesterday
(iii) more than a year.

Question 3.
My father has not come home for four years.
(i) my birth
(ii) I went to school
(iii) four years

Question 4.
I have not caught a cold for many years.
(i) my childhood
(ii) many years
(iii) last year

Question 5.
They have not been to a school since their birth.
(i) their birth
(ii) a long time
(iii) two months now.

(c) Rewrite the following sentences using the verbs provided in brackets in the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous form as required.

1. Karan has been attending the Cricket Academy for the last four years. Now he can play cricket well, (attend)
2. Nidhi has already taken the Linguaphone course, (take)
3. She has been living here for two years now. (live)
4. Professor Saxena has adopted several different methods of teaching verbs, (adopt)
5. He has been teaching foreign students for about six years. (teach)

(d) Read the situations and write one complete sentence for each as given in the example.
Example :

Roma started working on computer at 7o’ clock.
She is still working on it.
Answer:
Roma has been working on computer since 7 o’clock.

Question 1.
We started living in Bhopal in 1990.
We are still living in Bhopal.
Answer:
We have been living in Bhopal since 1990.

Question 2.
The gardener started mowing the grass two hours ago.
He is still mowing it.
Answer:
The gardener has been mowing the grass for two hours.

Question 3.
My mother started decorating the house in the morning.
She is still decorating it.
Answer:
My mother has been decorating the house since morning

Question 4.
I started reading Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ three hours ago
I am still reading it.
Answer:
I have been reading Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ for three hours.

Question 5.
They began their tour three months ago.
They are travelling round Singapore at the moment.
Answer:
They have been travelling round Singapore for three moment.

Question 6.
Abbas and Aditi started making films when they left college.
They are still making films.
Ans.
Abbas and Aditi have been making films since they left college.

Question 7.
My brother began playing chess when he was only three. He still plays it
Answer:
My brother have been playing chess since he was only three.

Question 8.
Puran started painting the walls four hours ago.
He is still painting them.
Answer:
Puran has been painting the walls for four hours.

The Simple Past Tense:

See Workbook Page-73-74

Exercises

Use the verbs provided in brackets in Simple Past Tense:

1. Reema went to the market after school, (go)
2. My sister saw a beggar an hour ago. (see)
3. Karan visited his grandparents yesterday, (visit)
4. Raina did not do her homework because she was ill. (do, be),
5. Rohini never went to school, (go)
6. I took the entrance examination in 2005. (take)
7. We studied English verbs last month, (study)
8. Rohan asked for some more money from his father, (ask)
9. What did you eat for lunch yesterday? (eat)
10. Karan sent a telegram to his father last month (send)

b. Rewrite the following sentences into the Simple Past Tense. Also, add an appropriate adverbial in each case from the list provided here: yesterday, last month, last year, sometimes ago, this morning.

1. It suddenly becomes hot.
   It suddenly became hot this morning.
2. We are in a difficult situation.
   We were in a difficult situation last year.
3. My sister teaches me.
   My sister taught me yesterday.
4. The doctor looks after patients.
   The doctor looked after patients sometimes ago.
5. Rohan get’s up early.
   Rohan get up early this morning.
6. She speaks French.
   She spoke French sometimes ago.
7. They play cricket well.
   They played cricket well last month.
8. We have lunch at one o’clock
   We had lunch at one o’clock yesterday.
9. He speaks English well.
   He spokes English well this morning.
10. The porter carries luggage.
    The porter carries luggage yesterday.

The Pat Continuous Tense

See Workbook Page-75-76

Exercises

Fill in the blanks in the following sentence with the Past Continuous form of the verb given in brackets:

1. What were you doing when the accident occurred? (do)
2. I was changing the bulb that had burnt out. (change)
3. At 5 o’clock it was raining, (rain)
4. When Kiran called I was sleeping, (sleep)
5. The postman came when I was sleeping, (sleep)
6. When I was eating lunch Soha was reading, (read)
7. When they were waiting for the train, they saw Prachi. (wait)
8. While mother was cooking lunch, father was watching the T.V. (cook, Watch)
9. When I went to her house she was not there. She was studying at the library, (study)
10. While I was watching a horror film on the T.V. the power went out. (watch)

The Past Perfect Tense

See Workbook Page-76-77

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with Fast Simple or Past Perfect form of the verbs provided in brackets :

1. By the time the ambulance arrived the patient had died (arrive, die)
2. Several hours before the cricket match started the spectators had filled the stadium, (start, fill)
3. We came to this house in 2001 and had lived here ever since, (come, live)
4. When I was a boy, we had lived on a farm, (be, live)
5. Mother was very tired as she had worked the whole day. (be, work)

(b) Combine the following pairs of sentences using the Past Perfect
Tense to express the earlier action :

Question 1.
He joined his father’s trade.
He was then fifteen years of age.
Answer:
When he was fifteen years of age he had joined his father’s trade.

Question 2.
Mother laid the table for lunch.
We came to the table a little later.
Answer:
Mother had laid the table for lunch before we came.

Question 3.
Nidhi went to sleep.
The telephone rang a little later.
Answer:
Nidhi had gone to sleep before the telephone rang.

Question 4.
The bell rang.
We entered the class a little later.
Answer:
The bell had rung before we entered the class.

Question 5.
The fire devastated the whole village.
The fire brigade arrived later.
Answer:
The fire had devastated the whole village before the fire brigade arrived.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

See Workbook Page 78-80

Exercises

Prachi does the following things every day. Tell what she is going to do tomorrow.
(Use be going to form) :

1. Prachi gets up at 7 o’clock.
   Prachi is going to get up at 7 o’clock.
2. She has a bath.
   She is going to have a bath.
3. She puts on her school uniform.
   She is going to put on her school uniform.
4. She puts on shoes.
   She is putting on shoes.
5. She has breakfast.
   She is going to have breakfast.
6. She waits for the school bus.
   She is waiting for the school bus.
7. She arrives at school at 9 o’clock.
   She is going to arrive at school at 9 o’clock.
8. She attends her school.
   She is going to attend her school.
9. In the interval, she eats her lunch.
   In the interval, she is going to eat her lunch.
10. At 2 o’clock she goes to the library.
    At 2 o’clock she is going to the library.
11. At 4 o’clock she returns home.
    At 4 o’clock she is going to return home.
12. Then she goes to play.
    Then she is going to play.
13. She returns from play at 7 o’clock.
    She is going to return from play at 7 o’ clock.
14. She has her dinner.
    She is going to have her dinner.
15. At nine she goes to bed.
    At nine she is going to bed.

2.5 Non-Fxnites

See Workbook Page-83

Exercises

(a) (i) Say whether the underlined verb-forms in each of the given sentences are finite or non-finite.

1. I him rm qcc the teacher.
   asked-finite; to see-non-finite.
2. The bus a ppwgle the passengers late.
   Carrying-finite; arrived-Non-finite.
3. We have emr the cvncarcb results.
   Got-finite; expected-Non-finite.
4. about, I lmrgacb a snake.
   Walking-Non-finite; Noticed-finite.
5. his homework he jcdr for the market.
   Having done-Non-finite; left-finite.
6. The Prime Minister uclr to kccr the President.
   Went-finite; to meet- Non-finite.
7. My brother urafcb us j sefgle from the doorway.
   Watched-finite; Laughing-Non-finite.
8. We ucpc pcjgctcb to ecr our belonging back.
   Were relived-finite; to get-Non-finite.
9. is good for health.
   Swimming-Non-finite.
10. He ulrq an glrcpcqrgle company.
    Wants-finite; interesting-Non-finite.

(ii) Also, choose infinitive/gerund/present participle/past participle from each of the sentences given in the previous exercise.

(b) Given below are certain rules of a school. Write complete sentences about the school rules using any of the two phrases below-

1. We aren’t allowed ………….
2. We are asked ………….

School rules

• Don’t bring mobile phones.
• Always write in ink.
• Help one another.
• Don’t leave the class again and again.
• Have lunch only during lunch break.
• Speak English.
• Don’t play in the classroom.
• Keep silence.
• Don’t talk in the library.
• Come to school on time.

1. We aren’t allowed to bring mobile phones.
2. We are always asked to write in ink.
3. We are asked to help one another.
4. We aren’t allowed to leave the class again and again.
.5 We are asked to have lunch only during lunch break.
6. We are asked to speak English.
7. We aren’t allowed to play in the classroom.
8. We are asked to keep silence.
9. We aren’t allowed to talk in the library.
10. We are asked to come to school on time.

(c) Combine the following pairs of sentences using a suitable verb in its-ing form.
Example :
(a) Don’t eat stale food.
(b) It is harmful to health.
Eating stale food is harmful to health.

1. She talks too much. Nobody likes it.
   Nobody likes her talking too much.
2. Don’t break the rules of the road. It is harmful to all.
   Breaking the rules of the road is harmful to all.
3. We must appreciate our friends’ achievements. It promotes, goodwill.
   Appreciating our’s friends’ achievements promotes goodwill.
4. One should do one’s work in time. It brings success in life.
   Doing work in time brings success in life.
5. The team did well in the match. All appreciated them.
   All appreciated the team for doing well in the match.
6. He tells lies. It has made him unpopular.
   Telling lies made him unpopular.
7. We should always help others. It gives happiness and satisfaction.
   Helping others gives happiness and satisfaction.
8. She got first position in the examination. I congratulated her.
   I congratulated her for getting first position in the examination.

(d) Use the Gerund or Infinitive form of the words given in brackets and complete the sentences.

1. I dislike getting up early, (get)
2. Would you mind opening the window, please? (open)
3. My little daughter likes to play with dolls, (play)
4. They were surprised to hear the news, (hear)
5. All the students were prevented from attending the party, (attend)
6. He promised to finish it in time, (finish)
7. Most children enjoy building sandcastles. (build)
8. My friend is certain to find fault with my work, (find)
9. The chair was not /very comfortable to sit (sit)
10. It was brave of him to rescue the child from drowning. (rescue)

(e) Fill in with the correct non-finite verb-forms.

1. Smoking is harmful. (Smoke)
2. My landlord is a deadening fellow, (dread)
3. Your performance was entertaining. (entertain)
4. He loves to walk. (walk)
5. We are generally afraid of dieing .(die)
6. Your comments are disheartening. (dishearten)
7. Fighting for the country is an honour, (fight)
8. Poverty presents a depressing sight, (depress)
9. Swimming is the best exercise, (swim)
10. I have a writing test of the speech, (write)

(f) Rewrite the following sentences, using the participle construction, as shown in the example :
Example

• The thief saw the policemen and ran away
• Seeing the policemen, the thief ran away.

Question 1.
I saw him weeping and went to see what was wrong.
Answer:
Seeing him weeping, I went to see what was wrong.

Question 2.
As the weather was fine, we went for a picnic.
Answer:
Having a fine weather, we went for a picnic.

Question 3.
She walked up to the front door and rang the bell.
Answer:
Having walked up to the front door the rang the bell.

Question 4.
My little on heard the noise and woke up.
Answer:
Having heard the noise my little son woke up.

Question 5.
When I returned home, I found my kids playing outside.
Answer:
Having returned home I found my kids playing outside.

Question 6.
The policemen ran with all his might and caught the thief.
Answer:
Having ran with all his might the policemen caught the thief.

Question 7.
As he was defeated in the match, he decided not to play cricket again.
Answer:
Having been defeated in the match, he decided not to play cricket again.

Question 8.
My father put on his overcoat and went for a walk.
Answer:
Having put on his overcoat my father went for a walk.

2.6 Passive Voice

See Workbook Page-87

Exercises

(a) Make meaningful sentences in passive voice from the table given below. Use proper forms of verbs
given in B.

1. All the students were called for interview.
2. Badminton is played in an indoor stadium.
3. The notice was displayed on the notice board.
4. Patients were treated in the hospitals.
5. Wheat is grown in fields.
6. Grammar is taught in schools.
7. Shirts are stitched by tailors.
8. Cameras are manufactured in the USA and Japan.

(b) Use the information is given below and frame sentences by matching them.

1. America was discovered by Columbus.
2. The Discovery of India was written by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
3. The Geetanjali was written by R.N. Tagore.
4. Television was invented by J.L. Baird.
5. Penicillin was discovery by Alexander Fleming.
6. Monalisa was painted by leonardo de vinci.
7. Vande Matram was written by Bankim Chandra Chaterjee.
8. The Tajmahal was built by Shahjehan.

(c) Use the verbs given below in passive form and complete the passage :
Make, grow, grind, harvest, send, by, knead, sell, keep, pack, use

In our country bread (chapati) gq kbc from Wheat. Wheat seeds are grown in fields. When the wheat is ripe, it /s harvested , then it is sent to the flour mill. At the mill it is griunded into flour. Now, this flour is packed and sent to different cities. For this purpose, big vans are used it is then sold by the shopkeeper. It is bought by the customers and kept in dry cans at home, then it is kneaded and chapatis are made from it.

(d) Look at the pictures give below and frame complete sentences using the verbs-repair, plough, milk, water, harvest, build. One example has been given to help you.

1. The wall is being built.
2. The Field is being ploughed.
3. The crop is being harvested.
4. The car is being repaired.
5. The plant is being watered.
6. The cow is being milked.

(e) Given below is the procedure to find the pH of lemon juice, vinegar, apple juice, orange juice, and tomato juice. Rewrite ‘ the whole procedure by using passive construction :

Procedure

• Take five strips of PH paper and place them on a glazed tile. Mark them 1 to 5.
• Take the test solutions in separate test tubes. Dissolve the solid substances by adding distilled water to it. Label the test tubes.
• Now place a drop of the pH solution on one of the strips of pH paper with the help of a dropper.
•  Observe the colour and match it with the different colour shades of the standard colour pH chart.
• Note down the pH from the colour chart of the colour which matches the most with the colour produced on the pH paper.
• Similarly find out the pH values of remaining samples using fresh strips of pH paper and a separate dropper for each.

Start Like This

Five strips of pH paper are taken and placed on a glazed tile. They are mared 1 to 5. The test solutions and taken in separate test tubes and the solid substances are dissolved by adding distilled water to it. Test tubes are labellad then. Then a drop of the pH solution is placed on one of the strips of pH shades of the standard colour pH chart. Then the pH is noted down from the colour chart of the colour which matches the most with the colour produced on the pH paper. Simplify the pH values of remaining samples are found out using fresh strips of pH paper and a separate dropper for each.

(f) Shahida read the following “News Headlines” in Yesterday’s ” newspaper. Now she wants to write these headlines in complete sentences. Help her to write sentences in Passive voice

Example:

1. A terrorist was arrested yesterday in Delhi.
2. Rs. 15 crore was allotted for the flood victims by centre.
3. Painting competition was held at Bal Bhawan.
4. youths have been asked to meditate for success.
5. Twenty people were arrested after demonstration.
6. 25th trade fair was welcomed at New Delhi.
7. Ulcer was cured by wonder medicine.
8. Two bird Flue cases were confirmed by Indonesia
9. Security at airports is being tightened in India.
10. The finals here won by Indian hockey team.

(g) What improvements have been made in your village/town/ city/country over the last ten years? You can write about the areas given in box A with the help of the verbs given in box B as given in the example.

Example:

1. Compulsory education has introduced in our country.
2. Roads have been repaired.
3. Schools have been set up.
4. Hospitals have been modernized.
5. Industries have been set up.
6. Agricultures have been modernized.
7. Medical services have been improved.
8. Public transport has been improved.
9. Housing and living conditions have been developed.
10. Social system has been improved.

(h) Given below are instructions to minimize eye strain while using computers. Rewrite them using passive construction.

1. keep the screen clean and free from dust.
2. Use glasses if possible.
3. Position the computer screen about 10-15 degrees below eye level.
4. Avoid glare.
5. Don’t work continuously, take frequent breaks.

Start Like This :

While using a computer Screen is kept clean and free from dust. It possible glasses should be used. The computer screen should be positioned about 10-15 degrees below eye level glare should be avoided, continuous work should be avoided and frequent breaks are suggested.

(i) Given below are certain problems. Do you think that these problems will have been solved by year 2020?
world’s terrorist problem
a cure for AIDS
the population problem of India
the unemployment problem
new energy sources
settlements on sea
international traffic laws
drug problem among youths
passenger transport to the moon
the problem of global warming
Begin your sentences with I think/I don’t think
And use the verbs accordingly like find, introduce invent, solve, etc.

Example : Noise pollution in India
I think the problem of noise pollution in India will have been solved by the year 2020.

1. I don’t think world’s terrorist problem will have been solved by the year 2020.
2. I think a cure for AIDS will have been discovered by the year 2020.
3. I think the population problem of India will have been controlled by the year 2020.
4. I don’t think the unemployment problem will have overcome by the year 2020.
5. I think new energy sources will have been explored by 2020
6. I think settlements on sea will have been done by 2020.
7. I don’t think international traffic laws will have been forced by 2020.
8. I think drug problems among youths will have been controlled by 2020.
9. I don’t think passenger transport to the moon will have been started by 2020.
10. I think the problem of global warming will have been controlled by 2020.

(J) Put the following sentences into the passive form :

1. The king gave him a reward.
   A reward was given to him by the king.
2. They were plucking flowers in the park.
   Flowers were being plucked by them in the park.
3. One should keep one’s promise.
   One’s promise should be kept.
4. Who told you the truth?
   By when were you told the truth.
5. All trust an honest man.
   An honest man is trusted.
6. Somebody has cleaned the room.
   The room has been cleaned.
7. We shall play the match tomorrow.
   The match will be played by us tomorrow.
8. Why did the teacher punish the students?
   Why the students were punished by the teacher?
9. Someone has already switched off the light.
   The light has already been switched off.
10. We should not waste our time in gossiping.
    Our time should not be wasted in gossiping.
11. My grandmother tells me amusing stories about Birbal.
    I am told amusing stories about Birbal by my grandmother.
12. The manager dismissed him from service for his rude behaviour.
    He was dismissed by the manager for his rude behaviour.

2. 7 Narration

See Workbook Page-97-98

Exercises

Pick up and write the sentences of three kinds in the space provided and in case of Direct and Indirect narration also mention the Reporting verb.

Direct Narration

Indirect Narration

Reporting Statements

See Workbook Page-99-100

Exercises

Change the following sentences into the Indirect Narration:

1. He said to me, “I have asked you not to tell lies.”
   He told me that he has asked me not to tell lies.
2. He said, “It is time we depart.”
   He told that it was time they depart.
3. She said, “I am waiting and watching and longing for my son’s return.”
   She told that she was waiting and watching and longing for her
4. She said to her sister, “I want to show you something.”
   She told her sister, “I want to show you something.”
5. My mother said to me, “I am cooking your favourite dish today.”
   My mother told me that she was cooking my favourite dish that day.
6. The shopkeeper said, “Here is your packet.”
   The shopkeeper told me that there was my packet.
7. She said to her brother, “I have washed your clothes in the morning.”
   She told her brother that she had washed his clothes in the morning.
8. They said to the teacher, “We want to play football.”
   They told the teacher that they wanted to play football.

2. Reporting Questions

See Workbook Page-101

Exercises

Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration:

1. She said to me, “Where do you live?”
   She asked me where did I live.
2. He said to me, “Will you show me your homework?”
   He asked me if I would show him my homework.
3. She said to her brother, “What do you want?”
   She asked her brother what did he want.
4. He said, “When will you return?”
   He asked when would he return.
5. I said to him, “Which book do you like most?”
   I asked him which book did he like most.
6. Raina said to him, “Which way did the man go?”
   Raina asked him which way had the man go.
7. He said to us, “Why are you all sitting about there doing nothing?”
   He asked us why were we all sitting there doing nothing.
8. The teacher said to me, “What kind of help do you need from me.?”
   The teacher asked me what kind of help did I need from him.
9. Roma said to her, “Will you play with me?”
   Roma asked her if she would play with her.
10. Rohit said to his mother, “Have you seen my pencil box?”
    Rohit asked him, mother if she had seen his pencil box.

3. Reporting Commands,
Requests And Advice

See Workbook Page-102

Exercises

Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration.

1. The old man said to the villager, “Bring me a glass of milk.”
   The old man asked the villager to bring him a glass of water.
2. The king said to the hatter, “Take off your hat.”
   The King ordered the hatter to take off his hat.
3. The teacher said, “Sit down, boys.”
   The teacher asked the boys to sit down.
4. He said to his servant, “Go to the bazaar and bring me some oil.”
   He ordered his servant to go to the Bazaar and bring him some oil.
5. The teacher said to her, “Don’t read so fast.”
   The teacher prohibited her to read so fast.
6. He said, “Rina, go to the well and fetch me some water.”
   He asked Rina to go to the well and fetch him some water.

(4) Reporting Exclamations

See Workbook Page-103

Exercises

Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration.

1. He said angrily, “What a stupid fellow you are!”
   He exclaimed with anger that he was a great stupid fellow.
2. She looked at the Taj and said, “What a beautiful building!”
   She looked the Taj and exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful building.
3. He said, “My God! I am ruined!”
   He exclaimed with regret that he was ruined.
4. She said to me, “How smart you are!”
   She exclaimed with praised that I was very smart.
5. He said to the soldier, “Alas! Our foes are too strong!”
   He exclaimed with sorrow that his foes are very strong.
6. He said to me, “May God bless you!”
   He wished me that God might bless me.

Review Exercises

(a) (i) Say/write what he/she wants to know

Answer:

1. The girl/She wants to know where does the rainbow come from.
2. She wants know why does it thunder.
3. She wants to know how do trees grow.
4. The boy wants to know why does it rain.
5. He wants to know why do birds fly in the sky.
6. He wants to know why do stars shine at night.

(ii) Now write what he/she wanted to know.

1. The girl/she wanted to know where did the rainbow come from
2. She wanted to know why did it thunder.
3. She wanted to know how did trees grow.
4. The boy wanted to know why did it rain.
5. He wanted to know why did birds fly in the sky.
6. He wanted to know why did stars shine at night.

(b) Given below are some situations. What would you advise these people in these situations? Use advise, tell, ask, suggest. One example has been done to help you.

Example :

Your friend looks ill-I would suggest him to go to this doctor
Your mother is worried about your future-I would tell her to be assured-
Your younger brother has a terrible cough-I would advise him to get it treated properly.
Your neighbour is playing loud music-I would tell him to stop it.
Your friend has found a bag full of money-I would suggest him to hand it over to the police.
Your servant has brought vegetables that are not fresh-I would ask him to return them.
Children are making noise outside your room-I would tell them to stop it.
Your friend always has trouble with his scooter-I would suggest him to replace it.

(c) You have just come back from an educational tour. Your neighbour Anil comes to meet you. He wants, to know about your trip and asks you the questions given below:

Now you report to another friend what Anil asked you.

1. Anil asked me how I was.
2. He asked me where was my sister.
3. He asked me why hadn’t I reply to his phone calls.
4. He asked me when had I come back.
5. He asked if I had enjoyed the trip.
6. He asked me how may friend had been with me.
7. He asked me which places had I visited.
8. He asked me if I had been give a warm welcome there

(d) Work in pairs. Interview each other under the headings given below and note down the answer :

Now write two continuous paragraphs reporting the details:
(i) Veena said that she usually had bjgw lb qrsddcb n p rf fcp pc id qr.
Veena said that her favourite dish was malai kofta but she didn’t like noodles. Then she said that her favorite place was Andman Nicobar Islands. She added that her favourite book was Ignited Minds by APJ Abdul Kalam.

(ii) Ruchika told me that she usually had sprorted grains and fruits for breakfast. She added that she preferred milk for her breakfast. She said that her favourite dish was Palak paneer while the hated food was berger for her. Then she said that her favourite places are Agra and Jaipur. She added that her favourite film was mother India by Mahboob Khan.

2.8 Clauses

See Workbook Page-108

Exercises

Mark the clauses in the following sentences and identify the types of sentences :

1. He went to market/but did not buy anything/
   Main clause Compound clause
2. She knows/what you want.
   Main clause Subordinate clause
3. The boy finished his homework/and went to play.
   Main clause Compound clause
4. I can not say/when I will return.
   Main clause Subordinate clause
5. The book you gave me yesterday is very interesting.
   The book is very interesting Main clause/(Which) you gave me yesterday-Subordinate clause.
6. We have no room for you.-Sentence
7. We read/whatever books they find in the library
   Main clause Subordinate clause
8. I do not know his name. -Sentence
9.  I do not know/what his name is.
   Main clause Subordinate clause
10.  He is poor/but he is honest.
    Main clause Subordinate clause

Noun Clauses

See Workbook Page-109

Exercises

Make complex sentences adding Noun clauses.

1. He was convinced that he had made mistakes.
2. Let us see which team plays better.
3. It is said that India is the largest democracy.
4. Pay attention to what your parents say.
5. The message said the Prime Minister is going to china.
6. I was told that my ancestors belonged to Kashmir.
7. I feel that this city doesn’t suit me.
8. She is hopeful that she would get a good result.
9. The question is that whether it is true or not.
10. The rumour that the terrorists have entered the city is confirmed.

Adjective Clauses

Exercises

(a) Complete the questions given below :

1. What is the name of the teacher who teaches us English?
2. What is the name of the place where your father is posted?
3. What is the name of the object which shows direction?
4. What is the name of the film that you saw last weeks?
5. What is the name of the singer who sang this song?
6. What is the name of the stadium where the third test match will be held?
7. What is the name of the book which you are reading now?
8. What is the name of the author whose book was awarded last year?
9. What is the name of the place where you are going to take admission?
10. What is the name of the game which you like most?

(b) Complete the following sentences by adding suitable adjective clauses :

1. No one can tell the reason how did it happen.
2. The place where I was born is now in Jodhpur.
3. Mr. Sharma Who is a renowned leader lives near my house.
4. The pen which I gifted him is very expensive.
5. A person who acts in a film is called an actor.
6. He has a brother who sings very fine.
7. The flowers which 1 bought yesterday have faded.
8. I have spent the money that you gave me yesterday.
9. This is the place where we lived for four years.
10. Youth is the time that everyone enjoys.

(c) Rewrite the following sentences by changing the underlined
phrases/clauses to Relative Clauses as given in the example.
Example-
The boy is my cousin,
The boy who is sitting in the last row is my cousin.

1. People jgtgle gl ej qq fmsqcq should not throw stones at others. People who live glass houses should not throw stones at others.
2. A man md qgknjc I rspc is liked by all.
   A man who has simple nature is liked by all.
3. Men ugrf emmb k I eckclr qigjjq are needed everywhere. Men who knows good management skills are needed everywhere.
4. I don’t know the reason dmp fgq d gjspc.
   I don’t know the reason why he failed.
5. Do you know the time
   Do you know the time when she would return?
6. Can you tell me fgq bucjjgle nj ac Can you tell me where he lives?
7. A science book ugrf amjmspdsj bg ep kq lb dgespcq is useful for all the learners.
   A science book which has colourful diagrams and figures is useful for all the learners.
8. The man ugrfmsr ksqga gl fgq qmsj can’t live life in full. The man who is without music in his soul can’t live life in full.

(d) Given below are the people whom you met in a party. They told you something about them.

Later you tell of your friends about the people you met. Write your sentences using ‘who’ or ‘whose’

1. I met a girl whose brother is a chess champion.
2. I met a boy whose ambition is to be a great musician.
3. I met a lady whose daughter wants to fly in the sky.
4. I met a boy who never misses a hockey match.
5. I met a girl whose neighbour has come back from Australia.
6. I met a boy whose father has retired from service.

Adverb Clauses

See Workbook Page-113-115

Exercises

(a) Make complex sentences by adding adverb clauses :

1. Be careful lest you will fail.
2. Let us stay here till are get reservation ticket Confirmed.
3. The doctor had arrived before the patient died.
4. She came to school though she had sereze cough and cold.
5. The accident took place where road was badly damaged.
6. They will go out to play when the days become bright.
7. He is wearing a coat as it is cold outside.
8. The grapes were so expensive that we couldn’t buy.
9. He ran very fast so that he could catch the train.
10. It was a much better entertainment than we had last time.

(b) Replace the underlined phrase by an Adverb Clause, as given in the example.
Example-On his return, we asked about his journey.
When he returned, we asked about his journey.

