Category: Class 12

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MP Board Class 12th English A Voyage Solutions Chapter 15 To Autumn (John Keats)

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To Autumn Textbook Exercises

Word Power

A. Distinguish between the following pairs of words by using them in meaningful sentences. The first word in each pair is from the text:
bless-bliss; vine-wine; shell-cell; sweet-sweat; later-latter; warm-worm; cease-seize; abroad-aboard; granary-greenery; floor-flour; hair-heir; patient-patent; plain-plane;
Answer:

• Bless-The hermit blessed him with a long life.
  Bliss-Sound sleep is a great bliss to me.
• Vine-The grapevine scattered all over the roof.
  Wine-Wine is injurious to health.
• Shell-The shell of the tortoise is very hard.
  Cell-The cell of this calculator is damaged.
• Sweet-The mango tastes sweet.
  Sweat-Too much sweat is not good. .
• Later-Later, I thought to shift my plan.
  Latter-Two visitors came this morning, the latter one was a policeman.
• Warm-Take this pill with warm water.
  Worm-The doctor found a dangerous worm in his body.
• Cease-The engine of this car suddenly ceased.
  Seize-The police seized all the property of my neighbour.
• Abroad-I sent my son abroad for higher studies.
  Aboard-I was aboard when you called me.
• Floor-My friend’s house is on the third floor.
  Flour—I don’t like packed flour.
• Hair—His hair turned grey prematurely.
  Heir—The heir of the king proved to be unworthy.
• Patient—This patient suffers from a chronic asthma.
  Patent—Use only patent drug.
• Plain—I want a plain sheet of paper.
  Plane—The plane crashed this morning due to technical failure.

B. The following words have sensuous connotations. Fill them in the appropriate columns according to their appeal to the senses:
mist, mellow, ripeness, swell, plump, kernel, flower, clammy, wind, perfume, cider, oozings, songs, music, soft, bloom, stubble-plains, rosy hue, wailful, chou, bleat, whistles, twitter.
Answer:

Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions in about 60 words each:

Question 1.
What does the autumn plan to do with the cottage trees?
Answer:
The autumn plans to bend the cottage trees with apples and fill all the fruits with ripeness to the core. It wants to swell the ground and plump the hazel shells with a sweet kernel. Here, the poet presents a lively and sensuous picture of the season. The Autumn’and the sun work together for the ripening of all kinds of fruits.

Question 2.
Why does autumn intend to ‘set budding’ the late summer flowers?
Answer:
The autumn is described as a season of fruitfulness. There is mist and mellow fruitfulness all around. Fruits come to their maturity. The season intends to ‘set budding’ the late summer flowers, so that the bees can suck the perfect sweetness. They store fresh honey.

Question 3.
How are the honey-combs after the summer and how do the bees feel?
Answer:
The bees here represent a continuation of summer. For the bees, therefore, the warm days of summer have not ended. The sticky cells of the honey-combs are filled to overflowing with honey and yet autumn provides more flowers in case the bees may like to draw more sweetness from them.

Question 4.
How can Autumn be seen as a harvester?
Answer:
The poet has personified Autumn in various forms. All the forms are perfect and realistic. Autumn is seen as a harvester. He is sitting carelessly in the field during the winnowing operation. Here the poet uses all the images to make the picture clearer. The Autumn is shown sitting carelessly on a granary floor. His hair is soft lifted by the winnowing wind. He is sometimes in sound sleep on a half reaped furrow. He is drowsed with the fume of poppies while his look spares the next swath and all its twined flowers.

Question 5.
How does the poet describe the crop cutter?
Answer:
While presenting the various occupations of Autumn, the poet depicts him as a reaper. He has fallen asleep in the midst of reaping. He is very tired. Through this the poet makes the poem human and universal because the eternal labour of man is brought before the eyes of the reader.

Question 6.
What is the cider-maker doing?
Answer:
The poet presents the Autumn in a role of a cider-maker who is watching intently the apple juice oozings hours by hours till its end. There is a patient look in his eye. The poet is very realistic in the description of the Autumn.

Question 7.
Describe the scene of the earth at sunset. (M.P. Board 2011)
Answer:
Keats has presented his keen observation with all minute details. The whole poem demonstrates his interest in nature. While describing the scene at sun-set, he says that in the evening when the crimson light of the setting sun falls upon the stable fields, a chorus of natural sound is heard. This picture is very appealing.

Question 8.
Where do the small gnats sing from and how does their music reach the poet?
Answer:
The poet has created a very intense and varied sound effect in the poem. Autumn has its own sounds and songs. In the evening in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn among the river shallow. The sound appears to be born aloft or sinking, as the light winds lift or die. It symbolizes the close of the year.

Question 9.
Do you find remember of sadness at some points in the poem? How does the poet overcome the sad moment and become happy?
Answer:
Keats presents a vivid picture in this poem. Beginning with a very sensuous picture of the season, the poet shows the Autumn as an active agent. However, towards the end of the poem, he becomes sad. The Autumn is shown at its fag end. There are images of death or withdrawal and of song and the songs are funeral dirge for the dying year.

Question 10.
How does the poet address Autumn? (M.P. Board 2015)
Answer:
The poet has presented a lively picture of the autumn. He addresses the autumn as ‘season of mists and mellow fruitfulness’. The autumn is seen as a person in various roles as a reaper, a winnower, a gleaner and a cider-maker.

B. Answer the following questions in 75-100 words each:

Question 1.
Prove that To Autumn’ is a song of ripeness and abundance.
Answer:
‘Ode to Autumn’ is a typical poem of John Keats. This poem describes the autumn season. The poet personifies the season and presents it with all its sensuousness. Autumn is described as a season of ‘mellow-fruitfulness’. The sun is ripening or ‘maturing’ the earth. It conspires to load the vines and blend the apple trees and ‘to swell the ground and plump the hazel shells’.

The season fills ‘all fruits with ripeness to the core’. These images of full, inward ripeness, and strain suggest that the maturing and the fulfillment has reached its climax. Even the combs of the bees are over brimmed but still the ripening continues as. ‘Budding more and still more later flowers.’ Therefore, this poem can be said a song of ripeness and abundance.

Question 2.
What are the two friends-Autumn and warm sun planning to do with fruits and flowers?
Answer:
‘Ode to Autumn’ presents a sensuous picture of the autumn. Autumn is a season of ripe fruitfulness. It is the time of the ripening of grapes, apples, gourds, hazel nuts etc. It is also the time when the bees suck the sweetness from the later flowers and make honey. The sun plays a major role in maturing or ripening these fruits. It is the main conspirator of the ripening and maturing of the fruits. There are indirect images of ageing. Autumn and the sun are shown as close bosom friends, together conspiring to riper the fruits.

Question 3.
What are the four images of personication through which autumn has been picturized?
Answer:
The poem, ‘Ode to Autumn’ presents autumn’s vivid images. The poet personifies it in fair images of a winnower, a reaper, a gleaner and a cider-presser. Autumn is seen as a woman who performs the task of winnowing, reaping, gleaning, and cider-pressing. One can see the Avoman, i.e., autumn into the fields engaged in the winnowing operations while breeze ruffles her locks of hair.

This is the first image of autumn. Second, one may see autumn in the form of a reaper, who has been engaged in reaping corn but is so overcome by the sleep-inducing smell of poppies, which hampers the next row of corn that remains unreaped. Third, autumn may be seen in the image of a gleaner who is walking along steadily with the weight also of grains upon her head, crossing a stream. Finally, autumn may also be seen in the image of one who is crushing the ripe apples in the warden press to obtain their juice from which cider is to be made. This woman sits by the cider-press and watches patiently the apple juice flowing out of the press drop-by drop.

Question 4.
In the third stanza, the poet says “thou hast thy music too”. What objects does the poet find Autumn’s music in?
Answer:
In the third stanza of the poem, Keats describes the sound of Autumn. It has its own pattern and music or quality that enhances its charm. The sounds of Autumn are heard in the evenings. When the sun is setting, soft glow irradiates the fields from which the crop has been reaped, leaving the stumps behind. The long-drawn out clouds in the sky look like the bars of a grate. At this time, the melancholy buzzing of the gnats is heard. The gnats fly about among the shrubs growing on the riverside. The gnats are carried upwards when the wind is strong and they come downwards when the wind is feeble.

In addition to the gnats singing in a melancholy chorus, the bleating of full-grown lambs is heard from the hills which bound the landscape. Then there is the chirping of the grasshoppers. Next comes the high, bold and delicate singing of the red-breast which sings from an orchard. Finally there is the twittering of the swallows which are gathering in large numbers to get ready for their winter migration. Through these images, Keats heightens the effect of autumn. The sound generated becomes the music of autumn.

Question 5.
Keats is a master of word-pictures. Explain some of the word-pictures from the poem.
Answer:
Keats’s Ode to Autumn is said to be a fine specimen revealing the qualities of the poet.
Keats was one of the greatest word painters in English poetry. In his poems, picture follows picture in quite succession and each picture is remarkable for its vividness and minuteness of detail. His images are concrete. In Ode to Autumn, Autumn has been represented in the concrete form of a reaper, winnower, gleaner, etc.

In the first stanza, we have a complete and concrete picture of Autumn’the season of mists and mellow fruitfulness.’ In the second stanza, Autumn is a winnower’on a half reaped furrow sound asleep,’ a gleaner, keeping ‘steady they laden head across a brook’ and a spectator, watching ‘the last oozings hour by hour.’ All these pictures of Autumn make the poem human and universal for its use of concrete imagery.

Question 6.
What is an ode? Compare ‘To Autumn’ with Toru Dutt’s ‘Our Casuarina Tree’ in respect to form, address and glorification of the subject of treatment.
Answer:
An Ode is always an address to some noble thought, idea or deity. It is a serious, noble and dignified form of lyrical composition in a regular stanza form. It is exalted in theme, elated in tone and is always refined in language and style.

Ode to Autumn is a typical example of a highly structured ode. It is in the form of an
address in a purely objective manner. The Autumn has been personified with vivid images which seem to be very realistic. On the other Hand, Toru Dutta’s ‘Our Casuarina Tree’ is in lyrical tone with a touch of elegy.

Toru Dutt’s,’Our Casuarina Tree’ is a more personal poem where she glorifies the tree as it reminds her of her beautiful past. Her poem is an effort to make the tree immortal while Keat’s ‘To Autumn’ personifies the different aspect of Autumn in lyrical form.

Question 7.
Give a critical appreciation of the poem, dealing with Keats’ attitude to the season, and the pictorial quality of the ode.
Answer:
Autumn is a season of ripe fruitfulness. It is the time of the ripening of grapes, apples, gourds, hazelnuts, etc. It is also the time when the bees suck the sweetness from “later flowers” and make honey. Thus, autumn is picturised in the stanza as bringing all the fruits of earth to maturity in readiness for harvesting.

In the second stanza, autumn is seen in the person of a reaper, a winnower, a gleaner, and a cider-presser. Reaping, winnowing, gleaning and cider-pressing are all operations connected with the harvest and are, therefore, carried on during autumn. Autumn is depicted first as a harvester sitting carelessly in the field during a winnowing operation, second, as a tired reaper fallen asleep in the very midst of reaping, third, as a gleaner walking homewards with a load on the head, and fourth, as a cider-presser watching intently the apple-juice flowing out of the cider-press.

Autumn is not altogether devoid of music. If spring has its songs, autumn too has its sounds and songs. In the evening, when the crimson light of the setting sun falls upon the stubble-fields, a chorus of natural sounds is heard. The gnats utter their mournful sounds; the full-growyn lambs bleat loudly, the hedge-crickets chirp; the robin’s high and delicate notes are heard, and the swallows twitter in the sky. In the last stanza, the close of the year is associated with sunset and nightfall.

C. Explain the following expressions with reference to the text:

1. mellow fruitfulness (use of abstract for the concrete)
2. maturing sun.
3. load and bless with fruit the vines
4. winnowing wind.
5. soft dying day.
Answer:

1. Full of soft and juicy fruits.
2. Warm sun of Autumn that ripens the fruits.
3. The thatched roofs loaded with grapes during autumn.
4. Gently moving Autumn wind that helps in separating grain from chaff
5. day coming to its close gently.

D.Explain the following verses:

(i) Who has not seen thee oft amid thy store?
Sometime whoever seeks abroad may find
Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,
Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind.

(ii) Where are the songs of spring? Ay, where are they?
Think not of them, thou hastes thy music too.

(iii) While barred clouds bloom the soft during day,
And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;
Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn Among the river sallows, borne aloft,
Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies.
Answer:
(i) Autumn may often be seen in the fields in the midst of her treasures of corn which have been harvested. The wind separates the chaff from the grains. It also means the wind which ruffles and passes the locks of a woman’s hair.

(ii) Here, the poet talks about the sounds of Autumn. Spring is distinguished by its songs which are not heard in Autumn but the poet says that there is no need to feel any regret on that account for the Autumn has its own peculiar music.

(iii) The poet in these lines describes that the long drawn out clouds in the sky look like bars of a grate. At this time, the melancholy buzzing of the gnats is heard. The gnats fly about among the shrubs growing on her river-side. The gnats are carried upwards when the wind is strong and they come downwards when the wind is feeble.

Speaking Activity

Hold a seminar in your class, under the guidance of your English teacher on the topic: ‘Nature and Man’. Individual speakers may choose any of the following topics for deliberation.

• Educative value of Nature.
• Nature as a refuge from worldly worries.
• Nature as a living force.
• Lessons we can learn from Nature:
• charit generosity, co-existence, discipline, peace and harmony.
• Can man survive without Nature?

Answer:
Students can choose any of the given topics as per their choice. One topic is given here as an example: Can Man Survive without Nature?
Man is a gift of God. God has created man and for his all types of comforts, He created Nature. Hence, there is an intricate relationship between Man and Nature. The whole life of a man depends upon Nature. Nature provides us air to breathe, water to drink, grain to eat, cool breeze to soothe, etc. In every sphere of our life, we need Nature. If Nature ceases to cooperate just for a second, we will collapse and the whole human race will be crippled. So, we cannot survive without Nature.

Writing Activity

Compose a paragraph on: “If Winter comes, can spring be far behind”? You can have an idea from the following: P.B. Shelley, closes his Ode to the West Wind with the given line, conveying the message of optimism and hope of regeneration. In the Ode, the poet invokes the tempestuous West Wind as a destroyer of the old and decayed order of things and a preserver of the seeds, so that, when spring comes, they may come to fresh life.
Answer:
Nature has its own way to govern this universe. It follows certain pattern which regulate our life. Morning is followed by day, day by night, and birth by death. There is a pattern of season which changes at a certain period. Nature maintains a balance. fit is not maintained, there would be a tremendous kind of anarchy. Everything will be turned upside down. So, It is sure that if winter comes spring cannot be far behind because it is governed by Nature.

Think it Over

Given below is a poem on spring written by Thomas Nash (1567—1601). Read the poem.

Spring

Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing,
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
The palm and may make country houses gay,
Lambs frisk and play, the shepherds pipe all day,
And we hear ay birds tune this merry lay, .
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our fret,
Young lovers meet, old wives a—sunning sit,
In every Street these tunes our ears to greet,
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
Spring! the sweet spring!
Now think over the difference between the attitudes of the two poets—Nash and Keats-
towards the two different seasons.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Things to Do

In cold countries, there are four seasons, while in warm countries like India, there are six seasons called ‘RUTUS’.
English seasons are; Spring. Summer, Autumn. and Winter
Indian seasons are: Vasant, Grishnia, Varsha, Sharad, Hemanta and Shishir.
Now gather the following information about both:

• their months of occurrence.
• activities like ploughing, reaping etc. associated with each
• changes in nature in each season.
• Gregorian calendar months identical to Indian months.

Answer:
Do yourself with the help of your teacher.

To Autumn Summary in English

Autumn is a season of ripe fruitfulness. It is the time of the ripening of grapes, apples, gourds, hazelnuts, etc. It is also the time when the bees suck the sweetness from “later flowers” and make honey. Thus, autumn is picturised in the stanza as bringing all the fruits of earth to maturity in readiness for harvesting.

In the second stanza, autumn is seen in the person of a reaper, a winnower, a gleaner, and a cider-presser. Reaping, winnowing, gleaning and cider-pressing are all operations connected with the harvest and are, therefore, carried on during autumn. Autumn is depicted first as a harvester sitting carelessly in the field during a winnowing operation, second, as a tired reaper fallen asleep in the very midst of reaping, third, as a gleaner walking homewards with a load on the head, and fourth, as a cider-presser watching intently the apple-juice flowing out of the cider-press.

Autumn is not altogether devoid of music. If spring has its songs, autumn too has its sounds and songs. In the evening, when the crimson light of the setting sun falls upon the stubble-fields, a chorus of natural sounds is heard. The gnats utter their mournful sounds; the full-growyn lambs bleat loudly, the hedge-crickets chirp; the robin’s high and delicate notes are heard, and the swallows twitter in the sky. In the last stanza, the close of the year is associated with sunset and nightfall.

To Autumn Summary in Hindi

पतझड़ पके फलों का मौसम है। यह अंगूर, सेब, कद्दू, पहाड़ी बादाम आदि के पकने का समय है। यही समय है जब मधुमक्खियाँ पिछड़े फूलों की मिठास को चूसती हैं और शहद तैयार करती हैं। इस तरह पतझड़ को एक ऐसे रूप में चित्रित किया गया है जो धरती पर फूलों की परिपक्वता और कटाई के लिए उन्हें तैयार करता है।

दूसरे पद में पतझड़ को एक फसल काटने वाली, फसल से अनाज निकालने वाली और अनाज को तैयार करने वाली के रूप में देखा गया है। कटाई, उड़ाई, बिनाई और छंटाई-सभी फसल से सम्बन्धित प्रक्रियाएँ हैं और इसलिए सभी पतझड़ के समय होते हैं। पतझड को सबसे पहले एक किसान के रूप में चित्रित किया गया है जो अपने खेत में बवाई के समय निश्चिन्त बैठा होता है, उसके बाद एक थके हुए फसल काटने वाले के रूप में जो कटाई के दौरान थककर गहरी नींद में सोया हुआ है और फिर एक बोझा ढोने वाले के रूप में जो अपने सिर पर अनाज का बोझ उठाए घर की ओर जा रहा है और फिर एक पिसाई करने वाले के रूप में जो गौर से सेव को दबाए जाने से निकलने वाले रस को देख रहा है।

पतझड़ बिल्कुल संगीतहीन नहीं है। यदि वसंत का अपना गीत है तो पतझड़ की भी अपनी आवाज़ और अपना गीत है। जब शाम को धुंधलका छा जाता है, सूर्यास्त हो रहा होता है, एक बिल्कुल स्वाभाविक समूह गान का संगीत सुनाई पड़ता है। टिटहरियाँ अपने शोकमय गीत गाती हैं, पूर्ण विकसित मेमने ज़ोर से मिमियाते हैं, झिंगुर गाते हैं, रॉबिन की आवाज़ ऊँची एवं मधुर गीत के रूप में सुनाई देती है और चातक आकाश में गाते हैं। अन्तिम पद में वर्ष की समाप्ति को सूर्यास्त और रात घिरने के रूप में दिखाया गया है।

To Autumn Word Meaning

To Autumn Important Pronunciations

To Autumn Stanzas for Comprehension

Read the following stanzas carefully and answer the questions that follow:

1. Season,of mists and mellow fruitfulness,
i Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;
Conspiring with him how to load and bless .
With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eaves run;
To bend with apples the moss’d cottage trees. (Page 108) (M.P. Board 2009)

Questions:
(i) Who does the first line refer to?
(ii) …………. is the bosom friend of the season.
(iii) Find a word which means same as ‘becoming perfect’.
(iv) How does it plan to fill the fruits?
Answers:
(i) The autumn season is referred in the first line.
(ii) The Sun.
(iii) Maturing means same as ‘becoming perfect 1.
(iv) It plans to fill all the fruits with ripeness to their core.

2. Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn
Among the river-sallows, home aloft
Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies;
And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn;
Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft
The red-breast whistles from a garden-croft;
And gathering swallows twitter in the skies. (Page 109)

Questions:
(i) What sound of the small gnats is referred to in the first line?
(ii) ……. bleat from hilly bourn.
(iii) Find a word from the lines with similar meaning to ‘shrill voice’.
(iv) What does the red-breast do?
Answers:
(i) The small gnat in the wailful choir mourn and this sound is referred in the first line.
(ii) The full grown, lambs.
(iii) Whistles is similar in meaning to ‘shrill voice’.
(iv) The red breast whistles from a garden croft.

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MP Board Solutions for 12th English Chapter 14 Albert-Einstein at School Questions and Answers aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 12th English as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines.

You Can Download MP Board Class 12th English Solutions Questions and Answers Notes, Summary, Lessons: Pronunciation, Translation, Word Meanings, Textual Exercises. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapterwise MP Board Solutions for 12th English and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

MP Board Class 12th English A Voyage Solutions Chapter 14 Albert-Einstein at School (Patrick Pringle)

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Albert-Einstein at School Textbook Exercises

Word Power

A. Here are two words from the lesson beginning with prefix un:

• happy — unhappy
• noticed — unnoticed

The prefix un is used to make the antonym or opposite of the root word. Here are some words beginning with un. Pick the words in which un is a prefix and those in which It is a part of the root word, as given below:
unthinking, ungrateful, until, understand, under, unless, uncle, unwell, undo, undergo, undertake, unfit.
Answer:

B. Match the synonyms in the boxes with the cities listed below. Put the number of the clue in the boxes correctly. The result will be a magic square. that is, the total of the four numbers in any straight row (including the diagonal rows) will be 34.

1. defeat
2. frankly
3. sarcasm
4. disgrace
5. lodging
6. trouble
7. appointment
8. warned
9. reference
10. puzzled
11. bothered
12. expelled
13. committed
14. rebellion
15. ignored
16. miserable
Answer:

C. Write words opposite in meaning to the clue words mentioned above and use them in sentences of your own.
Answer:

D. The following phrases occur in the text. Give their meanings and use them in sentences of your own:
learn by heart, be good at (a subject), get on the nerves, turn out, of one’s own accord, burn a hole in the pocket.
Answer:

Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions in one sentence each:

Question 1.
Why was Einstein not interested in learning history?
Answer:
Einstein was not interested in learning history for he thought one can look up historical facts in a book. He believed that whatever that can be looked in book should not be wasted in memorising.

Question 2.
Why did the teacher ask Einstein to explain his theory of education?
Answer:
The teacher asked Einstein to explain his theory of education in order to ridicule him.

Question 3.
What does the author mean when he says “Mr. Braun’s eyes were cold and cruel?”
Answer:
The author means to say that Mr. Braun was sarcastic in his behaviour.

Question 4.
What did the history teacher suggest Einstein to do?
Answer:
The history teacher suggested Einstein to leave the school.

Question 5.
The author says Most day. were bad for Einstein.” Why does he say so?
Answer:
Einstein never liked schools, most days were bad for him.

Question 6.
Where did Albert find a room to reside? (MP. Board 2015)
Answer:
Einstein had got a room to reside in one of the poorest quarters of Munich.

Question 7.
What does Albert mean by civilised human beings?
Answer:
By civilized human beings, Albert means the people who were not much educated but at
least knew the manners to live.

Question 8.
The author says, “Albert’s eyes gleamed with the sudden idea.” Guess what the idea was.
Answer:
The Idea was to get a meakal certificate to convince the head teacher for allowing him to leave the school.

Question 9.
Why did Albert pretend that he had money to take Yun out for supper?
Answer:
He wanted to impress Yuri and get his work of getting medical certificate done.

Question 10.
I’m going to take this certificate to the head teacher tomorrow, and that will be the end of it”, assured Albert. What does the author mean by this?
Answer:
The author means that the medical certificate would be enough for getting him rid off from the school.

B. Answer the following questions in 60-75 words:

Question 1.
While going through the conversation between Albert and his history teacher, what sort of a person does Einstein appear to you?
Answer:
Einstein was not at all satisfied with the school education in Germany. It was completely outdated and unproductive. The History teacher considered that education was nothing more than learning dates and years of events. For Einstein, education meant ideas. He didn’t see any point in learning dates. He believed that one could look up the dates in books.

Einstein had all aversion for school. It is reflected in his every action. He shows it by not closing the door in the Head teacher’s room even after his instruction. Einstein was a rebel but always controlled his emotion. Albert was totally against this kind of education where nothing new is learnt and achieved and this shows his idea-oriented thinking. He thinks facts are useless to be learnt. This time of learning known can be utilized in generating new.

Question 2.
How does a tight administrative system usually check students from exploring new horizons?
Answer:
It is quite true that the school often curbs individual talents. Most of the time, it is unproductive and outdated. Education must bring out the best from within. Education received within the four walls may not be the real education. Actually, it has been seen that schools interfere with the free growth and development of children. They don’t provide proper atmosphere for their proper growth. Too many restrictions and dead formalities kill the natural growth in children. Too much of discipline also proves quite unproductive. It kills the creative instinct in children.

What children need is freedom. Without freedom, no physical or mental growth is possible. Drive and dynamism mustn’t be curbed. School education should not be heavy, dull and cumbersome. Entertainment and education should go together. Education is not just facts, figures and dates. Ideas must dominate our education. Only then our schools will produce geniuses like Einstein.

Question 3.
What is Einstein’s theory of education?
Answer:
Education is not confined to mere information gathering. Information only keeps us well informed about things. Einstein’s views about education only confirm that information gathering has its limitations. The History teacher asks Einstein, when did the Prussians defeated the French at Waterloo. Actually, he was seeking an information. It can be easily gathered from any good book on history. Einstein thinks that learning of days, dates and figures have no meaning or importance.

What is important are the ideas. Ideas are the basis of education. So, insight formation must be the aim of education. Schools shouldn’t overburden students with the heaps of data collection. It is not important, how many soldiers are killed and when they are killed. It is important to learn, why soldiers try to kill others in wars. Productive education should be practised where ideas are generated and shared. This not only gives new scopes but also gives us better understanding of things going around us.

Question 4.
The author says, “He has to go to the hateful place the next morning.” Which place is the author referring to? Why has the place been described as hateful?
Answer:
Here, the school is referred to as the ‘hateful place’. Einstein never liked a school. For him, it is the place where individual talents are curbed. It is unproductive and outdated. Education that is provided here is not the real education. In fact, schools interfere with the free growth and development of a child. In no way, they provide proper atmosphere for the proper growth of a child. The administrative strictness spoils a child’s talent. The natural growth of a child is adversely affected. So, Einstein always thought that it was the most hateful place.

Question 5.
Mr. Braun asked Einstein to stay for an extra period. What does the extra period refer to?
Why is it called so?
Answer:
Einstein was very much indifferent in his class. When the History teacher Mr. Braun asked him a question about the date related to Prussian war, Einstein flatly replied that he didn’t know. For Einstein, remembering the date of history was not so important. It irritated the History teacher. He wanted to know some more views of Einstein about school and education.

It was just to ridicule Einstein. When Einstein began telling him about his views, the teacher got more irritated and asked him to stop, for it needed some extra classes to listen to Einstein’s views and he called Einstein a disgrace to school. He suggested him to leave the school. He called so because school follows a pattern. It is not a place for the foolish talks as that of Einstein.

Question 6.
Why did Einstein think that he could never pass the exam for school diploma?
Answer:
Einstein believed that he would never pass the exams for the school diploma. He thought so because he was in no way similar to the other students. He never lived to learn lessons. School was a hateful place for him. He was going to school not for his own sake but for the sake of his father’s wishes. He never indulged himself in any fight with other children, as it was a common feature among them. He never took part in any duels. Teachers didn’t like him. These were all negative aspects of his personai. he would never pass.

Question 7.
Why was Albert adamant on meeting a doctor?
Answer:
Albert never liked school. It was only due to his father that he attended the school. However, finally he decided to leave it. As there was no way, he decided to get a medical certificate from a doctor which would help him prove sick. For this, he asked his friend Yuri to fix an appointment with a doctor who was known to Yuri. He was ready to face any situation for this. He also promised Yuri that he will treat him. with dinner.

Question 8.
“There is nothing to wonder about, Einstein. I knew you were going to leave before you knew yourself.” What did Mr. Koch actually mean?
Answer:
Mr. Koch was the Mathematics teacher in the school where Einstein studied. When finally j Einstein decided to leave the school, he managed a certificate from a doctor about his nervous breakdown but the head teacher was not convinced. He asked Einstein to get a certificate from any teacher of his school who could certify that he was not capable of teaching Einstein anymore. First, he tried Mr. Koch, the Mathematics teacher.

Mr. Koch was a very helpful man and really recognized the latent talent of Einstein. So, he didn’t ‘hesitate. He saw what possibilities were hidden in him. He was very much convinced from the very beginning that school can’t fulfill what Einstein needed. He made a remark, “There’s nothing to wonder about, Einstein. I knew you were going to leave before you knew yourself.”

Question 9.
Why was the head teacher not ready to have Einstein in the school?
Answer:
Einstein submitted a medical certificate to the head teacher which mentioned the nervous breakdown of Einstein. The head teacher next day called on Einstein and said that Einstein’s work was terrible. So, he was not prepared to have him in the school. The head-teacher told him that if he left the school of his own accord, there would be no questions. Einstein asked him what crime he had committed. The teacher replied that it was not possible for any teacher to teach while Einstein was in class. He had become a nuisance for others. In his presence, no student can learn any thing. Therefore, the head-teacher was not willing to see him in the school thereafter.

Question 10.
Give a brief character sketch of Einstein. (M.P. Board 2010)
Answer:
Einstein was a peculiar child right from the beginning of his career. His views were different but rational. It was a fact that he had no interest in learning from the historical facts. When the History teacher asked him about a historical date, he frankly replied that he didn’t remember it. Einstein never liked school because in his view, it was not a proper place for learning. A strict rule is observed there and no chance is given to make a child’s talent flourish. He loved music and reading books on Science but he had no interest in the books presented in the syllabus. He had his own views about education. However, in no way, he was disrespectful to the teachers. After all he was a genius.

Grammar

A. Observe the following sentences carefully that occur in the lesson:

“In what year, Einstein,” asked the history teacher, “did the Prussians defeat the French at Waterloo?” –
“Einstein, I want you to leave the school now,” said the head teacher. The above sentences are in direct speech/narration. You had a detailed discussion on the topic in the previous class.
Now change the following sentences into indirect narration:

1. “Shall I do it myself,” he said.
2. “It’s not my wish, Sir,” Albert pointed out. .
3. “Your information,” I replied, “is out of date.”
4. “I must get away from here,” said Einstein.
5. “I don’t think, I’ll ever pass exams for the school diploma.” said Albert glumly.
6. “I have never seen you looking less nervous,” remarked Yuri.
7. “Don’t be too sure of that,” said the doctor.
8. Albert said, “I’ll try to get into an Italian College or Institute.”
Answers:

1. He asked if he should do it himself.
2. Albert addressed him as Sir and pointed out that it was not his wish.
3. I replied that his information was out of date.
4. Einstein said that he must get away from there.
5. Albert said glumly that he didn’t think, he would ever pass exams for the school diploma.
6. Yuri remarked that he had never seen him looking less nervous.
7. The doctor advised him not to be too sure of that.
8. Albert said that he would try to get into an Indian College or Institute.

B. Read the dialogue between a School Principal and an applicant, Miss Rita Sharma.

Principal : Come in, Miss Sharma.
Rita : Thank you.
Principal : Please take your seat.
Rita : Thank you
Principal : How long have you been teaching English in the coaching classes?
Rita : I have been teaching for the last 10 years.
Principal : How do you use your spare time?
Rita : I’ve always enjoyed music.
Principal : Well, Miss Sharma, we’ll inform you next week. Thank you, for coming.
Now write what Rita reported her mother about her interview
Answer:
As I turned up for the interview, the Principal asked me to come in. 1 thanked her. Then the Principal asked me to take seat and I again thanked her. The Principal asked me how long I had been teaching English in the coaching classes. At this, I replied that I had been teaching for the last ten years. When she asked me, how did I use my spare time, I replied that I had always enjoyed music. She released me and assured that she would inform me the next week. She thanked me too for coming.

Speaking Activity

Work in pairs. One will act as Albert and the other as a journalist. Interview Albert (after he was expelled from school) on the following points.
(i) the school
(ii) the place where he lived
(iii) his friend
(iv) the doctor
(v) his future plans.
Answer:
Do it at class level.

Writing Activity

A. Write about a teacher who has inspired you most. Discuss about his/her method of teaching or approach towards teaching.
Answer:
There are many teachers in my school. Some of them are very good and popular but I like Mr. Ramesh Chander Mishra the most. He is my favourite teacher. He has influenced me the most. He is the incharge of our class. He lives a simple way but his thinking is very high.

He is the most able teacher. He has a brilliant career. He has got scholarship in his school and in college days. He is a gem among teachers. He is an M.A., and B.Ed. His method of teaching is very good. He has mastery over his subjects. He makes his lessons very interesting. He makes every student understand his lesson. He has a kind word for each boy in his class. He encourages the students to talk in English. He himself yorks very hard. He knows how to take work from the students. He is showing the best result in the subject, he teaches.

Mr. Mishra possesses good habits. He has a happy face. We have never seen any frowns on his forehead. No idle boy can escape his keen eyes. He is very humorous. He tries to keep us in good spirits. He never uses any cane. We obey him and he loves us. He is hard working.

He keeps a strict discipline in the class without using a stick. He is never partial to anyone. He shows sympathy with the poor. If a student takes liberty with him, he turns him out of the class. He does not allow him to return until he offers a sincere apology.

He is a fine sportsman. He takes part in school games. He is a good cricketer as well. He is the incharge of games material. His presence on the school ground is a source of joy for us. All the teachers respect him. The Principal has much faith in him. He is the right hand of the Principal. In all school activities, he is always present. For these reasons, he is considered the best teacher of the school. His high character has made him very popular among the students.

B. Imagine that you are Albert Einstein, now living in Milan/Italy. Write a letter of thanks to Yuri for rendering valuable help in getting you out of the school.
Answer:
36, Park Street Milan
15th September, 20xx
My dear Yuri
I hope you are enjoying a good life. I am also fine but I miss you very much. I still remember, how you helped me getting rid of my school. I was very much distressed there. I never liked the place. But I was compelled to join it and remain there. I was very upset. So, I asked you to help me. How did you manage the medical certificate from your friend, Dr.Ernest. I still can’t believe how you staked your career for me. At last, I was able to leave the school. You are really my best friend. You proved that a friend in need is a friend indeed. 1 am very much obliged to you and wish if I were of some use for you. Hope you are in good spirits and I wish you all the best for life.
Yours,
Einstein.

Think It Over

Think about yourself as Einstein and then narrate the experiences you have in your class.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Things to Do

Coiled information about Albert Einstein’s life and his contribution to Science from the sources available to you.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Albert-Einstein at School by Patrick Pringle Introduction

In this lesson, the author refers to a young boy (Einstein) who is of extraordinary talent. However, this boy does not like his school and its system. Finally, he is expelled from the school.

Albert-Einstein at School Summary in English

Albert was in his class. The History teacher, Mr. Brawn asked him when did Prussians defeated the French at Waterloo. Albert told that he didn’t know or he must have forgotten. This irritated the teacher. He asked Albert, “Why?” Albert replied that he didn’t see any point in learning dates. One could read about them from books.

The teacher thought that Albert didn’t believe in education. He talked in a sarcastic manner. Albert told him that education should be about ideas and not about facts. The teacher said that Albert was a disgrace to the school.

Albert was sad to leave the school though he didn’t like this school. He would have to come to it again. He lived in a small room. It was situated in one of the poorest quarters of Munich. The landlady used to beat her children regularly. Her husband came drunk every Saturday and beat her. Albert didn’t like the children’s crying every time. Albert told these things to his friend Yuri. He hated the atmosphere of slum violence.

Next time, his cousin came to Munich. She told Albert that if he had tried he could have pass the examination. There were more stupid boys than him. Moreover, passing the examination was not difficult. It was just to be able to repeat some events in the examination. He told Elsa that he was not good at learning things by heart. He liked music as it gave him comfort. He also liked Geology.

Albert didn’t like to remain in that school. He met Yuri after six months. He had an idea. He told Yuri that he needed a medical certificate showing that he suffered from a nervous breakdown. In this way, he could get rid of his school. He asked Yuri if he had a doctor friend. Yuri told him that he had one, Dr. Ernest Weil. However, Yuri told him not to deceive him. He must be frank with him.

When Albert visited Dr. Ernest Weil, he had really come close to a nervous breakdown. Dr. Ernest issued him a certificate. His fees was that he should serve Yuri with a meal. Albert told Dr. Ernest about his future plans. He would go to Milan. He hoped to get admission in some Italian college or institute. Yuri told him to get a reference in writing from the Mathematics teacher before going to the head teacher. Mr. Koch, the Mathematics teacher, was a different man. He understood Albert well. He gave a glowing testimonial to him. He wrote that Albert knew so much that it was difficult to teach him any more. He was fit to enter a college.

Before Albert had a chance to ask for an interview with the head teacher, he was summoned to his room. The head teacher told Albert that he wanted him to leave the school. Albert asked the head teacher if he meant that he was to be expelled. The head teacher told him that if he went of his own accord, that question wouldn’t arise.

The head teacher gave several reasons for his leaving the school. He said that Albert’s presence made it impossible for the teachers to teach and pupils to learn. No serious work could be done as long as he was there. Albert felt that his spending money on the medical certificate proved useless. For a moment, Albert felt like telling him what he thought of him and the school but he did not. He went out of the room. The head teacher asked him to close the door behind him but Albert didn’t. He didn’t even have the last look at the school. Yuri was the only person whom Albert felt like seeing when he left. He had no other real friend.

Albert-Einstein at School Summary in Hindi

एलबर्ट अपनी कक्षा में था। इतिहास के अध्यापक मि. ब्रॉन ने उससे पूछा कि प्रूशिया बालों ने फ्रांस को बाटरलू में कब हराया था। एलबर्ट कहता है कि वह नहीं जानता या वह भूल गया होगा। इससे अध्यापक को क्रोध आ जाता है। यह एलबर्ट से पूछता है, “क्यों?” एलबर्ट जवाब देता है कि उसे तारीखें याद करने में कुछ खास बात नज़र नहीं आती। इसके बारे में कोई भी किताबों से जानकारी ले सकता है। अध्यापक मानता है कि एलबर्ट को शिक्षा में कोई दिलचस्पी नहीं है। वह व्यंग्यात्मक तरीके से बात करता है। एलबर्ट उन्हें कहता है कि शिक्षा विचारों से संबंधित होनी चाहिए न कि तथ्यों से। अध्यापक कहता है कि एलबर्ट स्कूल के लिए एक कलंक है।

एलबर्ट स्कूल छोड़ते हुए दुःखी था। हालाँकि वह इस स्कूल को पसंद नहीं करता था पर वह उदास था। उसे वहाँ दोबारा आना होगा। वह एक छोटे-से कमरे में रहता था। वह म्यूनिख के सबसे गरीब क्षेत्र में बसा था। मकान मालकिन अपने बच्चों को नियमित रूप से पीटती थी। उसका पति प्रत्येक शनिवार को शराब पीकर आता और उसे पीटता था। एलबर्ट हर समय बच्चों का रोना पसन्द नहीं करता। उसने यह सब अपने मित्र यूरी को बताया। वह गंदी-बस्तियों में होने वाली हिंसा से नफरत करता था। अगली बार उसकी चचेरी बहन म्यूनिख आती है। वह एलबर्ट से कहती है कि यदि कोशिश करें तो वह परीक्षा पास कर सकता है। यहाँ उससे भी ज्यादा मूर्ख लड़के हैं। इसके अलावा परीक्षा पास करना मुश्किल नहीं है। यह केवल परीक्षा में कुछ घटनाओं को दोहरा देने की योग्यता प्राप्त करना है। वह एल्सा को बताता है कि वह जबानी चीजें याद करने में अच्छा नहीं है।

वह संगीत पसन्द करता है क्योंकि वह उसे आराम देता है। उसे भू-विज्ञान भी अच्छा लगता है। एलबर्ट को उस स्कूल में रहना बिल्कुल पसन्द नहीं था। वह यूरी से छह महीने बाद मिला। उसे एक विचार आता है। वह यूरी से कहता है कि उसे एक चिकित्सा प्रमाणपत्र की आवश्यकता है जो यह दिर सके कि वह स्नायुसम्बन्धी खराबी से ग्रस्त है। इस प्रकार वह अपने स्कूल से छुटकारा पा सकता है। वह यरी से पूछता है कि क्या उसका कोई डॉक्टर दोस्त है। यूरी उसे बताता है कि डॉ. अरनेस्ट वेल है। फिर भी पूरी कहता है कि वह उसे धोखा न दे। उसे उसके साथ खुलकर बातें करनी होंगी।

जब एलबर्ट डॉ. अरनैस्ट वेल से मिला तो सच में उसकी स्नाय खराब थी। डॉ. अरनेस्ट उसे प्रमाणपत्र दे देते हैं। उसकी फीस यह थी कि उसे यूरी को खाना खिलाना था। एलबर्ट डॉ. अरनैस्ट को अपने भविष्य की योजना के बारे में बताता है। वह मिलान जाएगा। उसे आशा है कि उसे किसी इटैलियन कॉलेज में या संस्था में दाखिला मिल जाएगा। यरी उससे कहता है कि मुख्याध्यापक के पास जाने से पहले गणित के अध्यापक से लिखित प्रमाणपत्र ले ले। मि. कोच जो कि गणित के अध्यापक थे, एक अलग किस्म के व्यक्ति थे। वे एलबर्ट को अच्छी तरह से समझते थे। उसने, उसे एक शानदार प्रमाणपत्र दिया। उसने लिखा कि एलबर्ट इतना जानता था कि वह उसे और शिक्षा नहीं दे सकता था। वह कॉलेज में प्रवेश के लिए उपयुक्त था।

इससे पहले कि एलबर्ट को मुख्याध्यापक से साक्षात्कार का मौका मिलता, उसे उसके कमरे में जाने का बुलावा आ गया। मुख्याध्यापक एलबर्ट से कहते हैं, वे चाहते हैं कि वह स्कूल छोड़ दे। उसने मुख्याध्यापक से पूछा क्या उसे निकाला जा रहा है। मुख्याध्यापक उसे कहता है कि यदि वह अपनी इच्छा से चला जाता है तो यह प्रश्न ही नहीं उठता। मुख्याध्यापक उसके स्कूल छोड़ने के लिए बहुत से कारण बताता है। वह उसे बताता है कि एलबर्ट की उपस्थिति अध्यापकों को पढ़ाने में और अन्य छात्रों को सीखने में परेशानी पैदा करती है।

जब तक वह रहता, कोई महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्य नहीं किया जा सकता था। एलबर्ट को लगता है कि चिकित्सा प्रमाणपत्र पर उसके द्वारा खर्च किए गए पैसे बेकार हो गए। एक क्षण के लिए एलबर्ट का मन हुआ कि उसे बता दे कि वह उसके बारे में और स्कूल के बारे में क्या सोचता है। पर उसने वैसा नहीं किया। वह कमरे से बाहर चला जाता है। मुख्याध्यापक उससे अपने पीछे दरवाजा बन्द करके जाने को कहता है परन्तु एलबर्ट ऐसा नहीं करता है। यहाँ तक कि उसने आखिरी बार स्कूल की तरफ देखा भी नहीं। यूरी ही केवल ऐसा व्यक्ति था जिससे एलबर्ट स्कूल छोड़ते समय मिलना चाहता था। उसका कोई और सच्चा दोस्त नहीं था।

Albert-Einstein at School Word Meaning

Albert-Einstein at School Important Pronunciations

Albert-Einstein at School Passages for Comprehension

Read the passages given below and answer the questions that follow:

Albert felt miserable when he left school that afternoon; not that it had been a bad day most days were bad now, anyway but because he had to go back to the hateful place the next morning. He only wished his father would take him away, but there was no point in even asking. He knew what the answer would be; he would have to stay until he had taken his diploma.

Going back to his lodgings did not cheer him up. His father had so little money to spare that Albert could find a room in one of the poorest quarters of Munich. He did not mind the bad food and lack of comfort, or even the dirt and squalor, but he hated the atmosphere of slum violence. His landlady beat her children regularly, and every Saturday her husband came drunk and beat her. (Page 99)

Questions:
(i) Why did Albert feel miserable when he left school?
(Ii) Find the word opposite in meaning to ‘admirable’.
(iii) Give adjective form of the word ‘cheer’.
(iv) Find a word from the passage that has the same meaning as the word pitiable.
Answers:
(i) Albert felt miserable when he left school because he had to come back to the school
the next morning which he hated the most. For him, it was the worst place.
(ii) ‘Hateful’ is opposite of ‘admirable’.
(iii) ‘Cheerful’ is the adjective of ‘cheer’.
(iv) ‘Miserable’ has same meaning as ‘pitiable’.

2. Apart from books on science his only comfort was music, and he played his violin regularly until his Landlady asked him to stop.
“That wailing gets on my nerves,” she said. “There’s enough noise in this house, with all
the kids howling.”
Albert was tempted to point out that most of the time it was she who made them howl,
but he decided it was better toy nothing.
“I must get away from here,” he told Yuri, after six months alone in Munich. “It is absurd
that I should go on like this. In the end it will turn out, I have been wasting my father’s
money and everyone’s time. It will be better for all if i stop now.” (Page 100)

Questions:
(i) What did Albert wish? Why?
(ii) Find a word from the above lines which means opposite to ‘peace’.
(iii) Give noun form of the word ‘tempt’?
(iv) Find the word in the passage which has the same meaning as the word ‘spoiling’.
Answers:
(i) He wished to leave the place because he thought he was wasting his father’s money
and everyone’s time.
(ii) ‘Howling/noise’ is opposite to ‘peace’.
(iii) ‘Temptation’ is the noun form of ‘tempt’.
(iv) ‘Wasting’ has same meaning as ‘spoiling’.

3. “I’m not going to punish you,” the head teacher said to Albert’s surprise. “Your work is
terrible, and I’m not prepared to have you here any longer, Einstein. I want you to leave
the school now.”
“Leave school now?” repeated Albert, dazed.
. “That is what I said.”
“You mean,” said Albert, “that I am to be expelled?”
“You can take it that way if you wish, Einstein.” The head teacher was not mincing words.
“The simplest thing will be for you to goof your own accord, and then the question won’t arase.”
“But,” said Albert, “what crime have I committed?”
“Your presence in the classroom makes it impossible for the teacher to teach and for the
other pupils to learn. You refuse to learn, you are in constant rebellion, and no serious
work can be done while you are there.” (Page 103)

Questions:
(i) What did the head teacher say to Albert?
(ii) Find a word from the passage which means opposite to ‘supporter’.
(iii) Give noun form of the word ‘punish’.
(iv) Find a word from the passage which has the same meaning of the word ‘deny’.
Answers:
(i).The head teacher said to Albert that he would not allow him to be there and asked
him to leave.
(ii) ‘Rebellion’ is opposite to ‘supporter’.
(iii) ‘Punishment’ is the noun form of ‘punish’.
(iv) ‘Refuse’ has same meaning as ‘deny’.

4. He walked straight on, out of the school where he had spent five miserable years, without turning his head to give it a last look. Fie could not think of anyone, he wanted to say goodbye to.

Indeed, Yuri was almost the only person in Munich, he felt like seeing before he left the town, he had corner to hate almost as much as the school. Elsa was back in Berlin, and he had no other real friends.

“Goodbye and good luck,” said Yuri when he left. “You are going to a wonderful country I think. I hope you will be happier there.” (Page 103)

Questions:
(i) How many year did Albert spend in school? What was his feeling about his days
spent there?
(ii) Give the noun form of ‘real’
(iii) Give a word opposite in meaning to ‘curve’
(iv) Find a word in the passage which has the same meaning to the word ‘amazing’.
Answers:
(i) Albert spent fly e years In school. He felt that those were miserable days for him.
(ii) ‘Reality’ is the noun Form of ‘real’.
(iii) ‘Straight’ is opposite in meaning to ‘curve’.
(iv) ‘Wonderful has the same meaning to the word ‘amazing’.

We believe the information shared regarding MP Board Solutions for 12th English Chapter 14 Albert-Einstein at School Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.

MP Board Solutions for 12th English Chapter 13 On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-three Questions and Answers aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 12th English as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines.

You Can Download MP Board Class 12th English Solutions Questions and Answers Notes, Summary, Lessons: Pronunciation, Translation, Word Meanings, Textual Exercises. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapterwise MP Board Solutions for 12th English and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

MP Board Class 12th English A Voyage Solutions Chapter 13 On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-three (John Milton)

Kick start your preparation by using our online resource MP Board Solutions for 12th English Chapter 13 On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-three Questions and Answers. You can even download the Madhya Pradesh Board Class 12th English Solutions Questions and Answers for free of cost through the direct links available on our page. Clear your queries and understand the concept behind them in a simple manner. Simply tap on the concept you wish to prepare in the chapter and go through it.