1.  I shall wait for you rgjj rfc clb md rfc ucci.
   I shall wait for you as long as the week ends.
2. The weather is rmm amjb rm go out.
   The weather is so cold that we cannot go out.
3. He talked jgic kb.
   He talked as he was mad.
4. he ran away.
   As he saw the snake he ran away.
5. F tgle bmlc fgq umpi he switched off the light.
   As soon as did his work he switched off the light.
6. They behave jgic dmmjq.
   The behave as they were fools.
7. He ran ugrf jj fgq kgefr.  
   He ran as much as he could.
8. I am grateful to her dmp bmgle kw umpi gl rgkc.
   I am grateful to her as he had done my work in time,

(c) Read what Rohan did Yesterday :

Now he is sitting thinking of what might have happened if:
Write complete sentences. Start like this :

If I hadn’t watched T.V. late at night, I would have got up early.
If I could have gat up early I would have time to be ready.
If I could have gat up early I would not have missed the school bus.
If I could have gat up early I would not have been cate for school.
If I could have gat up early I would not have been punished by the feather.

(d) Combine the following pairs of sentences by turning one of them into an Adverb/Adjective/Noun clause as shown in the example.
Example
I reached the hall late.
The examination had started.
The examination had started before I reached the hall.

Question 1.
You are the royal priest.
You must be very wise.
Answer:
As you are the royal priest you must be very wise.

Question 2.
A balloon filled with hot air always goes up. Do you know it?
Answer:
Do you know that a balloon filled with hot air always goes up.

Question 3.
I want to score high marks.
I am working hard for it.
Answer:
As I want to score high marks so I am working hard.

Question 4.
My bag is missing.
I had kept all my money in it.
Answer:
I had kept all my money in the bag where is missing.

Question 5.
I have just met a man in the party.
He is a magician.
Answer:
In the party I have just met a man who is a magician.

Question 6.
He will be cured.
The doctor is hopeful.
Answer:
The doctor is hopeful that he will be cured.

Question 7.
The time given was short.
I couldn’t answer all the questions.
Answer:
The time given was so short that I couldn’t answer all the questions.

Question 8.
You were absent yesterday.
Can you tell me the reason?
Answer:
Can you tell me the reason why were absent yesterday?

Question 9.
He was not doing his homework regularly.
This was the complaint.
Answer:
This was the complaint that he was not doing homework regularly.

Question 10.
She worked in a factory.
It was caught in a fire yesterday.
Answer:
She worked in a factory which caught fire yesterday.

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MP Board Class 11th Special English Grammar Modals

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Modals एक प्रकार की auxiliary verbs हैं जो Main Verbs के साथ मिलकर कार्य करने के mode को व्यक्त करती हैं। उनकी सहायता से ability, capacity, permission, possibility, duties जैसे विचारों को व्यक्त किया जाता है। निम्न Auxiliary verbs modals कहे जाते हैं, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, used to, ought to.

Features of Modals :
(a) Modals सहायक क्रियाएँ कभी अकेली नहीं आतीं। इनका प्रयोग सदा : main verb के साथ किया जाता है;

जैसे-
” You must do this work.
I’ can solve this sum.

(b) Subject के number, gender और person का modals पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं होता; जैसे
I can go there.
We can go there.
You can go there.
They can go there.
He can go there.
She can go there.

(c) Modals के साथ verb की Ist form का प्रयोग होता है, परन्तु ought और used के साथ ‘to’ infinitive का प्रयोग होता है;

जैसे-
He will leave for Mumbai today.
You should work hard.
I can help you.
We ought to serve our country.
He used to help me in the past.

(d) Modals के साथ ‘be’ लगने पर उसके बाद verb की Ist form और ing का प्रयोग करते हैं; जैसे-
Sudha will be writing a letter.
I shall be travelling in a train tomorrow.
Poonam will be dancing.

(e) Modals के बाद ‘have’ लगने पर उसके बाद verb की IIIrd form का प्रयोग करते हैं;
जैसे-
He must have done this work.
He should have passed the test.
He may have gone to Delhi.

Uses of Modals :
Modals Auxiliary के प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हैं

1. Shall
(i) Shall का प्रयोग Ist person (I, We) के साथ साधारण future tense – को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है;
जैसे-
I shall know my result tomorrow.
We shall leave for Mumbai in the evening.

(ii) आदेश (command) के लिए 2nd person (You) और 3rd person (He, She, They, It) के साथ होता है;

जैसे-
You shall do as I say.
You shall not disobey your parents.

(iii) वचन (promise) को व्यक्त करने के लिए 2nd और 3rd person के साथ;
जैसे-
You shall get a prize.
The school shall remain closed tomorrow on account of Holi.

(iv) बाध्यता या अनिवार्यता (compulsion or necessity) को व्यक्त करने के लिए 2nd और 3rd Person के बाद;

जैसे-
You shall not enter the kitchen with dirty feet.
You shall not make a noise.

(v) संकल्प (determination) अथवा निश्चय (certainty) को व्यक्त करने के लिए 2nd और 3rd Person के बाद;
जैसे-
He shall take revenge on his enemy.
He shall get good marks, I am sure.

(vi) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों (interrogative sentences) में shall का प्रयोग We के साथ किसी दूसरे के लिए अपनी सेवा प्रस्तुत करने के लिए प्रार्थना करने के लिए किया जाता है।

जैसे-
Shall I bring a glass of water?
Shall I carry your heavy bag?
Shall we go to see a film today?

2. Will
(i) Will का प्रयोग 2nd और 3rd Person (You, He, She, They, It आदि) के साथ simple future tense को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है;
जैसे-
He will come here at Diwali.
They will never learn good manners.
They will learn dancing from Birju Maharaj.

(ii) प्रार्थना या निमंत्रण के लिए;
जैसे-
Will you open the door, please?
Will you have a cup of tea?

(iii) Or या Otherwise वाले वाक्यों में चेतावनी देने के लिए;

जैसे-
Work hard or you will fail.
Run fast otherwise you will miss the train.

(iv) Ist person (I/We) के साथ निश्चय (certainty) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I will write a letter to her in the evening.
We will visit the theatre next week.

(v) I/We के साथ संकल्प (determination) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
I will succeed in this matter.
I will never speak to him.

(vi) इच्छा (willingness) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I will come with you if you want.
I will help you in this matter.

(vii) शर्त वाले (conditional) वाक्य के लिए;
जैसे-
If you work hard, you will pass.
If you don’t run, you will miss the train.

3. Should
(i) Indirect Speech में shall के past tense के रूप में;

जैसे-
I told him that I should help him.
He said that they should go there.

(ii) कर्तव्य (duty) की भावना प्रकट करने के लिए;

जैसे-
We should obey our parents.
We should help the poor.

(iii) सलाह तथा सुझाव (advice or suggestion) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
You should work hard.
You should take exercises.

(iv) Lest के पश्चात् उद्देश्य (purpose) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
Work hard lest you should fail.
Walk slowly lest you should fail.

(v) नैतिक उत्तरदायित्व (moral obligation) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
You should not drink wine.
You should help your sister.

(vi) कल्पना (supposition), संभावना (possibility), तथा शर्त (condition) की भावना को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
Should you see my brother teli him to send me a good book.
I think you should win the championship.

(vii) अनुमान (assumption) की भावना को दर्शाने के लिए;

जैसे-
She should be here by now. They should have reached Delhi.

4. Would
(i) Indirect speech में will के past के रूप में;

जैसे
He told me that he would go to Mumbai.
Mohan said that he would not do that work.

(ii) Past के किसी कार्य को करने की आदत को व्यक्त करने के
Gandhiji would spin for hours.
He would often study till late in the night.

(iii) विनम्र प्रार्थना (polite request) के लिए;
जैसे-
Would you open the door, please?
Would you lend me your bicycle for an hour?

(iv) किसी की इच्छा को जानने के लिए;
जैसे-
Would you have a cup of tea?
Would you like to come with me?

(v) इच्छा (wish) व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
Would that I were a king!
Would that my son were a hard worker!

(vi) असंभावित परिस्थिति (improbable condition) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
If a thief came here, he would find only books.
If I got a lottery, I would be very happy.

(vii) दृढ-निश्चय (determination) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
He would have his own way.
I would buy that car at any cost.

(viii) अधिमान (preference) को बताने के लिए;

जैसे-
I would like to have coffee.
I would rather starve than beg.

5. Can
(i) योग्यता (ability) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I can solve this problem.
He can swim across the river.

(ii) अनुमति (permission) देने के लिए;
जैसे-
You can see a film if you like.
You can go home if you have done your work.

(iii) अनुमति माँगने के लिए; जैसे
Can I use your dictionary?
Can I go home?

(iv) संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
Any team can win this match.
He can reach here any time.

मत करने के लिए. जैसे (0) क्षमता या शक्ति (capacity or power) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
I can lift this heavy table.
The Headmaster can remit your fine.

6. Could
(i) Indirect speech में can के past के रूप में;

जैसे-
Mohan said that he could solve the sum.
He asked me if I could help him.

(ii) Past की अनुमति (permission) को दर्शाने के लिए;

जैसे-
Father said that I could the film.
She asked me if she could meet me.

(iii) Past की संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
If he had money, he could buy a scooter.
I wondered whether the news could be true

(iv) भूतकाल में क्षमता (capacity) या योग्यता (ability) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I could swim when I was young.
She could solve the sum when she was only five-year-old.

(v) विनम्र प्रार्थना करने के लिए please वाले प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में-
(i) Could I talk to the Headmaster, please?
(ii) Could I change my seat, please?

7. May
(i) औपचारिक अनुमति (formal permission) लेने या देने के लिए;

जैसे-
May I come in, sir? Yes, you may.
May I use your book? Yes, you may take it.

(ii) इच्छा (wich), प्रार्थना (prayer) या आशीर्वाद (blessing) को व्यक्त करने के लिए ;
जैसे-
May you live long !
May I be able to cross the river !
May God bless her with a son !

(iii) संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
There are clouds in the sky. It may rain.
Mohan may reach here any time.

(iv) उद्देश्य (purpose) को बताने के लिए यदि so that से पहले verb की Ist Form लंगी हो तो;

जैसे-
We eat so that we may live.
I go to school so that I may become a great man.

(v) Past possibility (अतीत की संभावना) को व्यक्त करने के लिए may have का प्रयोग होता है;

जैसे-
He may have reached Kanpur.
You may have heard about Akbar.

8. Might – यह may का past रूप है। इसका प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में किया जाता है :
(i) भूतकाल में अनुमति लेने या देने के लिए;
जैसे-
I asked him if I might use his book.
My father told me that I might see a picture.

(ii) भूतकाल (past) में संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए ;

जैसे-
The doctor said that the patient might recover.
He might have done the mischief.

(iii) भूतकाल की इच्छा (wish) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I wished that I might pass the examination.
Mohan wished that his sister might win the race.

(iv) भविष्यतकाल में किसी क्षीण संभावना (remote possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
I might go to the market, but I am not sure.
He might come, if he gets time.
The prices might fall down a little.

(v) सुझाव (suggestion) देने के लिए; जैसे-
You might consult a doctor.
You might seek legal opinion.

(vi) उद्देश्य को बताने के लिए यदि so that से पहले verb की 2nd Form लगी हो तो; जैसे He died so that his country might survive. He worked hard so that he might get good marks.

9. Must
(i) तीव्र आवश्यकता (dire necessity) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
You must take an umbrella as it is raining.
We must run if we want to catch the train.

(i) तीव्र आवश्यकता
(ii) अनिवार्यता (compulsion) या बंधन (obligation) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
A servant must obey his master.
We must obey the laws of the country.

(iii) दृढ़-संकल्प (determination) को व्यक्त करने के लिलिए;
I must finish this work by evening.
We must attack the enemy before day break.

(iv) कर्तव्य (duty) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे-
You must obey your parents.
We must serve our country.

(i) मनाही (prohibition) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
You must not swim in that river.
You must not disobey your elders.

(vi) उत्तरदायित्व (obligation) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
We must serve our country.
We must pay the taxes.

(vii) संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
He must have reached Delhi.
She must have gone to bed by now.

10. Ought
Ought का प्रयोग should के स्थान पर किया जा सकता है, मगर इसके साथ to का प्रयोग आवश्यक है। इसके प्रयोग निम्नलिखित है;
(i) नैतिक एवं सामाजिक कर्तव्य (moral and social duty) के लिए;
जैसे-
We ought to obey our teachers.
You ought to help the poor and the needy.
We ought to take pity on the beggars.

(ii) Advice (सलाह) या Suggestion (सुझाव) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
You ought to work hard for the examination.
You ought to consult the doctor.

Ought to + have + verb की IIIrd form के द्वारा यह व्यक्त किया जाता है कि कार्य होना चाहिए था, मगर हुआ नहीं;
जैसे-
You ought to have met the principal. (but you did not).
You ought to have informed the police.

11. Need
Need एक नियमित क्रिया भी है और एक modal भी। Modal के रूप में इसका प्रयोग केवल नकारात्मक (Negative) तथा प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative) वाक्या में निम्नलिखित रूप में होता है :
(i) आवश्यकता का न होना;

जैसे-
You needn’t take an umbrella as it has stopped raining.
We need not go to England to learn English.

(ii) आवश्यकता के बारे में कोई प्रश्न पूछना; जैसे
Need you go home so soon?
Need you speak so fast?
Need she run for catching the bus?

12. Dare Need
की तरह dare का प्रयोग भी नियमित क्रिया एवं Modal दोनों प्रकार से होता है। Modal के रूप में इसका प्रयोग केवल नकारात्मक (Negative) और प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative) वाक्यों में निम्नलिखित रूप में होता है :

(i) साहस का न होना; जैसे
I dare not enter the Headmaster’s office.
The child dare not go into a dark room at night.

(ii) साहस के बारे में प्रश्न करना; जैसे
Dare you catch a lion by its tail?
How dare you insult me?

13. Used to
Used to का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में किया जाता है:
(i) भूतकाल की किसी आदत (past habitual action) को दर्शाने के लिए;

जैसे-
In the past people used to believe that the earth was flat.
Before marriage, he used to drink a lot.

(ii) भूतकाल में किसी वस्तु के अस्तित्व के लिए;
जैसे-
There used to be a big building at the corner. A fair used to be held in this ground every year.

EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks with ‘shall’ or ‘will’ :
1. We ……………… know the result tomorrow.
2. He ……………… go to Mumbai next month.
3. ……………… you help me in this matter.
4. …………….. you have a cup of tea?
5. You ……………… not enter the kitchen with muddy shoes.
6. You ……………… get all help from me, this is my promise.
7. If you desire, I ……………… come with you.
8. ………………. you do me a favour?
9. ……………… I ring him up?
10. It is my determination that I ……………. go to England for higher studies.
Ans.
1. shall
2. will
3. Will
4. Will
5. shall
6. shall
7. will
8. Will
9. Shall
10. will.

EXERCISE 2
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with ‘can’ or ‘could’:
1. He …………. come here any time without ringing the bell.
2. I wish I …………….. drive a scooter.
3. Her daughter ……………… cook well.
4. Everybody ……………… make mistakes.
5. Although the water was cold, I ……………. cross the river.
6. Although she is only five years old, she …………….. solve this sum.
7. We ……….. always visit his house any time (we had permission).
8. I ……………… climb the trees when I was a boy.
9. …………….. you lift this heavy box?
10. He ……………. come any moment.
Answer:
1. can
2. could
3. can
4. can
5. could
6. can
7. could
8. could
9. can
10. can.

EXERCISE 3
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with ‘May’, ‘Might, ‘Musť and ‘Need’ :
1. …………….. I take your book?
2. You ……………… take my book if you need.
3. I think it …………….. rain today.
4. We …………….. pay our taxes.
5. …………….. she live long !
6. A son ……………… obey his father.
7. Mohan wished that he …………….. get a lottery.
8. I ……………… visit Lucknow, but I am not much sure.
9. You ……………… work hard if you want to succeed in life.
10. You …… ………. not swim in the river as there are crocodiles in it.
11. You …………….. do this work. This is an order. 12. One ……………… respect the national flag.
13. You …………….. take the raincoat, it has stopped raining.
14. You …………….. go to Delhi to learn music, I can teach you here.
15. ……………. you take so much luggage with you?
Answer:
1. may
2. may
3. may
4. must
5. may
6. must
7. might
8. might
9. must
10. must
11. must
12. must
13. needn’t
14. needn’t
15. Need.

EXERCISE 4
Fill in the blanks with ‘Would’ or ‘Should :
1. Work hard lest you ……………… fail.
2. …………… you like to have a cup of tea?
3. …………. you mind helping me?
4. They …………… arrive here any time.
5. Mohan ………….. keep sitting near the railway line for hours.
6. I ………. like to get a good post.
7. He told me that Mohan ……………… meet me after two days.
8. I told him that I…………….. do that work.
9. We ……………… respect the elders.
10. The examinations are drawing near. You ……………. work hard.
Answer:
1. should
2.Would
3. Would
4. should
5. would
6. would
7. would
8. should
9. should
10. should.

.EXERCISE 5
Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning given in the brackets :
1. You ……………… do as you are told. (obligation)
2. He …………… rather go to the cinema than to sit here. (preference)
3. He …………….. attend the dinner. (Future)
4. I ……………… meet him tomorrow. (future)
5. He ……………. help the poor. (past habit)
6. You …………….. write an essay. (advice)
7. If he were here, he …………… help you. (possibility)
8. ……………… you please tell me the way? (polite request)
9. You …………… bring an umbrella. It has stopped raining, (absence of necessity)
10. The train …………. be late because of heavy rains. (possibility)
Answer:
1. must
2. would
3. will
4. shall
5. used to
6. should
7. might
8. Will
9. needn’t
10. may.

EXERCISE 6
Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning given in the brackets :
1. He didn’t come yesterday, he ……………… come today. (remote possibility)
2. You ………….. help your younger brother ing an in me thelp you. (advice)
3. I ………….. lend you some money if you so desire. (willingness)
4. Work hard lest you …………….. fail. (expression of fear)
5. I ……………… like to ask you something (wish)
6. You ……………. hurry, there is plenty of time. (absence of necessity)
7. I …………….. not come yesterday since I was busy. (past inability).
8. You ………….. touch those books. (prohibition)
9. You ………………. see a doctor at once.. (emphatic advice)
leave the papers here and go. (permission)
Answer:
1. might
2. should
3. will
4. should
5. would
6. needn’t
7. could
8. shall
9. must
10. may.

EXERCISE 7
Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning indicated in brackets :
1. You …………….. not disobey your father.(moral obligation)
2. I am afraid ………….. not succeed even this year.(probability).
3. He ………. tell his father the whole truth. (absence of courage).
4. You …………….. see a doctor at once. (advice)
5. Sometimes he ……………. get very angry with his children. (a frequent happening in the past)
6. I …………….. like to ask you something. : (would)
7. I ……………… rather fail in the examination than use unfair. (preference)
8. The Headmaster ………….. be in his room. The fan is on. (certainty)
9. You ………. drive fast: there is a speed limit here.(prohibition)
10. You ……………… have the money tomorrow. (promise)
Answer:
1. should
2. may
3. daren’t
4. should
5. used to
6. would
7. would
8. must
9. mustn’t
10. shall.

EXERCISE 8 Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning in brackets:
1. I …………….. help you at all costs. (determination)
2. …… meet you at the bus stand. (future)
3. You …………….. help the needy. (duty)
4. You ……………… come to my ……. come to my office. Just ring me up. (absence of necessity)
5. He ………… face the officer again. (absence of courage) …….. coor die than besan’t.
6. You …………….. have the money tomorrow. (promise)
7. I ………….. speak English well. (present ability)
8. I …………….. work hard when I was young. (past ability)
9. He …………….. come tomorrow. (slight possibility)
10. I …………… rather die than beg. (preference)
Answer:
1. will
2. shall
3. should
4. needn’t
5. daren’t
6. shall
7. can
8. could
9. might
10. would.

EXERCISE 9
Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning in brackets:
1. You ……………… go home now. (permission)
2. You ……….. …… finish your work before going home. (compulsion)
3. I …………… not let myself become a slave to machines. (determination)
4. You ……………. run: the train is late.(absence of necessity)
5. Mohan went to Agra last week. He ……………. come today. (probability)
6. I am afraid he …………… fail even this time. (probability)
7. …………….. you lift this baggage? (present ability)
8. We do not know whether the primitive men ………. plough the fields. (past ability)
9. He ……………… tell his father the truth.(absence of courage)
10. …………….. you mind moving a little? (polite request)
Answer:
1. may.
2. must
3. will
4. needn’t
5. might
6. may
7. can
8. could
9. daren’t
10. Would.

EXERCISE 10
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with ‘dare’, ‘ought to’, ‘used to’:
1. How ……………… you say such a thing?
2. You …………… work hard for the examination.
3. We ……………… serve our nation.
4. I ……………. enter his room in his absence.
5. ……………. you go into that house at night?
6. I …………… to go for a walk daily; now I rarely go.
7. A great man …………….. to live in this house in the past.
8. You ……………. to take regular exercise.
9. I …………….. to go to the college on foot. Now I go on a scooter.
10. You ……………… to have consulted a doctor.
Answer:
1. dare
2. ought to
3. ought to
4. daren’t
5. Dare
6. used
7. used
8. ought
9. used
10. ought.

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MP Board Class 11th Special English Writing Short Composition

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1. Srishti has been asked to write an information brochure for her classmates who plan an excursion to Fatehgarh in summer. She has made the following notes. Use these notes together with your own ideas and write the brochure in your answer sheet in not more than 100-125 words.

Answer:
This summer, as usual, we have planned an excursion for the class a visit to FATEHGARH which is not only beautiful but also has a historical significance.

Fatehgarh lies in the State of Uttar Pradesh. It is art eight-hour journey by bus. On reaching Fatehgarh we will be lounged in a Government Guest House. From there we shall proceed to visit the most famous place in Fatehgarh, the Maharani’s Palace, which includes the Wax Palace. It was built in 540 A.D. and it is known for its whispering galleries and the beautiful sculptures of ancient rulers. These sculptures are ancient so it is not surprising that the limbs of a few rulers in some of these sculptures may be found missing. This palace is indeed one of the few examples of ancient Indian art and gives us a peep into the glorious, rich cultural art of ancient Indian history.

To cool you in the summers we shall visit the Varsha waterfalls which fall from a height of 500 ft. It is a splendor to watch the water as it lashes down on to the ground and presents the most delightful sight. We also plan a visit to a stream which lies on the outskirts of Fatehgarh. Besides this our excursion will include a visit to the beautiful rose gardens, fruit orchards and vineyards to view the flowers and the fruits in their full bloom. It promises to be an excursion which should not be missed and I can assure you that our visit to Fatehgarh will be most exciting and informative.

2. Sumit lives in a village. The entire village is worried about the degradation of Nila Lake in the village. He writes an article for publication in the local newspaper highlighting various factors responsible for the degradation of the lake. Use the information given below and write the article in not more than 100-125 words.

Answer:
I am being compelled to write this article to voice the concern of our entire village, Rampur, regarding the degradation of Nila Lake. This lake has been a part and parcel of our lives for numerous years and so it is very natural that out entire village, as a whole, is concerned about its degradation.

To provide an easy access to our village the construction of numerous roads and bridges has been taken up in recent years. Unfortunately this has led to flooding almost every year during the rainy season and has also disturbed the natural drainage system. Due to deforestation of a large portion of the catchment area around the lake the water level of the lake has decreased and there has been an increase in the growth of weeds. There is also a considerable amount of reduction of fish in the lake. Illegal occupation of land around the lake has led to blockage of canals and shortage of drinking water. The lake water has become, very polluted and there is a loss of water organisms. The number of migratory birds visiting the area has decreased. So, it is indeed pathetic to see this slow but sure degeneration of Nila Lake which has been a major source of sustenance of our entire village.

We sincerely hope that after going through this article in your esteemed newspaper concerned environmentalists will surely come forward to save Nila Lake from total degradation and effective measures will be taken up to improvise upon the present situation.

3. David of class IX A is not coming to school because he is suffering from fever. He wants you to write an application to the Principal to excuse his absence from school for a week, Write this letfer on his behalf taking help from the following notes. Your letter should not exceed 100-125 words.

Answer:
The Principal
Sr. Sec. School
XYZ Block
New Delhi
19 Dec. 20xx

Sir,
I am a student of your school. My name is David and I am studying in class IX-A. I am writing this letter to you to inform you that I have been unable to attend school from 17 Dec. 20xx as I have been suffering from typhoid fever. I have been taking strong medicines to relieve myself of the misery but it will still take me about one more week to get well. At present I am unable to even write, so my friend is writing this application on my behalf.

Please grant me one week’s leave. I will make up for the classes I will be missing with the help – of friends and keep my class-work and home-work up-to-date am sure you will understand my plight and grant me leave.

Thanking you.

Yours sincerely
David,
IX-A

4. Nitin of 8, Napier Town, abalpur is not happy with the , sanitary conditions of his locality. He decides to write a letter to the Local Sanitary Inspector of the town to look into the sorry state of affairs. Using the following notes, write out a letter in about 100-125 words.

Answer:
The Sanitary Inspector
Jabalpur Municipal Corporation
a Jabalpur
27 Nov. 20xx

Sir,
It is indeed appalling and unfortunate that the local civic bodies have remained indifferent towards the cleaning of our town. Our town presently is in a sorry state of affairs.

There are no sweepers to clear the heaps of garbage that lie unattended and start emitting foul smell. The garbage also attracts street dogs and pigs who scatter this garbage on the road. The drains of our-locality are perpetually blocked and this creates totally insanitary and unhygienic conditions. Installation of dust- bins in the locality has not really helped to improve the situation because even if people make use of these dust-bins to dispose of garbage, these dust-bins are rarely emptied. It is advisable to supply big polythene litter bags, instead of dust-bins, which make disposition of garbage easier. The water logging in the locality has proved an ideal breeding place for mosquitoes. The need of the hour is to have regular visits of officials from your department to inspect the locality and to have meetings with the residents of the locality in order to make our locality a better and hygienic place to live in.

I hope you will personally supervise this situation and we hove to hear from you soon.

Yours sincerely
Nitin

8; Napier Town
Jabalpur

5. You are required to write an article for your school magazine on ‘Importance of music in life/ Write it with the help of these notes in about 100-125 words.

Answer:
Music, be it vocal or instrumental, has indeed assumed a place of importance in our complicated and hectic lives. If acts as a stimulant that activates our body and mind. Music is also regarded as a fine art which attracts people of all age-groups to pursue it not only as a hobby but also as a profession. A person endowed with musical capabilities regards this attribute as a natural gift ivhich provides food for his soul. Some of the great musicians are held in very high esteem irrespective of the kind of music they propagate, whether Western, Oriental, Classical, Pop or Light. These musicians organise their concerts which attract people from all walks of life. These concerts can also be of great benefit to the children, who are interested in pursuing music as a hobby or career in their lives to receive musical training at the school level itself. By receiving training in music from a very young age the basics of music will be instilled in a child and he will be able to relate to music very easily at a later-stage in life. Therefore each school should have the facilities needed to give proper musical training to children. It is true that life these days is full of tension and worries at every age. If there is no stimulating diversion in the form of music for a person, his life will become dismal and monotonous.

6.ohn writes a page of his diary recording his first experience, of a public examination. Below are listed his experiences. Using these notes write out a page of his diary in about 100-125 words.

Answer:
5 March 20xx,
2 P.M.

On entering the examination hall to appear for my first public examination, the Science Olympiad, I had an extremely nervous feeling. The examination hall presented a rather dreary look. The only saving grace, in my opinion, was a beautiful and enchanting portrait of the Virgin Mary with Baby Jesus in her arms, hung inside the examination hall, to invoke a sense of confidence in the students and to remind us that we had the guidance and blessings of the Lord. I prayed to pod fervently uncaring about the noise around me. The other students were rushing towards the examination hall and were busy in finding the correct seats in a hall that looked huge and overwhelmingly frightening. Once everyone had been seated, the examiner gave us some instructions regarding What we were required to do and what we were strictly prohibited from doing.

Then I received the Question Paper and I sat thoughtfully reading and reflecting on it. After I had given a thorough reading to the Question Paper, I began to answer it keeping in mind the fact that I had three hours to complete the paper. I managed to complete the paper fifteen minutes before the .stipulated time and then began revising my paper. I spotted and corrected the few silly mistakes and errors that I had made and rewrote some lines. After being totally satisfied with all that I had written, I finished my paper, took God’s name for yet another time and finally submitted it to the examiner.