On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-three Textbook Exercises

Word Power

A. Give words opposite in meaning to the words mentioned below
subtle, youth, hasting, deceive, mean,
Answer:

• subtle – obvious
• youth – old age
• hasting – delaying
• deceive – believe
• mean – dignified
• inward – outward
• appear – disappear
• perhaps – certainly

B. Mark the use of word, ‘strictest’ in the poem. It is an adjective in the superlative degree. The other two forms in the positive and comparative degrees are: ‘strict’ and ‘stricter’, Give the forms of the following adjectives in the comparative and superlative degrees. late, soon, slow, mean, high, much.
Answer:

C. Match the words in column ‘A with those in column ‘B’.

Answer:
(1) 2, (ii) 4, (iii) 1, (iv) 5, (v) 6, (vi) 3.

D. Look up a dictionary and match tile words wit h their meanings. Also use them in sentences of
your own to bring out the difference in their meanings.

• faith – a set of beliefs
• credo – trust in somebody’s ability or knowledge
• belief – a set of beliefs or religious principles
• motto – a set of beliefs shared by a group or organisation
• creed – confidence that something or somebody is true
• dogma –  a sentence or phrase, expressing the aims and beliefs of a person or institution.

For example:

• faith – (trust in somebody’s ability or knowledge): People had faith in what Mahatma Gandhi did for the nation.
• credo –  (a set of beliefs): Every religion follows a credo.
• belief – (confidence that something or somebody is true): I have full belief in you.
• motto –  (a sentence or phrase expressing the aims and beliefs of a person or institution): What is your motto in life? .
• creed – (a set of beliefs shared by a group or organisation): There are people of many creeds in India.
• dogma – (a set of beliefs or religious principles): I have firm belief in the dogmas of the church.

comprehension

A. Answer the following questions in one sentence:

Question 1
Why does the poet call time, the subtle thief of youth?
Answer:
The poet call time, the subtle thief of youth because time has taken away his twenty-three years without notice.

Question 2.
‘But my late spring no bud or blossom sheweth’.
(a) What does ‘spring’ refer to?
(b) How is it late?
Answer:
(a) ‘Spring’ refers to maturity. Maturity that poet has not gained with age.
(b) It is late as he has not seen bud or blossom. There is no sign of maturity that is visible.

Question 3.
All is, if I have grace to use it so,
As ever in my Taskmaster’s eye.
(a) What has grace been spoken of in the above lines?
(b) Who is the Taskmaster?
Answer:
(a) Grace is the extra time that the poet wishes to have to compensate his loss.
(b) God is the Taskmaster.

B. Answer the following questions in about 60 words:

Question 1.
What has time stolen from the poet?
Answer:
In this poem, the poet makes a complain blaming Time that it has stolen the prime part of his life. The twenty-three years of his life passed away so hastily that the poet failed to mature himself. His career could not be perfect. Although his appearance is now mature, he still requires time for the maturity of his career. There is a lack of inner maturity.

Question 2.
What deceives the truth? (M.P. Board 2009)
Answer:
Here, the poet refers that now he is mature in age. His appearance can deceive one about his inner maturity which is still unripe. Time did not give him an opportunity to attain the ripeness of his poetic talent. He has lost his career. His appearance is deceiving.

Question 3.
What will be in the strictest measure?
Answer:
As this poem is devotional in tone, the poet says that whatever one gets or does, it is the ruling of God. God distributes everything to everyone in the strictest measure. For him, there is no distinction between high or low. He observes everything equally and allots everyone equally.

Question 4.
How does the poet console himself?
Answer:
The poet here feels sorry for he could not make his career properly. His talent is still unripe. Time has stolen the twenty-three years of his life without notice. It has deceived him. However, the poet consoles himself with the plea that whatever he has achieved was the wish of God. God gives anything to anyone without any reservation. God being the Taskmaster controls everything.

Question 5.
What passes by in a hurry in the poet’s life?
Answer:
Here, the poet feels himself at a great loss. He thinks that he has lost the twenty-three years of his life without any concrete achievement. It has passed so hastily that he could not notice the bud or blossom. Now, he has attained maturity of age but he still needs time for attaining the maturity in his career.

Question 6.
What is approaching the poet fast?
Answer:
The poet here reveals a secret of his life. He says that he is now grown up. The state of manhood is approaching fast to him. He has lost his youth the formative period of his life. However, as he is sorry for the loss of youth very rapidly, he feels approaching of manhood at the same time.

Question 7.
Explain the line, “That some more timely happy spirits endueth”.
Answer:
As the poet is sorry for not attaining maturity’ in his career, he requires some more time for it. He feels that his career, that is, the poetic talent is still unripe. Time has passed so hastily that he could not notice the passing of his youth. In this line, he expresses his desire for some more timely happy spirits. He wants some grace time to compensate the lost years and work ahead for his poetic maturity.

C. Answer the following question in about 75 words:

Question 1.
Briefly describe Milton’s feelings on his having arrived at the age of twenty-three.
(MP. Board 2011)
Answer:
On His Having Arrived at the age of Twenty-three is poet’s reflections on his late maturing. He has attained the age of twenty-three. He takes it as a loss of his life. He feels that it has approached in such a manner that he could not notice it. The prime of his life is lost. He couldn’t mind his career. He couldn’t achieve the height of the poetic talent. He feels being cheated or deceived by the time which has taken away his ripening period without notice. The poet is not at all happy but one thing gives him relief is that it was the will of God.

Question 2.
Give the central idea of the poem.
Answer:
Blaming Time for stealing his youth, the poet says that it has taken away his twenty-three years without notice. It has passed away so fast that he couldn’t mend his career properly. He couldn’t find time to mature himself. His appearance has become mature but he still requires time to get inner maturity. Whatever time he has got, it was the will of God. Whatever one does, what one achieves, when one lives one’s life everything is the wish of God. No one can overrule the ruling of God who is the Taskmaster of the world. No one is spared from His eye.

Question 3.
Critically analyse the poem.
Answer:
The poem On His Having Arrived at the Age of Twenty-three is a devotional sonnet written in an autobiographical tone. It contains Milton’s reflections of late maturing. The dominating passion of his life is to justify the ways of God to man and write in praise of God. Here, he blames Time for stealing away his youth without repairing his poetic talent .He uses the sonnet form of poetry to produce a personal utterance that combines dignity of lone, flexibility of movement and mastery of structure.

Question 4.
Analyse the poem as a Petrarchan Sonnet.
Answer:
Sonnet is a short poem of fourteen lines expressing a single thought or emotion at a time. It owes its popularisation to the 14th century Italian poet Franesco Petrarch who used this poetic form to express his love for his idealised lady love, laura. John Milton uses the original Italian (Petrarchan) form to express his devotion to God or sublime feelings.

In this form, the poem Is divided into two parts the octave (a stanza of eight lines) and the sestet (a stanza of six lines). The first part makes a statement or puts up a question while the second part illustrates or serves the answer to it. On Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-three is a devotional sonnet in Petrarchan form. It is a striking example of the Renaissance ethos and Reformation zeal. It is an assertion of faith and a wish to be guided by the divine will.

Speaking Activity

A. Read aloud the poem in groups, observing the stress-pattern. short syllable followed by a long syllable. Consult an English pronunciation dichonary.
Answer:
Do yourself.

B. ‘Practtsing one’s faith is one’s private affair’. Give arguments for or against the motion.
Answer:
Do yourself.

A. Write a letter to your friend, narrating one such even! when your act of faith made you successful in the long run.
Answer:
163. Shivaji Park
Gwalior (M.P.)
Date: 19 Jan. 20xx
Dear Rahul,
As I was very busy last week, I couldn’t reply to your letter. Now I am free and wish to share my experience which is absolutely unbelievable. I was seriously ill. The fever was not coming down. No medicine was working. The doctors were very anxious. They advised to take me to the City Hospital. Next morning, I had to appear for the Maths Olympiad. My father was upset. But my grandmother wasn’t. She had firm belief in God, specially in Lord Hanuman. She began chanting Hanuman Chalis.a. For the whole night, she did My fever began to come down. It finally became normaL Next day, I appeared for my test comfortably. I was amazed how the faith of my grandmother worked so well. Everyone was surprised. I thank God to the core of my heart, He is really the Almighty.
Yours,
Rohit.

B. Expand the idea contained in the statement, ‘Faith mares the mountains’.
Answer:
‘Faith moves the mountains’ is a very old saying. ft is still hue. ‘Faith’ means confidence. If one is confident of one’s capabilities, one can do wonders. it gives courage and a wish to do any type of work. One can win over all difficulties, Sometimes, it happens that one does even an impossible task. So, one must not lose confidence. Nothing is impossible if one has the determination to do. Determination along with the self-motivation helps in attaining the impossible thing but the hard work is required.

Think it Over

A. Faith is the key to success. Think of other qualities which contribute to the development of a successful and happy human personality.
Answer:
Do yourself.

B. Every religion insists on faith. How does it make a person noble and sublime?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Things to Do

A. Prepare a list of John Milton’s important works.
Answer:
Do yourself. Yet may consult your school library

B. Have you read any other 14-line poem in a different rhynze-sclieme? Do you know other sonneteers like Thomas Wyatt, John Donne, William Wordsworth and W.B. Yeats and so on? Read some of their sonnets; examine the rhyme-schemes and themes.
Answer:
Do yourself.

On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-three Summary in English

Blaming Time for stealing his youth, the poet says that it has taken away his twenty-three years without notice. It has passed away so fast that he couldn’t mend his career properly. He couldn’t find time to mature himself. His appearance has become mature but he still requires time to get inner maturity. Whatever time he has got, it was the will of God. Whatever one does, what one achieves, when one lives one’s life everything is the wish of God. No one can overrule the ruling of God who is the Taskmaster of the world. No one is spared from His eye.

On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-three Summary in Hindi

समय पर अपनी जवानी चुराने का आरोप लगाते हुए कवि कहता है कि इसने उसके तेईस वर्ष बिना सूचना के ले लिए। यह इतनी तेज़ी से बीत गया कि उसे सही ढंग से अपना गुण सँवारने का समय ही नहीं मिला। वह अपनी परिपक्वता के लिए समय नहीं निकाल पाया। उसका शरीर (हाव-भाव) परिपक्व हो गया है, परंतु अभी भी उसकी आंतरिक परिपक्वता के लिए समय की ज़रूरत है। समय ने उसे धोखा दिया है। लेकिन कवि अपने को यह सोचकर सांत्वना देता है कि जो भी उसने पाया है, यह ईश्वर की इच्छा है। जो भी कोई करता है, जो भी कोई पाता है और कब तक कोई जीता है-सब ईश्वर की इच्छा है। कोई भी ईश्वर, जो दुनिया का मालिक है, के आदेश को नकार नहीं सकता। कुछ भी उसकी आँखों से बचा नहीं है।

On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-three Word Meaning

On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-three Important Pronunciations

On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-three Stanzas for Comprehension

Read the following stanzas carefully and answer the questions that follow:

1. How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth,
Stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!
My hastign day fly on with full career,
But my late spring no bud or blossom sheweth. (Page 93)

Questions: (M.P. Board 2010)

(i) What has time stolen from the poet?
(ii) Find out the words from the extract which have the same meaning as the words given below:
(a) something not noticeable or obvious.
(b) flower which has not yet opened its petals.
(iii) Give the superlative degree of the word ‘soon’.
Answers:
(i) The time has stolen youth from the poet in the form of twenty-three years.
(ii) (a) subtle
(b) bud.
(iii) ‘Soonest’ is the superlative degree of the word ‘soon’.

2. Yet be it less-or more, or soon or slow,
It shall be still in strictest measure even
To that same lot however mean or high,
Toward which time leads me and the will of Heaven.
All is, if I have grace to use it so,
As ever in my Taskmaster’s eye. (Page 93)

Questions:
(i) Who is referred to as ‘Heaven’ in the fourth line?
(ii) ……………measure even to that same lot.
(iii) What does the poet wish for?
(iv) Give a word which has the meaning same as ‘balance’.
Answers:
(i) God is referred to as’Heaven’in the fourth line.
(ii) It shall be still in strictest.
(iii) The poet wishes for the grace period to mind his ways and measure his career.
(iv) ‘Measure’ has the same meaning as ‘balance’.

We believe the information shared regarding MP Board Solutions for 12th English Chapter 13 On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-three Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.

MP Board Solutions for 12th English Chapter 10 On Umbrella Morals Questions and Answers aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 12th English as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines.

You Can Download MP Board Class 12th English Solutions Questions and Answers Notes, Summary, Lessons: Pronunciation, Translation, Word Meanings, Textual Exercises. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapterwise MP Board Solutions for 12th English and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

MP Board Class 12th English A Voyage Solutions Chapter 10 On Umbrella Morals (A.G. Gardiner)

Kick start your preparation by using our online resource MP Board Solutions for 12th English Chapter 10 On Umbrella Morals Questions and Answers. You can even download the Madhya Pradesh Board Class 12th English Solutions Questions and Answers for free of cost through the direct links available on our page. Clear your queries and understand the concept behind them in a simple manner. Simply tap on the concept you wish to prepare in the chapter and go through it.

On Umbrella Morals Textbook Exercises

Word Power

A. Give antonyms of the following words:
sharp, truth, never, wrong, admirable, dim.
Answer:
Words Antonyms

• Sharp Blunt
• Truth Untruth
• Never Always
• Wrong Right
• Admirable Hateful
• Dim Bright

B. Use the following phrases in sentences of your own:
put up, in fact, cling to, for the taking.
Answer:

• Put up — The case has been put up with the Magistrate.
• In fact — In fact, I was very much worried about your result.
• Cling to — The kangaroo’s baby clings to its mother’s belly.
• For the taking —For the taking of faith a grand function was organised.

C. Use the following words as nouns and verbs:
shower, surprise, frame, glance, sound, rule, exchange, hand.
Answer:

• Shower Noun I enjoy bathing under shower.
  Verb My teacher showered all his blessings.
• Surprise Noun It is a surprise to me.
  Verb His result surprised me.
• Frame Noun The frame of his window is broken.
  Verb He framed serious charges against the criminal.
• Glance Noun I wanted to have a glance at the book.
  Verb I have glanced the important points of this matter.
• Sound Noun The sound of his bike is very unpleasant.
  Verb It sounds harsh to ear.
• Rule Noun The rule against deforestation is not so strict.
  Verb He has ruled it out for the welfare of his son.
• Exchange Noun It is a good exchange offer.
  Verb I have exchanged my car.
• Hand Noun This is my hand.
  Verb Mr. Verma hands over his files to his son.

D. Give synonyms of the following words:
sharp, truth, surprise, famous, admirable.
Answer:
Words Synonyms

• Sharp — edged
• Truth — reality
• Surprise — amaze
• Famous — renowned
• Admirable — praiseworthy

Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions in about 60 words each:

Question 1.
How do people who pick things belonging to others satisfy their conscience?
Answer:
People who pick things belonging to others satisfy their conscience by expressing an apology to themselves that they hadn’t done it deliberately but by mistake. Sometimes, they say ‘Ah! I was just going to return it. I don’t know how did it happen.’ Such people if not caught won’t bother to feel sorry. They don’t say a word of apology. They are umbrella conscience.

Question 2.
What has the author to say about morals concerning books?
Answer:
The author has a strong feeling for those who pick up other’s things. They do it deliberately in order to satisfy their conscience. They don’t feel shy if they are caught. They just say, “It was a surprise how did it happen?” The author has the same feeling for those who take away books from library and never bother to return them. He advises us never to trust even our dearest friend. He has instances of even religious people who don’t return books.

Question 3.
Why does the author say that picking of other people’s hat is unpardonable?
Answer:
The author in this essay presents his views about those who pick others’ things. They can take anything. They take umbrellas, books and many other things. They don’t spare even hats which symbolises one’s prestige. They do it deliberately except in some rare cases when it happens accidentally or unknowingly. The author finds it unpardonable. It is beyond the borderland of conscience where dishonesty dissembles.

Question 4.
What does the author mean by ‘play hide and seek with our own conscience’?
Answer:
The author is very much annoyed with the people’s habit of picking up others’ things. Usually they do it deliberately. They know that they are picking up a better thing and ‘ leaving their own inferior thing. They don’t feel shy. They don’t bother to return it back even if the owner’s name is written there. If caught they will simply say ‘Ah! I don’t know, how did it happen?” They show their ignorance but they feel happy. In this way, they play hide and seek with their own conscience by satiating their inner-self which did wrong.

B. Answer the following questions in about 75-100 words each:

Question 1.
What does the author say about ‘umbrella conscience’? Mention some of its chief characteristics. (M.P. Board 2012,2015)
Answer:
This essay is a satire on the modem culture where people have lost their morals. They do wrong but don’t accept it. They do wrong knowingly. They don’t care for others’ trouble. The author gives many examples. He says that such people take your umbrellas made of silk and leave their own cotton umbrellas in exchange. They take your books and never return. They are not only ordinary people but some religious and high profile people also who do it. They also don’t feel shy. They do it only to appease their conscience. Sometimes, they may feel sorry and say to you that they were just going to return it but that is not the fact. They only play hide and seek with their own conscience.

Question 2.
“It is not enough to be found out by others; we refuse to be found out by ourselves.” Discuss.
Ans.
On Umbrella Morals is a satire on the moral degradation of modem people. The author through a very common phenomena tries to capture a real view of our society. In life, we lose our things, no doubt. However, for the author losing an umbrella leads to pull his thoughts and emotions towards serious things like morals and conscience. He feels unhappy that many people forget to return books taken from others or a library. They don’t hesitate from picking other peoples’ hats as well. Here the point to think is that they are not found out by others. They also don’t feel shy or fear from their own conscience. Their inner-self is dead and they refuse to be found out by their own-self.

Question 3.
Describe how and why did the author return the umbrella belonging to some politicians.
Answer:
The author narrates a peculiar experience of his life. Once he got a silk umbrella in exchange somewhere. Later, he found that there was a band with the owner and his address. It made him upset. It was a super umbrella. He was terrified. He thought that some day he may be caught with the charge of stealing an umbrella of a British emperor. So, he wrote a letter of apology and went to dispatch it. Later, he was invited. When he went there, he found a group of high profile people. Someone gave him a hat, someone a coat. Then, he came to know that the silk umbrella had travelled a long series of exchange. He, at last, took a sigh of relief for he had not done any mistake.

C. Answer the following questions in about 200 words each:

Question 1.
Justify the title, ‘On Umbrella Morals’ in your own words.
Answer:
A.G. Gardiner was famous for his essays on even trivial subjects like On Catching Trains, ‘On the Rule of the Road, On saying Please. On Umbrella Morals is such a peculiar essay which captures a very common phenomena which expresses the modem way of life. Here he takes the theme of losing things. There are people who pick up other’s things without hesitation. They do it deliberately and if caught, they without any sense of shame say Ah! I don’t know how did it happen? It is really a surprise to me.

They don’t return the umbrella even if they get any clue of the owner. The whole of the story is based on umbrella. Since, the author shows, how the umbrella goes from one person to another and how one incident made him realise, how can he protect his umbrella by putting his name on it gives him a moral of life. Hence the title is very suitable to its theme.

Question 2.
Write a critical summary of the essay, “On Umbrella Morals”.
Answer:
See Summary in English of this chapter.

D. Explain the following sentences:

Question 1.
He is one of those people who have what I may call an umbrella conscience.
Answer:
Through this line the author wants to expose the so-called civilised people who not only defame society but also lose their morals. They are also tempted to get a good thing in exchange. So, they do it. It is umbrella conscience.

Question 2.
He would never put his hand in another’s pocket, cf forge a cheque or rob a till not even if he had the chance.
Answer:
The author says that the people of umbrella conscience do not put their hands in another’s pocket, forge or rob even if they get a fair chance for it. They only pick your umbrella in exchange.

Question 3.
Quite impeccable people, people who ordinarily seem unspotted from the world, are afflicted with umbrella morals.
Answer:
The people who are in the habit of picking up other’s things always escape from being seen. They do it in such a manner that they can’t be spotted. They are affected with umbrella morals.

Grammar

Look at the following sentences:
1. A sharp shower came on as I walked along the Strand, but I did not put up my umbrella. The truth is I couldn’t put up my umbrella.
2. The frame would not work for one thing, and if it had worked, I would not have put the thing up, for I would no more be seen under such a travesty of an umbrella than Falstaff would be seen marching through Coventry with his regiment of ragamuffins.
3. He would never put his hand in another’s pocket, or forge a cheque or rob a till not even if he had the chance. The italicised words in these sentences are Modal verbs.
Modal verbs express ability, permission, wish, etc. to do something. (I may/can must swim.) Many modal verbs cannot be used in all the English tenses.
The main characteristics of Modals are:

• They never change their form irrespective of the subject of the sentence.
• They do not change to show past tense.
• They all carry the negative of the sentence by the addition of not/n’t
• They all form questions by inversion with the subject of the sentence.

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with appropriate modal verbs:

1. I think you should take an umbrella. It ………. rain. (future possibility)
2. You……. pay income tax. (obligation)
3. You ………. leave now. (permission)
4. Be careful with that gun. It ……….. be loaded. (possibility)
5. ………… you speak English well? (ability)
6. I ……. come tomorrow. (future promise)
7. ……….. you please close the door? (request for action)
8. If you want to catch the train you start at once. (desirability)
9. You ………… not talk in the library.(prohibition)
10. The teacher said to him,’You …..do your homework again. (Absence of obligation)
Answer:

1. might/may
2. must
3. can
4. may
5. can
6. will
7. will
8. should
9. can
10. have to.

Speaking Activity

Make several groups of about five or six students in the class. Ask each one of them about the loss of something at home, even a theft or a robbery, then ask them to narrate the incident.
Answer:
fro yourself.

Writing Activity

A. Write a letter to your friend narrating the incident when you lost your books that you had kept outside the school-library when you went there to study.
Answer:
A-398, Shivaji Park,
5th July, 20xx Bhopal, M.P.
My dear Shekhar,
I hope you have enjoyed your vacation with all ease and comfort. I also did well during this break. Today my school reopened. On the very first day, something very strange happened with me. Last two periods were for library. We went there. As our bags are not allowed inside, we left them outside the library hall. We spent our two periods in the library hall. I read some adventure books. Then, the bell rang and it was the last bell, so all were in hurry. When I came out, I found my bag missing. I searched for it everywhere, but it was nowhere. Someone might have taken it unknowingly. However, I reported it to the Principal who put a notice on the notice board. I was very much disturbed. Hoping for its early recovery, I returned home.
Your friend,
Rajesh

B. Write a short piece narrating the fact of losing some items like lunch-boxes, pullovers, ties, pencils, erasers and pens during recess or games hour in your school. The write up should not be more than ten tines to recess in-charge.
Answer:
Yesterday, during recess period, I found my lunch-box missing. I was very upset. First, I thought someone has tricked me. I asked my class-mates but everyone denied. I was feeling hungry. I reported the matter to my recess-in-charge. She also made inquiries about it but it was of no use. Later, she managed some snacks and food items for me. A notice was put on the notice board. Next day, the watchman gave me the lunch-box. He found it somewhere in the ground. I was relaxed and happy.

Think it Over

In the lesson, you came across the word ‘ragamuffin.’ Technically the word is used for a dangerous frilow. Some other people who are equally dangerous to society are listed here:
thief, robber, dacoit, vandal, burglar, highwayman, brigand, swindler, kleptomaniac
Consult a good dictionary and try to ascertain the meanings and uses of these words.
Answer:

• Thief : One who steals hideously and willfully;
• Robber : One who steals in a bold manner.
• Dacoit : One who robs in a bold way.
• Vandal : One who damages things willfully.
• Burglar : A person who breaks into a building in order to steal.
• Highwayman : A person (usually on horseback) who robbed travellers in ancient days.
• Brigand : A member of a band of robbers.
• Swindler : One who cheats in a business transaction.
• Kleptomaniac : One who has a compulsive desire to steal.

Things to Do

A. Have you read other essays by A.G. Gardiner, like ‘On saying Please’, ‘All about a Dog’ and so on? What characteristics of A.G. Gardiner, as an essayist do stand out? .
Answer:
Do it yourself.

B. Have you read essays by Aldous Huxley, a prominent modern essayist? Bring out the differences of style and theme between A.G. Gardiner and Aldous Huxley.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

On Umbrella Morals by AG. Gardiner Introduction

The author feels unhappy’ to many people forget to return books taken from others or library They do not from picking other people s hats as well All these things are very annoying to the author

On Umbrella Morals Summary in English

This essay is a satire on the people’s habit of picking up others’ things and then at the same moment losing them by the others. The narrator once loses his silk umbrella and gets a cotton umbrella in exchange. He thinks that the man who would have picked up his silk umbrella might be feeling smart. For such people the narrator has not at all a good opinion. He thinks that these people have umbrella conscience. They are not cheats or a forging men but they pick umbrellas of other people and don’t return it deliberately. They have no feeling of shame or apology.

The narrator has the same feeling for those who never return the books of the library or of the others. He has the instances of even the religious persons who also do such things. So, the narrator advises us not to trust even our dearest friends in such affairs. He has also met a number of people who don’t hesitate to take other’s hats. They don’t do it unknowingly but deliberately because they have lost their conscience. They don’t hesitate to do it even in the high class society.

The narrator says that sometimes someone does it by mistake and the moment he knows the real owner he returns it properly with excuses. Once he himself comes to know that the silk umbrella that he got in exchange had travelled a long way with a series of exchanges. He has peculiar experience in his life.

On Umbrella Morals Summary in Hindi

प्रस्तुत लेख लोगों के द्वारा दूसरे के सामान को उठा लेने और उसी समय किसी दूसरे के द्वारा उसे खोने जैसे मानव स्वभाव पर एक व्यंग्य है। लेखक ने एक बार अपना एक रेशमी छाता खो दिया और बदले में एक सूती छाता पाया। वह सोचता है कि जिस व्यक्ति ने उसका छाता लिया होगा वह अपने को ज़्यादा होशियार समझ रहा होग्न। ऐसे लोगों के लिए उसके विचार कतई अच्छे नहीं है। वह सोचता है कि ऐसे लोग छाता-सजग लोग होते हैं। वे ठग नहीं होते, न ही दूसरों को चकपा देते हैं बल्कि वे जानबूझकर दूसरों का छाता ले लेते हैं और फिर इसे कभी लौटाते नहीं।

उन्हें अपने किए पर कोई शर्म या पछतावा नहीं होता। कथाकार ऐसा ही विचार उन लोगों के लिए रखता है जो पुस्तकालय या दूसरों से ली गई पुस्तकें कभी लौटाते नहीं। उसके पास कई धार्मिक व्यक्तियों के भी उदाहरण हैं जो ऐसा काम करते हैं। इसीलिए लेखक हमें ऐसे मामलों में अपने निकटतम मित्रों पर भी भरोसा न करने की सलाह देता है। वह ऐसे लोगों से भी मिला है जो दूसरों की टोपी भी लेने से नहीं हिचकते।

वे ऐसा अनजाने में नहीं बल्कि जानबूझकर करते हैं क्योंकि उनका ज़मीर मर चुका है। उच्च वर्ग में भी ऐसा करने से लोग नहीं हिचकते। कथाकार कहता है कि कुछ लोग गलती से ऐसा कर बैठते हैं और अगर उन्हें सही मालिक का पता चल जाए तो क्षमा प्रार्थना के साथ इसे लौटा देते हैं। एक बार उसे खुद पता चला कि रेशमी छाता जो उसे मिला था, वह इसी तरह के बदलाव का लम्बा सफर तय कर उसके पास आ गया था। उसके जीवन में बड़े अजीब अनुभव हुए।

On Umbrella Morals Word Meaning

On Umbrella Morals Important Pronunciations

On Umbrella Morals Passages for Comprehension

Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow them:

1. And as for books, who has any morals where they are concerned? I remember some years ago the library of a famous divine and literary critic, who had died, being sold. It was a splendid library of rare books, chiefly concerned with seventeenth-century writers, about whom he was a distinguished authority. Multitudes of the books had the marks of libraries all over the country. He had borrowed them and never found a convenient opportunity of returning them. They clung to him like precedents to law. Yet he was a
holy man and preached admirable sermons, as I can bear witness. And, if you press me on the point, I shall have to own that it is hard to part with a book you have come to love. (Page 73)

Questions:

(i) Where did the author see a library? How did the man collect the books in his library?
(ii) Find a word similar in meaning to ‘praiseworthy’.
(iii) Give a word opposite in meaning to ‘common’.
(iv) Give noun form of the word ‘admirable’.
Answers:
(i) The author saw a library of a famous divine and literary .critic. He had collected books by borrowing and never returning the books of other libraries or from his friends.
(ii) Admirable has similar meaning to ‘praiseworthy’.
(iii) Rare is opposite in meaning to ‘common’.
(iv) Admiration is the noun form of ‘admirable’.

2. Be it observed, it was the name on the umbrella that saved the situation in this case. That is the way to circumvent the man with an umbrella conscience. I see him eyeing his exchange with a secret joy; then he observes the name and address and his solemn conviction that he is an honest man does the rest. After my experience to-day, I think I will engrave my name on my umbrella. But not on that baggy thing standing in the corner. I do not care who relieves me of that. It is any body’s for the taking. (Page 74)

Questions:
(i) What experience does the author narrate here?
(ii) Find a word similar in meaning to ‘inner sense’.
(iii) Make a sentence with the word ‘exchange’.
(iv) Make noun from ‘observe’.
Answers:
(i) Here the author narrates his experience when he went to return the umbrella of a politician.
(ii) Conscience is a word similar in meaning to ‘inner sense’.
(iii) I got a new bike in exchange of my old one.
(iv) Noun from ‘observe’ is ‘observation’.

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MP Board Class 12th English A Voyage Solutions Chapter 7 A Prayer for My Daughter (William Butler Yeats)

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A Prayer for My Daughter Textbook Exercises

Word Power

A. Find words from the text for the following expressions:

1. A condition of mind and body in which one is lost in dreamy, pleasant thoughts.
2. A state or condition of knowing nothing of evil or wrong.
3. Virtue relating to good manners and politeness in behaviour.
4. Warding off evil or misfortune by one’s own ability.
5. God’s grace or blessing.
Answer:

1. reverie
2. innocence
3. courtesy
4. self-affrighting
5. Heaven’s will.

B. Make nouns from the following verbs:
imagine, excite, approve, prosper, reveal.
Answer:
Verbs – Nouns

• imagine – imagination
• excite – excitement
• approve – approval
• prosper – prosperity
• reveal – revelation

C. Make adjectives from the following nouns:
intellect, arrogance, storm, murder, courtesy.
Answer:
Nouns – Adjectives

• intellect – intellectual
• arrogance – arrogant
• storm – stormy
• murder – murderous
• courtesy – courteous

D. Make nouns from the following adjectives:
kind, intimate, merry, angry, ceremonious
Answer:
Adjectives – Nouns

• kind – kindness
• intimate – intimacy
• merry – merriment
• angry – anger
• cefemonious – ceremony

E. Match the words with their meanings:

Answer:

Comprehension

A. Answer in about 60 words each:

Question 1.
Narrate how the storm outside is reflected in the poet’s mind.
Answer:
The weather outside is a reflection of poet’s inside feelings and fear. The poem ‘A Prayer for My Daughter’ is a personal poem but we can understand poet’s mind by closely reading his earlier work, ‘The Second Coming’ where Yeats anticipates the gloom and doom which will engulf the future years. The poem is set in post-world war time, so the real-devastation is symbolised in terrible, violent and ‘frenzied’ storm. There is also a reference of Irish war through poet’s indication to storm rising from the Atlantic. The external unrest is a concretization of the poet’s internal trauma.

Question 2.
What do the words ‘the future years had come’ symbolize in the poem?
Answer:
The expression ‘the future years had come’ symbolises Yeats’s vision about the coming days a and times. The poet’s usage of ‘had come’ draws our attention that the future has
already creeped in and has created worse conditions in the present time even. The future visioned by Yeats is apocalyptic: The days of future are full of violence and bloodshed and has emerged from the murderous innocence of the sea. The future has arrived creating hard times and will be harder in coming times.

Question 3.
What is the poet’s opinion about ‘overmuch beauty’? Does he want his daughter to possess it? (M.P. Board 2009)
Answer:
The poet’s opinion about ‘overmuch beauty’ is not positive. He wants his daughter to be beautiful but should not possess excessive beauty. He doesn’t want his daughter to turn into a paragon of beauty. Yeats believes that too much beauty is dangerous as it will not only distract strangers but also bore negative outcomes for his daughter who will spend most of her time looking and praising herself. Extremely beautiful women become boastful and are filled with pride and arrogance. Such women forget their ‘natural kindness’ and reject sincere lovers. We find an implicit reference to Maud Gonne.

Question 4.
What is meant by the line, ‘May she become a flourishing hidden tree’? Explain.
Answer:
Here in the given line, the poet wishes that his daughter should become a ‘flourishing
tree’. This line envelope a lot of symbols inside it. Poet’s wish that his daughter should be of flourishing tree indicates that he wants his daughter to be rooted in traditions. She should grow and flourish in virtue and modesty. He wants her to be fresh, calm and soothing like a tree. His wish of ‘hidden tree’ symbolises her hidden thoughts, views and opinions unlike Maud Gonne who was too open about her views and was highly opinionated. Also he wants his daughter to be ‘hidden’ away from gloom, danger, destruction and turmoil that has enveloped the world. The image of tree shows poet’s wish for his daughter’s safety and stability.

Question 5.
What are the evil effects of ‘hatred in mind’?
Answer:
The poet in these words ‘hatred in mind’ expresses his own viewpoints and experiences. He regards ‘hatred’ as the worst kind of evil which consume the nobility of mind. He considers ‘hatred in mind’ lead’s to negative thoughts which leads to suffering and destruction. The stanza from which this line is taken constructs this idea that even Maud Gonne, Yeats’ girlfriend was turned stubborn due to this flaw and acted in a highly opinionated manner. We also find an undercurrent of thought that runs in this stanza that beauty is one of the reasons for hatred.

Question 6.
Explain the symbol ‘Horn of Plenty’. (M.P. Board 2010)
Answer:
‘Horn of Plenty’ is a mythological symbol used by the poet. It is a symbol of abundance
and nourishment. The mythological horn belongs to the goat Amalthea (Nourishing Goddess) whose one of the horns was broken accidentally by Zeus and had unending nourishment The horn overflows with produce, flower and nuts. Thus, it also symbolises prosperity and plenty. Yeats uses this symbol for Maud Gonne who had abundant beauty and charm but she exchanged it for ‘bellows!, drastically affecting herself and doomed in her misfortune.

The bellows’ full of opinions and pride took away her ‘horn of plenty’. Through this symbol,’poet wishes that his daughter should also possess ‘horn of plenty’ which will not only catty beauty but also kindness and modesty. Unlike the opinionated beautiful women like Helen of Troy, Venus and Maud Gonne, Anne should always remain nourishing like Amalthea, the goat. Her goodness should always remain intact.

Question 7.
What qualities grow when the mind is without hatred? (M.P. Board 2011)
Answer:
Hatred is termed as the most evil quality by the poet. So, the qualities that would grow when the mind is without hatred will be positive thinking and nobility of mind devoid of any kind of negativism. Hatred takes away the innocence, so the absence of it will make the person cheerful and innocent. Since Hatred is like a poison for the soul, so its absence will lead to peaceful, relaxed and happy soul. Also it will take away every negative force making clear, calm and free mind. A person becomes ‘self-delighting, self-appeasing and self-affrighting’ regaining all its virtues.

Question 8.
Why does the poet want his daughter to have a life of custom and ceremony?
Answer:
Yeats totally rejects any kind of hatred or pride to hover around his daughter. He wants her to experience all peace and joy free from fear. He wants his daughter to be married happily and keep all kinds of anger and hatred at bay. She should foster ‘custom’ by avoiding únnecessary change like the rootedness of a tree permitting it to grow and blossom.

She should also cultivate ‘ceremony’ which gives birth to politeness born from inward calm and dignity ‘Custom’ together with ceremony will lead to life constancy. Through his rhetorical question ‘How but in custom and in ceremony are innocence and beauty born? Confirms Yeat’s ideas of innocence and beauty bred in tradition, culture, custom and ceremony giving rise to spiritual understanding.

Question 9.
Explain the legend of Helen and Paris.
Answer:
The poet while praying for his daughter’s good virtues shows some instances of Greek mythology One such mythology he discusses is of Helen and Paris. Helen was the daughter of Zeus and Leda. She was considered the most beautiful woman on earth. There are many legends associated with Helen and Paris of Troy. Some gays that Helen was abducted and raped by Paris, others say that she was charmed and seduced by Paris’ handsomeness and eloped with him leaving her husband and daughter. However her abduction or elopement resulted into deathly Trojan War. She had the beauty and wit that not only ruined her but also Troy.

Question 10.
Who is ‘The Great Queen’ in the poem? Explain the myth.
Answer:
The poet in his reference to Greek mythologies uses the mythology of ‘Great Queen’. The ‘Great Queen’ refers to the legend of Aphrodite (Venus, the goddess of love). She was extremely beautiful and being a goddess had all the privileges. She did not had a father and so the poet says that she could have get anything and her decision would not have been controlled but she chose a lame iron smith Hephaestus and later betrayed him. The poet here using this legend indicates that beauty without courtesy is futile. Even though she had abundance, she chose a ‘crazy salad’. Poet also points out that beautiful woman usually chooses wrong mates. But he doesn’t want his daughter to turn like one.

B. Answer in 75—100 words each:

Question 1.
Why is the poet so much worried about the future of his new-born daugther?
Answer:
Yeats’ poem A Prayer for My Daughter, is a personal poem written in 1919 when yeats daughter Anne was born. The poem is an outcome of post world war time. The world is full of gloom and despair. The total turbulence of the outside world has created mind wringing of the poet.

The poem is the versed thoughts of a worried father who is wishing and imagining beautiful future in the apocalyptic times. The poem can be closely associated with his earlier poem ‘The Second Coming’ which creates a base of understanding the poet’s mind. The ritualistic and holistic Christian era has come to an end giving birth to barbarism, bloodshed and cruelty.

The poet’s daughter is born when there is total turmoil and destruction in the world due to Irish Civil War and World War .The poet being a father creates a protective shield for his daughter, so that the negativity of the new barbaric and destructive world should not touch his daughter and his daughter remain and carry with her the custom and culture of the holistic Christian era where values are valued over opinions and culture over politics and love over hatred.

Question 2.
In the poem ‘A Prayer for My Daughter’, nature in both Its aspects-wild and joyous serves as a background. Explain and illustrate.
Answer:
‘A Prayer for My Daughter’ keeps on cradling between wild and joyous nature images. The poem is enriched with Yeat’s complex symbols of violence and turbulence on one hand and calmness and serenity on the other. Both wild and joyous nature acts as background of the poem and the poet discusses grave topics of war and barbarism. The violent storm acts as a metaphor for the violent wars during World War I and turbulence outside creates gloom inside poet’s mind.

The frenzied storm creating chaos and movement is described using “haystack” and “roof leveling wind” is paralleled by ‘still’ and rooted. ‘Gregory’s wood and ‘hill’. The calm, peaceful and innocent sea gives rise to the murderous future just like a ‘sphinx’ coming out of sea (‘The Second Coming’). The joyousness and wildness of nature goes together.

The joyous nature promotes rootedness as in ‘flourishing hidden tree’, innocence as in ‘linnet’, abundance as in ‘Plenty’s horn’. While the wildness depicts frustration through ‘howling storm’, uncertainty and chaos ‘murderous innocence of sea’ arrogance and hatred in ‘bellows full of angry wind’.

The boastful beautiful women like Maud Gonne, Venus and Helen comes out of the wild nature where values are lost. The poet wishes a cheerful nature with flourishing tree and linnets for his daughter who will value traditions, culture and customs.

Question 3.
What sort of beauty does the poet solicit for his daughter? What did Helen and Venus meet with for being excessively beautiful?
Answer:
The kind of beauty the poet solicit for his daughter is where he wishes his daughter to be a beautiful damsel but not paragon of beauty She should have ordinary beauty which will not only shield her from unwanted ‘gaze’ of strangers but also keep her away from becoming arrogant about her beauty The poet wants his daughter to be more beautiful and charming by soul and heart. She should have the beauty which make her earn people’s heart’s through kindness and virtue.

He wants his daughter’s beauty unlike the beauty of Helen and Venus, which led them to their misfortune. Helen being the most beautiful on earth was seduced by Paris and eloped with him resulting into a massive killing during Trojan War. Venus, the most beautiful goddess married a lame Ironsmith and was never happy with him. Same way his love, Maud Gonne though beautiful rejected sincere love of Yeats and married a foolish man MacBride.

Question 4.
What virtues does the poet want his daughter to be blessed with?
Answer:
Out of his gloom and fear about an unsafe future the poet prays for the safety of his new born daughter. He thinks that only some inner virtues will give comfort to his daughter. Those virtues would make her strong. However, he has not prayed for any Christian virtues for his daughter. He has only wished for certain abstract qualities like innocence, freedom, kindness and gladness. He has not mentioned how these qualities can be built up. The ideas that he offers, appear theoretical. How such ideas can be realised in an age of democracy and competition, is a question in which he does not concern much. The poet has expressed his faith in tradition and ceremony but in a world of changing values, it may be very difficult to preserve them under the stream of modern civilization. The poet is rather idealistic and has not addressed himself to the challenges which the world is facing today.

Question 5.
Why does the poet want his daughter to be free from ‘intellectual hatred’ and ‘opinionated mind’?
Answer:
The poet in order to make his daughter’s future safe wants his daughter to have some virtues. These virtues will protect her from the bad days which have already creeped in. He feels that intellectual hatred is the worst kind of evil and a blow in character. So, he would like his daughter to shun strong and stubborn opinions on any subject political – or otherwise.

He would like his daughter to avoid the weaknesses of Maud Gonne. It was because of her strongly held opinions that led her to act foolishly. All her beauty and her good upbringing proved to be useless. She ruined her happiness in life by choosing a worthless person as John MacBride for a husband. So, the poet wants his daughter to be free from ‘all intellectual hatred’ and ‘opinionated mind’ for only then she would be capable of enjoying inner peace and happiness and she would keep herself happy even in the midst of misfortunes and the hostility of the world.

C. Explain the following expressions:

(i) hay-stack-and-roof-levelling wind.
(ii) dancing to a frenzied drum.
(iii) flourishing hidden tree.
(iv) future years had come.
(v) beauty to make a stranger’s eye distraught.
Answer:
(i) Stormy wind that can level down the hay-stacks and roofs—an image like that of the storm.
(ii) evil forces, prophesying war and bloodshed.
(iii) as flourishing as a tree hidden in a forest.
(iv) re-incarnation is imminent.
(v) The poet’s daughter should not be gifted with bewitching beauty to distract a stranger. The reference here is to Maud Gonne’s beauty which dazzled Yeats’s eyes.

D. Explain the following:

(i) Imagining in excited reverie
That the future years had come,
Dancing to a frenzied drum,
Out of the murderous innocence of the sea.

(ii) Hearts are not had as a gift but hearts are earned
By those that are not entirely beautiful.

(iii) May she become a flourishing hidden tree
That all her thoughts may like the linnet be,
And have no business but dispensing round
Their magnanimities of sound.

(iv) If there is no hatred in a mind
Assault and battery of the wind
Can never tear the linnet from the leaf.

Answer:
In these lines, the poet reveals his gloom while contemplating on the future of his daughter who is sleeping in the cradle. The poet keeps walking and praying for the young child and as he does so, he is in the state of reverie. He feels that the future years i.e., the years of violence and bloodshed and frenzy have already come. They seem to come dancing to the accompaniment of a drum which is beating frantically. These future years are seen by Yeats’s imagination as emerging out of the murderous innocence of the sea. In other words, the sea seems to be innocent but is capable of giving birth to those howling storms which are capable of ruining everything.

Here the poet, while talking about the virtues his daughter needs to cultivate, says that he prays that instead of bewitching beauty, she should have virtues like courtesy. The hearts of people can be won permanently by the virtue of courtesy. Even those who are not very beautiful can win the hearts of others by being courteous.

The poet in continuance of his prayer for the well being of his daughter, here, pleads that the soul of his daughter should flourish and reach self-fulfillment like a flourishing tree. Like the linnets, happy and innocent thoughts should cluster around her inner life. These little creatures symbols of innocence and cheerfulness-make others happy by their songs. The tree symbolises inner life as well as constancy in place and life rooted in tradition.

These lines express the poet’s wish for another virtue for his daughter. On looking into his own mind and heart, he finds hatred within himself because of the experiences of his life and the sort of beauty he loved. To him, hatred is the worst of all evils. He prays for his daughter that she should be free from all evils. If the soul is free from hatred, no misfortune can possibly ruin the innocence and cheerfulness of a person.

Speaking Activity

‘Justice and equality’ as envisaged in Universal Declaration of Human Rights (which completed 60 years of its inception in 2007) is still a mirage to the women, while they constitute half of our population. In our country the situation is grave and needs consideration. Hold a discussion in your class, and debate the solutions to the burning issue of ‘Women Empowerment in India’.
Answer:
Women Empowerment in India has been a topic for hot discussion. Right from the beginning of human civilization, the status of women in public life has been a matter of criticism. They had been considered as the object to be decorated inside the walls. However, with the rapid spread of education, a new concept began to be the centre stage. Women are now the real counterpart to the males, challenging them at every step and they work better, think better and execute better and so they are in no way inferior to men.

Their active role brings prosperity. They share views and take care of the family with all , proficiency. They must be recognised. Now a demand for thirty-three per cent reservation for them in Parliament has broadened their avenues. No country can flourish without empowering women. So, India should not lag behind and become an active participator in changing the women’s condition.

Writing Activity

Your cousin, Parul is going to study abroad next month. Write a letter, to her, stating that yesterday you were reading Yeats, poem, ‘A Prayer for My Daughter’ and in it you came across a line ‘Hearts are not had as a gift, but hearts are earned’. Taking clue from it, advise her, how she should strive to make her life happy and successful.
Answer:
M-226, Shivaji Avenue Gwalior, M.P.
My Dear Parul,
Yesterday evening, I was reading a poem by W.B. Yeats. The poem entitled A Prayer for My Daughter, reveals a father’s concern for her safe future. As the poet is very much scared about a troublesome future, he prays for a safe future for her. The most striking feature of the poem I feel is that the poem pleads for rooted custom and traditional pattern of life. The poet wants her daughter to learn some virtues which he thinks can make her stronger enough to face all hardships and she can live a happy life. I am much impressed with the line of the poem ‘Hearts are not had as a gift, but hearts are earned’. Through this line, the poet has put forth a high philosophy. One cannot get a gift of heart but one has to earn it. If we behave with courtesy and nobility, we can earn sympathy from others. We should not be arrogant or stubborn. We must learn to live with nobility and openness. We should respect others and listen to all. As you are going in a country which is completely different from ours you might feel alone and face problems adjusting. However, I feel if you read this poem, you will learn a, lot of things to live successfully in every land and situation. I hope you will succeed in your mission.
Yours,
Rahul

Think It Over

Read the poem ‘The Second Coming’ by William Butler Yeats and make out how it forms a background to the poem ‘A Prayer for My Daughter’. Note down the salient features common to both the poems:

The Second Coming
Turning and turning in the widening gyre
The falcon cannot hear the falconer;
Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;
Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,
The blood dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere
The ceremony of innocence is drowned;
The best lack all conviction, while the worst
Are full of passionate intensity.
Surely some revelation is at hand;
Surely the Second Coming is at hand.
The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out
When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi
Troubles my sight: somewhere in sands of the desert
A shape with lion body and the head of a man,
A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,
Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it
Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds.
, The darkness drops again; but now I know
That twenty centuries of stony sleep
Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,
And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,
Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?

Aids for Comprehension

1. The first stanza is a picture of the anarchy which is lot loose by wars, bloodshed and
2. The first three lines of the second stanza express the poet’s vision of re-in carnation of a demonic power. Explained in a system of two inter-locking ever-spiralling gyres, the poet comes to realize that after 2000 years of the birth of Christ, it is time for anti¬Christ to have re-incarnation
3. In the remaining part, he has the vision of a Sphinx-like demon read) mg to be born again at the birth place of Christ.
Answer:
Do yourself with the following hints:

1. Both the poems focus on the devaluation of life values.
2. Days of despair are ahead.
3. Develop your own virtue.

Things to Do

William Butler Yeats won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923, while Rabindranath Tagore, whose Gitanjali was introduced by Yeats, won the same in 1913. Some facts about Nobel Prize are given below:
1. Introduced in 1901.
2. Areas for which it is awarded:

• Physics
• Chemistry
• Medicine or Physiology
• Literature
• World Peace
• Economics (added in 1969).