John

7. Gopal of 12, Raja Mandi, Agra wants to express his displeasure to the Newspaper Editor regarding the news that the bus stand near the railway station is being shifted to a new location. He feels that this would cause great hardship to the passengers. He made these notes for writing a letter to – the Editor, The Times of India, New Delhi. Using these notes ‘ write a letter in about 100-125 words.

Answer:
The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi
19 Dec. 20xxy

Sir,
Through the medium of this letter I wish to express my displeasure at the news that the bus stand, which is near the railway station, is being shifted to a new location.

This- will indeed be a cause of great hardship to the passengers who are commuting daily by bus and train. The present location of the bus stand is very convenient for the people who have to travel by train from their homes to their place of work. These daily commuters find it extremely easy to board a bus from near the railway station where they disembark from the train. If the bus stand is shifted, the common man will be forced to waste his time, energy and money unnecessarily. Many shops have also come up in the vicinity of the bus stand. These shopkeepers will also lose their earnings if the bus stand is shifted because their regular clients are those people who commute daily by bus and the tourists who come to visit Agra in order to see one of the Wonders of the world; The Taj Mahal. Even the commuters have an easy access to the market from where they can purchase the goods for their daily needs easily.

I suggest a solution to this problem. If the urgency is felt, it is advisable to add one more bus stop at a distance instead of shifting the present bus stand to a new location and causing a great deal of inconvenience to all.

Yours sincerely
Gopal

12, Raja Ki Mandi
Agra

8. Special repairs are required in your rented house. You have to write a letter to your landlord asking him to undertake the repair work immediately. Take the help of these notes and write your letter in not more than 100-125 words.

Answer:
A-394, XYZ Colony ABC Block
June, 20xx

Dear Mr. Dev,
I had written to you earlier also to get some repair work done in your house, which you have rented to me.

Now since the rainy season is at the onset, I reiterate my request -to you to undertake this repair work immediately. The roof is leaking at various places and the wall plaster has also come off. Not only this, the floor has pot-holes which cause a lot of inconveniences. The window panes of three windows are broken making the house an easy prey to the warm winds and dust from outside. The switches too are loose and there is a danger of short circuits. The premises also need white-wash and paint on the doors and windows. The house is indeed in a pathetic and appalling state and requires urgent repairs. I am willing to share the cost of the repairs with you. With your permission, I can get the repairs done myself and the expenditure can be later deducted in the rent in monthly installments.

I request you to give priority attention to this matter and hope to hear from you at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
ABC

9. You had sent a Money Order of Rs. 100 to M/s Subroto Publishing House, 36 Tagore Gardens, Kolkata as per the details given below, But it has not reached theirs to date. The details are : Money Order Registration’ No. 119 dated 2-l-20xx. Your address is 11, Teachers’ Colony, Naraingarh, (Punjab).
Write a letter of complaint to the Post Master in about 100125 Chords.
Answer:
The Post Master
Naraingarh (Punjab)
31anuary, 20xx

Sir,
I would like to give in a written complaint regarding a misplaced Money Order that I had sent from your Post Office to Kolkata.

The Money Order Registration No. is 119 dated 2ndanuary 20xx. I had sent this Money Order of Rs. 100 to M/s Subroto Publishing House, 36, Tagore Gardens, Kolkata for a book that I needed urgently. On enquiring from them yesterday I found out that they had not dispatched the book because they have not yet received the required payment, whereas 1 have already sent Rs. 100 through a Money Order to them almost one month ago. Due to some negligence on the part of the Post Office Department, my Money. Order has not yet reached them. I need the book urgently to prepare for my exams scheduled to start in the middle of March. So, it is my earnest request to you to look personally into the matter and make sure that my Money Order is received in Kolkata as soon as possible.

I hope you will ensure that my complaint is attended to at the earliest.

Thanking you.

Sincerely yours
XYZ

11, Teachers’ Colony Naraingarh
(Punjab)

10. Gauri saw the following information about an exciting discovery. She is thrilled to read about it and decides to write a letter to her friend in the country-side, on the advancement in Science and Technology. Write a letter using the information from the newspaper article. Your answer should not exceed 100-125 words.

Answer:
A -394 A Palam Colony
New Delhi
11th February, 20xx

Dearest Vandana,
I am writing this letter to you to discuss the immense change that our whole life has undergone with the advancement of Science and Technology as a result of which we are able to bring a drastic change in our lifestyle.

Various new scientific discoveries and inventions in every sphere of life have brought people of the world closer. I read an article about an exciting discovery lately of downsizing transmitters through which a radio transmitter as small as a cigarette package could be used to replace gigantic mobile telephone masts-This device has been developed by Michael Roberts, on electronics expert at Leeds University, England. But some environmentalists feel that the installation of these transmitters will act as a foil to the naturalness and serenity of the country-side. Since you too live in the country-side, do write to me with your opinion about this matter in your next letter. I am sure you are in a better position to realize the intensity of this drastic change made by the advancement of Science and Technology because even though you are living in the country-side you are connected amazingly well with the city through the excellent means of communication modern gadgets have indeed made the world jump forward with a leap, built up a glittering civilization, opened up innumerable avenues for growth of knowledge and added to the power of man to a great extent.

To conclude this letter I would just add that it now seems possible to conceive that man can actually triumph over and shape even his physical environment.

Yours lovingly
Gauri

11. Recently Geetha saw an advertisement in the newspaper that read “How to look young”. After reading it she feels strongly about the use of synthetic creams and dyes to make people look young, and writes a letter about it to the Editor of the newspaper “The Herald” on ‘How to keep fit and be young’.

Write this letter in about 100-125 words, using information from the newspaper advertisement together with your own ideas. ,
Answer:
The Editor
The Herald
22nd March 20xx

Sir,
I had a chance of going through an advertisement in the newspaper about a certain cream that the advertisers claimed could make people look young. was indeed astonished that in this day and age of modernization there are people who are able to make a complete fool of others. I am writing this letter to you to express my opinion about the use of’ synthetic creams and dyes that claim to have the ability to make a person look young. I strongly condemn the use of these creams and dyes which, contain extremely harmful chemicals which can cause very severe adverse side-effects. Aging is a slow and gradual process and one must face it gracefully and should not be misled by false claims offered in the form of synthetic creams and dyes which do more harm than good.

The real way to remain fit and healthy is to do regular exercise, eat balanced and the right kind of nutritious food and live a tension-free and happy life. This is the actual key to a fit and healthy life. The use of artificial products to look young on the contrary makes one look like a fool. We should always remember that these products contain many harmful ingredients that could possibly cause some severe allergic reaction.

Yours sincerely
Geetha

12. You feel that facilities for tourists could be improved in India.
Write a letter to the Secretary, Department of Tourism in your State, highlighting the need for improving facilities for tourists to promote tourism in your region. Also, suggest what facilities you would like to be extended to the tourists in your region. Your answer should not exceed 100-125 words.
Answer:
The Secretary
Department of Tourism
Uttar Pradesh
Date: 17an. 2Oxx

Sir,
Recently, on reading an article about the tourist traffic to India and especially to our State which has one of the wonders of the world, I was quite perturbed to look at the figures. We are not getting enough tourists as we should get. To get more tourists. We will have to develop the infrastructure and make the facilities world-class. A pleasant stay and easy’access to tourist spots are two major factors that attract tourists to a city. So, the tourism department should endeavor to improve upon the facilities provided by its lodges and bungalows and make access to these tourist spots from these lodges convenient. Furthermore, the tourist spots should be kept clean and a specific amount of money should be sanctioned for their maintenance. Last, but not least, each ana every one of us should make a sincere effort to keep our city clean, as a beautiful and clean city beckons the tourists.

By making these simple, but significant things possible, I am sure, tourism in our city can be improved.

Yours faithfully.
XYZ

13. In an inter-school debate, you have to speak in favor of the motion ‘Modem Gadgets have made us slaves to machines’, write a speech in favor of this motion. Write the speech in your answer sheet in not more than 100-125 words.
Answer:
Modern gadgets have made us slaves to machines without which we are certain that out lives will come to a standstill. They have made the world jump forward with a leap, built up a glittering civilization, opened up innumerable avenues for the growth of knowledge, and added to the. power of man to such an extent that it is possible to conceive that man could triumph over and shape his physical environment. Through the astonishing discoveries of these modern gadgets, man has been able to give a definite fOrjri to his imagination. It is indeed a fact that as a result of the invention modern gadgets the tone and temper of life has changed beyond recognition. Through wireless telegraphs and fax machines, messages can now be easily sent to any part of the world. Modem gadgets incorporate all the comforts and highest standards in engineering innovation and reliability that have greatly contributed to man’s welfare. New equipment for navigation, data-processing, computer-controlled radar system providing information on a variety of new products for use at construction sites are only some of the advantages of modern gadgets. They have also greatly contributed to our entertainment as radios, televisions, compact discs both audio and visual—are now no longer considered as luxury items but have assumed the status of being referred to as necessities. Indeed the advantages of these gadgets are so many that they appear to have revolutionised every phase of life:

14. Anita Johari of class X has just returned from a visit to Ooty which is in the grip of a severe water crisis. She finds that her hometown is also facing the same problem. She had picked up the following pamphlet from her hotel room and wants it to be publicised.

Water is life:

She decides to write a letter to the editor of the local newspaper highlighting ways apd means of saving water. Write this letter in your answer sheet using information from the pamphlet together with your own ideas in not more than 100-125 words.
Answer:
13, Baird Road
Pune (Maharashtra)
The Editor
National Herald
Pune
11une 20xx

Sir,
I have returned from a visit to Ooty recently, which was in the grip of a severe water crisis. On returning to Pune, I found that the water problem is equally pathetic here. So, I would like to suggest certain measures to save water. I had picked up a pamphlet from the hotel where we were staying at Ooty which highlighted ways to save water and 1 want it to be publicised through your esteemed newspaper. Washing our hands and face under a running tap for only two minutes wastes about 27 litres of water whereas a half filled basin can do this work with only 2 litres of water. While brushing our teeth if we let the tap run for five minutes we waste 45 .litres of water but if we use a glass of water, we consume only half a litre of water. If we turn off the tap while soaping our body before bathing we use only 20 litres of water, whereas if we let it run we waste about 90 litres. We should avoid using bath-tubs as a filled bath tub wastes 110 litres of water. A leaky tap must be repaired immediately because if the tap is allowed to leak slowly it wastes 400 litres of water a day and a fast drip wastes 3000 litres of water a day.

If each and every one of us understands it and decides to follow this simple but very important rule, we are sure to remedy our present water crisis to a great extent.

Yours sincerely
Anita john

15. Read the following extra from an article in a magazine and then using your own ideas as well, write an article for your school magazine on the Delights and Usefulness of Walking. Write your answer in about 100-125 words.

‘Walking has its own delights. Sadly, in India walking is associated with deprivation and poverty. “If you have a car why’walk?” asked the professor, revving up his Fiat for the few metres from his house to the college building. Pavements and pedestrians get second class treatment.’
Answer:
The saying aptly goes, ‘A healthy body has a healthy mind’. So, it is imperative for each one of lis to keep good health if we want our mind to be alert. In today’s hectic and busy life it may at times seem difficult to devote time for activities that keep us fit. This is where walking proves to be the most useful and easy activity.

Walking not only keeps our body healthy by the circulation of blood but Also provides a delightful respite for us by the sheer delight it gives. But, it is indeed a pity that some people who are most interested in walking refrain from it because in India walking is associated with deprivation and poverty. Their false pride and wrong thinking make them travel by car for even the shortest of distance. They would prefer to miss out on the delights of walking and prefer not to care about the good it would do to their health so as not to endanger their false prestige. It is high time that the educated lot of Indians put aside these petty notions and live their life for themselves and live it according to what they feel is best for them. Walking does not indicate deprivation and poverty and it is only the thinking of certain narrow-minded people who have categorised the people walking or pedestrians as second class people.

Walking should be enjoyed as it gives pleasure and provides a wonderful opportunity for us to be in direct contact with nature, unlike at times irksome and suffocating journey in a closed vehicle.

16. Read the following summary of a study conducted titled The Impact of Television Advertising on Children. Then based on the information in the summary and your own ideas on the subject, write an article for the school magazine titled Children and T.V. Advertising. Write your answer in about 100-125 words.

One Year Out Of Ten Is Spent
Watching Tv

• On an average, children in Delhi watch 17 hours of TV every week. Children spend more time in front of the small screen than on hobbies and other activities, including home work and meals.
• The average 8-year old spend about 68 hours ‘ every month, 30 days (of 24 hours each) every year, and one\ entire year out of 10 exclusively on watching television.
• Seventy five percent of children said they loved watching ads on TV.
• Children below eight like advertisements better than the programs and see them as pictures with storylines. Only older children understand the ad’s intention on sell.

Source : The Impact of Advertising on Children by Namita Unnikrishnan and Shailaja Bajpai.
Answer:
Children And Tv Advertising
Television has become a very popular mode of entertainment which is unfortunately also making children more and more addicted to watching it. The television programmes pose to dominate their daily routine and many a time children do not even hesitate to ignore their studies because of their passion to stay glued to the television sets.

Almost seventy-five percent of the children, who watch television most eagerly, are essentially interested in seeing the advertisements on the television. Children in the younger age group, below ten years of age, view the advertisements with more interest and enthusiasm than they watch any other programme on television. This is so because they see these advertisements as wonderful and short pictures with story lines. Their impatient nature is able to endure these short ad films with a lot of patience. These young children are totally taken in by the vibrant and glorious world shown in the various ad films.

It is only the older and mature children who understand that the ad films’ mere intention is, to lure the consumer into buying their products by elevating their goods to a high scale where they appear most appealing and attractive. So, it is our moral responsibility to make sure that the young children’s innocent and ignorant minds are not impressed by what the ad films have to offer, but they view them solely for their entertainment.

17. Maria of 7, Gandhi Road, Jaipur, is very interested in sports and concerned about the state of sports in the country. She decides to write a letter to the editor of The Herald, Jaipur, on Why can’t we win an Olympic Gold? She made some notes .for her letter. Using, the notes and your own ideas, write out the letter in not more than 100-125 words.

Ho sports ‘culture’ – not enough emphasis on sports in schools – facilities for training and coaches lacking – funds/sports scholarships very few – talented do not get sponsors jobs – public, selectors and trainers not interested enough – plenty of talent in the nation – only we are unable to spot and nurture it.
Answer:
The Editor
The Herald
Jaipur 12 Sept. 20xx

Sir,
I write this letter to you as a concerned sports enthusiast to express my anguish at the poor state of sports in our country as a result of which we have been unable to win a gold medal in the Olympic Games held so far.

I fepl that there is ho sports culture in our country, in general, and so we are not) able to nurture and groom the plenty of talent that our nation has. When the sportspersons of our country have to play and compete with international players in the World Olympics, their training and coaching should Mso match to that available to their international counterparts. Whereas in our country, the facilities for training and coaching are lacking and to a certain extent expenditure to enhance these facilities is sometimes considered as not necessary. We may fail to realize the importance of coaching centers in our day to day life but our inability to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games so far should make us realize the importance of training centres. It is also very unfortunate that the funds and sports scholarships available to budding sportspersons are very few. Political intervention at the time of selection also at times prevents the selectors in selecting the better players to play at the international level. Last but not the least the public in general and the selectors and trainers in particular do not seem to be affected by the lack of this ‘sports culture’ in our country.

Through your esteemed newspaper I wish to appeal to the people in general and especially the sports enthusiasts to give the sports culture in our country the boost and enhancement that has been long due.

Yours sincerely
Maria

7, Gandhi Roadaipur

18. Vijay witnessed an accident near the school gate where a child fell down and was hurt quite badly. Many people were standing around but did not know what to do. Finally, someone who had a car quickly took him to hospital. However, Vijay felt that at least some of the students should have been able to render first-aid. He decided to write a letter to the .editor about the importance of knowing first-aid. Using your own ideas write out Vijay’s letter in not more than 100-125 words.
Answer:
The Editor
News Week
17th October, 20xx

Sir,
Last week, I witnessed an accident near the school gate where a child fell down and hurt himself badly. The people standing around were unable to do anything except look on helplessly. It was at this ‘moment that I realized the importance of knowing first-aid.

I feel that it is imperative for students especially and the people in general to at least have the basic knowledge of rendering first-aid in case of an emergency. The use of first-aid often helps us to sustain a life till proper medical aid is available. The knowledge of first-aid will prove helpful not only in case of an accident, but also to treat a burn victim, help a drowned casualty and at times just to stop one from bleeding. The importance of first-aid should be instilled into the minds of children at the school stage itself so that they do not panic in an accidental situation but cautiously and sensibly put their knowledge about rendering first-aid to the person who requires it into practice. Nothing is more precious to a person than his life and if timely use of first-aid can help someone till the time professional medical help is available, it can prove to be the life-saving remedy.

Sincerely yours
Vijay

19. Gaurav. read the following in a newspaper article:
At the heart of the literacy campaign is the volunteer, who as instructor, resource person or local organiser, gives freely of her or his time and puts in enormous effort to make the campaign succeed.

He decided to speak at the school assembly on the experience of students who volunteer to take literacy classes. Using your own ideas write out his speech in about 100-125 words.
Answer:
Illiteracy is one of the major problems that confront our country. This problem assumes alarming proportions because of the democratic rule
in our country. Democracy, which postulates enlightenment, is by and large a blessing, and illiteracy, which implies ignorance, is therefore a curse.

To eradicate illiteracy to some extent, various students volunteer to take literacy classes and feel proud to help their unfortunate countrymen who have been deprived of the privilege of being educated. These voluntary Workers, after receiving certain incentives and being provided with the requisite facilities ensure better results in the social arena. They have adopted new paths and motivated a large section of masses towards their literacy classes. This voluntary service on the part of students has proven to be an effective measure for reaching out to the uneducated masses and thereby further helped the illiterate persons to eradicate their constant exploitation and humiliation at the hands of society. The students have helped these people to become aware as to why they have been deprived and motivated them to move towards change.

By undertaking this creditable, but the herculean task, these students feel, a sense of pride in being able to make their contribution to take their country on the path of fast growth and progress.

20. You are required to speak on ‘Pollution’ in the school morning assembly. Prepare your speech taking help from the following points. You may use ideas contained in the quit ‘Environment’. Write your speech in not more than 100-125 words.

Answer:
Environment
Environmental pollution is one of the major hazards that are threatening the ecological balance. The air that we inhale is polluted, the water we drink is contaminated and noise pollution has managed to take away the calmness and serenity from our otherwise hectic and tense lives. One of the main sources of pollution is the heavy and congested traffic which causes a concentration of smoke and harmful particles in the atmosphere which is a permanent or chronic cause of various respiratory disorders. The incessant felling of trees, building of dams and the upcoming unplanned congested localities have disturbed the ecological balance to an alarmingly high level. To remedy this situation the urgent need of the hour is to plant as many trees wherever possible and to shift the factories and mills to places cohere their effect on pollution of the environment is minimized. To control traffic, carpools must be made so that the emission- levels from vehicular traffic can be reduced to the desired levels.

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MP Board Class 11th Special English Grammar Tenses

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Tense verb के उस form को कहते हैं जो समय के अनुसार बनता है जिस समय कार्य सम्पन्न होता है। Tense से उस कार्य, प्रक्रिया और अवस्था का बोध होता है जो Present, Past या Future में सम्पन्न होता है। ना है. इसे तीन अवस्थाओं में देखा जा सकता है:

• Present Tense,
• Past Tense,
• Future Tense.

इन तीनों अवस्थाओं में verb के अलग-अलग निम्नलिखित रूप बनते हैं:

Each of these three main tenses has four forms :

1. Simple or Indefinite
2. Continuous or Progressive
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous.

I. The Simple Present
(or The Present Indefinite)

Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + V₁ + O या S + V₁ + s/es + O.
Negative Sentences – S + do not + V₁ + या S+does not + V₁ + O.
Interrog!tive Sentences – Do + S + V₁ + O? या Does + S + V₁ + O?
S = Subject, V = Verb, O = Object.

यदि Subject (he, she, it, singular Noun हो तो V, के साथ s/es लगाते हैं;
जैसे-
My mother goes to temple daily.
My mother does not go to temple daily?
Does your mother go to temple daily?
I play cricket.
They work in a factory.

USES:
इन वाखों daily, every, always, often, usually, generally शब्द लगो होते हैं
(a) To describe habitual actions.
Ram gets up early in the morning.
Then he goes for awalk.
He always speaks the truth.

(b) To express a general universal or scientific truth.
The Sun rises in the east.
The rain falls from the clouds.

(c) To express a fact which is true at the time of speaking.
Krishna lives in Mumbai.
The Express train does not stop at this station.

(d) In describing running commentaries.
Raman passes the ball to Kamal and he hits it into the goal.

II. The Present Continuous Tense

Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + ls/Am/Are + V₁ + ing + O
Negative Sentences – S + Is/Am/Are + not + V₁ + mg + O
Interrogative Sentences – Is/Am/Are + S + V₁ + ing + O

I के साथ am का प्रयोग करते हैं।
He, She, It और singular noun के साथ is का प्रयोग करते हैं।
We, you, they और Plural Noun के साथ are का प्रयोग करते हैं;
जैसे-
Look ! the two boys are fighting.
I am doing my work.
Are you not wasting your time?
Is he playing? No, he is not playing.

USES :
(a) It shows what is happening now, at the time of writing or speaking.
Shubham is studying in his room, but his brother Arun is playing in the garden.

(b) To express an action which may not be actually going on at
the time of speaking, but it is going on in general.
She is writing a book on Economics.
He is building a new house.

(c) To express an action which is likely to happen in near future.
My brother is coming next week.
I am going to Delhi tomorrow.

EXERCISE
Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present tense or the present continuous tense :

1. Suman generally (wear) a white suit but today she (wear) a blue one.
2. Sugar (cost) sixteen rupees a kilo.
3. Rain (fall) from the clouds.
4. Crime never (pay).
5. The workers (repair) the road at present.
6. People (wear) new clothes at Diwali.
7. My children generally (go) to their uncle during the holidays. But they (not go) this summer as we all (go) to Shimla.
8. I usually (drink) coffee but now I (drink) tea.
9. We (have) our lunch at the Ashoka Restaurant this .. afternoon.
10. As it is good weather, children (play) in the garden.
11. The doctor (examine) the patient in the next room.
12. Do not make a noise. The baby (sleep) in the cradle.
13. I (hear) a noise from the next home. Vijay is beating his wife again.
14. Going to war (mean) killing a lot of people.
Answer:
1. wears; is wearing
2. costs
3. falls
4. pays
5. are repairing
6. wear
7. go are not going; are going
8. drink; am drinking
9. are having
10. are playing
11. is examining
12. is sleeping
13. hear
14. mean

III. The Present Perfect Tense

Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + has/have + V₃ + O
Negative Sentences – S + has/have + not + V₃ + O
Interrogative Sentences – Has/Have + S + V₃ + O?

He, She, It और singular noun के साथ has का प्रयोग करते हैं। I, We, You, They और plural noun के साथ have का प्रयोग करते हैं;

जैसे-
The Bell has gone. I have learnt my lesson.
Have you returned the library books?

USES :
(a) To express an action which has just been completed.
Have you written a letter?
Yes, I have just completed it.

(b) To express an action which began in the past and has continued upto the present. For this use of the tense, for and since can be used to denote the length of time.
For is used to show the lenth of time and since to show the point of time.
He has been a teacher since 1985.
I have known him for the last ten years.

(c) To express an action which happened in the past at an Indefinite time.
We either don’t know the time of its happening or we don’t mention it.
I have seen the Taj Mahal.
I have met the author of this book.

(d) In the sentences having ‘yet negative sentences of this are formed.
The match has not started yet. He has not come yet.
They have not visited us yet.

IV. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + has/have + been + V₁ + ing + O
Negative Sentences – S + has/have + not been + V₁ + ing + O
Interrogative Sentences – Has/Have + S + been V₁ + ing + O?

I have been living here only for five years.
No, I have not been living here since long.
Have you been living here for a long time?

USES :
(a) To express an action which began in the past but is still continuing.
Since and For are used to denote the length of time.
It has been raining since morning.
We have been waiting for the rain to stop.

(b). To express an action, which has just finished, but whose effect or result still continues
I am tired; I have been watering the plants since morning.
I am late because I have been washing my car.

EXERCISE 1
Put the verbs in the present perfect or present perfect continuous tense :
1. He (take) his meal and is playing in the garden now.
2. Please give me your pen. I (forget) mine at home.
3. I (ring) the bell for five minutes, but nobody (come) to answer.
4. This woman (visit) the shop five times, but so far she (not purchase) anything.
5. He is a famous player. He (play) football since he was ten years old.
6. I (wait) for you for the last one hour.
7. Mohan (live) in this town since 1935.
8. You cannot meet Rajesh. He (just go) out.
9. Geeta went to Delhi six months ago, but I (not hear) from her so far.
10. I (not see) the Taj Mahal but I am planning to visit Agra? next week.
11. India and Pakistan (fight) three wars.
12. You cannot go out till you (complete) your homework.
13. I (help) him five times in the past, but he (not improve).
14. He already (write) five letters and is still writing.
15. My uncle just (arrive) from Kolkata.
Answer:
1. has taken
2. have forgotten
3. have been ringing; has come
4. has visited; has not purchase
5. has been playing
6. have been waiting
7. has been living
8. has just gone
9. have not heard
10. have not seen
11. have fought
12. have completed
13. have helped; but has not improved
14. has already written
15. has just arrived.

EXERCISE 2
Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense (simple present, present continuous, present perfect or present prefect continuous)
1. A liar is a person who habitually (tell) lies.
2. He (play) for two hours and still (not stop).
3. The burglars (try) to get into the house for two hours.
4. You cannot meet him. He (write) a letter.
5. He generally (go) to college in a car, but today he (go) on a cycle.
6. I (smell) something burning.
7. I (not met) the minister so far but I (meet) him tomorrow.
8. There is no use of calling the doctor; the patient already (die).
9. The hungry child (cry) for ten minutes.
10. Mohan (like) to swim in the river.
11. He (wear) that coat for fifteen years and it (wear out) at the elbows.
12. I never (see) such a beautiful garden.
13. Everybody (admire) a smart boy.
14. I hear that Ram Lal (go) to London.
15. I want to go to the theatre; I not (see) a good play for a long time.
Answer:
1. tells
2. has been playing; has still not stopped
3. have been trying
4. is writing
5. goes; is going
6. smell
7. have not met; am meeting
8. has already died
9. has been crying
10. likes
11. has been wearing; has worn out
12. have never seen
13. admires
14. has gone
15. have not seen.

I. The Simple Past Tense

Structure :
(a) Simple past tense में subject के साथ verb की IInd form का प्रयोग होता है;

जैसे-

Mohan went to Agra.
I met Amrish Puri.
He wrote a letter.

(b) Negative (नकारात्मक) वाक्यों में subject के साथ did not + verb की
Ist form का प्रयोग होता है;

जैसे-
Mohan did not go to Agra.
I did not meet Amrish Puri.
He did not write a letter.

(c) Interrogative (प्रश्नवाचक) वाक्यों में did + subject + verb की Ist form का प्रयोग होता है; या Question word + did + subject + verb की Ist Form का प्रयोग होता है,

जैसे-
Did Mohan go to Agra?
Did I meet Amrish Puri?
Did he write a letter? !
When did you see him last time?