3. Introduced by: Alfred Nobel (1833-1896), a Swedish scientist and inventor of Dynamite.
4. How it was introduced: When Alfred Nobel died, he left a will, in which he kept aside 31 million Swedish Kroners (worth about 1,500 million today) to be used to establish the Nobel Prize.
5. How many prizes have so far been awarded: about 800 (103 for literature)
6. How many Indians so far have won it: 7.

A. Gather Information about the Indians who have been awarded the Nobel Prize in different fields.
Answer:
Do yourself with the help of internet.

B. On the basis of your study, make an assessment of India’s contribution to World Peace.
Answer:
India, right from its beginning, has been a peace loving country. It has taught the world the lesson of peace and harmony. India has never initiated war against any country. We follow the preachings of the Gita in which Lord Krishna taught Arjuna the lesson of war. But before it, he made efforts for establishing peace to avoid war. So, we first try to follow peace. India has always extended its support to many countries for establishing peace. Even in the present countries very recently India sent its armed forces in Myanmar and Sri Lanka to establish peace there. Nehru’s ‘Panchsheel’ is famous. India has always been a peaceful country and contributed a lot to maintain it in the world.

A Prayer for My Daughter by William Butler Yeats Introduction

The poet is worried to see the devaluation of the worldly ways. He is worried about the safety of his new born daughter and solicits for her a life of beauty, accompanied by natural kindness and heart-winning courtesy. He wants his daughter to avoid hatred.

A Prayer for My Daughter Summary in English

The poet expresses concern for his infant daughter who is fast asleep in a cradle. The storm is blowing outside and it makes the poet gloomy. How will his daughter face the world which is becoming coarse and vulgur day by day? He imagines the war-drums which forecast the struggle for survival. The cruelty of man is greater than the murderous innocence of the sea. She must have a shield for protection. The shield stands for the qualities which the poet wants his daughter to cultivate.

The poet wishes her to have beauty but not vanity. Great beauties like Helen which here represents his girl-friend Maud Gonne and Venus the goddess of love stumbled into unhappy marriages on account of lack of courtesy and humility. Maud Gonne married MorBryde, a drunkard and a worthless fellow and Venus chose the lame god, Hephaestus as her husband. The poet wants his daughter to cultivate courtesy. A man who marries an inferior beauty may find his reward in the courtesy and kindness of her heart. This is more important than the physical beauty of a woman which catches the eye of a lover.

The third quality which the poet wants his daughter to cultivate is natural gladness which means the scattering of happiness and peace around. He gives the image of the growing laurel tree which gives comfort to all. One thing which he wants her to avoid is hatred. Hatred is the worst of all evils. The mind which is free from hatred can face the storms and misfortunes of the world.

Intellectual hatred is the worst of all. The poet mentions Maud Gonne a paragon of beauty who has wasted her aristocratic traditions in political arguments. If hatred is replaced by innocence and purity, it can bring joy and consolation to the individual. It will give his daughter an inner peace which cannot be disturbed by misfortune, agitation or opposition.

The poet wishes that his daughter may grow up and get married in an aristocratic family which observes traditional manners and courtesies. There is too much of arrogance and hatred in the common masses today. Beauty and innocence come from established custom and usage. ‘Ceremony’ is like the horn of plenty and custom is like the growing laurel tree providing shade and comfort to all.

The poet’s love for a traditional aristocratic life is quite obvious. This is the way of life which he wants his daughter to follow. His own experiences with the Irish masses had sadly disillusioned him. However, he had received sympathy from Lady Gregory. The aristocracy was for him a custodian of culture and moral values.

A Prayer for My Daughter Summary in Hindi

कवि अपनी अबोध बच्ची, जो पालने में गहरी नींद में सोई हुई है, के प्रति अपनी चिन्ता व्यक्त करता है। बाहर तूफान उमड़ रहा है और यह कवि को उदास बना रहा है। कैसे उसकी बेटी उस संसार का सामना करेगी जो दिनोंदिन रूखा (भावहीन) और अश्लील होता जा रहा है? वह युद्ध के नगारों की कल्पना करता है जो अस्तित्व के लिए संघर्ष की भविष्यवाणी करता है। मानव की क्रूरता समुद्र की मारक शांति से ज़्यादा भयानक है। उसे (उसकी बेटी को) एक सुरक्षा कवच की ज़रूरत है। सुरक्षा कवच से कवि का अर्थ उन गुणों से है जो उसकी बेटी को अपने में पैदा करना होगा।

कवि चाहता है उसमें (उसकी बेटी में) सौन्दर्य हो लेकिन खोखलापन या घमंड न हो। हेलेन जैसी महान सुन्दरियों जो यहाँ कवि के एक महिला मित्र Maud Gonne का संकेत करती है और प्यार की देवी वीनस का प्यार सिर्फ व्यवहार और नम्रता के अभाव में दुःखद विवाह के रूप में लड़खड़ा गया। Maud Gonne का विवाह एक निकम्मे और शराबी Mac Bride के साथ हुआ और वीनस ने लंगड़े देवता Hephaestus को अपना पति बनाया। कवि चाहता है कि उसकी बेटी आचार-व्यवहार का गुण अपनाए। कोई व्यक्ति जो किसी कुरूप से शादी करता है उसे आचार-व्यवहार और उदारदिली का तोहफा मिलता है। यह किसी नारी के शारीरिक सौन्दर्य से ज्यादा महत्त्वपूर्ण है जो अपने प्रेमी को आकर्षित करता है।

तीसरा गुण जो कवि अपनी बेटी में देखना चाहता है वह है स्वाभाविक प्रसन्नता। जिसका अर्थ है उसके चारों ओर बिखरे हुए सुख और शांति । वह उगते हुए सदाबहार पेड़ की उपमा देता है जो सभी को सुख देता है। एक चीज़ जो अपनी बेटी से अवहेलना करने को कहता है, वह है घृणा। घृणा सबसे बड़ा पाप है। जो मस्तिष्क घृणा से परे है, वह दुनिया के किसी भी तूफान या दुर्भाग्य का सामना कर सकता है। कवि Maud Gonne की बात करता है जो सौन्दर्य की देवी थी जिसने राजनैतिक तर्कों में अपने को बर्बाद कर लिया। यदि घृणा की जगह निर्दोषिता और पवित्रता आ जाए तो यह व्यक्ति के लिए आनन्द और शांति ला सकता है। यह उसकी बेटी को आन्तरिक शांति देगा जो उसे कभी भी किसी दुर्भाग्य, संघर्ष या विरोध में उसे विचलित नहीं करेगा।

कवि चाहता है कि उसकी बेटी बड़ी हो और किसी अभिजात्य परिवार में उसकी शादी हो जो पारम्परिक आचार-व्यवहार और तौर-तरीकों को मानता हो। आज जनमानस में बहुत ज़्यादा घमंड और घृणा है। सौन्दर्य और निर्दोषिता स्थापित रीति-रिवाज और प्रयोगों से आता है। उत्सव लोगों के लिए एक उद्घोष की तरह है और परम्परा एक बढ़ता हुआ सदाबहार पेड़ है जो सबको छाया और सुख देता है। कवि का पारम्परिक अभिजात्य जीवन के प्रति प्यार स्पष्ट है। यही वह जीवन है जो वह अपनी बेटी के लिए चाहता है। उसका आयरिश लोगों के साथ अनुभव उसे पूरी तरह असंतुष्ट कर दिया था। हालाँकि उसे Lady Gregory से सहानुभूति मिली थी। अभिजात्यता उसके लिए संस्कृति और नैतिक मूल्यों का संरक्षक था।

A Prayer for My Daughter Word Meanings

A Prayer for My Daughter Important Pronunciations

A Prayer for My Daughter Stanzas for Comprehension

Read the following stanzas carefully and answer the questions that follow them:

1. I have walked and prayed for this young child an hour
And heard the sea-wind scream upon the tower,
And under the arches of the bridge, and scream
in the elms above the flooded stream;
imagining in excited reverie
That the future years had come,
Dancing to a frenzied drum,
Out of the murderous innocence of the sea. (Pages 49-50)

Questions:
(i) Who does the young child in the first line refer to?
(ii) …….. scream upon the tower.
(iii) What sort of future does the poet expect?
(iv) Find a word from the passage which means same as ‘madness’.
Answers:
(i) The poet’s new born daughter.
(ii) The sea wind.
(iii) The future is uncertain. Bloodshed, anarchy, cruelty and other such evils may be
expected all around.
(iv) ‘Frenzied’ is similar in meaning to ‘madness’.

2. In courtesy I’d have her chiefly learned;
Hearts are not had as a gift but hearts are earned
By those that are not entirely beautiful;
Yet many, that have played the fool .
For beauty’s very self, has charm made wise,
And many a poor man that has roved,
Loved and thought himself beloved,
From a glad kindness cannot take his eyes. (Page 50)

Questions:
(i) ………. are not had as a gift.
(ii) Who does T refer to in the first line?
(iii) What does the poet indicate in the fourth line?
(iv) Find a word from these lines which means opposite to ‘lost’.
Answers:
(i) Hearts.
(ii) ’I’ in the first line refers to the poet.
(iii) The poet indicates that the people who have fallen in love with these beauties like
(iv) Venus and Helen are fool who thought that they are loved.
(v) ‘Earned’ means opposite to ‘lost’.

3. O may she live like some green laurel
Rooted in one dear perpetual place.
My mind, because the minds that I have loved,
The sort of beauty that I have approved,
Prosper but little, has dried up of late,
Yet knows that to be choked with hate
May well be of all evil chances chief.
If there’s no hatred in a mind Assault and battery of the wind
I Can never tear the linnet from the leaf. (Page 51)

Questions: (M.P. Board 2011)
(i) Find a word from the stanza which means ‘everlasting’.
(ii) Find a word opposite to ‘rejected’.
(iii) Verb form of the word ‘beauty’ is
(iv) Who is ‘she’ referred to in the first line of the above stanza?
Answers:
(i) ‘Perpetual’means’everlasting’.
(ii) ‘Approved’ is the opposite to ‘rejected’.
(iii) ‘Beautify’ is the verb form of ‘beauty’.
(iv) The daughter of the poet is referred to as ‘she’ in the first line.

4. An intellectual hatred is the worst,
So let her think opinions are accursed
Have I not seen the loveliest woman born
Out of the mouth of Plenty’s horn,
Because other opinionated mind
Barter other horn and every good
By quiet natures understood
For an old bellows full of angry wind?

Questions:
(i) What are the evil effects of “Horn of Plenty”? (Page 51)
(ii) What is of the worst kind in poet’s eyes?
(a) angry wind.
(b) quiet nature.
(c) opinions.
(d) intellectual hatred.
(iii) What does opinionated mean?
(iv) Make noun from the word “intellectual”.
Answers:
(i) It gives birth to hatred toward mankind.
(ii) (d) intellectual hatred.
(iii) It means tending to put forward one’s views forcefully.
(iv) ‘Intellect’ is the Noun form of ‘intellectual’.

5. And may her bridegroom bring her to a house
Where all’s accustomed, ceremonious;
For arrogance and hatred are the wares
Peddled in the thorough fares.
How but in custom and in ceremony
Are innocence and beauty born?
Ceremony’s a name for the rich horn,
And custom for the spreading laurel tree. (Page 51)

Questions:
(i) What wish does the poet make here for his daughter? .
(ii) a name for the rich horn.
(iii) Give a word similar in meaning to ‘habituated’.
(iv) Make adjective form of ‘arrogance’ and ‘hatred’. (M.P. Board 2012)
Answers:
(i) The poet wishes that his daughter should be married in a traditional family.
(ii) Ceremony’s.
(iii) ‘Accustomed’ is similar in meaning to ‘habituated’.
(iv) ‘Arrogant’ and ‘hateful’ are the adjective forms of ‘arrogance’ and ‘hatred’ respectively

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If the Well Goes Dry Textbook Exercises

Word Power

A. Answer the fol lowing questions in about 60 to 75 words each:

Column – A Column B

1. spiritual – (i) mystical, divine, physical
2. profound – (ii) shallow, intense, acute
3. populated – (iii) inhabited, desolate, populous
4. frequent – (iv) irregular, repeated, recurrent
5. exacerbate – (v) worsen, aggravate, soothe
6. massive – (vi) colossal, gigantic, infinitesimal
7. impaired – (vii) unhindered, diminished, weakened
8. vulnerable – (viii) susceptible, exposed, impregnable
9. untreated – (ix) natural, preserved, crude
Answer:
The odd ones in the choices given in column ‘B’ are the following:

1. physical
2. shallow
3. desolate
4. irregular
5. soothe
6. infinitesimal
7. unhindered
8. impregnable
9. preserved.

B. Homophones are the words that have almost the same sound but differ from one another in origin, spelling and meaning. Example:
new (adj.)—not existing before, recent: Let me show you my new dress.
knew (v.)—had information: I knew where he was hiding.
Now distinguish between the following pairs of words and use them in sentences to bring out the meaning.
soul—sole, sight—site, birth—berth, peace—piece, write—right, made—maid
Answer:
1. Soul—spirit: Soul never dies.
Sole—one and only : Mr Raj is the sole claimant of this empire.

2. Sight—vision : There was nothing in sight around the temple.
Site—spot : The police reached the site of accident.

3. Birth—origin : Gandhi was not of a high born.
Berth—a sleeping place in a ship or train: I have reserved two berths in Rajdhani Express.

4. Peace—quietness, serenity : I love peace.
Piece—a bit : Cut the fruit into pieces and distribute them.

5. Write—to peri : He asked me to write my name clearl
Right—correct :1 was right in my assessment.

6. Made—prepared :1 have made this proposal with labour.
Maid—a girl: His maid servant is absent today.

C. Look at the ‘conforms’ in the sentence,…… the same geographic pattern The conforms to the distribution of freshwater in the planet.’ The word looks very similar to ‘confirm’ and therefore confuses us : There are several other pairs of words like this.

Now complete each sentence by selecting the correct alternative:
(i) Did he (maintain/mention) where he was going?
(ii) One has to be (judicial/judicious) in choosing one’s friends.
(iii) He wanted to (compliment/complement) his friend on the beautiful portrait, he had drawn.
(iv) The escaped criminal (eluded/alluded) arrest for over a week.
(v) The (effect/affect) of the principal’s (advice/advise) was immediately seen.
(vi) From the hints provided, I (deduced/deducted) that the figure was a hexagon.
(vii) The (precise/concise) distinction between these two words is hard to explain.
(viii) There has been an appreciable (raise/rise) in prices.
(ix) Friends and relatives of the (diseased/deceased) attended the memorial meeting.
(x) Many (imminent/eminent) scholars agree with her new theory.
Answer:
(i) Did he mention where he was going?
(ii) One has to be judicious in choosing one’s friends.
(iii) He wanted to compliment his friend on the beautiful portait he had drawn.
(iv) The escaped criminal eluded arrest for over a week.
(v) The effect of the principal’s advice was immediately seen.
(vi) From the hints provided, I deduced that the figure was a hexagon.
(vii) The precise distinction between these two words is hard to explain.
(viii) There has been an appreciable rise in prices.
(ix) Friends and relatives of the deceased attended the memorial meeting.
(x) Many eminent scholars agree with her new theory.

A. Answer the following questions in one sentence each:

Question 1.
How much water does the human body contain?
Answer:
The human body contains 71 per cent water.

Question 2.
Since when has man been changing his relationship with the earth drastically?
Answer:
Man has been changing his relationship with the earth drastically since the industrial revolution.

Question 3.
Where do we get freshwater from?
Answer:
We get most of the freshwater from ground and less than 0.1 per cent is obtained from lakes, rivers etc.

Question 4.
What threat do rising sea levels pose to human population?
Answer:
Rising sea levels will lead to loss of low-lying coastal areas around the world which will further give rise in number of refugees as one-third of population live within sixty kilometers of coastline.

Question 5.
Where do chemical pollutants come from? (M.P. Board 2015)
Answer:
Chemical pollutants come from industrial establishments.

B. Answer the following questions in about 40-60 words each:

Question 1.
Why does water carry spiritual significance in most religions? (M.P. Board 2009)
Answer:
Water plays a significant role in our life. It is 71 per cent of the whole human body. In most of the religions, it has a spiritual significance for it is considered to be a divine purifier. No worship or offerings to God in Hindu religion is performed without purification with water. In Christian baptism too, it is used symbolising purification and regeneration.

Question 2.
What is the resemblance between the patterns of human civilization and those of the distribution of fresh water?
Answer:
The human civilization is spread over for many more centuries. But now it has been decayed or on the path of decay. It is very rare. In the same way, freshwater is now a rarity for us. It is only 2.5 per cent of the total amount of water on earth.

Question 3.
What drives the cold ocean stream from the poles towards the equator?
Answer:
As the warm ocean water from the tropics moves northward, most of it evaporates along the way. When it hits the cold polar winds between Greenland and Iceland, the evaporation accelerates leaving behind much salter sea water which grows denser and heavier. This rapidly cooling water sinks to the bottom forming a deep current near the ocean floor. tn the process, it transfers cold streams from the poles back towards the equator.

Question 4.
Write two ways in which global warming raises sea levels. (MP. Board 2016)
Answer:
Two ways in which global warming raises sea level are:

1. Higher average temperatures result in the melting of glaciers, in ice being discharged into the oceans from the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, and in the thermal expansion of the volume of the sea as its water warms.
2. In some coastal cities like Miami, the freshwater aquifer on which it relies for its drinking water actually floats on salt water, so that rising seas would push the water table up in some cases, to the surface.

Question 5.
What causes the average hurricane to be more powerful? How?
Answer:
Warming causes the average hurricane to be more powerful because the depth and warmth of the ocean’s top layer is the single most important factor in determining the speed of hurricane’s winds, More powerful and more frequent storms coming into the land from the ocean would in turn greatly exacerbate the damage from rising sea levels for it is during storm surges that the sea advances farthest inland from the coast.

Question 6.
How do the forests produce rain clouds?
Answer:
Forests produce rain clouds partly because of evapotranspiration (Transpiration is the plant equivalent of sweat, add to it the evaporation from surfaces like broad leaves). Immediately after the rain falls on a rain forest, a fine mist begins to float back into the sky. It increases both humidity in the air and the odds of more rain just downwind.

Question 7.
How do the forests attract rain?
Answer:
Forests attract rain by producing gases called terpenes and small amounts of a compounds called dimethylsulfide, which float into the atmosphere as a gas, undergo oxidation, and are transformed into an aerosol of sulfate particles which then serve as the tiny “grains” around which droplets of rainwater form the same way a pearl forms around a tiny grain of sand or shell in an oyster.

Question 8.
Describe the effects of chemical pollutants on mankind.
Answer:
Chemical pollutants are the threat to human life. They cause severe contamination of water. They pollute atmosphere. As a result our body gets badly affected. Several diseases like cholera, typhoid, dysentery and diarrhoea that arise from both viral and bacteriological sources are caused by these pollutants. We lack proper sanitations.

Question 9.
Why do the solutions to freshwater problem like desalinization plants and flowing of glaciers seem unfeasible?
Answer:
The solutions to freshwater problem like desalinization and flowing of glaciers seem unfeasible because this scheme is too costly to afford for the poor countries that actually need it. Moreover this technology, Like the schemes to lasso icebergs pull them from the polar regions to the populous tropics and is unlikely to solve the underlying problem because of the enormous energy and CO₂ costs involved.

Question 10.
What should we do to solve the problem of freshwater?
Answer:
Since human beings are the worst victims of the problem of the freshwater, they need to lasso their common sense. The rains bring us trees and flowers; the droughts bring gaping cracks in the world. The lakes and river sustain us slowing through the veins of the earth and into our own. So, we must be aware to take care to let them flow back out as pure as they come. We should not poison and waste them.

C. Answer the following questions in about 75 Words each:

Question 1.
Write the chemical composition of the human body. In what way is the human body similar to the earth?
Answer:
Human body is a composition of several chemical elements. Water is the most prominent of all of them. Human body contains 23 per cent carbon, 2.6 per cent nitrogen, 1.4 per cent calcium, 1.1 per cent phosphorus, with tiny amounts of roughly three dozen other elements, Added to these, we have 61 per cent of oxygen and 10 percent of hydrogen fused together in the unique molecular composition known as water. A human body contains 1 per cent of water. Similar to earth, as earth to has 70 per cent water and 30 per cent land.

Question 2.
How does global warming affect the climate pattern? (MP. Board 2011)
Answer:
Global warming affects the climate pattern of the earth in a very adverse manner. The health of the planet Earth depends on maintaining a complex balance of interrelated system. Global warming is changing the way water is transferred from oceans to the land and precipitation accelerating the entire cycle. In addition, the increased warmth also increases the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere which magnifies the greenhouse effect and speeds the process still further. As the global warming heats up the polar regions faster than the tropics, it changes the way the earth achieves a balance between hot and cold.

Question 3.
How does rising sea-level threaten freshwater supply?
Answer:
Global warming causes a rise in sea level in several ways. Higher average temperatures result in the melting of glaciers, in ice being discharged into the oceans from the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland and in the thermal expansion of the volume of the sea as its water warms. The rising seas would push the water table up, in some cases to the surface.

Warming oceans are also likely to cause the average hurricane to be more powerful because the depth and warmth of the ocean’s top layer is the single most important factor in determining the speed of a hurricane’s winds. More powerful and more frequent storms coming into the land from the ocean would, in turn, greatly exacerbate the damage from rising sea levels. It would change the entire water cycle and cause great damage to our freshwater system.

Question 4.
Describe the effects of deforestation on the eco-system. (M.P. Board 2012)
Answer:
Widespread deforestation is a great concern for the future of human life. The destruction of a forest can affect the hydrological cycle (the natural water distribution system) in a given area. More water is stored in the forests of the earth especially the tropical rain forests than its lakes. Forests themselves produce rain clouds partly because of evapotranspiration. Immediately after the rain falls on a rain forest, a fine mist begins to float back into the sky It increases both the humidity in the air and the odds of more rain just downwind.

Forests also attract rain by producing gases called tempenes and small amounts of a compound called dimethyl sulfide which float into the atmosphere as a gas, the tiny grains around which droplets of rainwater form. The deforestation would cause damage to eco-system as it would cease these contribution by the forests and thereby that of the rain amidst.

Question 5.
Describe the effects of population growth on the global water system. (M.P. Board 2020)
Answer:
Population growth is one of the major factor which threatens the existence of human life. Population is growing at a very rapid speed but resources are limited. Naturally, the pressure of population is becoming grave on the resources. As a result resources are exhausted, because the speed of the ability of nature to refill or recharge its resources is much slower in comparison to the speed of growth of human population. Hence, resources are sinking. We are cutting forests and digging the earth and this is all an invitation to our own doom.

D. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Question 1.
Man is paving the path of his own doom. How?
Answer:
Man is said to be the creator of his own destiny. He is the most sensible creature who takes everything logically and wisely. But sometimes, it is felt that he himself is paving the path of his own doom. There are a number of reasons behind such feelings. First, man himself is responsible for the rapid population growth which is one of the many reasons for man’s doom. As the population grows, a pressure is created on the resources which are limited. Its refilling or recharging speed is very slow. Hence, resources in all their capacity fail to fulfill the human need. As a result, man starts to over-exhaust the resources.

This damages the eco-system in fact, the entire system of life. We have no enough
habitation, no enough water to drink, no sanitation, no education and above all no healthy living condition. We are polluting the whole atmosphere, water, food, etc. Only man can do something for the safety of the earth and its resources. He must be sensible otherwise he is doomed to die.

Question 2.
Recount and explain the five strategic threats to the global water system, as described by Al Gore.
Answer:
Al Gore in a very specific manner recounts five major threats to the global water system which are the redistribution of freshwater supply, the rise of sea levels resulting in the low-lying coastal areas, widespread deforestation, contamination of water resources and the pressure of rapid population growth.We depend largely on freshwater which is only 2.5 per cent of the total amount of water on earth.

Most of that is locked away as ice in Antarctica and to a lesser extent in Greenland, the north polar ice cap and mountain glaciers. Groundwater makes up most of what remains leaving less than .01 per cent for all the lakes. creeles, streams, rivers and rainfalls. This still leaves more than enough water to meet all our needs, but it is distributed unevenly throughout the world. As a result, human civilization has been ‘estricted to more or less the same geographic pattern.

Any lasting alteration of that pattern would therefore pose a strategic threat to global civilization. In the same way, rise in the sea level due to the global-warming is damaging the eco-system. The widespread contamination of water causes several deadly diseases. Deforestation causes flood. The pressure of rapid population growth represents the biggest major strategic threat to the global water system.

In many parts of the world, groundwater is being extracted from acquifers at rates that
far exceed the ability of nature to refill or recharge them. Man alone can save his future by adopting a discretionary approach.

Grammar

A. Note the position of the adverb in the following sentences:

• Unfortunately, the dramatic change in our relationship to the earth is causing profound
  damage to the global water system.
• Human beings are made up mostly of water.
• We must think logically.

Order of adverbs is very elastic in English. Many shades of emphasis can be expressed by a change of position. Except for Frequency Adverbs (often, never; always, sometimes, generally, usually, just, etc.) the normal position of adverbs is at the end of a sentence, in the order—manner, place and time (MPT).

Example: He spoke well at the debate this morning. The adverb of time may come at either end of sentence, but not in the middle, as a general rule. Exact time expressions come before general time expressions.

Example :
He was born at six o’clock on Christmas morning in the year 1991.
Now insert the adverbs given in brackets in their correct places:
1. He walked (afterwards, slowly, away).
2. They stayed (all day, quietly, there).
3. I shall meet you (outside your office, tomorrow, at 2 o’clock).
4. Our teacher spoke to us (in class, very rudely, this morning).
5. He played (at the Town Hall, last night, beautifully, in the concert).
6. We are going (for a week, to Nainital, on Saturday).
7. He gave up his claim (recently, reluctantly, at the meeting).
8. Their son was born in the year 2006, at 10.00 a.m. on 7th June.
Answer:

1. Afterwards, he walked away slowly.
2. All day, they stayed there quietly
3. Tomorrow, I shall meet you outside your office at 2 o’clock.
4. This morning, our teacher spoke to us very rudely in class.
5. Last night, he played in the concert at the Town Hall beautifully.
6. On Saturday, we are going to Nainital for a week.
7. Recently ) at the meeting he gave up his clame reluciantly.
8. Their son was born at 10.0 am on 7th June in the year 2006.

B. Study the excerpt carefully:

Many scientists are worried that as the polar regions warm up faster than the tropics and the temperature differences between the two get smaller, these ocean currents, which are driven in large part by those differences, may slow down or seek a new equilibrium. If the circulatory pattern changes, the climate pattern will also change: some regions will get more rain, others less; some areas will get warmer, others colder. The words in bold have some special purpose. They are used to show how the noun is
bring used. These are called determiners. You have studied them in detail in class XI.
Now fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.

1. Rohit came to my house. He asked me how ………. a………. money I had. I told him that I
had ……….b………. money which I had saved from ……….c………. pocket money. He told me that he needed ……….d………. money to buy e book on current affairs.

2. There was a knock at my door. When I opened ……….a………. door, I saw ……….b………. stranger with ……….c………. tool bag in his hand. I didn’t allow him to enter ……….d………. room as I had never seen him earlier.

3. Shivani needed ……….a………. paper to write her homework. She said to her father, “There isn’t ……….b………. paper left. Please buy ……….c………. paper for me when you go to the market.”

4. ……….a………. man bought………. b………. ox and sold it in ……….c………. open market. But he got only ………. d………. little money from the sale.

5. Aamir is a honest man. He never accepts money as ……….a………. bribe. According to him, honesty is ……….b………. best policy.

6. To be able to read ……….a………. language you have to learn its alphabet. Perhaps you already know how to read this. Let me explain by giving ……….b………. example.

7. ……….a………. penguin is ………. b ……….fearless bird. It walks in………. c………. very funny manner. Many………. d………. time it falls flat on its stomach.

8.  As ……….a………. potter was going round ……….b………. market, he saw ……….c………. same toy he had made ……….d ……….previous week, It was in same spot as before.

9.  Mohit told me that he needed ……….a………. money to buy a book on English literature. I simply denied saying that I did not have ……….b………. money. However, I gave him ………. c………. book, which contained ………. d ……….topics on literature.

10. I asked him, “What is ………. a………. matter?” He said to me, “Would you lend me ………. b………. money?” I replied, “My father is ………. c………. bank employee. He doesn’t earn …..d………. So, I can’t help you.”
Answer:

1. (a) much (b) some (c) my (d) some (e) a
2. (a) the (b) a (c) a (if) the
3. (a) some (b) any (c) some
4. (a) A (b) an (c) an (d) a
5. (a) an (b) the
6. (a) a (b)an
7. (a) The (b) a (c) a (d) a
8. (a) a (b) the (c) the (d) the (e) the
9. (a) some (b) any (c) the (d) some
10. (a) the (b) some (c) a (d) much

B. The following sentences have not been edited. There is an error in the usage of determiner in each sentence. Write the incorrect word and the correct one as shown in the example under the correct blank.

Answer:
Incorrect – Correct
(ii) other – more
(iii) some – either
(iv) Every – All
(y) any – no
(vi) Much – Many
(vii) any – a
(viii) don’t – doesnt
(ix) More – All
(x) a – some.

Speaking Activity

A. Arrange an elocution competition in your class on ‘Global Warming’. Each student will be given 3 minutes to express his opinion.
Answer:
Class-room activity.

B. Work in groups of four or five. Hold a discussion on the theme, ‘The earth is like a greenhouse, too.’
Answer:
Class room activity.

C. Given below are different viewpoints on the damage, we are causing to our planet by felling trees. In groups of four, discuss and add to these views.

Answer:
Do yourself at class level with the help of your teacher.

Writing Activity

A. Suppose you are Anjali, a student of class XII. Write an article on ‘Indilstrialization and Air Pollution forming ideas froth the given visual.

Answer:
Industrialization and Air Pollution. Industrialization is a boon as well as a curse for the society. It is a boon because it has made our lives comfortable and full of luxury. But we are paying heavy prices for this easy life. Industries have no doubt generated a fast life style but at the same time caused so much pollution. The air is contaminated, water is dirty and land is getting barren. The air pollution is the biggest threat as it is taking up lives of people. Diseases like asthma, bronchitis, allergies are affecting every generation. Recently, most part of north India was under ‘smog’ (smoke + fog) causing trouble to the people.
Anjali
XII class student

B. Water is very precious. Some people even go to the extent of saying that World War III may be fought on the issue of water. Keeping in view the need for saving each drop of water, write an article.
Answer:
Water is precious at all levels. We can’t live without water. Our body is made up of 71 per cent of fresh water. It maintains the whole eco system. We need water at every step. However, the store of fresh water is being exhausted at a very fast speed. The pressure of growing population is becoming severe. Nature fails to compensate or refill or recharge its store at the speed it is being used. Thus, its demand is increasing but supply is less. It is no exaggeration to say that the Third World War may be fought for water. We should make efforts to conserve each drop of water. Since water supports life, we need to preserve it for future generations.

Think It Over

A. The lesson is titled “If The Well Goes Dry”. If such a thing happens and happens in our lifetime, think of the consequences. Describe its effects on you, on your neighbourhood, on your town, on
your country and on the planet.
Answer:
Do yourself with the help of your teacher.

B. There are hints on the far-fetched ideas of desalination of salt-water from the sea to solve the problem of freshwater, and also on pulling the glaciers from the poles to the populated areas, in the lesson. Such ideas may be unfeasible but they are certainly catchy and creative. Can you think of any such idea, however impracticable it may be, to solve the global freshwater problem?
Answer:
Do yourself with the help of your teacher.

Things to Do

A. Prepare a poster on any one of the following themes:
(a) Rainwater harvesting.
(b) Noise pollution.
(c) Non-renewable natural resources.
Answer:
Do yourself.

B. Write slogans on ‘Water Conservation’ using pieces of card-sheet approximately
30 cm × 15 cm. Decorate the sheets creatively.
Answer:
Do yourself.

If the Well Goes Dry by Albert Gore Introduction

In the lesson, the author urges us to use water judiciously Water Is precious because we can’t live without Hence, it should not be misused over-extrated at any cost. There must be a balance between its demand and supply .

If the Well Goes Dry Summary in English

Human beings are made components of water. It occupies 71 per cent of the human body. The major of water are oxygen (61 per cent) and hydrogen (10 per cent). Some other elements are carbon, nitrogen calcium and phosphorus which are only 23,2.6,1.4 and 1.1 per cent respectively.

We all are parts of the earth. Land is a self-contained store of the sea water to which we are connected chemically and biologically Water also carries spiritual significance in most religions like it is used in Christian baptism and as Hinduism’s sacred water.

Our life depends on freshwater which is only 2.5 per cent of the total amount of water on earth, though unevenly distributed throughout the world. It is a threat to globalisation. The dramatic change in our relationship to the earth since the industrial revolution especially in this century, is now causing profound damage to the global water system.

A balance is needed to maintain the health of the earth. Warmer temperatures speed up both evaporation and precipitation accelerating the entire cycle. The increased warmth also increases the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere which causes the greenhouse effect and speeds the process still further. Warming oceans are likely to cause the average hurricane to be more powerful.

Another threat to the earth’s water system involves massive changes in landuse patterns especially widespread deforestation. The destruction of a forest can affect the hydrological cycle. More water is stored in the forests of the earth for they themselves produce rain clouds. They also attract rain producing gases like terpenes and dimethylsulfide. It is clear that when forests are destroyed. the rains eventually taper off and bring less moisture.

The rivers get shallower. Their capacity to drain the flood waters is impaired and flooding and along the banks becomes even worse. Contamination of water resources is another strategic threat. It is caused by chemical pollutants produced by industrial civilization. Its tragic effect is felt in Third World with the high rates of death from cholera, typhoid, dysentery and diarrhoea that arise from both viral and bacteriological sources. More than 1.7 billion people do not have an adequate supply of
safe drinking water.

More than 3 billion people do not have proper sanitation and are thus at the risk of having their water contaminated. The pressure of rapid growth of population adds to the misery of greater concern. Groundwater is being extracted at rates higher than that of the ability of nature to refill or recharge them.

As the groundwater reservoirs are out of sight, they remain out of mind until they begin to dry up or until the ground above them begins to sink or subside. It invites more and more natural calamities. Any damage to water resources is a damage to the whole human race for water sustains us. We must rethink and take care to let the water remain in its natural state and not waste it without thinking of the future.

If the Well Goes Dry Summary in Hindi

मानव अधिकांशतः जल से बना है। मानव शरीर में यह 71 प्रतिशत है। इसके प्रमुख तत्त्वों में ऑक्सीजन (61 प्रतिशत) और हाइड्रोजन (10 प्रतिशत) और कुछ अन्य तत्वों में कॉर्बन, नाइट्रोजन, कैल्शियम और फॉसफोरस है जो क्रमशः 23, 2.6, 1.4 और 1.1 प्रतिशत हैं। हम सभी मूलतः धरती के भाग हैं। धरती समुद्री जल का स्वाभाविक सम्पूर्ण भंडार है जिससे हम रासायनिक और जैविकी रूप में जुड़े हैं। जल का बहुत से धर्मों में दैविक महत्त्व है, ईसाइयों का बपतिस्मा और हिन्दुओं का पवित्र शुद्धिकरण जल से ही होता है।

हमारा जीवन शुद्ध जल पर निर्भर करता है जो धरती पर प्राप्त जल का केवल 2.5 प्रतिशत है जो कि सम्पूर्ण विश्य में असमान रूप से वितरित है। यह भूमंडलीकरण के लिए एक खतरा है। औद्योगिक क्रान्ति के बाद से पृथ्वी के साथ हमारे रिश्तों में नाटकीय परिवर्तनों से भूमंडलीय जल प्रणाली में भयंकर खतरा पैदा हो गया है। धरती के स्वास्थ्य के लिए एक संतुलन की ज़रूरत है। बढ़ता हुआ तापमान, वाष्पीकरण और बारिश के सम्पूर्ण चक को त्वरित करता है। बढ़ी हुई गर्मी से जल का वाष्प वायुमण्डल में तेज़ी से बनता है और हरित चकीय प्रभाव को अधिक प्रभावित करता है। गर्म होता हुआ समुद्र सामान्य ओला वृष्टि को अधिक शक्तिशाली बनाता है।

घरती के जलीय प्रणाली का दूसरा प्रमुख संकट है-बड़े पैमाने पर वृक्षों की कटाई और ज़मीन को उपयोग करने के बदलते तरीके जंगलों की कटाई से जलीय प्रणाली बुरी तरह प्रभावित होती है। जंगलों में ज़्यादा जल संचित है, क्योंकि धरती के जंगल ज़्यादा से ज़्यादा जलीय बादल उत्पन्न कर सकते हैं। वे वर्षा को उत्पन्न करने वाले Terpene और Dimethylsulfide जैसे गैसों को आकर्षित करते हैं। यह स्पष्ट है कि जब जंगलों की कटाई होती है तो वर्षा अपने आप कम होने लगती है और नमी में कमी आ जाती है। नदियाँ छिछली होने लगती हैं, उनकी बाढ़ के पानी को आत्मसात करने की क्षमता कम हो जाती है और किनारों पर बाढ़ की स्थिति और भी खराब हो जाती है।

जल संसाधन का प्रदूषीकरण एक अन्य महान खतरा है। यह औद्योगिक संस्थानों से उत्पन्न रासायनिक प्रदूषकों से फैलता है। इसका दुःखद प्रभाव तीसरी दुनिया के क्षेत्रों में ज़्यादा देखने को मिलता है, जैसे हैजा, टायफाईड, पेचिश एवं दस्त जैसी बीमारियों से होने वाली मौत की दरें बहुत अधिक हैं जो संक्रामक एवं जीवाणु स्रोतों से होता है। 1.7 अरब लोगों के पास पर्याप्त शुद्ध पेयजल उपलब्ध नहीं है। 3 अरब से अधिक लोगों के पास पर्याप्त स्वच्छता का अभाव है जिससे उनके जल प्रदूषण का खतरा बढ़ जाता है।

तेज़ी से बढ़ती हुई जनसंख्या का दबाव इस दर्द को और भी बढ़ाता है। धरती के पानी का अवशोषण प्रकृति की उस क्षमता से कई गुणा ज़्यादा है जिससे वह इसे पुनः प्राप्त करती है चूँकि धरती के अन्तःस्थलीय जल खोत नज़रों से ओझल होता है, इसलिए उसका तब तक अवशोषण होता है, जब तक कि वहाँ कि धरती की सतह पैंस न जाए। इससे ज़्यादा-से-ज्यादा प्राकृतिक आपदाएँ आती हैं। जल-संसाधन की कोई भी क्षति सम्पूर्ण मानव प्रजाति की क्षति है, क्योंकि जल हमारी रक्षा करता है। हमें पुनर्विचार करना चाहिए और ध्यान देना चाहिए कि जल अपनी प्राकृतिक अवस्था में ही रहे, न कि बिना भविष्य का विचार किए इसे बर्बाद होने दे।

If the Well Goes Dry Word Meaning

If the Well Goes Dry Important Pronunciation

If the Well Goes Dry Passages for Comprehension

Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow them:

1. Human beings are made up mostly of water, in roughly the same percentage as water is to the surface of the earth. Our tissues and membranes, our brains and hearts, our sweat and tears all reflect the same recipe for life, in which efficient use is made of those ingredients available on the surface of the earth. We are 23 per cent carbon, 2.6 per cent nitrogen, 1.4 per cent calcium, 1.1 per cent phosphorus, swith tiny, amounts of roughly three dozen other elements. But above all we are oxygen (61 per cent) and hydrogen (10 per cent), fused together in the unique molecular combination known as water, which . makes up 71 per cent of the human body. (Page 39)

Questions:
(i) What are the contents of a human body?
(ii) Find the opposite in meaning to ‘roughly’.
(iii) Give noun form of the word ‘reflected’.
(iv) Find a word from the passage which means same as ‘capable’.
Answers:
(i) The contents of human body are water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, hydrogen and some other tiny elements.
(ii) ‘Exactly’ is opposite to ‘roughly’.
(iii) ‘Reflection’ is the noun form of ‘reflected’.
(iv) ‘Efficient’ has same meaning as ‘capable’.

2. We depend especially on freshwater, which is only 2.5 per cent of the total amount of water on earth. Most of that is locked away as ice in Antarctica and to a lesser extent in Greenland, the north polar ice cap, and mountain glaciers. Groundwater makes up most of what remains, leaving less than .01 per cent for all the lakes, creeks, streams, rivers, and rainfalls. This still leaves more than enough water to meet all our needs, both now and in the foreseeable future, but it is distributed unevenly throughout the world. As a result, human civilization has been restricted to more or less the same geographic pattern that conforms to the distribution of freshwater around the planet. Any lasting alteration of that pattern would therefore pose a strategic threat to global civilization as we have known it.(Page 40)

Questions:

(i) What does our life depend upon largely? How much per cent of freshwater is available on earth?
(ii) Find a word similar in meaning to ‘restricted’.
(iii) Give noun form of ‘distributed’.
(iv) Find a word from the passage which means opposite to ‘equal’.
Answers:
(i) Our life largely depends upon freshwater. Freshwater is only 2.5 per cent of the total amount of water on earth.
(ii) ‘Prohibited’ has similar meaning to ‘restricted’.
(iii) ‘Distribution’ is the noun form of ‘distributed’.
(iv) ‘Uneven’ is opposite to ‘equal’.

3. Many scientists are worried that as the polar regions warm up faster than the tropics and the temperature differences between the two get smaller, these ocean currents, which are driven in large part by those differences, may slow down or seek a new equilibrium. If the circulatory pattern changes, the climate pattern will also change: some regions will get more rain, others less; some areas will get warmer, others colder.

If the first strategic threat to the global water system is a redistribution of freshwater supplies, the second, and perhaps the most widely recognized, is the rise of sea levels and the loss of low-lying coastal areas around the world. Since one third of humankind lives within sixty kilometres of the coastline, the number of refugees likely to be created will be unprecedented. (Page 40)

Questions:
(i) What would be the result of warming up of the polar region?
(ii) Find a word which is opposite to the word ‘widely’.
(iii) Give adjective form of ‘region’.
(iv) Give a word from the passage which means same as ‘danger’.
Answers:
(i) The warming of the polar regions will result in drastic change of climate pattern and some regions will get more rains while some others will get less, some areas will get warmer, other colder.
(ii) ‘Narrowly’ is opposite of ‘widely’.
(iii) ‘Regional’ is the adjective of ‘region’.
(iv) ‘Threat’ has same meaning as ‘danger’.

4. The next strategic threat to the global water system is the world-wide contamination of water resources with the chemical pollutants produced by industrial civilization. Unlike the global atmosphere, which is a single giant reservoir of air that is constantly and thoroughly ‘stirred’ into an homogeneous mixture, the global water system contains a number of large reservoirs and stores that are not always thoroughly mixed with all the other water on earth. Because molecules circulate freely throughout the global atmosphere, contaminants like CFCs, which break down into chlorine atoms, can become ubiquitous in the atmosphere everywhere on earth. That is not true with the global water supply. (Page 42)

Questions:
(i) What causes contamination? How are pollutants produced?
(ii) Give noun form of the word ‘industrial’.
(iii) Find a word which has the opposite meaning to the word ‘supply’.
(iv) What is the meaning of ‘contamination’?
Answers:
(i) Chemical pollutants cause contamination. These pollutants are produced by industrial establishments which release harmful CFCs.
(ii) ‘Industry’ is the noun form of ‘industrial’.
(iii) ‘Demand’ has opposite meaning to the word ‘supply’.
(iv) ‘Pollution’ is the meaning of ‘contamination’.

5. The pressure of rapid population growth, especially in the Third World, represents the
biggest major strategic threat to the global water system. In many parts of the world, groundwater is being extracted from aquifers at rates that far exceed the ability of nature to refill or recharge them. Yet, because these underground reservoirs are out of sight, they remain out of mind—until they begin to dry up or until the ground above them begins to sink or “subside.” California’s Sacramento River delta, which supplies the canal system known as the California Aqueduct with half its water, is sinking about three inches each year, perhaps because it is getting less sediment. As a result, this area—which already had to be protected by a network of levees from being flooded by the ocean—is becoming much more vulnerable to the consequences of the kind of earthquake common in the adjacent earthquake zone. (Page 42)

Questions:
(i) How does growing population affect the natural resources? What happens to the resources with the pressure?
(ii) Find a word which has the opposite meaning to the word ‘slow’.
(iii) Give noun form of the word ‘represent’.
(iv) Give a word from the passage which means same as ‘drowning’.
Answers:
(i) The growing population exerts a pressure on the demands of natural resources. The resources are being over-extracted and are decreasing day-by-day.
(ii) ‘Rapid’ is opposite in meaning to ‘slow’.
(iii) ‘Representation’ is the noun form of ‘represent’.
(iv) ‘Sinking’ is similar in meaning to ‘drowning’.

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MP Board Class 12th English A Voyage Solutions Chapter 4 Dream-Children: A Reverie (Charles Lamb)

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Dream-Children: A Reverie Textbook Exercises

Vocabulary

A. Frame sentences to explain the meaning of the following:
Carve (something) out, pull (something) down, keep up, carry away, set up, stick up, mop about, take off, go on,
Answer:

• Carve out : He has carved a fine figure of Goddess Durga out of marble stone.
• Pull down : The independents pulled the government down to election.
• Keep up : You should keep up your result.
• Carry away : There is no one to carry away it.
• Set up : My father set up a college in our village.
• Stick up : Do not stick up any bill to my boundary wall.
• Mop about : The thieves mopped about the house.
• Take off : This one will take off at 5 pm.
• Goon : Go on with your project.

B. Give Synonyms of the following Worlds
conception, up-braid, adjoining, awkward, courageous.
Answer:

• conception – ideas
• adjoining – neighbouring
• courageous – bold
• awkward – odd
• up-braid – plaited

C. Give antonyms of t he following:
ever, midnight, particular, empty, admiration.
Answer:

• Ever — never
• Midnight – midday
• Particular — common
• Empty — full
• Admiration — condemnation.

D. In the essay, you read an example of oxymoron ‘busy-idle’. Another example can be ‘deafening silence’. Give five more examples of oxymoron.
Answer:
Some examples of oxymoron are: tragi—comedy, forbidden—fruit, lame—footed.

Comprehension

A. Pick the correct alternatives from the following:

Question 1.
Who are Alice and John?
(a) lamb’s real children
(b) Lamb’s imaginary children
(c) Mary’s children
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Lamb’s imaginary children

Question 2.
What sort of relations had Iamb with his brother?
(a) He disliked his brother.
(b) He loved his brother.
(c) He was indifferent towards his brother.
(d) He had differences with his brother.
Answer:
(b) He loved his brother.

Question 3.
What is Lethe?
(a) a river of England
(b) a river of India
(c) a river in Hades
(d) a river in Heaven.
Answer:
(c) a river in Hades

Question 4.
What was the immediate cause of the composition of the essay “Dréam Children:
A Reverie”?
(a) The death of his brother.
(b) The death of his grandmother.
(c) The death of his mother.
(d) The death of his father.
Answer:
(a) The death of his brother.

Question 5.
Which of the following fruits is not mentioned by Lamb that grew in the garden , in the Norfolk House?
(a) peach
(b) nectarine
(c) orange
(d) apple.
Answer:
(d) apple.

Question 6.
Who according to Lamb, was the best dancer during her youth?
(a) Alice, the daughter
(b) Alice, the mother
(c) Mrs. Field
(d) Bridget.
Answer:
(c) Mrs. Field

B. Answer the following questions in about 60 words each:

Question 1
Write a character sketch of Lamb’s grandmother. (M.P. Board 2009)
Answer:
Lamb’s grandmother had a pleasing personality. She was highly religious. She was beloved and respected by everybody. She was very particular and prompt in her duties. She was fond of children and always enjoyed to be with them during holidays. She was tall, upright and graceful. She was a good dancer and was so popular among the commoner that her funeral was attended by a concourse of all the poor and some of the gentry of the neighbourhood from miles away.

Question 2.
What sort of a person was John Lamb? How did Lamb admire him?
Answer:
John Lamb had some good sort of personality. He was extremely handsome and spirited young man. All the children loved him and he loved them too. He was kind and helpful. He usually helped the writer by carrying him on his back. He was careful about the big house and the garden. Later, in his life, he was in great pain, still he lived with enthusiasm.

Question 3.
What are the similarities between Alice, the mother and Alice, the daughter?
Answer:
As the writer was in dream about his family, he was lost in thought. Alice was his daughter and John was his son, in fact imaginary. He observed some similarities between Alice the daughter and Alice the mother, the representation of her eye and her bright hair are similar.