Some other examples :

USES :
(a) To express an action completed in the past at a definite time.
Nehru died in 1964. (die)
I met Shyam yesterday. (meet)
I visited Lucknow four years ago. (visit)
She did not visit us last year. (visit)

इन वाक्यों में भूतकाल का वर्णन करने के लिए yesterday, last, ago और in + year if you can do

(b) To express a past habit.
My grandfather always went for a walk in the morning. (go)
He always carried an umbrella. (carry)

(c) To express an action which took place at a definite time in the past even though the time is not given.
Kamal arrived ten minutes late and his officer rebuked him. ” (arrive)
I bought this suit at Connaught Place. (buy)

(d) To express some historical events.
Shahjahan built the Taj. (build)
Babar founded the Mughal Empire. (found)
Columbus discovered America. (discover)
Gandhiji span on the charkha daily. (spin)

(e) If one part of the sentence is in Past Continuous Tense.
I was taking my lunch when he arrived. (arrive)
I saw that the two boys were fighting. (see)
To express the condition of past.
He would pass if he worked hard. (work)
She would get a job if she applied for it. (apply)

(8) Connectors (neither, and, but, because, as) as Het में Verb की IInd form लगी हो तो दूसरे भाग में भी Verb की IInd form of an and I.
Neither he came nor sent any message. (send)
He failed because he did not work hard. (fail)
He came in and saw everything with his own eyes. (see)

EXERCISE :
Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past Tense :
1. I was walking along the road when suddenly I __________ (meet) an old lady.
2. The policeman __________ (ask) me where I was going.
3. I __________ (tell) him that I was going to Pindara.
4. The old man was a beggar. He __________ (beg) me to give him something.
5. “I have not eaten anything since morning.” the old man (say).
6. I __________ (take) pity on the old man and gave him five rupees.
7: I __________ (feel) happy for helping an old and hungry man.
8. I returned from Pindara after one hour and __________ (meet) the same old man again.
9. I recognised him but he __________ (not recognise) me.
10. When I came near him, he again __________ (ask) me for money.
11. He again __________ (say) that he had been hungry since morning.
12. I __________ (tell) the old man that I had given him five rupees only one hour before.
13. I __________ (rebuke) him for telling lies.
14. Then the old man recognised me and __________ (turn) pale.
15. He __________ (not stop) there and ran away.
Answer:
1. met
2. asked
3. told
4. begged
5. said
6. took
7. felt
8. met
9. did not recognise
10. asked
11. said
12. told
13. rebuked
14. turned
15. did not stop.

II. The Past Continuous Tense
Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + was/were + V₁ + ing + O
Negative Sentences – S + was/were + not + V₁ + ing + O
Interrogative Sentences – Was/Were + S + V₁ + ing + O?

The baby was sleeping in the cradle.
They were making a noise.
I was learning my lesson.
I, he, she, it और singular noun के साथ was का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
He, she, it और plural noun के साथ were का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

USES :
(a) This tense is used to express an action which was continuing at some point of time in the past.
नेट- इस Tense वाले वाखों में एक भाग में when के साथ verb की लगी होती है
The fire was burning when we came in.
He was taking lunch when I went to see him.

(b) To express two or more actions happening simultaneously in the past:
While she was writing, he was looking at her beautiful pen.
While the whole family were watching the television, Rajat was studying in his room.

III. The Past Perfect Tense.

Structure :
(a) इस tense में subject के बाद had + verb की IIIrd form का प्रयोग होता है
जैसे-
I had done his work.
He had written a letter.
She had made a plan.

(b) नकारात्मक (Negative) वाक्यों में had + not + verb की IIIrd form का प्रयोग होता है

जैसे-
I had not done his work.
He had not written a letter.
She had not made a plan.

(c) प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative) वाक्यों में had + subject + verb की IIIrd form का प्रयोग होता है
जैसे-
Had I done his work?
Had he written a letter?
Had she made a plan?

Some other examples :

 USES :
(a) To express an action that has completed before the fixed time in past.
The fire had burnt the huts before the fire brigade came. (burn)
The thief had run away before the police came. (run)
The patient had died before the doctor came. (die)
The train had left before we reached the station. (leave)

नोट-इन वाक्यों में कार्य के सम्पन्न होने का वर्णन करने के लिए before, after, already, by, till और until शब्द लगे होते हैं।

(b) To express an action that has completed before the beginning of second action.
I had already done my work by 6 p.m. yesterday. (do)
He had not met me before. (not meet)
She had not reached Agra till yesterday. (not reach)

(c) To express an unfulfilled wish of the past.
He wished that he had accepted the offer. (accept)
If only you had worked hard. (work)
I bought this suit at Connaught Place. (buy)

(d) If in past happens more than one action, for former action :
past perfect is used.
I went home after I had finished the work. (finish)
He returned after he had seen off his wife at the station. (see)

(e) To express an impossible condition of the past.
If he had walked carefully, he would not have fallen. (walk)
If you had worked hard, you would have passed. (work)
You would have caught the train if you had run faster. (run)

EXERCISE
Supply the correct Past Tense of the verb given in the brackets:
1. He told the doctor that his son just __________ (break) his leg.
2. The accident __________ (occur) at 6 o’clock this evening.
3. When I reached the house __________ (find) that thieves (break) into it.
4. I found that they __________ (take) away my T.V.
5. The thieves __________ (run) away before I reached the house.
6. The match __________ (begin) before we reached the stadium.
7. The thieves __________ (run) away before the police (arrive).
8. When I reached the cinema hall, the picture already __________ (begin).
9. I wished he __________ (help) me.
10. If he __________ (Walk) carefully, he would not have fallen.
11. When I __________ (reach) the bus stop, the bus (leave).
12. We went home after we __________ (see) the film.
13. He (becomes) happy when he __________ (know) that he (pass).
14. If he __________ (work) hard, he would have won the prize.
15. I __________ (thank) her for what she (do) for me.
Answer:
1. had just broken
2. occurred
3. found; had broken
4. had taken
5. had run away
6. had begun
7. had run away; arrived
8. had already begun
9. had helped
10. had walked
11. reached; had left
12. had seen
13. became; knew; had passed
14. had worked hard 15. thanked; had done.

IV. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Structure :
This tense is formed by using had + been + Ist form of the verb + ing. The negative is formed by putting not between had and been. In interrogative sentences, had is put before the subject.

The fire had been burning for four hours before the fire brigade arrived.
Had it been burning since morning.
No, it had not been burning since morning.

USES :
This tense is used to express the continuity of an action at a given point in the past. In other words, the action started before a. given point in the past; it was continuing at that time and probably continued after that also.
यह tense भूतकाल में किसी निश्चित समय से पहले भूतकाल की किसी अवधि’ से कार्य के जारी रहने वाले वाक्यों में प्रयोग किया जाता है। वाक्य में since/for लगा होता है।
नोट-Since या for वाले वाक्यों में एक भाग में when के साथ verb की 2nd form लगी होती है।

He had been waiting for me when I reached there.
The match had been going on for two hours when I reached the stadium.

EXERCISE
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past tense.
1. At 9 a.m. last night, I (watch) the television.
2. The players (enter) the stage carrying torches.
3. It (rain) when I went out.
4. He (cross) the room and (sit) in the chair.
5. When I was at school. I (take) part in cultural activities.
6. When he came in, we (take) dinner.
7. Last year 1′(attend) a conference at Chennai.
8. An accident (take) place at the crossroads last evening.
9. When Mohan (be) five years old, his father (die).
10. When I was walking along the road, the wind (blow) off my hat.
11. I (think) hard and (find) a solution.
12. After walking for four kilometers I (realise) that I (go) in the wrong direction.
13. I (break) my leg when I was dancing.
14. Hitler (get) a great number of Jews killed.
15. The doctor (examine) the patients when I went to see him.
Answer:
1. was watching
2. entered
3. was raining
4. crossed; sat
5. took
6. were taking
7. attended
8. took place
9. was; died
10. blew off
11. thought; found
12. realised; was going
13. broke
14. got
15. was examining.

Future Tense

I. The Simple Future Tense

Structure :
Simple Sentence – S + will/shall + V₁ + O
Negative Sentences. – S + will/shall + not + V₁ + O
Interrogative Sentences – Will/shall + S + V₁ + O?

I और we के साथ shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है और अन्य noun/pronouns के साथ will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
I shall go to school tomorrow.
He will visit us next week.
They will not help me.
Will you do it for me?

USES :
(a) To show future.
He will go to Mumbai next week.
I shall not to go school tomorrow.

(b) To express the speaker’s opinions or assumptions about the future.
I think he will not come back.
We hope that Aman will get First Division.

(c) Sometimes, the simple future tense is used to express habitual actions or general truths.
He will always tell lies.
A dog’s tail will remain crooked.

(d) Generally, shall is used with first person (I,we) and will is used with 2nd and 3rd persons.
But will can be used with Ist person in order to express intention or promise.
Shall can be used with promise, prohibition, etc.
I will always help you in your need. (promise)
We will fight to the finish. (determination)
You shall not enter my room with muddy feet. (prohibition)

II. The Future Continuous Tense
Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + will/shall + be + V₁ + ing+O
Negative Sentences. – S + will/shall + not + be + V₁ + ing+O
Interrogative Sentences – Will/Shall + S + be + V₁ + ing+O?

Will you be playing a match tomorrow.
No, I shall not be playing.
I shall be sitting in a train at this time tomorrow.

USES :
1. (a) To express an action which is expected to take place in the normal course.
It is less definite than the present continuous.
We are seeing the manager tomorrow. (definite arrangement)
We shall be seeing the manager tomorrow. (less definite)

(b) To express an action that will be in progress at a given point of time in future :
नोट-इस tense के वाक्यों के एक भाग में when के साथ verb की Ist Form लगी होती है

When you reach Shimla, it will be snowing here.
At this time tomorrow, I shall be travelling in a train.

(c) In the Interrogative, the future continuous implies a polite request or query.
Will you be coming with me? .

III. The Future Perfect Tense
Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + will/shall + be + V₁ + O
Negative Sentences – S + will/shall + not + have + V₁ + O
Interrogative Sentences – Will/Shall + S + have + V,₁ + O ?

He will have done this work.
Will he have started the next work also?
No; he will not have started the next work. He will have gone home.

USES :
(a) To express an action which is expected to be completed by a given future time.
नोट-(By the time या before के साथ एक भाग में verb की Ist Form लगी होती है
I shall have solved the sum by that time.
By the time the doctor arrives, the patient will have died.
The bell will have gone before we reach the school.

(b) To express the speaker’s belief or guess about an action.
Mohan will have reached Delhi by now.
You will have read about Alexander the Great.

IV. The Future Perfect Coninuous Tense
Structure :
Simple Sentences – S+ will/shall + have been + V₁ + ing + O
Negative Sentences – S+ will/shall + not + have been + V₁ + ing + O
Interrogative Sentences – Will/Shall + S + have been + V₁ + ing + O?

Will the gardener have been watering the plants in the evening?
No, he will not have been watering the plants.
He will have been waiting for you for two hours when you reach there.

USES :
(a) To show future.
This tense is used to express an action which will begin before a certain time in the future, will be continuing at that certain point of time and will continue even after that. When you reach the ground, the match will have been going on for one an hour.

(The match will begin, one hour before you reach, will still be in progress at the time of your reaching there and will continue even after your arrival.)

EXERCISE
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future form :
1. I wonder if I (get) tickets in advance.
2. I (know) the results in a week’s time.
3. If you work hard, you (pass).
4. Perhaps he (arrival) in time for lunch.
5. At this time tomorrow I (travel) in a train.
6. By six p.m. tomorrow, I (do) this work.
7. You (open) the door, please?
8. There is going to be a bus strike. Everyone (look) for taxis and rickshaws next week.
9. I don’t like that man and I (not help) him.
10. Mohan says that he (not lend) me the book, because I never return the books.
Answer:
1. shall get
2. shall know
3. will pass
4. will arrive
5. shall be traveling
6. shall have done
7. will you open
8. will be looking
9. will not help
10. will not lend.

EXERCISE
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future form (future simple, future continuous, future perfect, future perfect continuous):
1. If you walk fast, you (catch) the train.
2. When you reach there, he (read) a book.
3. By evening I (read) half the book.
4. At 7 p.m. he (ring) for two hours.
5. I (return) your book tomorrow.
6. I (help) you in your difficulty.
7. You (know) your result next week.
8. A number of tourists (arrive) Shimla next summer.
9. The train (leave) by the time you reach the station.
10. As you sow, so you (reap).
11. The gardeners (water) the plants before the sun rises.
12. The sun (rise) before we reach the top.
13. I (do) the washing tomorrow morning.
14. If he is clever enough, he (get) his answer.
15. By Monday he (stay) at this hotel for three weeks.
Answer:
1. will catch
2. will be reading
3. will have read
4. will have been ringing
5. will return
6. will know
7. will know
8. will arrive
9. will have left
10. shall you reap
11. will have watered
12. will have risen
13. will do
14. will get
15. will have been staying.

Mixed Solved Exercise

EXERCISE 1
Use the correct form of the verbs given in brackets :
1. The policeman (catch) the thief red-handed.
2. Students (stay away) from their classes in protest against the principal.
3. The whole day yesterday the boys (listen) to the cricket commentary.
4. A bomb scare (cause) a delay of about 2 hours of the Delhi-Bangalore flight.
5. The Jawahar Lal Nehru Stadium (reverberate) with dance, music and song.
6. Jim Corbett (love) animals but he (kill) many man-eaters.
7. I (learn) Tamil from my friend who is settled in Tamil Nadu.
8. Last year they (build) a high wall around the house.
9. I (read) a number of stories, when I was a child.
10. Last evening some wicked people (smuggle) brown sugar into the town, but they were arrested.
Answer:
1. caught
2. stayed away
3. were listening
4. caused
5. reverberated
6. loved; killed
7. learnt
8. built
9. read
10. smuggled.

EXERCISE 2
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense in the following sentences :
1. The train (leave) at 6.50 a.m.
2. He (buy) a new house recently.
3. I (buy) a new car last week.
4. If you (go) to the city, bring a toy for me.
5. The patient (die) before the doctor came.
6. She (study) for the last three hours.
7. Go to bed if you (finish) your work.
Answer:
1. leaves
2. has bought
3. bought
4. go
5. had died
6. has been studying
7. have finished.

EXERCISE 3
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in brackets :
1. When I (go) to the hospital, the doctor already (perform) the operation.
2. After getting into the bus we (discover) that we (board) the wrong one.
3. I (finish) the assignment before the sun (set).
4. Deepak (want) to join the medical college, but he (fail) to get admission.
5. The farmers sowed the seeds after they (plow) their fields.
6. I asked my friend what film he (see).
7. I tore up your letter after I (read) it.
8. He (shell) all the peas before I cut the potatoes.
Answer:
1. went; had already performed
2. discovered; had boarded
3. had finished; set
4. wanted; failed
5. had plowed
6. had been
7. had read
8. had shelled all the peas.

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MP Board Class 11th Special English Essay Writing

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1. Introduction
Essay is an attempt which gives expression to one’s thought on a given subject. It is a written composition in well-arranged paragraphs. It deals with one particular subject. Students at school level are, not required to write elaborate essays in which great learning and loftiness of language is required. It is enough if they can write English in a clear, simple and correct style.

2. Style
Remember the following rules to acquire good style :

1. Simplicity. It means the expression of thoughts in simple language and simple words. High sounding words and complex sentences have no place in their expression.
2. Clarity Ideas are to be expressed in such a clear language that it can easily convey the meaning to the reader.
3. Originality. The language must consist of original English words and structure of sentences. Foreign words, Latinised style, colloquial phrases and slang in expressions must be avoided.
4. Accuracy. Words and phrases should be exact. Wrong words and inaccurate expression give wrong or different meanings. Generally, they mislead the readers.
5. Brevity. Brevity means to use the least number of words in expressing the ideas. Conciseness makes the language idiomatic and forceful.
6. Unity. The sentence of a paragraph should have only one main idea. Unnecessary details must be left out. It saves the time of the reader as well as yours.
7. Order. Clauses and sentences should have proper connection with one another. Loose phrases of sentences destroy the beauty of the style arid add to its ugliness.

3. Hints for Essay Writing

Following hints should be kept in mind while writing an essay :

• Use short sentences and write short paragraphs. They should vary in length.
• Be vivid in your description of anything. For this purpose comparisons and contrasts may be used. They dd not destroy the beauty of your description.
• Say everything that is necessary on the subject. Always keep your aim clear before you. Never write vague things. Vagueness corrupts our habit of writing to the point.
• Be clear and concise in your remarks.
• Write a neat and legible hand, ft is the key to success.

4. How to Write an Essay

When you are asked to write an essay on some particular subject, begin as follows :

1. Understand the Subject fully. Have a clear idea of what you are going to write. Do not set to work before you understand the particular aspect of the subject.
2. Collection of the Material. By putting intelligent questions to yourself upon the subject, collect material for your essay in hand. Note down the ideas as they strike you. After writing them to arrange them in order.
3. Planning. Having collected ideas, begin preparing the outline. Group together the allied ideas and reject the unnecessary ones. Arrange them under a few main headings and’draw up a scheme.
4. Having written the outline, begin writing the essay. Divide your essay in a few paragraphs. Each paragraph should deal with one healing.

5. Structure of an Essay
An essay can be divided into three parts :

1. The Introduction.
2. The Body.
3. The Conclusion.

The Introduction. The introduction of the essay should be brief. A short quotation or a proverb serves a good purpose. The first sentence should be striking and interesting. It should be a keynote.

The Main Body : The beginning should lead naturally to the main body. We should deal with the necessary and relevant facts. The body is the longest and the most important part of the essay. It should be split up into suitable paragraphs of different lengths. The end of one paragraph should prepare the reader for the next paragraph.

Conclusion : The end of the essay must be as strking and interesting as the introduction. The least sentence should strike the attention of the reader, ft should leave a lasting impression on his mind. The end should be natural and not abrupt.

6. Errors to be Guarded Against

Avoid the following errors while writing an essay :

• Definitions/except in the case of any elaborate essay.
• Introductory remarks by way of showing one’s humility and thus exacting the sympathy of the examiner,
• Quotations, except from very familiar authors,
• Use of too many metaphors and similes.
• Repetition of words and ideas.
• Colloquial phrases of slang expression,
• Foolish abbreviations.
• High sounding words.

Now let us see the examples of essays.

1. A Visit to a Historical Place

I had a great desire to see the Taj Mahal, the most peaceful and matchless tomb at Agra. So I made use of the kind invitation sent to me by my dear friend in the summer vacation, ! had heard much about the beauty of the Taj Mahal anti had heard of how Mughal Emperor, Shahjahan had, at great cost built the world-famous tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaj Mahal, as a token of his great love for her. It is said that it took twenty years to build it, and that twenty thousand men were employed to complete it.

I, with my friend, reached the Taj in the evening just before sunset. We went into the beautiful garden to enjoy its straight walks, tall dark cypress trees, smooth green lawns; beds of glowing flowers and its flashing fountains. There rose up before us the wonder of the world, I found it all of white marble; I enjoyed the sight of a splendid white dome rising up in the middle with four tall white marble minarets around it, one at each corner of the raised platform on which the peat tomb stood.

At a little distance, the Taj Mahal looked small and delicate like a fairy palace; but as I got nearer I saw how large and stately it really was. When we went up the marble steps the dome seemed to soar high up into the blue sky and the clouds which were red and gold with sun-set light. It stands on the bank of blue river Yamuna. The water of the river was all gold In the sunset glow and made the building look more beautiful than ever.

We went inside. We saw the marble tomb within, They were decorated with precious stones, and the beautiful screens of carved marble. There we thought of the beloved queen whose body lay below, and the great love of the King who had spent his wealth in putting up lovely memorial to her. The real tomb of the queen lies in a small room which one can reach by descending some steps.

This hall is charming for its most beautiful patterns of marble work. The pavement is made with the squares of white and black marble. Everything in this hall, i.e. walls, screens and tombs, are all covered with inscriptions from the Quran. There are also flower designs in laid with beautiful precious stones of different colours.

When it was full moon, I persuaded my friend to take me again to see the Taj. We enjoyed the wonderful moon. It looked like a building of pearl, or a palace made of silver. It looked to be made of white cloud. The shining white marble, the black shadows, the soft moonlight, the silence and the sweet-scented garden all made it a sight never to be forgotten.

The Taj has been described variously by the poets. It has been described as “Poem in Marble” or a “Dream in Marble”. The late world-famous and Nobel Prize Winner poet, Tagore wrote many poertis on the Taj Mahal, which are very excellent. No photographic description or portrait can describe its full beauty.

It is no wonder if visitors come from far and ne^r to have a look at the Taj Mahal in thousand every year. It is indeed one of the seven wonders of the world.

2. Terrorism
Or
The Menace of Terrorism
Or
My Views on Terrorism

Terrorism is the most talked-about news item in today’s life.

Every morning we come across sensational news and reports of acts of terrorism committed by terrorism in the world. Sometimes it is a murder of an eminent politician, sometimes it is the kidnapping » of an envoy by terrorists in order to blackmail a government to concede to their just or unjust demands. The highjacking of airplanes is a common phenomenon nowadays. Bomb explosions taking place \ in crowded areas is yet another criminal act of the terrorists.

These are many other forms of these anti-social or anti-national, inhuman activities. Fish plates are removed from the railway tracks, the wells or water tanks are poisoned by the terrorists.

These anti-social or anti-national activities are performed by the terrorists in order to call the attention of the National /Government or the world community on a certain problem and to get their just or unjust demands fulfilled.

Terrorism is an international problem which has clouded our lives and made them insecure. We do not know at what moment we may be the victims of a bomb explosion or a railway accident or the highjacking of aeroplane. No one has forgotten the Bombay bomb-blasts, the Godhra incident, Akshardham attack, WTC attack and very recently Russian Massacre.

We may classify terrorism into two categories : positive and negative. Positive terrorism is one in which the aims are good. For example, a number of Indian patriots took to terrorism against the British government to force it to grant freedom to India. The terrorism of South Africa and North Ireland etc. may be included in this category. This type of terrorism is understandable since its aims are good for mankind. But w^ would not recommend such means for even right ends. In order to secure the achievement of noble ends, right means must be employed, as Mahatma Gandhi did.

Negative terrorism is one in .which an. unsatisfied section of a community holds the entire community to ransom in order to get its unacceptable demands fulfilled.

Terrorism has no boundaries nor any caste, creed or culture. It can occur anytime anywhere in, the world sometimes without any intention. Terrorists have no human heart. They spare none not even the innocent little children.

No doubt terrorists are the person who has been created by our society. It is the misguided zeal of a few genius who are spreading it in the world. We must handle them with care otherwise the whole world will be doomed. There is a need to spread a public conscience. The whole world should fight against it unitedly.

3. Dowry—A Social Evil

Since the dawn of civilization dowry system has been prevalent in our society in one or the other form. It is one of the biggest evils of our society. It is an insult to the sacred institution of marriage. Parents pay huge sums of money so that their daughter may live a happy married life. The groom’s parents try to get the maximum from bridegroom’s parents. Unreasonable demands have been made by the groom’s parents and sometimes, the marriage ceremony is abruptly stopped in the absence of sufficient dowry. Fabulous amount of cash, refrigerators, cars, coloured television sets, scooters,and even houses are demanded in dowry. The parents of the girls, have to incur heavy debts in order to meet the demands of the greedy in-laws of their daughter. No wonder then the birth of a daughter is not liked by any Indian parents.

Giving a dowry ii a vary old custom. Even in the past, the parents of the girl have been giving dowry in the form of gifts. Its supporters give a number of arguments to justify it. According to them, it is a fine method of setting up an establishment for their newly-weds. Another argument given in support of dowry is that when the girl’s parents are quite choosy about the educational qualification, social status of their would-be son-in-law, why should they not share the expenses incurred in achieving the social status, because ultimately, it is their daughter who is going to be the beneficiary, Additionally, a daughter-in-law who brings adequate dowry with her commands a better respect from her in-laws. On the other hand, a bride without sufficient dowry feels insecure and uneasy, All these are absurd arguments and cannot, in any way, justify this social evil, There is point no setting up one establishment by upsetting the establishment of the bride’s parents.

Modem girls are educated and in many cases are not dependent upon their husbands for their upkeep. In their case, it is foolish to insist on dowry as the regular earnings are no less than dowry, A girl can gain confidence only from her merits and not from the dowry, It is duty of all enlightened citizens of our country to fight out this evil. We must rid our society of this curse. Anti-dowry Act has been enforced but if the people do not co-operate, the evil of dowry cannot be eliminated, As a matter of fact, all dowry seekers and givers shpuld be boycotted socially. Educated boys and girls should bow not to marry the sons or daughters of those who demand dowry,

4. Corruption In India
Or
Corruption—A Cancer of Society

Corruption is a deep-rooted menace, that has eaten into the vitals of our society. There is hardly any sphere of social, economic, political and religious activity that is free from the corruption of some kind. Corruption has become so common that most of people have come to accept it as part of their life.

Bribery and corruption has increased greatly after 1947. The growth of democracy and industry, the system of licenses and permits for setting up enterprises, securing quotas of law materials, imports and exports and expansion of trade and commerce is responsible for the increase in corruption. Stringent laws against corruption have proved to be effective in curbing this evil.

Corruption flourishes as long as there are people who are prepared to give bribe and others who are prepared to accept it, directly or indirectly. Each one of us has a weakness for easy money. People are prepared to do anything or stoop to any extent of taking graft in order to maintain their so-called standards of living^ People who indulge in corruption maintain a double standard. On the one hand they accept a bribe and on the other they urge people to be honest and pure. Such hypocrisy compounds the offense. It is not difficult to locate the causes of corruption. Corruption generally breeds at the top and then gradually filters down to the lower levels. Gone are the days when people who joined politics were fired by the spirit of serving the nation. Those who suffered for the sake of getting their country freed from the foreigners, knew only how to make sacrifice. They had never expected any compensation for their sacrifices. Those were the times when only the selfless people joined politics. But unfortunately, the present-day politics has become a business like any other business. The modem politicians are no longer motivated by any lofty ideals. In order to win elections, they spend huge sums of money with the hope that after they are elected, they would recover much more than what they had spent. When the people in power indulge in unscrupulous practices, a common man also indulges freely.

Government after government have made promises to root out corruption from our public life but this evil has persisted of , course, there are honest officials but they are in minority. Let us as a nation contemplate seriously as to what will happen when our public life is loaded with corruption. A certain amount of introspection by those who are in power can only initiate the process of minimising the evil of corruption in our country. If the public in general is indifferent, corruption would continue to grow us like cancer.

5. My Favourite Game
Or
Your Favourite Game

Game is a part of my life. Right from my childhood I have been a good player. I take part in all the outdoor games. Everyone has his or her own choices. Some like hockey, other like football, while many other consider cricket to be their best game. The game which I like most is football. I have my own reasons for liking this game.

Now you can ask me why I prefer football to any other game. Well, it can be easily explained. The main object of all games is to give us some exercise. This is one reason why football is my favourite game. It helps our body to grow. It brings a sense of discipline and a habit of endurance in us. A good football player is sure to succeed in any walk of life. He can make a great soldier to defend his country. He can be a clever statesman to run the government. He can continue to be a good sportsman if he is dedicated to his game. He can be anything because his endurance, sense of discipline has taught him to be himself and be independent of his mind.

But is there no other game which gives hard exercise? Surely none other except perhaps hockey. But hockey carries many risks for the life of a player. It also makes the player quarrelsome. He uses ‘stick as his weapon. On the other hand, in football, no such , risk is involved. One can go on playing without hitting anyone seriously.

Another reason of my choice is that it is very economical. It does not require elaborate and costly equipment. A ball and a well- leveled ground is all that is required to start our game. And then . it is easy to pick up its rules. We do not require any special coach for if is learned so easily by boys that they begin to play it a very young long before they are to play hockey or cricket. lt would not be an exaggeration to say that football is a game which one learns ^ at a very early stage of one’s life.

Like hockey or cricket, football is played by two teams of eleven boys. A team consists of five forwards, three half backs, two full-backs and one goal keeper. The player kicks the ball with his feet. But he may touch it wifh any other part except, of course his hands. The goal keeper, however, can use his hands as well. As a player may be tempted to push an opponent or go for a head of the ball near the opposite goal. So pushing and off side are regarded as a foul play. The penalty for a foul is a risk by a player of the opposite team. The fewer fouls you make, the more chance you have to win the game easily.

The game of football gives us good exercise. We have to keep vigilant and alert. It encourages team spirit. It gives a very good exercise to all the limbs of our body. It keeps us fit for all the times. No wonder then I have a special preference for my favorite game football.

6. A Cricket Match

Cricket is one of the most popular games of the present century. Of late it has become quite popular in our country. Go where you may when the cricket match is on, people are glued to their transistors or television, sets. It appears as if the entire machinery of the Government has come to a standstill and people are concentrating as to the performance of our national heroes, the cricketers.