Question 4.
Describe the cremation of grandmother Field.
Answer:
Field was a graceful lady with all generosity and kindness. She was loved and respected by all. She was highly religious, so she was very popular among people. When she died, her funeral was attended by a concourse of all the poor, some of the gentry also came and make their presence. They all came from neighbourhood from many miles away to show their respect in her memory.

Question 5.
Describe how Lamb used to move about in the garden of the great house. (M.P. Board 2016)
Answer:
Lamb was a peculair child. He never liked to be in a company. So, he usually spent his time alone. He used to roam in the big mansion. He also walked along the big, spacious old-fashioned garden, where he sometimes met with the solitary man, gardening, who never liked him roam in the garden or allowed him pluck any flower or fruit.

Question 6.
Who did grandmother Field love the best among the Lamb brothers and why?
Answer:
Grandmother Field was a graceful lady. She loved all the children. She always wished to be with all their grand-children in the great house in holidays but she had special love,and attention for John. Lamb, because he was very handsome and spirited young man.He also moped about in solitary comers and cared the great garden of the great house.

Question 7.
Why does Lamb say that though grandmother Field was not the owner of the house ‘yet in some respect she might be said to be the mistress of it too’?
Answer:
Lamb’s grandmother Field was a very popular lady living in a great house in Norfolk. She was highly attached with the house. Lamb says that she was not, the mistress of the house. She was only in charge of it, because she was committed to it by its owner who preferred living in a newer house. Still she lived in it, in a manner as if it was her own. She maintained the dignity of the house.

C. Answer the following questions in about 75-100 words each:

Question 1.
Justify the statement that’Dream Children: A Reverie’ is a lyric in prose.
Answer:
Dream Children: A Reverie is an outburst of a flow of imagination of Charles Lamb. Lamb was said to be the Prince of English essayists. He wrote this essay when he was ” nearing his fifties. As his life was not at all happy and comfortable, he towards the end of his life, has expressed his dreams which couldn’t be fulfilled during his lifetime. He had suffered a lot in his life. He himself was lame. His elder brother whom he loved so much died in great pain.

He missed him because he usually carried him on his back when he could not walk. In his youth, Lamb had a disappointing love-affair with a girl who afterwards married another man. He was a bachelor. He lived in utter loneliness. Though he wanted a family and children but they were denied to him in his actual life. In this essay, he is dreaming for having two children, on both of his sides behaving like real . children. Although the story has created a moving life situation which has all the elements of a lyric. This is a flow which makes one completely engrossed with the story.

Question 2.
In ‘Dream Children: A Reverie’ Lamb has woven fiction around certain facts of his life. Illustrate this statement from the essay.
Answer:
Dream Children: A Reverie is a typical essay written by Charles Lamb. The main theme of the essay is woven around certain facts of Lamb’s life. His life was very pathetic. He was a lame and suffered a lot. He was very much attached with his elder brother John who also became lame in his later life. He was in great pain when he died. The writer was deeply distressed with this incident. He always wished for a family. Once he was in love with a girl but afterwards she denied to marry him. He lived a bachelor life. He also wanted children but he was denied of a family and children. This story is an imagination that he could never see as being fulfilled.

Question 3.
Discuss the element of pathos in the essay ‘Dream Children: A Reverie’.
Answer:
Dream Children: A Reverie presents an unfulfilled desire of the essayist, Charles Lamb. Lamb’s life was a tragic one. He was physically not sound. He earnestly wished for a family and children. But he could not get any. He loved his elder brother very much who also suffered great pain. Lamb was in great pain to see his elder brother dying slowly in great pain. Everywhere in the essay, Lamb has tried to reveal the real tragedy of his life. It is really a very touching essay.

Question 4.
Write a summary of the essay ‘Dream Children: A Reverie’ in your own words.
Answer:
This is a story of a dream of a life which the writer couldn’t have. Children are usually fond of listening to the stories of their ancestors. The writer’s children (in fact imaginary) came closer to him to know about their great grandmother Field who lived in a great house in Norfolk. The writer continued to say interesting facts about Field. Field was a highly religious lady loved and respected by all. She was in fact not the mistress of the great house but just a caretaker of it, still she lived with dignity. When she died, her funeral was attended by a concourse of all the poor and some of the gentry too, of the neighborhood. They came from many miles to show their respect in her memory.

Further, the writer said that Field was tall, upright and graceful. She was an esteemed dancer in her youth. Later she suffered from the deadly disease, cancer which put her in pain. But she was still upright, as she was so good and religious.

Field used to sleep by herself in a lone chamber of the great house. She usually believed that two infants used to glide up and down the great staircase near where she slept during midnight. The writer was scared for he never saw any infant. However, Field was always very good to all her grand children. She liked to have all the children with her in the house during holidays. The writer enjoyed his loneliness even there. He was always alone in himself even there in the house of the grandmother.

Then the writer told John and Alice, the two children who were taking much interest in the story that the grandmother loved all the grand children with joy but she had special attention to John L. John L was very handsome and spirited youth. He loved the great house and took care of the garden. He used to carry the writer on his back, for he was a bit older than the writer.

It was because the writer was lame and couldn’t walk long. Later, he himself became lame and was in great pain. His painful death haunted the writer for long. The writer missed him much; for he had loved him too. He missed his brother’s kindness, closeness and wished him to be alive again to be quarrelling with him.

The children cried to listen to the stories about their pretty dead mother. The writer continued that he courted the fair Alice W-N, but when he explained how he was denied of the marriage, what pain had to suffer the children great emotional. They thought and realized that they were not real children born of the writer and Alice W-N. They were nearly dreams. The writer was awakened and there was no one around him neither John nor Alice.

Question 5.
Justify the title of the essay, ‘Dream Children: A Reverie’. (M.P. Board 2010)
Answer:
The title of the essay, Dream Children: A Reverie is very appropriate in the context of its
theme. The writer tries to unfold his unfulfilled desire. For this, he creates the images of two children who act in a real manner. He tells them all his memories of life. He utterly desired to have a family and children which was never fulfilled. The situation of the essay appears to be a real life situation. He shows similarity between Alice the Mother and Alice the daughter. He also shows similarity of fair hair between the two and through the children he reveals and satisfies the realities of his life.

D. Explain the following:

Question 1.
Children love to listen to stories about their elders, when they were children; to stretch their imagination to the conception of a traditionary great-uncle, grandame, whom they never saw.
Answer:
These lines are the exposition of a common phenomena. The writer reveals that children are fond of listening to adventurous tales and tales about old generation. These stories thrill them. They are also curious to know about their own ancestors. It is a way that they wish to be familiar with their own past glory, prestige, etc.

Question 2.
I missed his kindness and I missed his crossness, and wished him to be alive again, to ‘ be quarrelling with him (for we quarrelled sometimes), rather than not have him again, and was as uneasy without, him, as he their poor uncle must have been when the doctor took off his limb.
Answer:
Through this, Lamb is blurring the line of fiction and reality. The uncle in the story coincides with the brother of Lamb. Here Lamb reveals his feeling about his elder brother. His elder brother was a handsome youth and a love some figure. He was always helpful to the writer. He used to carry Lamb on his back as Lamb was unable to walk long for being lame. Sometimes, he got angry and quarrelled with him. Still he was helpful. He was a man of all good qualities. So, Lamb missed him much. Fiction gets woven around facts,

Question 3.
‘We are not of Alice, nor of thee, nor are we children at all. The children of Alice called Bartrum, father. We are nothing; less than nothing, and dreams. We are only what might have been, and must wait upon the tedious shores of Lethe millions of ages before we have existence and a name’.
Answer:
These lines reveal the realities of this story. In the whole story, Lamb has created such a realisite atmosphere that everything appears to be happening in life. In fact, it is mere fantasy. He has exposed his desires through imagination. He neither had a family nor children. John and Alice are his dream children. When in the end, Lamb tells them that he could never get married the children are made to feel that they are creation of Lamb’s imagination. In the meantime, the writer is awaken and everything is finished.

Grammar

Look at the following sentences:

• Children love to listen to stories about their elders.
• Then I went on to say…
• I had more pleasure in strolling.

In the above sentences the words in bold are non-finites. Now, fill in the blanks in the following sentences with proper forms of non-finites:
1. She refused ………… with me.
2. They offered ………… after our children when we were away.
3. Not many people can afford …………….a car.
4. She appeared …………….. done the deed.
5. She is difficult ………..
6. He Came specially…..me.
7. I have never known him ………….his temper.
8. She was heard ………….
9. She was ill. I advised her ……….. a doctor.
10. She decided ………… a nurse.
Answer:

1. to stay
2. to look
3. to buy
4. to have
5. to manage
6. to see
7. to lose
8. shouting
9. to consult
10. to be.

Speaking Activity

Every student in the class should speak ten sentences about their parents, brothers, sisters, and cousins. The information should be based on facts and not fiction as Lamb has done in his essay.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Writing Activity

Write a letter to your pen-friend informing about your family, parents, siblings and cousins.
Answer:
ABC Road
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh India
January 22, 20xx Dear John
Thanks for your reply. It was fascinating to know about your life in New York and your family and friends. It’s my turn to intimate you about my life here. I live-in a joint family and not in a nuclear family as is common in your country. My family includes my parents and siblings, my father’s elder brother and his family, my grandparents, myself and my dog, Timmy. I have an elder sister and a brother younger to me. My father is a dentist and mother is a housewife. We are lucky to have our grandparents always advising us with their wisdom and experience. My cousins are older to me and I love their company. I am sending you a photograph of this very happy and united family of mine. It’s nice to have a pen-friend in the U.S. A. I will wait your reply and expect you to tell me something about your city.
Your dear friend
Ali.

Think It Over

A. Reverie is pleasant thought that make you forget what you are doing or what is happening around you. Have you undergone similar experiences?
Answer:
Pleasant thoughts that make us forget, what we are doing or what is happening around
us. Once I had pleasant experience. I was sitting in my room. Suddenly, I began behaving in a strange manner. I called my mother and said that I have become the Prime Minister and in an hour I am flying to the Parliament. My mother called the other members of the house. They were laughing and got a bit serious. For almost an hour, I was elated and preparing myself for taking oath. Then my father came and as I saw him, all my elation disappeared and I was in my senses.

B. Memories not only give us pleasure-they also make us sad as we miss the bygone days. Do-you think Lamb’s reminiscences here are a blend of humour and pathos?
Answer:
Yes. Lamb’s reminiscences here are a blend of humour and pathos. He has dealt with the theme in a very realistic manner. Sometimes, the behaviour of grandmother creates humour while the memory of his brother creates pathos.

Things to Do

Study the style of Lamb. Among the modern essayists E.V. Lucas has written essays in the style of Lamb. Try to read the following essays by Lucas:
‘On Finding Things’ and ‘The Rope Trick’.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Dream – Children: A Reverie by Charles Lamb Introduction

Dream-Children: A Reverie is an outburst of a flow of imagination of Charles Lamb He write this assay when he was nearing his fifties. His life was not at all happy He wanted a family and children but they were denied to him in his actual life. The essay makes us aware of his deepening touching in life.

Dream – Children: A Reverie Summary in English

This is a story of a dream of a life which the writer couldn’t have. Children are usually fond of listening to the stories of their ancestors. The writer’s children (in fact imaginary) came closer to him to know about their great grandmother Field who lived in a great house in Norfolk. The writer continued to say interesting facts about Field. Field was a highly religious lady loved and respected by all. She was in fact not the mistress of the great house but just a caretaker of it, still she lived with dignity. When she died, her funeral was attended by a concourse of all the poor and some of the gentry too, of the neighborhood. They came from many miles to show their respect in her memory.

Further, the writer said that Field was tall, upright and graceful. She was an esteemed dancer in her youth. Later she suffered from the deadly disease, cancer which put her in pain. But she was still upright, as she was so good and religious.

Field used to sleep by herself in a lone chamber of the great house. She usually believed that two infants used to glide up and down the great staircase near where she slept during midnight. The writer was scared for he never saw any infant. However, Field was always very good to all her grand children. She liked to have all the children with her in the house during holidays. The writer enjoyed his loneliness even there. He was always alone in himself even there in the house of the grandmother.

Then the writer told John and Alice, the two children who were taking much interest in the story that the grandmother loved all the grand children with joy but she had special attention to John L. John L was very handsome and spirited youth. He loved the great house and took care of the garden. He used to carry the writer on his back, for he was a bit older than the writer.

It was because the writer was lame and couldn’t walk long. Later, he himself became lame and was in great pain. His painful death haunted the writer for long. The writer missed him much; for he had loved him too. He missed his brother’s kindness, closeness and wished him to be alive again to be quarrelling with him.

The children cried to listen to the stories about their pretty dead mother. The writer continued that he courted the fair Alice W-N, but when he explained how he was denied of the marriage, what pain had to suffer the children great emotional. They thought and realized that they were not real children born of the writer and Alice W-N. They were nearly dreams. The writer was awakened and there was no one around him neither John nor Alice.

Dream – Children: A Reverie Summary in Hindi

यह एक जीवन के सपने की कहानी है जिसमें लेखक कभी साकार न हो सका। बच्चे प्रायः अपने पूर्वजों के बारे में जानने को उत्सुक रहते हैं। लेखक के बच्चे (दरअसल काल्पनिक) उसके पास आए और अपनी दादी Field के बारे में जानना चाहते थे जो Norfolk के बड़े-से घर में रहती थी। लेखक मजेदार बातों के साथ Field के बारे में बताना शुरू किया कि Field महान् धार्मिक महिला थी जिसे सभी लोग प्यार और इज्जत देते थे। दरअसल वह उस विशाल घर की मालकिन नहीं थी बल्कि इसकी संरक्षिका थी। फिर भी वह काफी प्रतिष्ठा के साथ वहाँ रहती थी। जब उसकी मृत्यु हुई तो उसके अन्तिम संस्कार में काफी संख्या में गरीबों का समूह और कुछ पड़ोसी मध्यमवर्गीय लोग शामिल हुए। वे दूर-दूर से उसके प्रति अपनी आदर की भावना का प्रदर्शन करने आए थे।

आगे लेखक ने बताया कि Field लम्बी, अनुशासित एवं कोमल महिला थी। वह अपने युवाकाल में एक अच्छी नर्तकी थी। बाद में उसे कैंसर जैसी भयानक बीमारी हो गई जिसने उसे भीषण दर्द में डाल दिया। फिर भी वह सख्त थी और उतनी ही धार्मिक और अच्छी। . Field बड़े घर के एक अकेले कमरे में सोती थी। उसे प्रायः ऐसा लगता था कि दो बच्चे हवा में लहराते हुए उस नीचे

सीढ़ी पर आते थे जहाँ वह सोती थी। लेखक को इससे भय लगता था क्योंकि उसे कोई बच्चा दिखाई नहीं दिया। हालाँकि Field अपने पोतों के साथ बहुत अच्छा व्यवहार रखती थी। वह छुट्टियों में सभी बच्चों को एक साथ उस बड़े धर में देखनाचाहती थी। लेखक अपने अकेलेपन में ही वहाँ भी खोया रहता था। वह दादी माँ के बड़े घर में भी अपने आप में अकेला होता था।

फिर लेखक ने John और Alice दोनों बच्चों जो उसकी कहानी में विशेष दिलचस्पी दिखा रहे थे, को बताया कि दादी माँ सभी बच्चों को बेहद प्यार करती थी, परन्तु उसे John L से विशेष लगाव था। John L बहुत ही सुन्दर और उत्साही युवक था। वह घर को प्यार करता था और बगीचे की देखभाल भी करता था। वह लेखक को अपनी पीठ पर ढोया करता था, क्योंकि वह लेखक से बड़ा था। वह ऐसा इसलिए करता था कि लेखक पाँव से लंगड़ा था और ज्यादा दूर चल नहीं पाता था। बाद में वह खुद भी लँगड़ा हो गया और बहुत ही दर्द में था। उसकी दर्दनाक मौत हमेशा लेखक को कचोटता था।

लेखक को उसकी कमी महसूस होती थी, क्योंकि वह उसे बहुत प्यार करता था। अपने भाई केपण्या, और गुस्से को याद करता था और चाहता था कि वह फिर से जिंदा हो जाए और उससे झगड़े। बच्चों ने अपनी सुन्दर माँ की कहानी सुनने के लिए शोर मचाया। लेखक ने बताया कि उसने Alice W-N. से मंगनी तय की लेकिन जब उसने बताया कैसे उसे शादी के लिए नकार दिया गया और उसे कैसे दर्द से गुजरना पड़ा, तो बच्चे भावुक हो गए। उन्होंने सोचा और महसूस किया वे लेखक और Alice W.N. के बच्चे नहीं थे। वे दरअसल एक सपना थे। लेखक की नींद खुल गई और वहाँ कोई नहीं था, न John न ही Alice..

Dream-Children: A Reverie Word Meanings

Dream-Children: A Reverie Important Pronunciations

Dream-Children: A Reverie Passage for Comprehension

Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow them:

1. Children love to listen to stories about their elders, when they were children; to stretch their imagination to the conception of a traditionally great-uncle, or grandame, whom they never saw. It was in this spirit that my little ones crept about me the other evening to hear about their great-grandmother Field, who lived in a great house in Norfolk (a hundred times bigger than that in which they and papa lived) which had been the scene- so at least it was generally believed in that part of the country-of the tragic incidents which they had lately become familiar with from the ballad of the Children in the Wood.(Page 22)

Questions:
(i) What do children love to listen?
(ii) Give noun form of the word ‘traditionary’.
(iii) Find a word from the passage meaning same as the word ‘spread’.
(iv) Give a word opposite in meaning of ‘strange’.
Answers:
(i) Children love to listen to the stories about their ancestors like grandmother, great- uncle etc.
(ii) ‘Tradition’ is the noun form of the word ‘traditionary’
(iii) Stretch is similar in meaning to ‘spread’.
(iv) Familiar has opposite meaning to ‘strange’.

2. Here little Alice spread her hands. Then I told what a tall, upright, graceful person their great-grandmother Field once was; and how in her youth she was esteemed the best dancer-here Alice’s little right foot played an involuntary movement ’till’ upon my looking grave, it desisted-the best dancer, I was saying, in the country, till a cruel disease, called a cancer ‘came’ and bowed her down with pain; but it could never bend her good spirits, or make them stoop, they were still upright, because she was so good and religious.

Then I told how she was used to sleep by herself in a lone chamber of the great lone ‘ house; and how she believed that an apparition of two infants was to be seen at midnight ; gliding up and down the great staircase near where she slept, but she said; “those innocents would do her no harm” and how frightened I used to be, though in those days I had my maid to sleep with me, because I was never half so good or religious as she and yet I never saw the infants. (Faye 23)

Questions:
(i) What did she suffer from? How did it affect her?
(ii) Give adjective form of ‘frightened’.
(iii) Find a word from the passage which has opposite meaning to ‘guilty’?
(iv) Find a word from the passage which means same as ‘scared’?
Answers: .
(i) She later in her life, suffered from cancer but her spirit was still upright for she was so good and religious.
(ii) ‘Frightening’ is the adjective form of ‘brightened’.
(iii)’ ‘Innocent’ is the opposite meaning to’guilty’.
(iv) Frightened is similar in meaning to ‘scared’.

3. Then in somewhat a more heightened tone, I told how, though their great-grandmother Field loved all her grand-children, yet in an especial manner she might be said to love their uncle, John Lamb, because he was so handsome and spirited youth, and a king to the rest of us; and, instead of moping about in solitary corners, like some of us, he would mount the most mettlesome horse he could get, when but an imp no bigger than themselves, and make it carry him half over the county in a morning, and join the hunters when there were any out and yet he loved the old great house and gardens too, but had too much spirit to be always pent up within their boundaries and how their uncle grew up to man’s estate as brave as he was handsome, to the admiration of everybody, but of their great-grandmother Field, most especially.
(Page 24)

Questions:
(i) Whom did the grandmother love in a special manner? Why?
(ii) Give noun form of the word ‘spirited’.
(iii) Give a word meaning same as ‘lonely’.
(iv) Find a word from the passage which means opposite to ‘condemn’?
Answers:
(i) The grandmother loved John Lamb, the elder brother of the writer in a special manner because he was very handsome and spirited.
(ii) ‘Spirit’is the noun form of word’spirited’.
(iii) ‘Solitary’ is similar in meaning to ‘lonely’.
(iv) ‘Admire’ is opposite to ‘condemn’.

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MP Board Class 12th Special English Essay Writing

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1. INTRODUCTION
Essay is an attempt which gives expression to one’s thought on a given subject. It is a written composition in well-arranged paragraphs. It deals with one particular subject. Students at school level are not required to write elaborate essays in which great learning and loftiness of language is required. It is enough if they can write English in a clear, simple, and correct style.

2. STYLE
Remember the following rules to acquire a good style:

1. Simplicity. It means expression of thoughts in simple language and simple words. High sounding words and complex sentences have no place in expression.
2. Clarity. Ideas are to be expressed in such a clear language that it can easily convey the meaning to the reader.
3. Originality. The language must consist of original English words and structure of sentences. Foreign words, Latinised style, colloquial phrases, and slang in expressions must be avoided.
4. Accuracy. Words and phrases should be exact. Wrong words and inaccurate expression give wrong or different meanings. Generally, they mislead the readers.
5. Brevity. Brevity means to use the least number of words in expressing the ideas. Conciseness makes the language idiomatic and forceful.
6. Unity. Sentences of a paragraph should have only one main idea. Unnecessary details must be left out. It saves the time of the reader as well as yours.
7. Order. Clauses and sentences should have proper connection with one another. Loose phrases of sentences destroy the beauty of the style and add to its ugliness.

3. HINTS FOR ESSAY-WRITING –
The following hints should be kept in mind while writing an essay.

1. Use short sentences and write short paragraphs. They should vary in length.
2. Be vivid in your description of anything. For this purpose comparisons and contrasts may be used. They do not destroy the beauty of your description.
3. Say everything that is necessary on the subject. Always keep your aim clear before you. Never write vague things. Vagueness corrupts our habit of writing to the point.
4. Be clear and concise in your remarks.
5. Write a neat and legible hand-writing. It is the key to success.

4. HOW TO WRITE AN ESSAY
When you are asked to write an essay on some particular subject, begin as follows:

1. Understand the Subject Fully. Have a clear idea of what you are going to write. Do not set to work before you understand the particular aspect of the subject.
2. Collection of the Material. By putting intelligent questions to yourself upon the subject, collect material for your essay in hand. Note down the ideas as they strike you. After writing them to arrange them in order.
3. Planning. Having collected ideas, begin preparing the outline. Group together the allied ideas and reject the unnecessary ones. Arrange them under a few main headings and draw up a”scheme.
4. Having written the outline, begin writing the essay. Divide your essay in a few paragraphs. Each paragraph should deal with one heading.

5. STRUCTURE OF AN ESSAY
An essay can be divided into three parts:

1. The Introduction.
2. The Body.
3. The Conclusion.

1. The Introduction : The introduction of the essay should be brief. A short quotation or a proverb serves a good purpose. The first sentence should be striking and interesting. It should be a keynote.
2. The Main Body : The beginning should lead naturally to the main body. We should deal with the necessary and relevant facts. The body is the longest and the most important part of the essay. It should be split up into suitable paragraphs of different lengths. The end of one paragraph should prepare the reader for the next paragraph.
3. Conclusion : The end of the essay must be as striking arid interesting as the introduction. The last sentence should strike the attention of the reader. It should leave a lasting impression on his mind. The end should be natural and not abrupt.

6. ERRORS TO BE GUARDED AGAINST
Avoid the following errors while writing an essay:

1. Definitions, except in the case of any elaborate essay.
2. Introductory remarks by way of showing one’s humility and thus exacting the sympathy of the examiner.
3. Quotations, except from very familiar authors.
4. Use of too many metaphors and similes.
5. Repetition of words and ideas.
6. Colloquial phrases or slang expression.
7. Foolish abbreviations.
8. High sounding words.

Now let us see the examples of essays.

1. India of My Dreams
(M.P. Board 2010, 2012)

India was great in ancient time. Students from China, Portugal, Japan, Greece used to come to study here. Cities of Nalanda and Takshshila were famous as educational centres. Every one wants to see their country at the peak of glory. I am not an exception. I have sweet and beautiful dreams of my country. I am a resident of India. It is my beloved motherland’.

I wish that my country may rise to a great nation. It should help its neighbours and may give them the message of peace. I wish that my country should become militarily strong and be fully prepared in this nuclear age for defence. I wish that no foreign country may dare attack again, like the plundering raids of the olden times. Hence, I wish it should become the first-rate world power in terms of military strength.