Cricket has introduced in India a long time ago. Previously this game was played only by a few aristocrats. The Rajas and Maharajas only could afford this costly game.

In the last spring holidays, a friendly cricket match was played between the filmstars team and the cricketer’s team. It was played on the Indira Gandhi Stadium. A large number of spectators gathered there to witness the match. I am also very fond of this game. I also went to see the match.

The match started at 10 A.M. Messrs Derby and Dick acted as umpires. The cricketers plus team won the toss and began to bat. Their captain sent in Rohan and Chetan, two good opening batsmen to face the bowling Govinda and Rakesh.

They had a good start. Rohan could not face the strong and, sharp bowling of Govinda. He was bowled before the score was ten. In the next fifteen minutes Chetan was also caught in the slips.

The batsman who followed them played a steady game. Soon one of them opened his account with a boundary. He punished loose balls. He squares cut the off-balls beautifully to the boundary. He did not take liberty with the straight balls. But he delighted the spectators by hitting hard the loose ones. The bowlers tried their best to, dismiss the players. They kept good length and line of the ball. The batsmen remained at the crease till they had scored 60 runs. Rohan had caught one of them at the corner. The second wicket also fell quickly. After this our bowlers had an easy time. Our opponents could not stand against our hard hitting balls. There was a regular going in and coming out of the players. There were no less than five ducks. The rot did not stop till the whole team was out for a paltry 100 runs.

The second innings started with a new zeal after the interval. Our opening pair hit up 29th when one of them was caught in the slips. Rohan filled up vacancy and scored five boundaries. He was raising the score steadily when his companion went forward to hit a slow ball. He lost his balance. And he was stumped by the wicket-keeper.

Our next player was a good hitter. He sent the ball over the boundary thrice and scored a dozen runs quickly. The score went up to 70. Runs came in boundaries and occasional singles were also cleverly stolen between the players. Zafar and Ajay hit out powerfully between them and the score increased rapidly. It was a fine performance indeed. They were well set when one of the deliveries bumped dangerously high and Zafar, in trying to hit, gave an easy catch to the wicket-keeper. Ajay was also caught in the slips. The rest were easily dispersed off. And when the game came to an end, Film Plus team won by ten runs and three wickets. It was hard-fought victory for four players and the team should in praise of the team. We returned home clapping our hands and jumping merrily.

7. Science And Civilisation

Science has been the wonderful phenomenon for mankind. It has considerably altered the world by its wonderful discoveries and inventions. Revolutionary changes have been brought about which could not have taken place in the absence of science. It is science that produced and developed human civilisation. The process of science and development of human civilisation have run parallel. Science has been a potent factor to shape the history of man’s civilisation on earth. Our forefathers lived a primitive life, and we are now living in an atomic age. This long leap from the jungle to the atomic civilisation could be possible only through science.

The concept of civilization is different from that\of culture. Civilisation includes the physical development while culture signifies the inner growth. All the industrial, agriculture and technological developments, are the essential parts of a developing civilisation.

We are now living in a world of dazzling glitter. Machines have reduced much of the human labour and suffering. They are serving humanity like faithful servants. Ours is a push-button civilisation, which depends upon tools, implements and machines. There are specific features that make a civilisation full. The entire structure of civilisation stands on some solid factors. The first condition for a true civilisation is that it must include the fulfilment of the primary human necessities just as food, clothing and housing. It is a matter of proud privilege that the present generation is enjoying better living conditions. We have better clothes to wear, better and nourishing food to eat and a better house to live in than our ancestors. In this respect, we can assume an easy superiority over them. There is no denying the fact that it is science v which has made our living conditions better. We must be grateful to science for its many benefits.

The other factor which makes a civilisation meaningful and s useful is leisure. If a civilisation cannot provide leisure to the people, it is not a civilisation of human beings but of brutes. If a person is busy filling his belly from morning to evening, he -does nothing different from what an animal does. The poor fellow struggles for his survival throughout his whole life and this is what the people of hunting and pastoral age did.

Science has bestowed numerous gifts on mankind. Means of transport and communications, medical facilities, electricity, agriculture machinery, recreational facilities etc. are such gifts of science to man. The blessings of science have made human life smooth and easy. Unfortunately the gifts of science have not been shared by all human beings equally. No civilisation is complete unless the gifts of science are enjoyed by all. The gap between the rich and the poor has widened. This has hampered the uniform development of our civilisation.

Science has invited lethal weapons which can destroy mankind in a twinkling of an eye. The atomic weapons have multiplied. Science can take away from us in a moment what it has given to us during the last several ages.

The terror of war is always hanging upon our heads like the / Sword of Democles. The survival of humanity is facing a horrible peril. The future of our civilisation is uncertain if the^tomic weapons spark the Third World War. If science has made civilisation strong on one hand, it has made it weak on the other. If the gifts of science are not properly used, time is not far when we shall see the end of human civilisation.

8. Democracy in India

India is said to be the largest democracy in the world in terms of numbers. Democracy is the form of government in which people’s will is supreme. Since in the present day big countries, it is not possible for the entire population of a country to gather at one place and deliberate and control the whole affairs. Government is therefore, carried by the elected representatives of the people. Of all the political forms of governments democracy is considered to be all best. Democracy is therefore, the most cultured and civilised political institution.

Democracy is the temple in which there is only idol to be worshipped and that is the idol of the people. Democracy provides, to its people, freedom of thought, speech and action. Elections are held after a certain specified number of years. General Elections have been held in India for several times. It shows that the foundations of democracy here are stable. In comparison, in most of the neighbouring countries, like Pakistan, Bangladesh, sudden overthrow of Governments have been witnessed. Army rule has been imposed in those countries and people enjoy less freedom as we do in India.

It is not mere holding of elections that is important, but people in India have developed matureudgements. When they found that a particular political party failed to represent their feelings, people of India have voted that party out. In 1977, the Congress (I) was defeated at the polls. Within two and half years, when the Indian people felt that theanata Government was unable to deliver the good, they brought back Congress again. In the recent past, also many surprising political changes have been witnessed in the State elections. In Haryana and Punjab, the Congress was defeated at the elections. This is despite the fact that majority of the electorate is still not very highly educated. But by and large, people in India have developed matureudgement which is imperative for the success of democracy. The Indian electorate has once again voted the Congress out of power in the recent general elections. Very recently a new trend of governance has emerged in the sense that no political party could gain majority which resulted in the formation of coalition government continuously for two consecutive terms, – first by the NDA and second by of UPA.

It is a matter of serious concern that many drawbacks have crept into our democratic structure. Majority of the political leaders in our country have become corrupt and self-seeking. At times, one finds that democracy in our country is no longer the government of the people, for the people and by the people. It is only a handful self-seeking leaders who are ruling the country without any regard to the public welfare which should be the important aspect of any democracy. Once elected, the ruling party forgets the voters and starts filling up their own coffers. This is certainly not healthy for the continuance of democracy. When we compare Indian democracy with that in England, we wonder at our public morality. The I politicians here feel reluctant to leave their seats of power once voted by the people. For the success of democracy in our country, what we require is clean public life of the politicians. The recent scandals about the Fairfax and Bofors have given a shock to the democratic setup in India. If the people of our country are vigilant, only then there lies some hope for the future of democracy in India.

9. Problem of Unemployment In India
Or
The Burning Problem Of India

Unemployment has emerged as a major national issue during the last many decades it has been increasing day by day. It is the burning question of the day. We find long queues before the Employment Exchanges. This problem of unemployment has been baffling our planners ever since we attained freedom. The population of India has already crossed the danger mark of 1000 million. Such an abnormal growth of population has belied all calculations and plans.

There are several factors or reasons that are responsible for the large-scale unemployment in the country. First, the population ! is increasing very rapidly. Employment opportunities have not increased with the rise in population. The rise in population must ! be controlled in order to end unemployment.

Education has reached the remotest villages of India. Educated persons run to the cities in search of jobs. We find many graduates and matriculates running after white-collar jobs. They do not like to work in factories and mills or in the fields. This has given rise to unemployment.

With the advent of automatic machines, employment opportunities in offices have declined. Moreover, educated persons do not like to work in the villages. To end this tendency factories should be set up in the villages. The young men would then stop coming to cities.

India is predominantly an agriculture country. There is no dearth of raw materials in India. We must make India an industrial country if we wish to control the mounting pressure of unemployment.

Most of the women too have taken up employment in offices and factories. This has decreased employment opportunities for the menfolk. The Government must plan in such a way that men are also gainfully employed.

Our system of education is not employment oriented. There is no vocational training in our schools or colleges. Most of the people do not like to work with their own hands. Small scale or rural industries have been badly neglected. Cottage industries can absorb most of our unemployed youth. Had we taken to rural V industrialisation, cottage and small scale industries instead of establishing big multi-crore industrial projects, the problem of unemployment would have been solved to a large extent.

Our Government is fully alive to the serious results of unemployment problem. New Education Policy lays stress on vocationalisation and the de-linking of degrees from jobs. Small scale industries are being set and educated youth are being given all possible encouragement to set up their own enterprises.

10. Educational Value of Television
Or
Television and Education

Television is a wonder to our life gifted by science. It has become a craze in the present day world. I has both advantages as well as demerits. Educational importance of television cannot be underestimated. In all .the developed and developing countries of the world, television is increasingly being made an important aid to education. Its audio-visual quality makes education programmes more effective and interesting. Schools are making full use of its potential for imparting education. In our country, television is as yet confined only to the cities but slowly it is gaining popularity among the affluent villagers. In most of the schools in Delhi, television is being freely used as a useful means of education.

Everyone would acknowledge that television is the most effective means of imparting scientific education. The best teachers can teach the largest number of students in the most effective way at a particular given time. In subjects like science and geography, there are many things which can be shown on television rather than taking the students to these actual places. For example,‘the student can have the actual glimpse of snow-fall, on the mountains through the use of television. This demonstration of the real things is sure to have a lasting impression on the minds of the students, rather v than merely telling them about those things. Scientific experiments can be shpwn to the students with the help of the television, I Students can be shown the celebration of important national events like the celebration of Independence Day and Republic Day.

The students can listen to the important speeches of the national leaders on television. The actual scene along with the particular gestures of the leader will be remembered more vividly by the students.

Physical education is becoming an important aspect of modem education. Certain games can be taught with the help of television. Expert physical instructors can demonstrate the various body movements in various physical exercises. The popular T.V. programme presented by famous cricketers Sunil Gavaskar has become very popular among the budding cricket players. The Delhi Doordarshan makes it a point to show the direct telecast of all
important national and international sports events. Test Matches on T.V. virtually hold the entire nation’s work for the duration of the match.

Television can be very useful in imparting technical education to the students. Hence one can’t deny the fact that Television serves a major role in the field of education effectively.

12. Importance of Games and Sports

The real education is one which can make a student intellectually sharp, physically strong and morally sound. It develops and strengthens the three aspects of our personality-mind, body and soul. In this sense games and sports are the basic need of life. Unless the development of the mind and body goes hand in hand with a corresponding awakening of the soul, the former alone would prove to be a poor, lop-sides affair. Therefore, games and sports, must form an integral part of the education of our youth.

So far physical education has been neglected in our educational system. Games and sports have been woefully neglected in our schools and colleges. Our education has been concerned only with earning degrees and diplomas. No wonder then our youngmen have started hating physical labour. Our graduates who come our of out universities with gold medals are physical wrecks. It darkens their future completely.

Hence there is a need to change our attitude towards games and sports. Some people think that sports and games are unimportant things that people do at times when they are not working. They consider them only as amusement like the cinema or ^adio, such things, they think are harmful for the studies of a strident who must at all times continue to stuff his brain with facts and figures. In fact, however> sports and games are of great value, especially to students who work with their brains Tnost of the day.

Sports and games make oilr bodies strong and keep us healthy. Little brairr work can be done by an ailing person. A sound mind resides only in a sound body. Physical exercise is essential for health. Every nerve, every sinew and everyoint of the body gets strengthened through games. But a good health is not the only thing we get through them. They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brain and muscles work together. In tennis, for instance, our eyes see the ball coming,udge its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain. The brain has then to decide what to do, and to send its order to the muscles of the arms, legs, and so on so that the ball is met and hit back where it ought to go. All this must happen with very great speed, only those who have had a lot of practice at tennis can carry out this complicated chain of events successfully.

Sport and games are also very useful for character training. In their lessons at college, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, discipline and love of one’s country. But what is learnt in books cannot have the same deep effect on a person’s character as what is learned by experience. Game inculcate in the ! players the habits of teamwork, discipline is being guided by a captain obedience to the rules of the game as interpreted by the referee or umpire and spirit of sportsmanship in taking the defeats along with victories with a smile. If we want a disciplined nation, we must give due encouragement to games and sports in our schools and colleges.

Recreational value of sports and games cannot also be denied. After a tiring day in the class room, in the laboratory or at your desk, there is nothing more refreshing than an hour in the field. A hot game of hockey, or a fast match of football and an exciting cricket takes off our fatigue. One feels fresh once again for any amount of work.

Games and sports thus must be compulsory for all students. Colleges and schools should have proper equipment and facilities- % for the students. The’ teams may win or lose, games play their wonderful role of making students active and agile in their life.

13. Computer that changed Our Life

Science has gifted us so many wonderful things that have affected our style of living and made life easy going Computer is one of- them that has played an important role in improving the conditions of advanced nations. We can effectively realise our dreams 1 through proper use of computers.

India declared its computer policy in November 1984. It has Opened, a new beginning of computer revolution in the history of India. The first computer in India was built in 1966 by Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. After a while Bhabha Atomic Research Centre added to computers in a series. Computers are now manufactured on a commercial basis. This has given a further momentum to the computer revolution in India. The establishment of the Electronics Corporation of India was a momentous event. r The use of electronics will not accentuate the problem of v unemployment. On the other hand, it will provide employment to a lot of people. Electronics can be safely and carefully made use of in agriculture, weather-forecasting and soil testing.

The ruling party made use of computer in the last Lok Sabha and Assembly elections. Computer played a great and important role in the analysis of election results.

The Government has established National Information Centre in New Delhi under Electronics Commission which is fitted with the most advanced and accurate computers.

The use of computer has proved to be very beneficial in banks. There are plans to fit computers at the main branches of all the nationalised banks.
The computer is being increasingly used in transport system. The international alirline have already got it.

Its use in Post and Telegraph, military corporate houses will revolutionise the working of these departments. The computer has been found of immense use in the statistical department for the purpose of data analysis.

Indeed advantages of the use of computers are many. They make calculations much faster and more accurately than in all industrial countries of Europe and USA, on a large scale: If data are correctly fed into a computer than it can check and correctly examine answer book at much faster rate. That is why computers are in use of practically all the educational institutions of the developed countries of the world, and developing countries like India are making increasing use of them.

14. Wonders of Science

Science is a tremendous concept. It has worked, wonders for us. It has gifted a number of wonderful objects. There are reasons to consider science to be blessing. Science has helped men to conquer the forces of nature. It has added new comforts to the life of men. It has made men superior to all other creatures.

It has made the rulers powerful because of gun powder. The life during the dark ages was unsafe. In those days looting and murders were common after sun set.

Faster modes of travelling and improved means of communication have established order and security. Today we can take lunch in India and supper in London. It has conquered distance. Similarly telephone, telegraph and wireless have helped us to save time .and send ‘messages at any moment. Through its devices it helps us and save time from kitchen to fields. Now man has a greater amount of lesiure.

Science has brought success in every field of our life. Man has almost conquered diseases. He has checked polio and plague. Surgery can now show miracles. By applying science to industries men have been able to raise the living standard of common people. Most of the people were naked. They were very poor. They had no food to fill their bellies. Like cats and rats died due to starvation, cold and over work. Science has now made large scale production. Almost every one is provided with common necessities of life.

As a matter of fact, a scientific invention cannot be blamed for the tragedy of man. After all an atom bomb does not prepare itself or explode on it own account. A discovery of science is lifeless, obviously, it can never control man. Seeing in this light, Science can * never turn out to be a master it is always a slave.

Men should always think of both the positive and negative aspects of discoveries of science. When man loses the moral values in life then he thinks of destroying innocent people. He also becomes one of its victims. No body should be slave to science” and an enemy to human civilization. Science should always be used for peaceful purposes. Science must be tackled wisely because any sort of mishandling can bring a doom to our life. Its devasting aspect is almost beyond control.

15. The Problem of India’s Increasing Population

Indian life has turned to be critical there are so many problems that have made us panicky. Increase in population is one of them. Famines, floods, earthquakes and riots often occur. The government is doing its best to solve these problems. But the population problem is the most dangerous. The population explosion has ‘taken a rapid stride in India. According to the Census of 1971, the population of India was 54.8 crores. It became 68.4 crores in 1981 and 84.4 crores in 1991. It has crossed 100 million according to the 2000 census report. This presents a horrible situation. The explosion of population has complicated the problems of poverty, illness, unemployment and marty others.

The population in India is growing rapidly. The advancement and expansion of medical science has resulted in the lower death rate. Along with it, the illiterates of our country give no thought to the national problems created by this rapid growth of population. The children are thought to be God gifted.

The population explosion in India has brought about many severe consequences. The health of the mother runs down and that results in the rearing or weakening, which make a weak, dull, illiterate and poor nation. Therefore, for the welfare of the family and the nation as a whole, it is very necessary to check the growth of population. Every citizen of India should try to limit his family. For this ‘Family Planning’ or ‘Family Welfare’ is needed.

Growth of population may be prevented by observing celibacy and self-control. But in the present day atmosphere, it is rather impossible. So the negative check have been chalked out by the government. Loops, Nirodh and contraceptive tablets have been invented. The government is making a vigorous propaganda for it.

People are being encouraged to go under vasectomy or tubectomy operations Family Welfare Centres have been set up in all parts of the country where ‘Nirodh’ and contraceptives are sold on nomial charges Or distributed freely. Operations are also managed there.

We should realise that the children are product of choice, not of chance or god gift. ‘We two and ours two’ slogan should be maintained by every citiien. We should be watchful for the future progress and prosperity oftfljihe nation and observe ‘Family Welfare’ programme. People should be educated to be wise to control this situation. There is a need for public conscience which alone can solve this problem otherwise a time will come when there will be no place even to stand on Indian land and nothing to eat for anyone in India.

16. India Ushering into the Twenty-First Century

Our young and dynamic late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had promised to take India right into the 21st century. The tremendous progress that our country has made after getting independence gives us an optimistic picture of our country. If we compare the progress of these four decades with the country that sjndia was at the close of the 19th century, we would wonder at thfe difference. The present century has witnessed far reaching advances in politics, economics, trade, industry, education and science. We were a primitive nation of snake charmers and grass cutters at the close of the last century. Now we are a free nation and have our place in the comity of nations. Our economic growth rate is at par with that of many advanced countries of the world. Our scientists have acquired great name in the world of science and in no way inferior to the top-ranking scientists that the world has today. We have come to assume the role of a ‘big brother’ in the South East Asian Region and have earned a big name in the non-aligned countries of the world. Ours is the biggest democracy in the world. These are no mean achievements.

The Indian Government has launched ambitious plants and if these are sincerely implemented one can jolly well hope that in the twenty-first century things are going to improve still further. Indian economy has already shown significant growth rate of 5 percent per annum in a sustained fashion.

No doubt we have not been able to check the ever increasing numbers of our population but there are indications that educated couples are increasingly taking to the advantages of small family. If we are able to educate more and more people we can certainly hope to curb the, increasing trend of our population in the years to come. Once we are able to tame the monster of population problems, we shall be able to make our economic programmes more meaningful.

India is no more a large undernourished country of 1000 million. It is now a country which is more than self-sufficient in food- production due to vast irrigation project, a local fertiliser industry ‘ and green revolution. We have to take appropriate measures to meet the challenge posed by the frequent drought in some parts of our country. Such unforeseen calamities often push the wheel of progress backward. Our scientists are competent enough to find out a satisfactory solution to the continued dry spell occurring quite frequently. If only we are able to provide our laborious farmers with adequate means of irrigation, they can do wonders in the realm of agriculture. We can eliminate our dependence upon foreign countries in the matter of foodgrains.

Indian can boast of one of the best armed forces in the world. Equipped with the latest weapons, our soldiers are second to none in the world and they can defend the frontiers of our country ably. Ourawans have already shown their valour in the wars fought more than twice in free India. High technology is being used both in the civilian iand military sectors. We are self-sufficient in nuclear energy. Today India builds its own power reactors, heavy water and reprocessing plants and plans to add 22 reactors within the next 15 years to the 6 already in operation. The day is not far off when it will become second to none in Asia.

India is an industrial giant among developing countries. With an ever-growing internal market of 1000 million people, her industrial product have reached markets across the seven seas. It has also developed a technology appropriate for the needs of the third world. The performance of India’s private industrial sector has been exemplary and is still growing. If the industrial growth continues at this rate we will witness in the coming century as India which will be at par with many advanced nations of the west.

Indian villages are no longer the same as these were forty years ago. Government of India has been giving ‘top priority to rural development. All the Five Year Plans have been geared to improve the lot of the villagers. The schemes like Integrated Rural Development Programme are basically aimed at making our backward villages modern. Schools and hospitals are being opened in the villages to improve the lot of the villages and spread literacy among them. The. New Education Policy recently launched by the Government envisages opening of Navodaya Vidyalas at district centres. These schools would impart the most modern education to the village children who have hithertofore been ignored from such sophisticated schools.

India no doubt has shown the way of progress. Now it has attracted the attention of the-whole world as a largest world market. Even the USA has been trying to develop its good relation with India. It is our great achievement.

17. Value of Discipline

Discipline is a way which follow the order. No nation can be great unless its people are disciplined. Discipline in life leads to success. No country, school, college or home without discipline can function properly. Thus, it is necessary in all walks of life.

Discipline starts from home. Respect the authority is the base of discipline. Children must obey their parents and elders. Parents to love them and guide them properly.

Discipline is very necessary for the continuance of a well regulate and orderly life. It is needed and orderly life. It is needed in every shape of life. Its Importance in our country today is Very great. The freedom of the nation can be safe only when we Iedrn the lesson of discipline. Discipline is required for the progress and betterment of individual in his life. It is the guide and the guardian of a man’s life. All the great men risen to heights of success and glory by ordering discipline in their lives. Loose discipline in farmily, in the classroojn, in the army and field will lead to the path of ruin.

An indisciplined army is unmanageable. It will suffer defeat in the battle-field. Whereas a disciplined army fights unitedly and comes out victorious. The discipline of Indian army is well-known all over the world.

In a classroom no teacher can teach his or her students. It is for the class to maintain discipline. One learns discipline first at home and then in school. To obey set rules is discipline. In a family, the head can’t run it smoothly if the members don’t maintain discipline. In an assembly all the members must observe discipline if they want to do any goodob successfully and in time.

Discipline should be the way of life without which we will face complete chaos. We will make no progress at . all. It provides an order and perfection to our life. If there is no discipline in any field of life, there will be no progress. Even in family if we lack discipline it is sure to be doomed. Hence we need to discipline our life.

Infact discipline is very essential in all walks of life. In its absence there will be utter diorder, confusion and chaos. No nation can progress in its absence. It is the key to success. Hence, it must be followed by all.

18. Indian Politics Todajr
Or
Politics of Coalition

At present Indian politics is under the process development. Although right from the time of freedom movenlent the processes on but during the last twenty years these have been a lot of changes. Due to selfish motto of political parties, the aim of getting power to rule things have gone the worst.

Indian politics has lost the real component of fair practice in politics. The means should be right and pure to achieve the object but in our country now the attraction of power is so much that no body cares for the means. For example, for winning the election they adopt all those malpractices which are immoral in our society. After election horse-trading goes on to capture power. Minister, officials and leaders of political parties adopt immoral ways and means to earn money.

After 1985 many cases of corruption were defected in public life in which leader, Government officials, servants, contractors, brokers and antisocial elements were involved. the fashion and tradition of commission increased the corruption in all Walk of life. During the last ten years there were a lot of scandals in which so many ministers, secretaries, directors, government officers and servants are found involved. The cases of share scandal, hawala, urea and chara are the worst which have opened the new chapter of corruption in public life. Though these scandals are mere examples, there are a lot such scandals which are still to be brought into light. Indeed there is a lot of corruption in our public life. Bribery has become a courtesy. No work is done without it. Almost all the measures adopted to control it have failed head long, because most of our leaders, political workers, government officers, public servants, contractors, brokers, businessmen, traders, industrialists are directly or indirectly involved in the cases of corruption. Some of them have been caught while the others are still beyond reach.

At present even the representatives of people such as some of the MLAs, MP’s and ministers, government officers and servants are following the path of corruption and they are making hay while the sun shines. The whole system has become so spoiled and corrupt that it needs well planned serious efforts.

As now-a-days no party is getting absolute majority at the centre so the politics of coalition is going on. It is giving us weak government moreover the country has to fall to mid term polls due to coalition politics. This new trend now seems to be the way of Indian politics. In coalition form of govt, no single party gets majority. Many of the parties form the govt. It becomes very critical for one to run the govt, and control the parties of different ideas.

For example two successive govt, had ruled India—one the NDA and now the UPA. This trend is not at all good to nation.

19. Communal Harmony

Amity between the communities in the country, and absence of any friction and tension among them is known as communal harmony. , In countries like India, it is very important, being a pre-condition to internal peace, which is essential for progress and development of the country. As we know, India has got multiplicity of religions and very nature of the culture is composite. But religion has never been a source of conflict between the comm.unities in Indian society. Mutual tolerance and high regard for other religions is an age-old tradition of the country. Still the vested interest has always been active to create disharmony between them. There were, however, not a single instance some years back where obstruction in religious performance has been a cause of communal riots. This phenomenon in the Indian context is politically motivated and has always been engineered by vested interests. It were there at thb time of the foreign rule as well as ih post-independence era.

Communal harmony as such is highly sensitive an issue and, cannot be soft-pedaled any more in view of our traditional values, composite cultural heritage and secular character of our state. But the main problem is how to maintain communal harmony at administrative and social levels. There is lack of political consciousness among the common people due to illiteracy. Secondly, antisocial and professional criminals have been playing a key role in communal riots and flare-ups as agents of vested interests and their hirelings. Finally, there is need of an effective mechanism to deal with it. Present mechanism is not so smooth. It lacks coordination and people’s involvement. The intelligence agencies report in advance to the District and State authorities about the communal tension and the element actively associated with growing tension and potentials of disturbances etc. But generally no action is taken and authorities wait for the riots. It is only thereafter that police move in for action and curfew is clamped to control the situation. During curfew arrests are made for violations.

For the last ten years Ramanambhoomi-Babri Masjid issue is a major root of communal disharmony. Muslims and Hindus are face to face with each other on this issue. In the earlier the communal riots on this issue have taken many lives in Gujarat. Three bogies of a train in which Ramsevaks were returning from Ayodhya were burnt by a mob of 2000 Muslim fundamentalists at Godhra railway station. In which 58 persons were burnt alive. Suddenly in reaction of it, Hindus started burning the properties and men and women in different areas of Gujarat.

To begin with, therefore, the first thing is to have a fresh look at it and amend our approach accordingly. Foremost in the process thus is resolute toil on the part of government to protect the foundation pillar of the Indian state. We must tackle the situation wisely.

With fresh approach to the problem fresh measures are also to be taken to deal with it effectively. The measures would include suitable amendments in the existing applicable law, pertaining to apprehension of breach of peace and criminal conspiracy against the state and people of India. A new mechanism involving individuals and social organisations on different levels to watch vigil over the situation replacing existing local peace committees will have to be evolved to help the administrative machinery in taking preventive and follow-up action in cases of attempts and conspiracy of breach of communal harmony. This will lead our country to the path of glory.

20. The Role Of Opposition Parties in a Democracy

In a parliamentary system of government the party or the group of parties commanding majority forms the government and remains in power as long as it enjoys the confidence of popularly elected’ house. Regarding seating arrangement, the house is divided into two wings. On the right-hand side of the speaker the ruling party or the parites are allotted seats and in parliamentary terminology these are called as treasury benches. While on the left hand side of the speaker, the opposition party members or parties are allotted seats. Parties and group on either side have their own elected leaders. The Prime Minister is also the leader of the House while the leader of the largest opposition party enjoys the status of the leader of opposition in the House. There is a prescribed procedure for this and they are accorded recognition of their status by the Speaker as per rule and regulations and establishment norms in respect thereof .”The government is free to determine the policies and programmes and make decision, so long as it retains power that is again subject to the approval of the House in a prescribed manner.

The opposition parties play very significant role in a democracy as representatives of the people who have returned them to the House to safeguard their interests. With this view, they criticise government in case the later ignore them or conceal facts and they resort to protestation in the House and at the public level. It counts very much for awareness among the people over the specific issues of national importance and raises levels of political consciousness among them.

Most impressive and dominant role of the opposition in a democracy is that of a ‘watch dog’ of the system. In such countries where there is a two-party system in vogue, the opposition party forms a ‘shadow cabinet’ to exercise vigil over the performance of the government. This is truer in case of United Kingdom. Two-party system is also in vogue in United States of America. Since there is no parliamentary system of government, the opposition party in the House of Representatives of the US Congress (the lower House of the Parliament) forms as many committees as the ruling party does and present their views over the policies and performance of the US administration in National and International. Affairs before the official committeesoint committees are also formed on important subjects or issues.

In countries where there is multiparty system in vogue including, India, the opposition parties try to cooperate among Mhemselves over particular issues. Arbitrary and despotic behavior of the government is checked by the opposition parties demanding information and debate in the House.” It is the opposition in the Parliament that has a very important hole of check and balance to play in the larger public interest and correct democratic practices.

Members of the opposition parties are also included in the advisory committees attached to the respective ministries. All the measures of the government connected with the respective ministries are discussed and finalized by them. Opposition plays a significant role in it through its recommendations.

Therefore, in shaping of the legislative measures, opposition has a say, or at least influences it. Still, if their recommendations are ignored, they have another chance when the bill is introduced in the House and debated.

Opposition in Parliament enjoys a good status and the members of the House have a privilege of raising such issues that are more relevant to the cause of public; more particularly when the government overlooks them or conceals the facts related to them. It is very clear, therefore, that the role of opposition parties is more vital to the healthy growth of democracy and in the larger public interest.

In extreme cases of confrontation, if the government is all powerful to crush the opposition, the later is potent enough to make a stir against the former and force them to exit by means of mass movement and agitation. Only then they can save democracy. Plato has rightly said, “The punishment of wise man who refuses to take part in the affairs of the government, is to live under the government is to live under the government of unwise men.”

Though the real role of the opposition parties is to appreciate the govt, in its progressive works and to oppose and control its negative role. But now the concept seems to have changed completely. Only to oppose the govt, has become their prominent role. It mars the progress of the nation.

21. Pollution: Need For Environmental Consciousness

The unsustainable life styles and consumption patterns of the industrialized countries have led to the worst environmental degradation. As far back as in 1992, Earth Summit at Rio deaniero highlighted the facts adding that poverty is the main setback in controlling and reforming of environmental pollution for the poor and developing countries. It called for a global partnership for environmental protection. Agenda 21 adopted at Reo deniers addressed the pressing problems of the day with over 2500 recommendations for action in social and economic areas, such as combating poverty, changing patterns of production and consumption, conserving and managing natural resources, protecting the atmosphere, oceans and biodiversity, preventing deforestation and protecting sustainable agriculture.

The major problems of the environment are recognised as global climatic change, ozone depletion, water and air pollutions, deforestation and resource, degradation. 23 billion tones of carbon dioxide is released in the air by burning fossil fuels causing Greenhouse effect. The Greenhouse gases are mainly contributed by the industrialized nations. By the middle of 21st century, earth’s temperature at present level of heat emission would go up by one to three degrees Celsius and the sea level would rise between 30 to 100 centimeters.

India has witnessed alarming environmental degradation in the last two decades. It is the sixth-largest and the second-fastest producer of Greenhouse gases. The key environmental pollutions related to industries in India are water pollution, soil erosion, ground water contamination and deforestation. Indian rivers are also suffering from high level of pollution due to enormous municipal wastes, industrial effluents and agricultural run-offs. According to expert findings, 70 percent of India’s surface water is severely polluted. As per government statement in 1992, 3/4 of the total waste water generation is due to municipal waste which is one half of the total pollution load.

Consequent to it, fresh water resources are depleting very fast and water-borne diseases are on the increase that account for 2/3rd of the total illness in India. Air pollution in India is the highest by vehicular sources to the extent of 64 percent, by thermal power 16 percent, by industry 13 percent and by climatic sector 7 percent. The average level of suspended particular matter, in Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi is very high and these are included in the list of 10 metropolitans of the world in respect thereof. These cities have reached critical level while Kanpur, Nagpur and Ahmedabad are hitting the same. Chennai is found moderate.

In respect of land pollution, it is disposal of solid and toxic municipal and industrial wastes. The per capita solid waste generation average in India is to the order of 360 to 400 gms per day. This waste counts for affliction of respiratory diseases.

In case of pollution control of environmental reform it is very important to note that a partnership of highly industrialized nations with the poverty stricken and developing countries is,a must for sustainable development. It implies the help of the farmer to the latter which includes transfer of latest non-pollution technology.

This has been the main stress in the Rio-Declaration. Inune 1997, Earth plus five summit was held in New York to review the programme adopted in ‘Agenda 21’. The conference concluded that the targets were not achieved—annual emission of carbon dioxide, blamed for global warming, continued to rise, fresh water scarcity remained, and depletion of forest cover was not being checked. In another conference, held in Japanese resort, Kyoto, in December 1997, to check global warming, participants agreed to meet binding targets between 2008 and 2012.

The steps to control pollution in India include environmental clearance for major industrial activities based to impact assessment before site selection. Introduction of unleaded petrol, low-sulphur diesel and higher emission norms throughout the country in a phased manner is the second significant step. Beside this, efforts are to be intensified further to control pollution in 22 industries in various towns and cities that are critically polluted. The industries are to comply with such emission and effluent standards as may be notified in a time-bound manner.

22. Forest and Human Life

Man is an important part of the biosphere. He has an intricate relationship with forests and trees. The biosphere and ecosystem are self-sustaining. Nature maintains a balance in land, water, air and all the living organisms in the world. Any imbalance in the tine biosphere is called environmental pollution.

The grand industrial development, the green revolution, the transport expansion, the rapid growth of cities and accidental management of natural resources have badly affected environmental balance. The pollution of air and water will soon reach a point when no place on the earth will remain safe. Due to large scale industrial and human settlements on grand scale many rivers have become gloomy and dark. The large scale industrial waters, and oil poured in the sea have started killing marine life.

Undoubtedly the modem technological development has been the main cause of polluting our air, ocean and rivers etc. It is a matter of great importance that our rivers are becoming dark. Fishes are rotting on the sea shores. Trees are withering and cities are filled with foul air. Toxic chemicals are finding their way into our food. When the normal composition of air is changed, air becomes polluted.

The main causes of air pollutions are

1. combustion,
2. manufacturing processes,
3. agriculture activities,
4. use of solvent and
5. nuclear energy programs.

Combustion can be described in three types—
(i) Fuel-burning, transportation and refuse burning. All these three kinds of combustion release several types of gases. These gases pollute air. They also cause pollution. Chemical plants, metallurgical plants and plants for waste recovery come under this category. The polluted things released from these processes make the air unfit for human consumption. Agriculture activities are another source of air pollution. The use of chemical fertilizers and manures and burning of field waste pollute the atmospherical air.

Several types of solvents are used in spray-painting, polishing of furniture, dyeing, printing and dry cleaning. The solvents produce hydrocarbons which pollute air.

Various measures may be adopted to control pollution To trap smoke particles chambers should be made. Lofty smoke stakes should be built. Gases should be discharged through exhaust pipes higher in the air. Chemical industries should not be allowed to be set up on the banks of rivers. Waste materials should be subjected to anti-pollution treatment.

In view of the great danger to mankind, many countries in the world have passed laws to prevent pollution. But it has been seen that anti-pollution laws are not being obeyed everywhere.

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MP Board Class 11th English A Voyage Solutions Chapter 25 The Gospel of Selfless Action (M. K. Gandhi)

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The Gospel of Selfless Action Textual Exercises

Word Power

A. Use the following pair of words in sentences to bring out their and their difference.
guise-guys, right-rite, peace-piece, fount-font, buy-by, jealous- zealous, fear-fair.
Answer :
Guise —The pandit was begging in the guise of a beggar.
Guys—Some of the guys came forward to help me.

Right—the right to information has empowered common man to a great extent.
Rite—A great number of people were present in the last rite of Mr Ahuja.

Peace—Everyone wants to live in peace.
Piece—I am totally confused and want a piece of advice from you.

Fount—Tanay treats his father as if he were the fount of all knowledge
Font—The font size of this book is too small.

Buy—I don’t have much money to buy a flat.
By—He started telling the woes of his life sitting by me.

Jealous—My parents are jealous of none.
Zealous—Raja Rammohan Ray was a zealous social reformer.

Fear—The boy was shaking with fear.
Fair—There is a fair chance that Ankit might obtain first position in his class.

B. Match the words is column ‘A’ with their Synonyms in column ‘B’.

A – B

1. lofty – not important or serious
2. trivial – something that you are given for a good deed
3. alluring – very high and impressive
4. reward – a strong feeling that something is true
5. belief – attracting and exciting
Answer:

A – B
1. lofty – very high and impressive
2. trivial – not important or serious
3. alluring – attracting and exciting
4. reward – something that you are given for a good deed
5. belief – a strong feeling that something is true

C. Give one word for the following expressions:
1. The ability to suffer something, especially pain, difficult conditions without being harmed.
2. To fail to have the effect that you had intended.
3. The state of being alone, especailly when you find this pleasant.
4. An attempt to do something especially new or different.
5. A person or thing that represents a typical example of an idea or a quality,
Answer:

1. Repentance
2. Unaffected
3. Solitude
4. Endeavour
5. Incarnation

D. Make sentences using the noun forms of the words given below:

1. describe
2. confirm
3. dedicate
4. follow
5. believe
6. consider
7. solve
8. buy
9. active
10. equip
Answer:

1. Describe—description—Give me a full description of the procedure.
2. Confirm—confirmation—I have just now got the confirmation letter of my job.
3. Dedicate—dedication—We should do our job with full dedication.
4. Follow—follower—Gandhiji was a follower of truth and non-violence.
5. Believe—belief—I have belief in what I am doing.
6. Consider—consideration—The matter is currently under consideration.
7. Solve—solution—I have got a solution to my problem.
8. Buy—buyers—There is a close relation between the buyers and the seller.
9. Active—action—Immediate action should be taken to control price-rise.
10. Equip—equipment—The equipment of the newly established office is very essential.

Comprehension

(a) Choose the correct alternative:

Question 1.
The author of the Gita has insisted on
(a) The use of political efforts to resist war
(b) Futility of physical warfare
(c) The necessity of warfare
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(b) Futility of physical warfare

Question 2.
The second Chapter of the Gita tells us—
(a) About worldly wisdom
(b) Who a perfect man is
(c) About physical warfare
(d) The art of chivalary
Answer:
(b) Who a perfect man is

Question 3.
Man is at peace with himself when he
(a) Becomes a perfect man
(b) Resembles God
(c) Acts according to the Gita
(d) Attains self-realization
Answer:
(d) Attains self-realization

Question 4.
Spiritual ambition means
(a) To get worldy wealth with the help of spirituality
(b) That which is controlled by modern ambition
(c) Very high and lofty ambitions
(d) Working towards spiritual upliftment of the soul.
Answer:
(c) Very high and lofty ambitions

(b) Answer the following questions in one sentence each:

Question 1.
When did Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi first become acquainted with the Gita?
Answer:
Fie first became acquainted with the Gita in 1888-89

Question 2.
What is Krishna in the Gita?
Answer:
Krishna in the Gita is perfection.

Question 3.
What does the future generation pay homage to?
Answer:
The future generation pays hpmage to a legacy of miseries.

Question 4.
How can one be free from action?
Answer:
One can be free from action by surrendering oneself to God, body and soul.

Question 5.
What do all religions proclaim?
Answer:
All religions proclaim that ft is possible for man, by treating the body as the temple of God, to attain freedom.

Question 6.
What is meant by the term ‘action’?
Answer:
The term ‘action’ includes all activity, whether mental or physical.

(c) Answer the following questions in 30-40 words each.

Question 1.
How did the author feel when he first became acquainted with the Gita?
Answer:
When the author first became acquinted with the Gita, he felt that it was not a historical work, but that under the guise of physical warfare, it described the dwel that constantly went on in the hearts of mankind, and that physical warfare was brought in merely to make the description of the internal dwel more attractive and exciting.

Question 2.
What is self-realization?
Answer:
Self-realization is a state of mind in which an individual feels what he is in reality. At this stage he realizes all his good and evil deeds and wills. This is a state of solitude where a man achieves eternity.

Question 3.
What does the author mean by hearts of mankind?
Answer:
Here the author means minor care of a man’s conscience that is extremely internal and pure.

Question 4.
What is renunciation?
Answer:
Renunciation is an act of stating publicly that you no longer believe something or that you are giving something up. In the context of the lesson renunciation means giving up fruits of action.

Question 5.
What is perfect peace?
Answer:
Salvation of the Gita is perfect peace.

Question 6.
Can one attain desirelessness?
Answer:
One can attain desirelessness only by a constant heart churn. Right knowledge is necessary for desirelessness or renunciation. In order.that knowledge may not run riot, the author of the Gita has insisted on devotion accompanying it and has given it the first place.

(d) Answer the following questions in about 150 words each.

Question 1.
What is self-realization?
Answer:
Self-realization is a state of mind in which an individual feels what he is in reality. At this stage he realizes all his good and evil deeds and wills. This is a state of solitude where a man achieves eternity. For example, when the dacoit Angulimal was made to realize his evils by Gautam Buddha, he changed his path and embraced Buddha. This was his self-realization. Similarly, when in the battle of Mahabharata Arjuna declined to initiate war, Lord Krishna showed him the path of self-realization by saying that he was not fighting with his kith and kin but he was fighting with evils. Guru Drona.

Bhishma Pitamah, Kama and all the other opponents were the symbols of evil path because they could not protect the. religion, the diginity of a woman. So, they all were sinners and to punish a sinner is the duty of a true soul. Whether Arjuna would kill them or not, they were destined to die as a punishment whoever punishes would be true soul. Arjuna was chosen by God to punish them. So, he must act. Otherwise he would also be punished for his ignorance. Later, he realized the truth and initiated war.

Question 2.
What are the characterstics of a real devotee?
Answer:
The devotion required by the Gita certainly is not blind faith. The devotion of the Gita has the least to do with externals. A devotee may use, if he likes, roseries, forehead marks;-make offerings, 11 but these things are not test of his devotion. A real devotee is one who is jealous of none, who is a fount of mercy, who is without egotism, who is selfless and who treats alike cold and heat, happiness and misery. A real devotee is ever forgiving and is always contented. His resolutions are firm. He possesses dedicated mind and soul to God.

He causes no dread and is not afraid of others. He is free from excellation, sorrow and fear. He is pure and is versed in action and yet remains unaffected by it. He renounces all fruits, good or bad.He treats friend and foe alike. He is untouched by respect or disrespect. He is not puffed up by praise and does not go under when people speak ill of him. He loves silence and solitude. He has a disciplined reason. Thus, to be a real devotee is to realize oneself.

Question 3.
In the opinion of Mahatma Gandhi, what is the Gita?
Answer:
The Gita, according to Mahatma Gandhi, revolves round self-realization. The object of the Gita appears to Gandhi to be that 1 of showing the most excellent way to attain this self-realization that which is to be found, more or less clearly, spread out here and there in Indian religious books, has been brought out in the clearest possible language in the Gita even at the rise of repetition. This is the centre round which the Gita is woven. This renunciation, as Mahatma Gandhi f says, is the central sun, round which devotion, knowledge and the rest revolve like planets.

The body is just like a prison. There must be action where there is body. Not one embodied being is exempted from labour. And yet all religions proclaim that is is possible for man,by treating the body as the temple of God, to attain freedom. Every action, is tained, be it ever so trivial. Then how can one be free from action, i.e., from the taint of sin? The Gita has answered the question in decisive language. It means that one can be free from action by desireless action,, by renouncing fruits of action by dedicating all activities of God, i.e. by surrendering oneself to Him body and soul.The Gita is, thus a great religious poem. The deeper we dive into it, the richer the meanings we get. It being meant for the people at large.

Question 4.
Explain the Expressions
(i) He who gives up attains ;
(ii) He who gives up only the reward rises.
Answer:
(i) ‘He who gives up attains’ means sacrifice is the way through which one can attain all bliss. Suppose, parents sacrifice their comforts for providing their children a successful life. They attain later. If they bring up their children with all care and axienty, they attain a wonderful peace for having a successful world for their children. But, if they fail to do it, their life becomes a hell, as their children can never succeed and become good citizens.

(ii) He who .gives up only the reward rises We can understand this with the help of the example of Gautam Buddha. This great man had acquired every thing by the bliss of God. He belonged to a royal family. He could have lived his life in great comfort. But he gave up all these royal comforts and left the palace in search of truth. Later on, he attained enlightenment. People bowed before him. He became a world figure. His messages were spread all over the world. This reward rose due to his giving up.

Question 5.
Justify the message given is the Gila in modern context.
Or
How the message of the Gita can help resolving modem day problems? Discuss.
Answer:
The Gita contains messages of self-realization. It was spoken out by Lord Krishna just before the beginning of the great war, called Mahabharata. The moment when Krishna, the charioteer of Arjuna in the Mahabharata, brought him just in the centre of the two opponents, he found Arjuna was confused. All around Arjuna saw his Kith and Kin. He hesitated to fight against Bhishma Pitamah, who had evershadowed the whole of Kaurava dynasty, Guru Drona, who had tanght him with a wish to make him the greatest archer.

Finally, he refused. Then Krishna began to show him the real truth. He told him that there are two powers good and evil peristing in the world all the time. Good people choose a good path, follow the true religion and all the ideals. But bad people choose the evil one and break all the religious ways and ideals. Punishments and rewards are already fixed for all of them.

Good people live in peace and are always blessed by God. But bad people are always impatient and finally they are punished by God. God has already created every situation how, when and where he will punish or reward the recipient. In the war of the Mahabharata, there are two great powers.

The Pandavas, representing the true religion and the Kauravas representing all evils. Lord Krishna is on the side of the Pandavas. For the time being the evil person rejoice their life as they gain in the preliminary stages. Sometimes, they are given opportunity to realize but they don’t care.

After several chances, they are finally punished. For punishing them, one has to take a lead, either, lonely, or collectively. In the present context of the world situation, we see everywhere there is corruption, lowlessness, anarchy and unbearable living situation. Everyday we come across the news of child rapes, human trafficking, riots, etc. The whole system has become disfunctional. Everyone has become individualistic and seeks his own safety and comfort. No body thinks for the society.

Even in the government machinery, there is corruption, nepotism etc. There is a need of Krishna to come and take lead to control the situation. Krishna has said in the Gita, whenever the religion is in danger, I will incarnate and take everything in control’ sometimes ‘ somewhere we see a Krishna saving our society. But in such a large country, we need many Krishnas.

Speaking Activity

(a) Deliver a short speech on the importance of the lessons imparted through different Indian religions books.
Answer:
The lessons imparted through different Indian religious books are of great importance. They teach us high moral values such as tolerance, forbearance, discipline, sympathy etc. These values if incorporated in a peson lead to a modest life. They also teach us to have faith in God and in oneself. They tell us to believe in constant efforts. With determination, confidence and strong will power also sometimes people fail in the assigned work. This is because they did not use proper and continuous efforts to achieve the long cherished accomplishment. Thus, constant efforts untiring efforts should be there.

Different Indian religious books convey a common message of brotherhood, peace, community feeling, etc. We should believe in these values to make our life a worthy one. ‘Live and let live is also an important mess as which these books convey to us.

(b) Discuss Mahatma Gandhi’s contribution towards India under the light of the message given in the Gita.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi, whom we call reverently ‘Bapu’ had immense faith in non-violence and tolerance. He always stressed on selfless action. He never allowed himself to use wrong means to attain the right ends. Throughout his life he taught people to have faith in God and themselves. He devoted his life to the service of mankind. People across the world, adore him for his noble ideas and simplicity.

Writing Activity

(a) Write a paragraph on the teachings of the Gita.
Answer:
(i) Material compassion, lamentation and tears are all signs of ignorance of the real self. Compassion for the eternal soul is self-realization.

(ii) He is a miserly man who does not slove the problems of life as a human and who thus quits this world like the cats and dogs, without understanding the science of self-realization. This human form of life is a most valuable asset for the living entity who can utilize it for solving the problems of life, therefore, one who does not utilize this opportunity properly is a miser. On the other hand, there is he who is intelligent enough to utilize this body to slove all the problems of life.

(iii) Since every living entity is an individual soul, each is changing his body every moment, manifesting sometimes as child, sometimes as a‘youth, and sometimes as an old man. Yet the same spirit should be there and does not undergo any change. This individual soul finally changes the body at death and transmigrates to another body; and since it is sure to have another body is the next birth,either material or spiritual there was no cause of lamentation by Arjuna on account of death of his Kith and Kin.

(iv) There is no endurance of the changing body. That the body is changing every moment by the actions and reactions for the different cells is admitted by modern medical science, and thus growth and old age are taking place in the body. But the spirit soul exists permanently, remaining the same despite all changes of the body and the mind. That is the difference between matter and spirit.

(v) Owing to ignorance, one does not know that this material world is a miserable place where there are dangers at every step. Out of ignorance only, less intelligent persons try to adjust to the situation by fruitive activities, thinking that resultant actions will make them happy. They do not know that no kind of material body among anywhere within the universe can give life without miseries. The miseries of life, namely birth, death, old age and diseases, are present everywhere within the material world.

(b) As we know every religion insists on tolerance. Make a list of other noble values fostered by other Indian religions .
Answer:
A list of the noble values fostered by various Indian religious books are:

1. Compassion
2. Sympathy
3. Brotherhood
4. Perserverance
5. Optimism
6. Humaneness
7. Self-respect
8. Faith in oneself
9. Faith in god
10. Love and kindness

Things to Do

Gather information about some great mythological heroes and share it with your classmates.
Answer:
Do Yourself.

The Gospel of Selfless Action Introduction

Tine passage ‘The Gospel of Selfless Action’ is taken from the writings of Mahatma Gandhi bearing on God, God Realization and the Godly way. He who gives up action falls. He who gives up only reward rises. But renunciation of fruit in no way means indifference to the result. In regard to every action one must know the result that is expected to follow, the means thereto, and capacity for it.

The Gospel of Selfless Action Summary in English

Mahatma Gandhi first became acquainted with the Gita in 1880-89. At that time he felt that it was not a historical work, but that under the guise of physical warfare, it described the duel that always went on in the heart of mankind, and that physical warfare was brought in merely to make the description of the internal duel more attractive and exciting.

The Second chapter of the Gita does not teach the rules of physical warfare. It only tells us how a perfected man is to be known. Krishna in the Gita is perfection. But perfection is imagined. The idea of a perfect incarnation is an after growth, This belief in incarnation is a testimony of man’s lofty spiritual ambition. Self-realization is the subject of the Gita. The object of the Gita appears to Gandhi to be that of showing the most excellent way to attain self-realization. The matchless remedy is renunciation of fruits of action, This is the centre round which the Gita is woven. This renunciation is the central sun, round which devotion, knowledge and the rest revolve like planets.

Our body is just like a prison. There must be action where there is body. Then how can one be free from actions, i.e. from the taint of sin, Its answer lies in the Gita, One can be free from of action by renouncing fruits of action and by surrendering oneself to God/ body and soul. Right knowledge is necessary for attaining renunciation and devotion accompanies it. But the devotion required by the Gita certainly is not blind faith. A true devotee is he who is jealous of none and who is fount of mercy. He is forgiving and is free from excellation,

sorrow and fear. Thus, to be a real devotee is to realize oneself. Our knowledge or devotion cannot buy us either salvation or bondage. The extreme of means is salvation. Salvation of the Gita is perfect peace.
All living beings have to do some work. The Gita says, “Do your allotted work but renounce its fruits be detached and work—have no desire for reward and work.” In regard to every action one must know the result that is expected to follow, the means thereto, and capacity for it. lie, who, being thus equipped, is without desire for the result, and is yet wholly engrossed in the due fulfillment of the taste before him, is said to have renounced the fruits of his action.

The Gospel of Selfless Action Word Meaning

The Gospel of Selfless Action Summary in Hindi

तिहासिक कृति नहीं पाता था और इस प्राकृति के लिए। महात्मा गाँधी सन् 1880-89 में सर्वप्रथम गीता से अवगत हुए। उस समय उन्हें लगा कि यह कोई ऐतिहासिक कृति नहीं थी बल्कि यह प्राकृतिक युद्ध के वेश में मानवजाति के हृदय में सतत् चलने वाले द्वन्द्व को वर्जित करता था और इस प्राकृतिक युद्ध को लाया गया मात्र आन्तरिक द्वन्द्व के वर्णन को और अधिक आकर्षक और उत्तेजक बनाने के लिए था। गीता का दूसरा अध्याय प्राकृतिक युद्ध के नियमों को नहीं बताता है। यह बस यह बताता है कि एक आदर्शपूर्ण व्यक्ति कैसे जाना जाता है। कृष्ण गीता में आदर्श हैं। लेकिन इस आदर्श की कल्पना की गई है। एक आदर्श अवतार का विचार इसके बाद की कल्पना है। अवतार में यह विश्वास आदमी के उदात्त आध्यात्मिक महत्वाकांक्षा का प्रमाण है।

आत्म अनुभूति बोध गीता का विषय है। महात्मा गाँधी के लिए गीता का उद्देश्य आत्मबोध प्राप्त करने के सबसे अच्छे पथ को दिखाना है। कर्म के फल का परित्याग अद्वितीय उपचार है। इसी को केन्द्र में रखकर गीता का ताना-बाना बुना गया है। यह परित्याग केन्द्रीय सूर्य है। जिसके चारों ओर निष्ठा, उपासना, ज्ञान, शेप ग्रहों की तरह चक्कर काटते हैं। हमारा शरीर एक बंदीग्रह की तरह है। जहाँ भी शरीर है, वहीं पर काम/कर्म है। लेकिन प्रत्येक कर्म दूपित है। तब कैसे कोई व्यक्ति कर्म अर्थात् पाप के दोष से अपने को आजाद रख सकता है? इसका उत्तर गीता में हैं। एक व्यक्ति कर्म के फलों का परित्याग करके और स्वयं को ईश्वर के प्रति समर्पित करके कर्म से अर्थात् पाप के दोष से स्वयं को आजाद कर सकता है।

त्याग को प्राप्त करने के लिए सही ज्ञान आवश्यक है और उपासना उसके साथ है। लेकिन जिस श्रद्धा निष्ठा को गीता में आवश्यक बताया गया है वह कोई अँधा विश्वास नहीं है। एक सच्चा उपासक वही होता है जो किसी के प्रति ईर्ष्या नहीं रखता और जो दया का सागर है। वह क्षमाशील है और हर्ष-विपाद से परे है। इस प्रकार सच्चे उपासक के लिए स्वयं का बोध होना आवश्यक है। हमारा ज्ञान या हमारी उपासना न तो मोक्ष को खरीद सकता है न ही दासता -को। गीता का मोक्ष पूर्ण शान्ति है। सभी जीवित प्राणी को कुछ काम करना होता है। गीता में कहा गया है : “जो काम तुम्हें मिला है उसे कर डालो लेकिन फल का त्याग करो। तटस्थ हो और काम करो। फल की इच्छा किए बिना काम करो।”

The Gospel of Selfless Action Some Important Pronunciations

The Gospel of Selfless Action Passages For Comprehension

1. Even in 1888-89, when I first became acquainted with the Gila, I felt that it was not a historical work, but that under the guise of physical warfare, it described the duel that perpetually went on in the hearts of mankind, and that physical warfare was brought in merely to make the description of the internal duel more alluring. This preliminary intuition became more confirmed on a closer study of religion and the Gita. A study of the Mahabharata gave it added confirmation.

Questions
(i) What did Mahatma Gandhi feel when he first became acquainted with the Gita in 1888-89?
(ii) What did the Gita describe?
(iii) Why was physical warfare brought?
(iv) Pick out the word from the above passage that means same as The ability to know something by using your ‘feelings rather than considering the facts’.
Answers
(i) When Mahatma Gandhi first became acquainted with the Gita in 1888-89, he felt that it was not a historical work, but that under the guise of physical warfare.
(ii) The Gita described the duel that always went on in the hearts of mankind.
(iii) Physical warfare was brought in merely to make the description of the internal duel more alluring.
(iv) ‘intuition’.

2. Thus the devotion required by the Gita is no soft-hearted effusiveness. It certainly is not blind faith. The devotion of the Gita has the least to do with externals. A devotee may use, if he likes, rosaries, forehead marks, make offering, but these things are no test of his devotion. He is the devotee who is jealous of none, who is a fount of mercy, who is without egotism, who is selfless, who treats alike cold and heat, happiness and misery, who is ever forgiving, who is always contented, whose resolutions are firm, who has dedicated mind and soul to God, who causes no dread, who in not afraid of others, who is free from exultation, sorrow and fear, who is pure, who is versed in action and yet remains unaffected by it, who renounces all fruits, good or bad, who treats friend and foe alike, who is untouched by respect or disrespect, who is not puffed up by praise, who does not go under when people speak ill of him, who loves silence and solitude, who has disciplined reason.

Questions
(i)  What does a devotee do to testify his devotion?
(ii) Who is a devotee in the true sense of the term?
(iii) How does a true devotee treat friend and foe.
(iv) How does a true devotee react when praised or criticized by someone?
(v) Pick out the word from the above passage which means the same as ‘showing much or too much emotions.’
Answers
(i) A devotee can use rearies, forehead marks, make offerings to testify his devotions.
(ii) A true devotee is jealous of none is without-egotism selfless, contented and remarks affected by happiness and misery.
(iii) A ture devotee treats friend and foe alike.
(iv) He is not puffed up by praise and does not go under when people speak ill of him.
(v) ‘effusiveness’.

Above provided complete MP Board Solutions 11th English Study guide is useful for making your preparation effective. Students can frequently visit our page to get the latest updates on other subjects study materials.

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 11th English Chapter 24 A Cup of Tea Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th English A Voyage Solutions Chapter 24 A Cup of Tea (Katherine Mansfield)

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Chapter 24 A Cup of Tea Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Chapter 24 A Cup of Tea Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in English subject and grammar. Here, along with the subject knowledge, grammar knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

A Cup of Tea Textual Exercises

Word Power

Question 1.
Use the following Phrasal verbs in sentences of your own.

Well off
Pull up
Take off
Put out
Part with (something)
Point out
Look after
Bowl over
Answer:

• Well off- he belongs to a well off family.
• Pull up – He pulled his sleeve up.
• Take off – The plane has just taken off.
• Put out  –  Please put off the candle.
• Part with (something) – He was ready to part with all his belongings for the nation.
• Point out -I pointed out the fatal mistake in this case.
• Look after – There is no one to look after the child.
• Bowl over – This leader has bowled over the public with his talent.

Question 2.
Frame sentences to distinguish the following pairs of words:

read- red
too – two, to
one – won
pale – pail
blue – blew
scent – sent
stair – stare
price – prize
ghastly – ghostly
sweet – sweat

Answer:
read – red
read – I have read this book.
red-My favourite colour is red.

too – two, to
too – The bag is too heavy
two -I have two pens.
to – He went to the market.

one – won
one – He is a one eyed-man.
won – The team won the match.

pale – pail
pale – His face became pale out of fear.
pail – He fetched a part of water.

blue – blew
blue – The colour of sky is blue.
blew – The strong wind blew over many huts.

scent- sent
scent -I like the scent of this brand.
Sent – I have sent a letter to the authority.

stairstare
stair – The old man could not mount the stairs
stare – They stare at me.

price – prize
price – What is the price of this soap.
prize – I got a prize for achieving good marks in the examinations.

ghastly – ghostly
ghastly – He was murdered ghastly.
ghostly – There was a ghostly sound in the vicinity.

sweet – sweat
sweet – She has got a sweet voice.
Sweat – Excess of sweating is not good.

Comprehension

I. Here is provided a summary of the story “A Cup of Tea.” But the sequence has been disturbed. Put the sentences in proper order:
1. Rosemary Fell was young and handsome woman.
2. Rosemary loved to throw parties in which many important people participated.
3. Rosemary was always well-dressed
4. The girl asked Rosemary “would you let me have price of a cup of tea?” t
5. The Fells were really rich people,
6. The girl started to weep and said, “If I don’t get something to eat at once, I would faint,”
7. Rosemary said, “I am not so cruel”. ‘
8. The girl agreed to accompany Rosemary to her residence.
9. Rosemary saw a girl standing outside the antique shop,
10. The girl was wet and shivering,
11. Rosemary gave the girl some money and asked her to leave
12. Rosemary husband’said, “The girl is absolutely lovely.”
13. Rosemary told her husband that the girl went away.
14. .When the girl was having tea Rosemary’s husband saw her.
15. Rosemary asked the girl if she had no money in her pocket.
16. Rosemary took the girl to her house.
17. The girl suspected that Rosemary would take her to the police station.
18. Rosemary became jealous of the little girl. ,
19. Rosemary wanted to be called “pretty” by her husband.
20. Rosemary asked her husband, “Do you like me?”
Answer:
The above sentences can be put in the following pattern:

1. Rosemary Fell was young and handsome woman
2. Rosemary loved to throw parties in which many important people ‘participated.
3. Rosemary was always well dressed.
4. The Fells were really rich people.
5. Rosemary saw a girl standing outside the antique Shop.
6. The girl asked Rosemary “would you let me have price of a cup of tea?”
7. The girl was wet and shivering.
8. Rosemary asked the girl if she had no money in her pocket.
9. The girl agreed to accompany Rosemary to her residence.
10. Rosemary took the girl to her house.
11. The girl suspected that Rosemary would take her to the police station.
12. Rosemary said, “I am not so cruel.”
13. The girl started to weep and said, “If I don’t get something to eat at once, I would faint.”
14. When the girl was having tea Rosemary’s husband saw her,
15. Rosemary husband said, “The girl is absolutely lovely.”
16. Rosemary became jealous of the little girl.
17. Rosemary gave the girl some money and asked her to leave.
18. Rosemary told her husband that the girl went away.
19. Rosemary asked her husband, “Do you like me?”
20. Rosemary wanted to be called “pretty” by her husband.

II. Write answers the following questions in about 150 words each:

Question 1.
Write a summary of the story ‘A Cup of Tea’ in your own words.
Answer:
See the summary in English.

Question 2.
Justify the title of the story ‘A Cup of Tea’.
Answer:
‘A Cup of Tea’ is an interesting story by Katherine Mansfield. She has appropriately chosen this title. The story throws light on the lifestyle of different women for whom fashion and show remain the ends of life. They miss no chance to show off their affluence by going for antiques and old books. This story writer brings out the contrast between the rich and the poor. The real story is centralized around the matter of a cup of tea.

A poor little girl asks Rosemary Fell for a price of cup of tea. Out of generous show off her affluence, Rosemary takes her home. She offers tea and snacks to the poor girl? In the meantime her husband Philip comes. He is surprised to see the poor girl who appears to him pretty and dovely when Rosemary knows it she becomes jealous of the poor girl. She Offers some money to her and asks her to go away. The story ends over a cup of tea. So the title is most suited.

Question 3.
Write a character-sketch of Rosemary highlighting:
(a) her appearance
(b) her hobbies
(c) her’affluence
(d) her sense of kindness
(J) her eccentricity
(g) her jealousy
Answer:
Rosemary Fell is the most prominent character in the story. She is young, brilliant, extremely modem, exquisitely well-dressed and amazingly well-read lady. She belongs to an affluent family. She likes to enjoy the parties of important people and artists. She is also fascinated for shopping and antique collection. The shop-keepers flatter her.

Rosemary is of generous nature. When she comes across a poor girl asking for the price for a cup of tea, she feels pity for her. She takes her home. She provides her tea and snacks. She becomes too much eccentric to the poor girl, so she provides her with her coat and other comforts also.

After all she has a heart of a lady. When her husband comes, he becomes . attracted to the girl. He asks Rosemary to take the girl to the dinner. He also says that the girl is pretty and lovely . This makes Rosemary jealous of the girl. Then suddenly her mind turns. She offers some money to the girl and asks her to go away at once.

Question 4.
Write a character-sketch of the poor girl, Miss Smith in your own words, covering the following aspects:
(a) her poverty
(b) her beauty
(c) her timidity
(d) her distrusting nature
(e) her behaviour
Answer:
Miss Smith is a poor girl with a major role in the story. First she appears when Rosemary Fell comes out of ah-antique shop. It is raining.The girl asks Rosemary for the price of a cup of tea. Rosemary turns to the ; girl who was extraordinary. She takes the girl home. She provides her with i her coat. The girl is no doubt beautiful. Though poor she looks confident. I Philip, Rosemary’s husband is surprised to see her. He is much attracted to j her, that he wants to take her to dinner.

The girl is looking somewhat timid for poverty. First she suspects whether Rosemary would send tier to the police. Her behaviour is childish. She is fascinating. She behaves like a nursery child. She is amazed to see the things in Rosemary’s house. Rosemary offers her some money and ask her to go away out of jealousy. Very innocently Miss Smith goes away. Learn the following special uses in the text
(See text book pages 214-215)

Question 5.
Find examples of double negative, imperatives and exclamations in other texts you read.
Answer:
Do yourself.

A Cup of Tea Summary in English

‘A Cup of Tea’ is a story which focuses on the life-style of affluent class of people. Rosemary Fell was a lady of not a perfect beauty nor was she completely negligible. It means if described into pieces she was young, brilliant, extremely modem, exquisitely well-dressed and amazingly well read in the newest of the new books. She always enjoyed the parties of important people and artists. She had been married two years ago. She had a family of two children and a loving husband. Her family was rich and so was her choice. She always liked to shop in a perfect shop in Regent Street. She liked to collect antiques.

One day near the antique shop of Curzon Street she found a girl asking for the price of a cup pf tea. The girl was simple, but extraordinary. Out of adventure Rosemary took her home. She thought to prove her self to be a real ideal character. She brought her home and provided her all comforts. She offered her coat to her. She was very much interested in her and wanted to listen to her story. The girl was only interested in a cup of tea. Rosemary provided her with all sorts of food along with the tea. The girl ate with satisfaction. In the meantime Philip, Rosemary’s husband came. He was surprised,to see the girl.

Philip asked Rosemary to come to the library. He wanted to know who was the girl. However, he also wished to take her to dinner that night. He praised the girl and said that she was pretty. This appreciation aroused a jealousy in Rosemary’s mind. She took five pound notes in her hand. Again she put two of them back. She gave three notes to the girl and asked her to go away. Still the words of her husband ‘pretty, lovely’ were haunting in her mind. Then she came to the library and informed Philip that the girl had gone. She was not willing to stay anymore. However Rosemary prepared herself to look beautiful She asked her husband whether she was pretty.

A Cup of Tea Summary in Hindi

‘ACup of Tea’ एक ऐसी कहानी है जो उच्च वर्ग के लोगों की जीवन-शैली पर प्रकाश डालती है। रोजमेरी फेल एक सम्पूर्ण सौंदर्यवाली महिला नहीं थी, लेकिन वह बिल्कुल नकारा भी नहीं थी। इसका अर्थ है कि यदि उसे अलग-अलग टुकड़ों में वर्णित किया जाए तो वह जवान, सुन्दर, अत्याधुनिक, अतिसुसज्जित और आश्चर्यजनक नवीनतम पुस्तकों को पढ़ी हुई थी। वह हमेशा महत्त्वपूर्ण लोगों और कलाकारों की पार्टियों का आनंद उठाती थी। दो वर्ष पहले उसकी शादी हुई थी। उसके परिवार में दो बच्चे थे और एक प्यारा पति था। उसका परिवार धनी था और उसकी चाहत थी। वह हमेशा रीजेन्ट स्ट्रीट की दुकान में खरीदारी बकरना पसंद करती थी। प्राचीन वस्तुओं का संग्रह उसे पसंद था। एक दिन कर्जन स्ट्रीट के निकट प्राचीन वस्तु बेचने वाली दुकान के पास उसे एक लड़की मिली, जो उससे एक कप चाय के लिए पैसे मांग रही थी। वह एक साधारण लेकिन अद्भुत लड़की थी।

एक नए जोश में आकर रोजमेरी उसे अपने घर ले आयी। वह अपने को एक सचमुच आदर्श चरित्र साबित करना चाहती थी। वह उसे घर लाकर उसे सभी-आराम मुहैया कराये। उसने उसे अपना कोट दिया। वह उस लड़की में बहुत रुचि ले रही थी और उसकी कहानी सुनना चाहती थी। लड़की की रुचि केवल एक कप चाय में थी। रोजमेरी ने चाय के साथ उसे हर प्रकार का खाना दिया। लड़की संतुष्ट होकर खायी। इसी बीच रोजमेरी का पति फिलिप वहां आया। वह लड़की को देखकर चौंक गया। फिलिप ने रोजमेरी को लाइब्रेरी में आने को कहा। वह जानना चाहता था कि लड़की की कौन है। उसने उसे उस रात डिनर पर ले जाने की इच्छा जताई। उसने लड़की की प्रशंसा की और कहा कि वह सुंदर है। इस प्रशंसा ने रोजमेरी के दिमाग में लड़की के प्रति जलन पैदा कर दी। उसने अपने हाथ में पाँच पाउण्ड का नोट रखा, फिर उसने उसमें से दो वापस रख लिया। उसने लड़की को तीन नोट दिए और उसे वहाँ से चले जाने को कहा। अभी भी उसके दिमाग में उसके पति के शब्द ‘सुन्दर, प्यारी’ गूंज रहे थे। अब वह लाइब्रेरी में आयी और फिलिप को बताया कि वह लड़की जा चुकी है क्योंकि वह वहां से अधिक नहीं रुकना चाहती थी। रोजमेरी अपने को सुंदर दिखाने के लिए तैयार किया। उसने अपने पति से पूछा कि क्या वह सुन्दर दिख रही है?

A Cup of Tea Word Meaning

Above provided complete MP Board Solutions 11th English Study guide is useful for making your preparation effective. Students can frequently visit our page to get the latest updates on other subjects study materials.

Students who are studying 11th can get the free Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 11th English Unseen Passages Questions and Answers PDF here. You can download MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Questions and Answers PDF on this page. Practice questions of Mp Board Solutions of 11th English subject as many times as possible to get good marks.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passages

Gather chapter wise MP Board Solutions for 11th English Study Material to score the highest marks in the final exam. Various chapters and subtopics are given clearly in MP Board Class 11th English Solutions Unseen Passages Questions and Answers Material. All the MP Board Solutions for 11th English Questions with detailed answers are provided by subject experts. The step by step MP Board Class 11th English Unseen Passages Questions and Answers guide will help you to enhance your skills in English subject and grammar. Here, along with the subject knowledge, grammar knowledge also plays an important role. So, students should download MP Board Solutions 11th English and read it to attempt all the questions with 100% confidence.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 1

CAMPS TO TAP CREATIVITY

1. As the dreaded examinations crawl to a halt, students look forward to the much-awaited “creative outlets”, the summer camps, to let off steam and spend their holidays. A summer camp is conducted over a short period of four to five weeks involving interesting filled activities. The colourful spectrum of summer-ramps- provides a wide variety of activities which include artistic skills, such as painting, origami, art, music, craft and also spoken English, cookery and computer courses. Not only this, the summer camps keep the child “fit as a fiddle” by imparting lessons in yoga, cricket, tennis and swimming.

2. With changing, times and trends parents have become productivity-oriented. They want their children to learn through productive play unlike in Lie past when play was just played. Today, the parents want to tap the potential of their children to the fullest. To achieve this aim, the summer camps afford an ideal opening for children to develop their hobbies and talents. The importance of creative play is often underestimated whereas the fact is ’that art and craft projects can excite even a young child’s imagination and promote a sense of great achievement. The little things that children make and take home give them a sense of achievement and pride when they show them to their parents.

3. Summer camps develop a child’s confidence and his ideas. They also encourage children to do things on their own. The camps are beneficial for hyperactive and aggressive children as they help channel their energies fruitfully by drawing out the best in them. They also promote mutual understanding not only among teachers and children but also bring about an interaction between the taught. This provides a good experience for a better future— a future of confidence.

(“The Young World” The Hindu)

Question 1.
On the basis of your reading of the passage complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the.correct blank number :
(a) Activities in summer camps are …………………… and ……………………
(b) Summer camps keep the children healthy since ……………………
(c) Now-a-days parents think play should be ……………………
(d) “To achieve this aim”. What aim is the writer referring to here?
(e) “They also promote mutual understanding.” /They’ refers, …………………… to.
(f) Summer camps are particularly helpful for problem children who are …………………… and ……………………
Give the list of qualities (g) …………………… and (h) …………………… apart from the ones given below, which camps help to develop in children: confidence; creativity; talents
Answer:
(a) fun-filled and interesting.
(b) they impart lessons in yoga, cricket, tennis and swimming.
(c) productivity-oriented.
(d) The aim is the parent’s desire to tap the potential of their children to the fullest.
(e) ‘They’ refers to the summer camps.
(f) hyperactive and aggressive.
(g) independence
(h) mutual understanding

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 2

THE RABBITS WHO CAUSED ALL THE TROUBLES

1. Within the memory of the youngest child there was a family of rabbits who lived near a pack of wolves. The wolves announced that they did not like the way the rabbits were living. One night several wolves were killed in an earthquake and this was blamed on the rabbits, for it is well known that rabbits pound on the ground with their hind legs and cause earthquakes. On another night one of the wolves was killed by a bolt of lightning and this also was blamed on the rabbits, for it is well known that lettuce-eaters cause lightning.

2. The wolves threatened to civilise the rabbits if they did not behave, and the rabbits decided to run away to a desert island. But the other animals, who lived at a great distance, shamed them saying, “You must stay where you are and be brave. This is no world for escapists. If the wolves attack you, we will come to your aid, in all probability.” So the rabbits continued to live near the wolves. And one day there was a terrible flood which drowned a great many wolves. This was blamed on the rabbits, for it is well known that carrot nibblers with long ears cause floods. The wolves descended on the rabbits for their own good, and imprisoned them in a dark cave, for their own protection.

3. When nothing was heard about the rabbits for some weeks, the other animals demanded to know what had happened to them. The wolves replied that the rabbits had been eatem and since they had been eaten the affair was a purely internal matter. “They were trying to escape,” said the wolves, “and, as you know, this is no world for escapists.” Jamey Thurber

Question 1.
On the basis of your reading of the passage above, complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct numbers.
(a) According to the wolves, the earthquake was caused by the rabbits, ……………………
(b) The rabbits did not run away from their place of living, to other safe place because ……………………
(c) Pick up two words from the passage which the wolves have used to indicate the nature of rabbits.
(d) What characteristic of the wolves does the phrase for their own good’ reveal?
(e) The wolves justified their action to the other animals by saying ……………………
(f) The final fate of the rabbits was ……………………
(g) ‘a purely Internal matter is humorous because ……………………
(h) The title ‘The Rabbits Who Caused All the Troubles’ is significant because ……………………
Answer:
(a) for it is well known that rabbits pound on the ground with their hind legs and cause earthquakes.
(b) they did not want to be shamed for being escapists.
(c) (i) lettuce-eaters (ii) carrot-nibblers
(d) This phrase reveals the self-centred nature of the wolves
(e) that the rabbits were trying to escape and this is no world for escapists
(f) imprisonment in a dark cave and being devoured by the wolves.
(g) the matter is not at all an internal one
(h) it is ironical as it was only the wolves who thought that the rabbits caused all the troubles

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 3

1. We’ve just left the dinner table, when I hear music coming from my daughter’s computer. It surprises me that my daughter Ida is listening to music from a time she refers to as the very old days. “What are you playing?” I ask. “It’s Phi Collins,” is her prompt reply, while she shows how, with a few strokes, she can download almost any song from the Internet. Times have certainly been changing since I scratched my first Beatles record. Tactfully I don’t mention that I had bought the record she’s listening to before she was bom. The concept of a phonograph record belongs to a bygone age and I don’t want to spoil the pleasure she’ll get from discovering her “own” new favorite musician.

2. The music brings memories flooding back. I have a sudden urge to bring back my record collection from the attic, where it has moldered for almost a decade. Only one thing stops me : my turntable succumbed to the damp air in a cellar where I stored it for a good ten years. No, I don’t care if turntables are ancient technology: I will find one. And I will restore my long lost record collection—-which took up a good amount of shelf space— to its former glory. Buying something as uncool as a turntable takes courage and planning. I find a promising TV and radio store in the phone book but I am expecting a mountain of Questions from the clerk, who will most certainly have been born and raised after the demise of the turntable.

3. “A turntable? Coming right up!” says the young man behind the counter. He disappears into the storeroom and before I can say long-playing record, he’s back with a small cardboard under his arm. It’s too good to be true. An hour later my new acquisition is in thej living room and a respectful atmosphere descends. I’ve sorted my records into piles all over the floor, I find a Beatles album.

4. Behind the wonderful music now flowing through the loudspeaker is the unmistakable sound of vinyl. It doesn’t take long for my twelve-year-old son’s eagle eye to spot the turntable and he has to try it out. Jonas is technically minded, a child of the computer age, yet I sense a certain reverence as he picks up the tone arm and tries to place it in the middle of the record. Brought up in the CD age how could he know what’s wrong? I say in a soothing voice: “The starting groove is on the edge of the record.” “Does it matter which side is up?” queried my daughter. “It does matter,” I replied. Soon we were listening to a Phil Collins number we both like. The generation gap vanishes as the music takes over. I relish the moment to the full and cast a glance at Ida. She’s relaxed and smiling. _

Question 1.
Fill in the following summary using only one word for each blank. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number.
It was a moment of surprise for the author to (a) …………………… that his daughter had the same (b) …………………… for music as he had. This brought back (c) …………………… of his (d) …………………… collection in the attic. Though, a (e) …………………… task, he was (f) …………………… in locating a turntable.
Answer:
(a) discover (b) passion/interest (c) memories (d) record (e) difficult (f) successful

Question 2.
Complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet.
(a) Jonas did not know how to handle the turntable as ……………………
(b) Music could bridge the generation gap as ……………………
(c) The author was reluctant to bring out his turntable from the cellar because ……………………
Answer:
(a) he was seeing it for the first time and he was, a technically minded computer age child.
(b) it takes over the complete atmosphere and makes one relish each moment to the full.
(c) it had moldered there for almost a decade and might have succumbed to the damp air in a cellar

Question 3.
Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following
(a) skillfully avoiding giving offense (para 1)
(b) a feeling of respect (para 4)
Answer:
(a) tactfully (b) reverence

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 4

1. Papaya is the healthiest fruit with a list of properties that is long and exhaustive. Belonging to the family of Caricaceae fruit, it is commonly kown as Papaw in Australia and Mamao in Brazil. It first originated in southern Mexico and neighbouring Central America, but is now available in every tropical and subtropical country. Papaya favours digestion as well as cures skin irritation and sun burns. You can munch on it as a salad, have it cooked or boiled or just drink it up as milkshake or juices. Modern science confirms the age-old beliefs that papaya has much to contribute to the health cause. The most important of these virtues is the protein-digesting enzyme in the milky juice or latex. The enzyme is similar to pepsin in its digestive action and is said to be so powerful that it can digest 200 times its own weight in protein. It assists the body in assimilating the maximum nutritional value from food to provide energy and body building materials.

2. Papain in raw papaya makes up for the deficiency of gastric juice and fights excess of, unhealthy mucus in the stomach, dyspepsia and intestinal irritation. The ripe fruit, if eaten regularly corrects habitual constipation, bleeding piles and chronic diar- ‘ rhoea. The juice of the papaya seeds also assists in the above- mentioned ailments.

3. The juice, used as a cosmetic, removes freckles or brown spots due to exposure to sunlight and makes the skin smooth7 and delicate. A paste of papaya sgeds is applied in skin diseases like those caused by ringworm. The black seeds of the papaya are highly beneficial in the treatment of cirrhosis of the liver caused by alcoholism, malnutrition, etc. A tablespoonful of its juice, combined with a hint of fresh lime juice, should be consumed once or twice daily for a month. The fresh juice of raw papaya mixed with honey can be applied over inflamed tonsils, for diphtheria and other throat disorders. It dissolves the membrane and prevents infection from spreading.

Question 1.
Complete the following :
(a) The other names for papaya are :
(b) Though now found in every tropical country
(c) One of the most important virtues of papaya is:
(d) Intestinal irritation can be overcome.
(e) Diseases cured by papaya are
(f) Throat disorders can be cured if
Answer:
(a) Papaw and Mamao.
(b) it first originated in Southern Mexico and neighboring Central America.
(c) the protein-digesting enzyme in the milky juice or latex.
(d) by the papain in raw-papaya.
(e) habitual constipation, bleeding piles and chronic diarrhea.
(f) fresh juice of raw papaya mixed with honey is applied over inflamed tonsils.

Question 2.
Complete the table below

Answer:
(a) freckles or brown spots
(b) Paste of Papaya seeds
(c) ringworm
(d) cirrhosis of the liver

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 5

1. Set in the declining but still green Western Ghats in the south west of Karnataka, Coorg is the heart of India’s coffee country, coffee being the world’s most heavily traded commodity after crude Oil. Coorg boasts a land area four times larger than Hong Kong and seven times the area of Singapore, most of it is under tree cover because unlike tea plants, the coffee bush requires shade.

2. India is acknowledged as the producer of the finest mild coffees. j With their tropical climate, high altitude, abundant rainfall and fertile soil, Coorg and the neighbouring Chickmagalur districts in Karnataka have consistently produced and exported high-quality coffee for over 150 years. The coffee output of these I two districts accounts for 70 percent of the total coffee produced in the country. Coorg coffee is valued for its blue colour, clean beans and fine liquoring qualities and hence is in demand in the international markets.

3. In March and April is the coffee blossom time in Coorg. When blossom transform into berries, the bushes are cropped. The cherry-red fruit is then pulped; the seeds separated, dried and sent for curing, Coorg or Kodagu is the district which is one of the largest producers of pepper, cardamom and honey in the world.

4. Not rftuch is known about early history of Coorg. Recorded history is available only from 1600 AD onwards when Kodava \ rajas ruled over the region and established their capital at Mercara by constructing a mud walled fort. The martial Kodavas troubled Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan who ruled the Mysore region in the 18th century by way of sporadic rebellions. But in 1785, Tipu’s large army marched into Kodagu and devastated the kingdom. Fourteen years later, with the help of the British who defeated Tipu Sultan following the historic siege of Srirangapatana ^ in 1799, Coorg regained independence and under the leadership of Raja Veerarajendra rebuilt the capital. Later in 1834, the British exiled its ruler Chikkaveera Rajendra and assumed administrative charge of the district. The British left India’ in 1947, leaving behind a legacy of coffee plantations, colonial buildings and well- planned road networks.

Question 1.
Complete the following:
(a) The tea plants are unlike coffee plants as the latter
(b) Coorg coffee is internationally acclaimed for its
(c) Coorg is famous not only for-coffee but also for
(d) After crude oil, coffee is the
Answer:
(a) require shade
(b) blue colour, clean beans and fine liquoring qualities
(c) pepper, cardamom and honey
(d) world’s most heavily traded commodity

Question 2.
Complete the table given below:

Answer:
(a) 1600 AD
(b) Tipu’s large army marched into Kodagu and .devastated the kingdom.
(c) 1799
(d) British exiled the ruler Chikkaveera Rajendra and assumed administrative charge of the district.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 6

1. India Was once considered the land of knowledge and enlightenment. In ancient times scholars from all over Asia and Europe used to flock to Taxila, Nalanda and other Indian centres of learning. Apart from the arts, culture, philosophy and religion, these scholars came to study medicine, law and martial sciences. But despite having a vastly expanded university system and historical advantages, modern India has yet to provide international or even regional leadership in higher education. From the surrounding countries of Asia and Africa only a few students come to India for higher education.

2. The United States is by far the most successful country in attracting foreign students. But other countries such as Australia, Canada and Britain also aggressively market their universities abroad through their education counseling services and recruitment fairs with the active cooperation of their diplomatic missions abroad.

3. Likewise, India should also capitalise on the advantages offered by its higher education institutions, market Indian universities abroad and facilitate the entry of foreign students into them.

4. The revenue from foreign students can be used to ease the financial crunch faced by Indian universities, improve academic facilities and subsidise the cost of educating Indian students.

5. But apart from economic advantages many other benefits would accrue to the nation. India would gain global and regional influence, goodwill and become a major provider of higher education. Many Asian and African countries, especially the sinaller ones have poorly developed university systems and would look to Indian universities for the higher education of their youth. At the same time Indian students will not be deprived if 10 per cent supernumerary seats for foreign students are created in universities and professional colleges.

6. Already professional education in India has proved accessible and affordable for foreign students, especially from Malaysia, the Middle East and South Africa. In these countries higher education training facilities are limited. Many NRI (non-resident Indian) families abroad, especially those from English-speaking industrialised countries are also keen to send their children to study in their motherland and hopefully to become attuned to their Indian roots in the process.

Question 1.
On the basis of your reading of the passage complete the sentences given below. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers. Do not copy the whole sentence.
(a) In spite of India having a historical advantage and a vastly expanded university system it ………………………
(b) Many parents send their children to India hoping that ………………………
(c) Academic facilities in India can be improved with ………………………
Answer:
(a) has yet to provide international or even regional leadership in higher education.
(b) by studying in their motherland these children would become attuned to their Indian roots.
(c) the revenue earned from the foreign students.

Question 2.
On the basis of yoq,r reading of the passage complete the following paragraph using one word only in each blank. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers.

The income from foreign students would not only (a) …………………….. in educating Indian students but also in (b) ……………………… global and regional influence and thus (c) to higher education (d) The (e) ……………………… of countries with poorly developed education systems usually (f) ……………………… on Indian Universities for their higher education.
Answer:
(a) help (b) improving (c) provide (d) system (e) students (f) depend

Question 3.
Find words/phrases from the passage which mean the same as the following from the paragraphs indicated. _
(a) forceful (para 2) (b) easy to approach/to enter (para 5)
Answer:
(a) aggressive (b) accessible

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 7

1. Our house is filled with photos. They cover the walls of my kitchen, dining room and den. I see our family’s entire history, starting with my wedding, continuing through the births of both sons, buying a home, family gatherings and vacations. When my sons were little, they loved to pose. They waved, danced, climbed trees, batted balls, hung upside down’ from the jungle gym and did anything for a picture. But when they reached adolescence, picture-taking changed into something they barely tolerated. Their bodies were growing at haphazard speeds. Reluctantly they stood with us or with their grandparents at birthday celebrations and smiled weakly at the camera for as short a time as possible.

2. I am the chronicler of our photographs. I select those to be framed and arrange the others in albums. The process is addictive,. and as the shelves that hold our albums become fuller and fuller, I wonder what will become of them. Will anyone look at these photographs in future years? If my sons look at them, what will they think of us and of themselves? One bright afternoon, I took some photographs of my father with my husband as they fished on a lake near our vacation house. As my sons and I sat on the shore and watched them row away, I picked the camera up and photographed the beautiful lake surrounded by green trees. The two men I loved gradually grew smaller until all I could see were my father’s red shirt, and the tan and blue caps on their heads.

3. My father died a week later, and suddenly those photos became priceless to me. I wept when I pasted them in our album. I wept again after wards when I saw- my younger son looking at them. It was a few days before he went away to college. He had taken all our albums down from the bookshelves in the den and spread them out on the carpet. It had been A very long time since I had seen, him doing this. Once he stopped posing for pictures, he seemed to lose interest in looking at them. Bur now he was on the verge of leaving home. This was his special time to look ahead and look back. I stood for a moment in the hall by the den, and then tiptoed away. I didn’t take a photo of my son that afternoon, but I will remember how he looked for as long as I live. Some pictures, I learned, don’t have to be taken with a camera.

Question 1.
Fill in the summary using a word only:
The author was (a) …………………… about taking photographs and framing them. But she always (b) …………………… whether her sons would ever look at them. She was full of (c) …………………… when she pasted the pictures of her father’s last days in the album. She learned that some pictures always (d) …………………… in one’s mind without a camera.
Answer:
(a) addictive (b) wondered (c) tears (d) remained

Question 2.
Complete the sentences given below:
The author’s sons enjoyed getting photographed while they
(a) …………………… …………………… …………………… ……………………
(b) …………………… …………………… …………………… ……………………
(c) …………………… …………………… …………………… ……………………
(d) …………………… …………………… …………………… ……………………
Answer:
(a) waved and danced
(b) climbed trees
(c) batted balls
(d) hung upside down from the jungle gym

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 8

THE WORLD
Great, wide, beautiful, wonderful World,
With the wonderful water round you curled,
And the wonderful grass’ upon your breast—
World, you are beautifully drest.
The wonderful air is over me,
And the wonderful wind is shaking the tree,
It walks on the water, and whirls the mills,
And talks to itself on the tops of the hills.
You friendly Earth, how far do you go,
With the wheat-fields that nod and the rivers that flow!
With cities and gardens, and cliffs, and isles,
And people upon you for thousands of miles?
Ah! you are so great, and I am so small,
I tremble to think of you, World, at all;
And yet, when I said my prayers to-day,
A whisper inside me seemed to say,
‘You are more than the Earth, though you are such a dot:
You cam love and think, and the Earth cannot !’

—W.B. Rands

Question 1,
On the basis of your understanding of the poem above complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers.
(a) The T refers to the (1) …………………… and the ‘you’ refers to the (2) …………………… in the poem.
(b) Pick out and write any two words from the poem refer to the grandeur of the earth.
(c) Pick out and write the words from the poem that refer to the following
(1) The green dress of the earth ……………………
(2) Whisper of the wind ……………………
(3) Fear in the speaker ……………………
(4) Oceans surrounding the earth ……………………
(d) ‘You are more than the Earth, though you a such a dot’ because ……………………
Answer:
(a) (i) poet, (ii) earth,
(b) (i) great (ii), wonderful,
(c) (i) wheat fields, gardens (ii) And talks to itself on the top of the hills (iii) tremble to think of you. (iv) With the wonderful water round you curled, (d) the poet can love and think and the Earth cannot.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 9

THE COROMANDEL FISHERS

Rise, brothers, rise; the wakening skies pray to the morning light,
The wind lies asleep in the arms of the dawn like a child that has cried all night.
Come, let us gather our nets from the shore and set our catamarans tree,
To capture the leaping wealth of the tide, for we are the kings -of the sea! ‘
No longer delay, let us hasten away in the track of the ‘seagull’s call,
The sea is our mother/ the cloud is our brother, the waves are our comrades all.
What though we toss at the fall of the sun where the hand of the sea-god drives?
He who holds the storm by the hair, will hide in his breast our lives.
Sweet is the shade of the cocoanut glade, and the scent of the mango grove,
And sweet are the sands at the full o’ the moon with the sound of the voices we love;
But sweeter, O brothers, the kiss of the spray and the dance of the wild foam’s glee;
Row, brothers, row to the edge of the verge, where the low sky -mates with the sea.

—Sarojini Naidu

Question 1.
On the basis of your understanding of the poem above, complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers.
(a) The poet refers to fishermen through different words. Two of them are : (i) …………………… (ii) ……………………
(b) The leaping wealth of the tide is (i) …………………… which the fishermen catch with their (ii) ……………………
(c) The Sea-God would (i) …………………… even if (ii) ……………………
(d) Pick out and write the word (s) from the poem that refers to :
(i) The coming of the morning ……………………
(ii) The wind is not wild ……………………
(iii) The sea waves are the fishermen’s friends ……………………
Answer:
(a) (i) brothers (ii) kings of the sea
(b) (i) fish (ii) nets
(c) (i) drive his hand (ii) they toss at the fall of the sun.
(d) (i) wakening skies (ii) the wind lies asleep (iii) the waves are our comrades all

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 10

A GREEN CORNFIELD

The earth was green, the sky was blue;
I saw and heard one sunny morn
A skylark hang between the two,
A singing speck above the corn.
A stage below in gay accord,
White butterflies danced on wing,
And still the singing skylark soared,
And silent sank and soared to sing.
The cornfield stretched a tender green
To right and left beside my walks;
I knew he had a nest unseen
Somewhere among the million stalks.
And as I paused to hear his song
While swift the sunny moments slid,
Perhaps his mate sat listening long,
And listened longer than I did.

Question 1.
Read the following summary. Complete it by writing the missing words against the correct blank number in your answer sheet.
The poet’s intense (a) ……………………. for nature is (b) ……………………. in the poem. She looked (c) ……………………. from a cornfield and saw a (d) ……………………. soaring in the sky and (e) ……………………. The butterflies (f) ……………………. about in the cornfield. The poet knew that the skylark’s (g) ……………………. was hidden (h) the stalks. She (i) ……………………. that its (j) ……………………. too was listening intently to the song.
Answer:
1. (a) love (b) evident (c) up (d) skylark (e) singing (f) danced (g) nest (h) among (i) thought (j) mate

Question 2.
Complete the following statements on the basis of your reading of the poem. Write your answers in the answer sheet 1 against the correct blank number:
(a) The colours mentioned in the poem are ……………………
(b) One sunny morning the poet ……………………
(c) The phrase ‘gay accord’ in the second stanza means ……………………
Answer:
(a) green and blue.
(b) saw a skylark soaring and singing in the blue sky above the green cornfield.
(c) The phrase ‘gay accord’ means “set in a happy and cheerful atmosphere”.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 11

1. Why is it that there are very few women players in our orchestras? If one could reply flatly—sex discrimination: they don’t want women in orchestras—that would be a definite answer. But one can’t say that. As a matter of fact there are, if not many, a few women playing today in symphony orchestras. Nevertheless, it is true that male orchestral players are in an over whelming majority. Why is that? I’m afraid, there is no one answer. There are physical reasons why women don’t perform well on certain instruments. The average woman is not likely to possess sufficient lung power and sheer muscular strength to play the tuba just as an average woman’s hands are not likely to be large enough to finger a double bass satisfactorily. But what about the other instruments?

2. I think social and family pressures have been very strong in keeping women out of orchestras. Think of the prejudice that existed half a century ago against the so-called ‘nice’ girls going on-stage. The stage was won out for the simple reason that it had to have women to play feminine roles in plays and operas, and was willing to offer a young woman more money than she could make in any other profession. Moreover, on stage, she was appearing as an individual, as a center of attraction. This was gratifying to both her and her-family. To this day, while the average parents are reconciled to seeing their daughter become an opera singer or concert artist, they don’t like the idea of seeing her submerging her personality to become ‘the member of a chorus of the orchestra.

3. Another reason why we have so few women orchestral musicians is that so few of them play wind instruments well enough. They don’t play well enough because they haven’t had the proper training; and the reason for that lies in the history of orchestral music. You will find that famous European family of bassoon players or clarinetists taught their sons^ to play the family instrument. Their sons; but never their daughters. If they had any other pupils, those were also boys; not girls. And to this day, while women vote, hold public office and practise many other professions, without shocking our sensibilities, in this particular field, the orchestra, our attitude towards women still remains the same. However, this prejudice is rapidly crumbling, 7 and is likely to disappear entirely in a few years. For this we7 have to thank our high-school bands and orchestras, which offer/ instruction, practice and experience in playing all orchestral/instruments to boys and girls alike.

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number;
I. The reason why there are only very few women orchestra players—
(a) Physical reasons
(i) ………………………
(ii) ………………………

(b) Social reasons
(i) ………………………
(ii) ………………………

(c) Women won out on stage because
(i) ………………………
(ii) ………………………

II. The high school bands have to be thanked because
III. Lack of training has resulted in …..
Answer:
1. (a) (i) lack of sufficient lung power and sheer muscular strength to play the tuba
(ii) average woman’s hands are not large enough to finger a double bass satisfactorily (i) family pressure strong in keeping women out of orchestras.

(ii) prejudice exists, against girls going on stage.
(i) it had to have given to play feminine roles in plays and operas, (ii) offered a young woman more money that she could make in any other profession.
II. they offer instruction, practice and experience in playing all orchestral instruments to boys and girls alike.
III. having very few women orchestral musicians.

Question 2.
Find words from the passage which mean the same as the phrases given below. Write your answers in the answer sheet
Answer:
(a) discrimination, (b) crumbling, (c) gratifying, (d) training

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 12

1. We’ve just left the dinner table, when I hear music coming from my daughter’s computer. It surprises me that my daughter Ida is listening to music from a time she refers to as the very old days. “What are you playing?” I ask. “It’s Phil Collins,” is her prompt reply, while she shows how, with a few strokes, she can download almost any song from the Internet. Times have certainly been changing since I scratched my first Beatles record. Tactfully I don’t mentiop that I had bought the record she’s listening to before she was born. The concept of a phonograph … record belongs to a bygone age and I don’t want to spoil the pleasure she’ll get from discovering her “own” new favourite musician.

2. The music brings memories flooding back. I have a sudden urge to bring back my record collection from the attic, wngre it has mouldered for almost a decade. Only one thing stops me : my turntable succumbed to the damp air in a cellar where I stored. it for a good ten years. No, I don’t care if turntables are ancient technology: I will find one. And I will restore my long lost record collection—which took up a good amount of shelf space— to its former glory. Buying something as uncool as a turntable takes courage and planning. I find a promising TV and radio store in the phone book but I am expecting a mountain of Question s from the clerk, who will most certainly have been born and raised after the demise of the turntable.

3. “A turntable? Coming right up.'” says the young man behind . the counter. He disappers into the storeroom and before I can say long-playing record, he’s back with a small ‘cardboard under his arm. It’s too good to be true. An hour later my new acquisition . is in the living room and a respectful atmosphere descends. I’ve sorted my records into piles all over the floor, I find a Beatles album.

4. Behind the wonderful music now flowing through the loud speaker is the unmistakable sound of vinyl. It doesn’t take long for my twelve year old son’s eagle eye to spot the turntable and he has to try it out. Jonas is technically minded., a child of the’xromputer age, yet I sense a certain reverence as he picks up the tone arm and tries to place it in the middle of the record. Brought up in the CD age how could he know what’s wrong?

I say in a soothing voice: “The starting groove is on the edge of the record.” “Does it matter which side is up?” queried my daughter. “It does matter,” I replied. Soon we were listening to a Phil Collins number we both like. The generation gap vanishes as the music takes over. I relish the moment to the full and cast a glance at Ida. She’s relaxed and smiling.

Question 1.
Fill in the following summary using only one word for each blank. Write the answers in your answer, sheet against the correct blank number.
It was a moment of surprise for the author to (a) ……………………… that his daughter had the same (b) ……………………… for music as he had. This brought back (c) ……………………… of his (d) ……………………… collection in the attic. Though, a (e) ……………………… task, he was (f) ……………………… in locating a turntable.
Answer:
(a) discover (b) passion/interest (c) memories (d) record (e) difficult (f) successful

Question 2.
Complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet.
(a) Jonas did not know how to handle the turntable as
(b) Music could bridge the generation gap as
(c) The author was reluctant to bring out his turntable from the cellar because
Answer:
(a) he was seeing it for the first time and he was a technically minded computer age child.
(b) it takes over the complete atmosphere and makes one relish each moment to the full.
(c) it had moldered there for almost a decade and might have succumbed to the damp air in a cellar.

Question 3.
Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following.
(a) skillfully avoiding giving offense (para 1)
(b) a feeling of respect (para 4)
Answer:
(a) tactfully (b) reverence

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 13

NIGHT

The Sun descending in the west,
The evening star does shine;
‘The birds are silent in their nest,
And I must seek for mine.
The Moon, like a flower,
In heaven’s high bower,
With silent delight
Sits and smiles on the night.
Farewell, green fields and happy groves,
Where lambs have nibbled, silent moves
The feet of angels bright;
Unseen they pour blessing,
And joy without ceasing,
On each bud and blossom,
And each sleeping bosom.
“They look in every thoughtless nest,
Where birds are covered warm;
They visit caves of every beast,
To keep them all from harm.”
If they see any weeping
That should have been sleeping
They pour sleep on their head/
I And sit down by their bed.

—William Blake

Question 1.
Below is a summary of the poem. Complete it by writing the missing word/phrase against the correct blank number in your answer sheet.
K This poem conveys a beautiful impression of pe&ce and quietness that falls over the landscape at (a) ……………………………. At this time there is (b) ……………………………. everywhere. The poet compares the moon to a (c) ……………………………. It appears to be silently sitting and (d) ……………………………. during the night. The poem conveys a feeling of trust in God’s protection. His (e) ……………………………. angels whose feet are bright, shower (f) ……………………………. of safe sleep on all.
Answer:
(a) night (b) silence (c) flower (d) smiling (e) unseen (f) blessings

Question 2.
What do the angels do to the following, when they visit them at night? Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers.
(a) birds in their nests
(b) beasts in their caves
(c) any weeping creature
Answer:
(a) to look at the warmly covered birds.
(b) to ensure that they are free from harm.
(c) to make sure that they sleep by pouring sleep on its head.

Question 3.
Find words/phrases from the poem which means the same as the following.
(a) areas of land with fruit trees of a particular type
(b) took small bites of food
Answer:
(a) groves, (b) nibbled.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 14

1. Although everybody has a creative spark, the potential not always fully utilised. How does one recognise those who are developing their creative energies to the fullest? Mad painters and tormented poets are only comic stereotypes of the creative personality. The essential traits of creativity are found among ” a wide variety of less conspicuous creators, people in all walks of life. Unfortunately, the structure of our social and educational environment does not always promote its growth.

2. Generally speaking, creative people often believe their purpose in life is to discover and implement the interrelatedness of things, to make order out of disorder. They also see problems where others see none and Question the validity of even the most widely accepted answers. Creative persons are compulsive problem seekers, not so much because they thrive on problems, but because their senses are attuned to a world that demands to be put together, like a jigsaw puzzle scattered on a table.

3. Several tests now in use reveal that highly creative people are much more open and receptive to the complexities of experience than are less creative people. The creative temperament has a tendency to break problems down into their most basic elements, and then reconstruct them into whole new problems, thereby discovering new relationships and new solutions.

4. Highly creative people aren’t afraid to ask what may seem to be naive or silly Question s. They ask questions like, “why don’t spiders get tangled up in their own webs?” and, “why do dogs turn in circles before lying down?”., Such Questions s may seem childlike, and in a way they are. Children have not yet had their innate creative energies channeled into culturally acceptable directions and can give full rein to their cariosity —the absolute prerequisite for full’ creative functioning, both children and adults. ‘

5. Unlike children, creative people appear to have vast stores of patience to draw upon. Months, years, even decades can be devoted to a single problem.

6. The home that encourages inquisitiveness contributes to creative development. The teacher who stresses Question s rather than answers and rewards curiosity rather than restricting it is teaching a child to be creative.

7. To be extremely intelligent is not the same as to be gifted in creative work. The Quiz Kids are often referred to as geniuses. They would undoubtedly score high in memory functions …. But it is doubtful whether they are also fluent in producing ideas.

8. Contrary to popular myths that glorify youth, more creative achievements are likely to occur when people grow older. While memory may falter with age, creativity is ageless. (425 words)

Question 1.
On the basis of your reading of the passage above, complete the following sentences:
Write the answers in your answer sheets against the correct blank number.
(a) Every person is not able to use his/her creativity fully because of the ……………………… .
(b) Three traits of highly creative people, that we get to know from the passage are :
(i) ………………………
(ii) ………………………
(iii) ………………………
(c) The most essential prerequisite for full creative functioning ………………………
(d) The Quiz’ Kids may be great in (i) ……………………… but they cannot be called creative unless they can (ii) ………………………
(e) Teachers can promote creativity among students by ………………………
(f) Growing older does not affect creativity.
Pick out and write the words/phrase from the passage in support of this view:
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Answer:
(a) structure of our social and educational environment which does not always promote their creative growth.
(b) (i) They believe their purpose in life is to discover and implement ’ the interrelatedness of things.
(ii) They make order out of disorder.
(iii) The Question the validity of even the most widely accepted answers of problems.
(c) not to be afraid to ask what may seem to be naive or silly Question s.
(d) (i) memory function (ii) produce fluent ideas
(e) rewarding curiosity rather than restricting it.
(f) creativity is ageless.

Question 2.
Find words/phrases from the passage which mean the same as the following, from the paragraph indicated. Write the answers in your answer sheets against the correct blank number.
(i) noticeable (para 1)
(ii) natural and instinctive (para 4)
(iii) simple and innocent (para 4)
(iv) commonly held notions (para 8)
Answer:
(i) conspicuous (ii) innate (iii) naive (iv) myths

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 15

WHICH LOVED BEST?

“I love you, Mother,” said little John;
Then, forgetting his work, his cap went on,
And he was off to the garden swing,
And left her the water and wood to bring.
“I love you, Mother,” said rosy Nell-
“I love you better than tongue can tell”;
Then she teased and pouted full half the day,
Till her mother rejoiced when she went to play.
“I love you. Mother,” said little Fan;
“Today I’ll help you all I can;
How glad I am that school doesn’t keep!”
So she rocked the babe till it fell asleep.
Then, stepping softly, she fetched the broom,
And swept the floor and tidied the room;
Busy and happy all day was she,
Helpful and happy as child could be.
“I love you. Mother,” again they said,
Three little children going to bed;
How do you think that mother guessed
Which of them really loved her best?

—Joy Allison

Question 1.
(a) Instead of helping his mother John
(b) John could have helped his mother by …………………………
(c) The mother rejoiced when Nell went to play because …………………………
(d) It was easy for Fan to help her mother because …………………………
(e) Fan kept herself busy and happy that day by and …………………………
(f) Fan? stepped softly into the room because she …………………………
(g) Mother guessed that Fan loved her most because her other two children …………………………
Answer:
(a) went off to the garden swing.
(b) bringing to her the water and the wood.
(c) she was irritating her mother by teasing and pouting at her.
(d) she did not have to go to school that day.
(e) sweeping the floor, tidying the room.
(f) did not want to disturb the sleeping baby.
(g) did not even bother to help her in her daily chores.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 16

WHICH LOVED BEST?

1. Martin Luther King, one of the greatest men ever to walk on this earth, started the defence force with which the American Blacks got their rights and gained freedom from the distressing racial discrimination.

2; Martin was bom on January 15, 1929. His family lived on the outskirts of Atlanta. The fact that he could not play with White children, or that he had to offer a seat in the bus to a White, disturbed him. When he was eight years old, his father a Baptist pastor, told the family a sad story: Bessie Smith, a great singer, met with an ; accident. An ambulance rushed her to the nearest hospital, but she was not admitted because she was a Black. The ambulance took her from one hospital to another, but she could not find a place for herself because these hospitals were only for the Whites. She died for want of blood. From that day, Martin Luther King dreamt of becoming a liberator of the Blacks.

3. King completed his studies at More House College, and then earned a doctor’s degree in theology at Boston University. In 1955, King married Alabama Soprano, Coretta Scott. That very year he became a pastor and preached his first sermon in the Baptist Church of Atlanta. As a young man, he was greatly impressed by Mahatma Gandhi’s success in the political field and the power of ahimsa. King decided to follow the path of non-violence and get millions of Blacks their due. He felt that the Blacks had immensely contributed towards the building of America, and there was no reason why they should not be treated with respect.

4. King drew national attention in 1956. Since the Blacks were not permitted to sit in the same buses as the Whites, he led a boycott of public buses in Montgomery. A year later, after many arrests and threats, the US Supreme Court gave a ruling that racial segregation of public transport was unlawful. This victory taught the Blacks the power of non-violence. After 1957, King began visiting various places to deliver lectures. Soon he became a powerful orator, drawing the attention of people the world over.

5. King continued the fight, a peaceful fight, demanding the rights of the Blacks. In 1964, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1967, King led many peaceful demonstrations against the Vietnam War and in 1968 he declared a Poor People’s Campaign. On April 4, of that very year, while planning a demonstration of striking sanitation workers, he was shot dead by an assassin. (421 words)

Question 1.
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number.
(a) Martin Luther King was disturbed by the fact that
(b) The story of motivated him to fight for the rights of the Blacks.
(c) He followed the path of non-violence because
Answer:
(a) he could not play with White children or that he had to offer a seat on the bus to a white.
(b) Bessie Smith, a great singer
(c) he was greatly impressed by Mahatma Gandhi’s success in the political field and the power of ‘ahimsa’.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks to complete the following table. Write the answers in the answer sheet against the correct blank number.

Answer:
(a) 1955
(b) He drew national attention.
(c) He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
(d) He led many peaceful demonstrations against the Vietnam War.
(e) 1968

Question 3. Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following from the paragraphs indicated. Write the answer in the answer sheet against the correct blank number.
(a) causing anxiety and pain (Para 1)
(b) very largely (Para 3)
(c) separation (Para 4)
(d) a person who murders (Para 5)
Answer:
(a) distressing iff) immensely (c) segregation (d) assassin

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 17

WHICH LOVED BEST?

1. Last June, my elder daughter Sylvie, finished kindergarten at the school near our home in Bethlehem, USA. If my wife, Theresa, and have our way, Sylvie will graduate from the same school. I aip eyeing Sylvie’s graduation because I want this to be her only school add Bethlehem to be her hometown. Both goals— first one a school, the second a hometown—eluded me. My father was in the army, and I attended numerous schools. Our transient lifestyle offered a grand upbringing, but it came at a cost. Of all those people I befriended on the run, for instance, I’ve maintained contact with exactly one. I’m generally from everywhere and exactly from nowhere.

2. I want Sylvie and her two-year-old sister Linnea, to have that hometown that I missed. It would be a place they know intimately, care about, return to with a thrill. So when Theresa took a teaching post in Bethlehem, we moved from Chicago and decided to settle down, here. That was almost six years ago, and the transition was rough. We did not like the paucity of movie houses, used-book stores and great restaurants. We found instead, cheap shopping malls; and cornfields being transformed into faceless suburbs. It was hard to imagine blossoming in such a place. We began to seek out the good things in Bethlehem, of which, we discovered, there are many. In short order we turned up the children’s comer of the public library, a number of parks and the folk-music dub that draws top performers to a venue no bigger than our living room.

3. Where we found good places, we found good people. Slowly their numbers increased. Soon we discovered we had knit together a circle of dear friends. As our friendship strengthened, so, too did an unspoken belief that we would be here for each other over the long haul. We’d watch each other’s children grow up; offer them a hand where we could, support each other through the joys and travails of parenthood.

4. There’s yearly party, a joint sale and more potluck dinners than I can count. We’ve celebrated both of Linnea’s birthdays with a bash on our front lawn. On Saturday mornings when many of us converge downtown, the shopkeepers greet me and my children by name, and hand out goodies. To the old-timers here, all this might be unremarkable. But to be the vagabond like me, this acceptance is heart-warming, nourishing and ultimately sustaining. So why resist its pull? Because it’s a mistake to take for granted a good community, or to assume we’d be lucky enough to find one somewhere else. In the end, good and lasting community arises from a commitment to it. And there’s no more basic commitment than staying put.

Question 1.
Complete the summary given below. Use only a word to fill in the blanks.
The author decided to stay put at Bethlehem’ as he wanted it to be his (a) ……………………….. hometown.

Though upset about the lack of (b) ……………………….. he and his wife started to seek out the good things there. Soon a strong bond developed between them and their (c) ……………………….. He resisted his (d) ……………………….. to move to greener pastures. He also (e) ……………………….. that only with commitment can a lasting community arise.
Answer:
(a) permanent (b) amenities (c) friends (d) temptation (e) realized

Question 2.
Find words which mean the same as the following:
(a) many/in large numbers (para 1)
(b) change (para 2)
(c) sorrows/unpleasant experiences (para 3)
(d) a person who travels from place to place (para 4)
Answer:
(a) of his transient lifestyle he was always on the run.
(b) out of all those people he befriended on the run.
(c) from a commitment to it.

Question 3.
Complete the following sentences:
(a) The author could not refer to any place as his hometown because
(b) The author had contact with only one friend
(c) The realization that lasting community arises
Answer:
(a) numerous (b) transition (c) travails (d) vagabond

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