I wish that there would be no illiterates in India of my dream. I wish that India should introduce such a system of education as should enable every citizen to earn his or her living. I wish that my government should educate each citizen. Adult education, female education and education for children should be made compulsory. I wish that India should become a highly industrialised nation. It should start cottage industries in villages and heavy industries in cities. India will make great progress in the field of science and technology. Education will be free for all. There will be no illiteracy. Every person will enjoy free medical treatment.

I wish that our country should make great progress in science. India should make use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes. It should send rockets to the space and should advance in the field of science and make her own military requirements. We should establish big factories to produce all sorts of machines. India will have a strong army to safeguard its frontiers. It will neither commit any aggression nor tolerate any aggression.

I wish that in India there should be no poor person. As Gandhiji said, “We have to wipe away every tear from every eye.” Freedom becomes meaningful only if we help the poor folks to rise in prosperity.

I would like to see India as a great nation in the world. These are my dreams about its future. There would be no corruption, adulteration, ill use of drugs and social, evils. Every one would like India, his motherland and would be ready to sacrifice every thing for this motherland.

2. Role of Newspapers and Media (M.P. Board 2010)
Or
Value of Print Media in Our Society

It is our natural instinct to know what is happening around us. Nobody wants to live in ignorance. Hence, newspapers have become part and parcel of our life. We cannot live without them. The morning newspaper is as indispensable for a good start to our day as the i morning cup of tea. It is our mental breakfast and unless we go through the ‘headlines’, we feel uneasy. What to talk of the city-dwellers, even the people living in the villages are seen [ eager to go through the newspaper to know what is going on in the world. Therefore, a newspaper is the basic need of the common people.

A newspaper, in the modern society has great social and educative value. It is a common t media of giving news along with views. Its principal aim is to supply news, information with different views through comments, articles, and editorials. It is, therefore, called the ‘people’s university’. Different people expect different things from the newspaper. A businessman i wants to know the market trends, a farmer is eager to know the weather report, a book reader wants to know about the latest arrivals. A newspaper satisfies them all like an intimate friend.

It is evident that a newspaper holds a great power in a democratic country. It maintains a close connection between the government and the people. It deeply influences public opinion. It spreads political awareness among the mass, the most important function done i by the newspaper in a democracy. It ‘exercises’ such tremendous influence that it not only bring about major changes to the lives of ordinary people but can even overthrow a government. The editors of the newspapers have, therefore a heavy responsibility.

A newspaper becomes a power of evil if it distorts truth, and presents only the negative side of a thing. Sometimes, it has been said that the newspaper publishes false reports in hatred and enmity between communities and nations, subjects, and sovereigns. Some of the newspapers take interest in provoking class hatred. They poison the mind of public with communalism. In order to win cheap popularity, baseless gossip is spread. This misleads the public. A good newspaper should not misquote or misrepresent, the facts. It should promote the feeling of national integration instead of encouraging fissiparous tendencies.

Overall, newspapers have become a thing of necessity in modern times. Therefore the government should give as much liberty to them as it may be possible to give. The only restriction that the government should impose on them, should be that they should not be allowed to publish sensational news and dirty advertisement. If this is done, newspapers will surely do valuable service to the country by maintaining its objectivity and fair standard.

3. Afforestation The Need of Today
Or
Trees and Human Life [M.P. Board 2012]
Or
Trees are Good Friend to Humanity (M.P. Board 2013)

In the early periods of civilization, large parts of our country were covered with forests. The increase of the population of our country has led to the shrinking of the forest area. The forests which purify air have been cut down and new cities and industries have been established in their place. The cutting of the forests cause what is called “The Green House Effect”. It results in the heating of the earth’s surface or global warming which has serious consequences on life of this planet. As a result coming generations are likely to suffer from incurable diseases. And what is extreme, even the existence of human kind might be in danger. Afforestation is the only measure that can be taken to avoid these disastrous havocs.

We know that Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna to stop indiscriminate felling of trees in the Himalayas. However, an all-out effort is needed. We can’t thrust this responsibility only on the government, on the public institutions, or on any particular person. It is the duty of all and all must work together to make it a success. A planned government effort is needed in every state. The government must invest in the afforestation of hilly and desert areas. It must raise green belts in areas which are subject to rapid erosion.

However, at the same time, awareness among the common people is greatly needed. Steps must be taken to create massive people’s movement, with the involvement of women, to achieve the objectives and minimise pressure on existing forests. People, as a whole, must be motivated for plantation and protection of trees as their social duty. Saplings are planted every year, no doubt, but in absence of proper care they die by the next monsoon. Who is to look after them? It is the general public, whose pious duty is to water and save every plant growing on the land in their neighborhood.

Educational institutions can play a key role in this regard. They can instil in the younger generation, the need for planting trees. There are many social organisations which should come forward and encourage common people for plantation. These organisations should also help the government so that it may implement its various programmes on conservation of forests successfully and rapidly. Our existence is bound up with the trees and therefore trees must be planted, especially, on the road side and near railway tracks.

Forests are very important for us. It is unfortunate that we are ignoring its significance and are playing havoc with this one of the most vital part of the nature. Hence, we must be aware of this fact and save trees to save our lives and our existence. We very often talk about environmental pollution but do nothing in this regard. Let’s take a pledge to plant trees in more and more numbers and promote others for this noble cause.

4. Science and Civilization
(M.P. Board 2009, 2016)

Science has been a wonderful phenomena for mankind. It has considerably altered the world by its wonderful discoveries and inventions. Revolutionary changes have been brought about which could not have taken place in the absence of science. It is science that produced and developed human civilization. The process of science and development of human civilisation have run parallel. Science has been a potent factor to shape the history of man’s civilisation on earth. Our forefathers lived a primitive life and we are now living in an atomic age. This long leap from the jungle to the atomic civilisation has been possible only through science.

The concept of civilization is different from that of culture. Civilization includes the physical development while culture signifies the inner growth. All the industrial, agricultural, and technological developments are the essential parts of a developing civilisation. We are now living in a world of dazzling glitter. Machines have reduced much of the human labour and suffering. They are serving humanity like faithful servants. Ours is a push-button civilisation, which depends upon tools, implements and machines.

There are specific features that make a civilization complete. The entire structure of civilization stands on some solid factors. The first condition for a true civilisation is that it must include the fulfilment of the primary human necessities just as food, clothing and housing. It is a matter of proud privilege that the present generation is enjoying better living conditions. We have better clothes to wear, better and nourishing food to eat and a better house to live in than our ancestors. In this respect, we can assume an easy superiority over them. There is no denying in the fact’that it is science which has made our living conditions better. We must be grateful to science for its many advantages.

The other factor which makes a civilization meaningful and useful is leisure. If a civilisation cannot provide leisure to the people, it is not a civilisation of human beings but of brutes. If a person is busy filling his belly, from morning to evening, he does nothing different from what an animal does. The poor fellow struggles for his survival throughout his whole life and this is what the people of hunting and pastoral age did.

Science has bestowed numerous gifts on mankind. Means of transport and communications, medical facilities, electricity, agricultural machinery, recreational facilities etc. are such gifts of science to man. The blessings of science have made human life smooth and easy. Unfortunately, the gifts of science have not been shared by all human beings equally. No civilisation is complete unless the gifts of science are enjoyed by all. The gap between the rich and the poor, has widened. This has hampered the uniform development of our civilisation.

Science has invited lethal weapons which can destroy mankind in the twinkling of an eye. The atomic weapons have multiplied. Science can take away from us in a moment what it has given to us during the last several ages.

The terror of war is always hanging up on our heads like the Sword of Democles. The survival of humanity is facing a horrible peril. The future of our civilization is uncertain if the atomic weapons spark the Third World War. If science has made civilization strong on one hand, it has made it weak on the other. If the gifts of science are not properly used, time is not far when we shall see the end of human civilization.

5. The Burning Problem of India
Or
The problem of Unemployment In India
Or
Any Burning Problem (M.P. Board 2009, 2010, 2012)

Unemployment has emerged as a major national issue. During the last many decades, it has been increasing day by day. It is the burning question of the day. We find long queues before the Employment Exchanges. This problem of unemployment has been baffling our planners ever since we attained freedom. The population of India has already crossed the dangerous mark of 1200 million. Such enormous and abnormal growth of population has belied all calculations and plans.

There are several factors or reasons that are responsible for the large-scale unemployment in the country. First, the population is increasing very rapidly. Employment opportunities have not increased with the rise in population. The rise in population must be controlled in order to end unemployment.

Education has reached the remotest villages of India. Educated persons run to the cities in search of jobs. We find many graduates and matriculates running after white-collared jobs.

They do not like to work in factories, mills, or in the fields. This has given rise to unemployment.

With the advent of automatic machines, employment opportunities in offices have declined. Moreover, educated people do not like to work in the villages. To end this tendency, factories should set up in the villages. The youngmen would, then, stop coming to cities.

India is predominantly an agriculture country. There is no dearth of raw materials in India. We must make India an industrial country if we wish to control the mounting pressure of unemployment.

The government must plan in such a waythat men and women should be greatly benefited. Our system of education is not employment oriented. There is no vocational training in our schools or colleges. Most of the people do not like to work with their own hands. Small scale or rural industries have been badly neglected. Cottage industries can absorb most of our unemployed youth. Had we taken to rural industrialisation, cottage and small-scale industries instead of establishing big multi-crore industrial projects, the problem of unemployment would have been solved to a large extent.

Our government is fully aware of the serious results of the problem of unemployment. New Education Policy lays stress on vocationalisation and de-linking of degrees from jobs. Small-scale industries are being set and educated youths are being given all possible encouragement to set up their own enterprises.

Importance of Games and Sports Essay for 12th class

6. Importance of Games and Sports (M.P. Board 2010, 2011, 2012)
The real education is one which can make a student intellectually sharp, physically strong and morally sound. It develops and strengthens the three aspects of our personality—mind, body and soul. In this sense, games and sports are the basic needs of life. Unless the development of the mind and body goes hand in hand with a corresponding awakening of the soul, the former alone would prove to be a poor, lop-sides affair. Therefore, games and sports must form an integral part of the education of our youth.

So far, physical education has been neglected in our educational system. Games and sports have been woefully neglected in our schools and colleges. Our education has been concerned only with earning degrees and diplomas. No wonder then our young men have started hating physical labour. Our graduates who come out of universities with gold medals are physical wrecks. It darkens their future completely.

Hence there is a need to change our attitude towards games and sports. Some people think that sports and games are unimportant things that people do, at times, when they are not working. They consider them only as amusement like the cinema or radio, such things, they think are harmful for the studies of a student who must at all times, continue to stuff his brain with facts and figures. In fact, sports and games are of great value, especially to students who work with their brains most of the day.

Sports and games make our bodies strong and keep us healthy. Little brain work can be done by an ailing person. A sound mind resides only in a sound body. Physical exercise is essential for health. Every nerve, every sinew and every joint of the body gets strengthened through games. However, a good health is not the only thing we get through them. They give us a valuable practice in making eyes, brain, and muscles work together. In tennis, for instance, our eyes see the ball coming, judges its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain. The brain has then to decide what to do, and to send its order to the muscles of the arms, legs, and so on, so that the ball is met and hit back where it ought to go. All this must happen with very great speed. Only those who have had a lot of practice at tennis can carry out this complicated chain of events successfully.

Sports and games are also very useful for character training. In their lessons at college, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, discipline, and love of one’s country’but what is learnt in books cannot have the same deep effect on a person’s character as what is learnt by experience. Games inculcate in the players the habits of teamwork, discipline is being guided by a captain, obedience to the rules of the games are interpreted by the referee or umpire and spirit of sportsmanship in taking the defeats along with victories with a smile. If we want a disciplined nation, we must give due encouragement to games and sports in our schools and colleges.

Recreational value of sports and games cannot also be denied. After a tiring day in the class-room, in the laboratory, or at your desk, there is nothing more refreshing than an hour in the field. A hot game of hockey, a fast match of football, and an exciting cricket takes off our fatigue. One feels fresh once again for any amount of work.

Games and sports thus must be compulsory for all students. Colleges and schools should have proper equipments and facilities for the students. The teams may win or lose, games play their wonderful role in making students active and agile in their life.

7. Communal Harmony
(M.P. Board 2009)

Amity between different communities in the country and absence of any friction and tension among them is known as communal harmony. In countries like India, it is very important, being a precondition to internal peace, which is essential for progress and development of the country. As we know, India has got multiplicity of religions and very nature of the culture is composite. However, religion has never been a source of conflict between the communities in Indian society. Mutual tolerance and high regards for other religions is an age-old tradition of the country, still the vested interest has always been active to create disharmony between them. There were, however, not a single instance some years back where obstruction in religious performance had been a cause of communal riots. This phenomenon in the Indian context is politically motivated and has always been engineered by vested interests. It was there at the time of the foreign rule as well as in the post-independence era.

Communal harmony as such is a highly sensitive issue and cannot be soft-pedaled any more in view of our traditional values, composite cultural heritage and secular character of our state but the main problem is how to maintain communal harmony at administrative and social levels. There is lack of political consciousness among the common people due to illiteracy. Secondly, anti-social and professional criminals have been playing a key role in communal riots and flare-ups as agents of vested interests and their hirelings. Finally, there is a need of an effective mechanism to deal with it. Present mechanism is not so smooth. It lacks coordination and people’s involvement. The intelligence agencies report in advance to the District and State authorities about the communal tension and the element actively associated with growing tension and potentials of disturbances etc., but generally no action is taken and authorities wait for the riots. It is only thereafter that police moves .in for action and curfew, is clamped to control the situation. During curfew arrests are made for violations.

For the last seventy years, Ram Janambhoomi-Babri Masjid issue has been a major root of communal disharmony. Muslims and Hindus are face-to-face on this issue. Earlier, the communal riots on this issue have taken many lives in Gujarat. Three bogies of a train in which Ramsevaks were returning from Ayodhya were burnt by a mob of 2,000 Muslim fundamentalists at Godhra railway station. As a result, 58 persons were burnt alive. Suddenly in reaction to it, Hindus started burning the properties and men and women in different areas of Gujarat.

To begin with, therefore, the first thing is to have a fresh look at it and amend our approach accordingly. Foremost in the process, thus, is resolute toil on the part of the government to protect the foundation pillar of the Indian state. We must tackle the situation wisely.

With fresh approach to the problem, fresh measures should also to be taken to deal with it effectively. The measures would include suitable amendments in the existing applicable law, pertaining to apprehension of breach of peace and criminal conspiracy against the state and people of India. Anew mechanism involving individuals and social organisations on different levels to watch over the situation replacing existing local peace committees will have to be evolved to help the administrative machinery in taking preventive and follow-up action in cases of attempts and conspiracy of breach of communal harmony. This will lead our country to the path of glory.

8. Wonders of Science
Or
Science and Human Happiness (M.P. Board 2010)
Or
Science: A Good Servant but a Bad Master (M.P. Board 2011)
Or
Science in Our Daily Life (M.P. Board 2014)

Science is a tremendous concept. It has done wonders for us. It has gifted a number of wonderful objects. There are reasons to consider science to be a blessing. Science has helped men to conquer the forces of nature. It has added new comforts to the life of men. It has made men superior to all other creatures. It has made the rulers powerful because of gun powder. The life during the dark ages was unsafe. In those days looting and murders were common after sun-set.

Faster modes of travelling and improved means of communication have established order and security. Today, we can have lunch in India and supper in London. It has conquered distance. Similarly telephone, telegraph and wireless have helped us to save time and send messages at any moment. The modern devices help us and save our time from kitchen to fields. Now, man has a greater amount of leisure.

Science has brought success in every field of our life. Man has almost conquered diseases. He has checked polio and plague. Surgery can now show miracles. By applying science to industries, men have been able to raise the living standard of common people. Most of the people were naked in ancient period. They were very poor. They had no food to fill their bellies. They died like cats and rats due to starvation, cold, and excess of work. Science has now made large scale production. Almost every one is provided with the common necessities of life.

As a matter of fact, a scientific invention cannot be blamed for the tragedy of man. After all, an atom bomb does not prepare itself or explode on its own account. A discovery of science is lifeless, obviously, it can never control man. Seeing in this light, science can never turn out to be a master, it is always a slave. But is has blinded man who thinks everything is possible, thus ihvents and discover more.

Men should always think of both the positive and negative aspects of discoveries of science. When man loses the moral values in life, then he thinks of destroying innocent people. He also becomes one of its victims. Nobody should be a slave to science and an enemy to human civilization. It should always be used for peaceful purposes. It must be tackled wisely because any kind of mishandling can bring a doom to our life. Its devastating aspect is almost beyond control.,

9. Computerization: Its Advantages and Disadvantages
Or
Computer that Changed Our Life

Science has gifted us so many wonderful things that have affected our style of living and made life easy going. Computer is one of them, it has played an important role in improving the conditions of advanced nations. We can effectively realise our dreams through proper use of computers.

India declared its computer policy in November 1984. It has opened a new beginning of computer revolution in the history of India. The first computer in India was built in 1966 by Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. After a while Bhabha Atomic Research Centre added to computers in a series. Computer is now manufactured on a commercial basis. This has given a further momentum to the computer revolution in India. The establishment of the Electronics Corporation of India was a momentous event.The use of electronics will not accentuate the problem of unemployment. On the other hand, it will provide employment to a lot of people. Electronics can be safely and carefully made use of in agriculture weather-forecasting and soil testing.

The ruling party made use of computer in the last Lok Sabha and Assembly elections. Computer played a great and important role in the analysis of election results.

The Government has established National Information Centre in New Delhi under Electronics Commission, which is fitted with the most advanced and accurate computers.

The use of computer has proved to be very beneficial in banks. Computers, at all the branches of all banks, have been installed. It is being increasingly used in transport system. The international airlines have already got it.

Its use in Post and Telegraph, military and corporate houses has revolutionised the working of these departments. It has been found of immense use in the statistical department for the purpose of data analysis.

Indeed, advantages of computer are many. It makes calculations much faster and more accurate than in all industrial countries of Europe and USA, on a large scale. If data are correctly fed into a computer, then it can check and correctly examine answer books at a much faster rate. That is why computer is in use in all the educational institutions of the developed countries of the world and developing countries like India are making abundant use of it.

However, on the other hand, we can’t deny that computer has made us crippled. We are now completely dependent on it. Sometimes, computer data are corrupt and everything is lost that we store in it. So, we need to be more careful with computer while handling data as hackers can easily mishandle important information.

10. A Visit to a Historical Place (M.P. Board 2014)
Or
A Visit to the Taj Mahal (M.P. Board 2015)

I had a great desire to see the Taj Mahal, the most graceful and matchless tomb at Agra. So, I made use of the kind invitation sent to me by my dear friend in the summer vacation. I had heard much about the beauty of the Taj Mahal and had heard of how Mughal Emperor, Shah Jahan, had at a great cost built the world famous tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, as a token of his great love for her. It is said that it took twenty years to build it, and that twenty thousand men were employed to complete it.

I, with my friend, reached the Taj in the evening just before sunset. We went into the beautiful garden to enjoy its straight walks, tall dark cypress trees, smooth green lawns, beds of glowing flowers and its flashing fountains. There rose up before us the wonder of the world. I found it all of white marble. I enjoyed the sight of a splendid white dome rising up in the midst with four tall white marble minarets around it, one at each corner of the raised platform on which the great tomb stood.

At a little distance, the Taj Mahal looked small and delicate like a fairy palace but as I got nearer, I saw how large and stately it was. When we went up the marble steps, the dome seemed to soar high up into the blue sky and the clouds which were red and gold with sun-set light. The movement stood on the bank of the river, Yamuna. The water of the river was all gold in the sunset glow and made the building look more beautiful than ever.

We went inside. We saw the marble tomb within. They were decorated with precious stones and the beautiful screens of carved marble. There, we thought of the beloved queen whose body lay below and the great love of the king who had spent his wealth in putting up the lovely memorial to her. The real tomb of the queen laid in a small room which one could reach by descending some steps. The hall was charming for its most beautiful patterns of marble work. The pavement was made with the squares of white and black marble. Everything in this hall, i.e. walls, screens, and tombs, are all covered with inscriptions from the Quran. There are also flower designs inlaid with beautiful and precious stones of different colors.

When it was full moon, I persuaded my friend to take me again to see the Taj. We enjoyed the wonderful moon. It looked like a building of pearl or a palace made of silver. It seemed to be made of white cloud. The shining white marble, the black shadows, the soft moonlight, the silence, and the sweet-scented garden all made it a. sight never to be forgotten.

The Taj has been described differently by the poets. It has been described as a “Poem in Marble” or a “Dream in Marble”. The late world-famous and Nobel Prize winner poet, Rabindranath Tagore wrote many poems on the Taj Mahal which are very excellent. No photographic description or portrait can describe its full beauty.

It is no wonder if visitors come from far and near in thousands to have a look at the Taj Mahal every year. It is, indeed, one of the seven wonders of the world.

11. Corruption in India
Or
Corruption—A Cancer of Society

Corruption is a deep-rooted menace that has eaten into the vitals of our society. There is hardly any sphere of social, economic, political and religious activity that is free from corruption of some kind. Corruption has become so common that most of the people have come to accept it as a part of their life.

Bribery and corruption have increased greatly after 1947. The growth of democracy and industry, the system of licences and permits for setting up enterprises, securing quotas of raw materials, imports and exports and exapansion of trade and commerce are responsible for the increase in corruption. Stringent laws against corruption have proved to be effective in curbing this evil.

Corruption flourishes as long as there are people who are prepared to give bribe and accept it, directly or indirectly. Each one of us has a weakness for easy money. People are prepared to do anything or stoop to any extent of taking graft in order to maintain their so-called standards of living. People who indulge in corruption maintain double standards. On the one hand, they accept bribe and on the other, they urge people to be honest and pure. Such hypocrisy compounds the offence.

It is not difficult to locate the causes of corruption. Corruption generally breeds at the top and then gradually filters down to the lower levels. Gone are the days, when people who joined politics were fired by the spirit of serving the nation. Those who suffered for the sake of getting their country freed from the foreigners, only knew how to make sacrifices. They had never expected any compensation for their sacrifices. Those were the times when only the selfless people joined politics. However, unfortunately, the present day politics has become a business like any other. The modern politicians are no longer motivated by any lofty ideals. In order to win elections, they spend huge sums of money with the hope that after they are elected, they would recover much more than what they had spent. When the people in power indulge in unscrupulous practices, a common man also indulges freely.

Government after government have made promises to root out corruption from our public life but this evil has persisted. Of course, there are honest officials but they are in minority. Let us as a nation, contemplate seriously as to what will happen when our public life is loaded with corruption. A certain amount of introspection by those who are in power can only initiate the process of minimising the evil of corruption in our country. If the public in general is indifferent, corruption wil continue to grow like cancer in our society destroying all the goodness. If corruption persists, our country will become a diseased country and continue to be a developing country.

12. My Favourite Game

Game is a part of my life. Right from my childhood, I have been a good player. I take part in all the outdoor games. Everyone has his or her own choices. Some like hockey, others like football, while many others consider cricket to be their best game. The game which I like the most is football. I have my own reasons for liking this game.

Now, you can ask me why I prefer football to any other game. It can be easily explained. The main object of all the games is to give us some exercise. This is one reason why football is my favourite game. It helps our body to grow. It brings a sense of discipline and a habit of endurance in us. A good football player is sure to succeed in any walk of life. He can make a great soldier to defend his country. He can be a clever statesman to run the government. He can continue to be a good sportsman if he is dedicated to his game. He can be anything because his endurance and sense of discipline has taught him to be himself and be independent of his mind.

However, is there no other game which gives hard exercise? Surely none other except, perhaps, hockey but hockey carries many risks for the life of a player. It also makes the player quarrelsome. He uses stick as his weapon. On the other hand, in football, no such risk is involved. One can go on playing without hitting anyone seriously.

Another reason for my choice is that it is very economical. It does not require elaborate and costly equipments. A ball and a well-levelled ground is all that is required to start the game and then it is easy to pick up its rules. We do not require any special coach for it is learnt so easily by boys that they begin to play it in a very young age, long before they are ready to play hockey or cricket. It would not be an exaggeration to say that football is a game which one learns at a very early stage of one’s life.

Like hockey or cricket, football is played by two teams of eleven boys. A team consists of five forwards, three half backs, two full backs, and one goal keeper. The player kicks the ball with his feet and he may touch it with any other part except, of course his hands. The goal keeper, however, can use his hands as well. As a player may be tempted to push an opponent or go for a head of the ball near the opposite goal, so pushing and off side are regarded as a foul play. The penalty for a foul is a risk by a player of the opposite team. The fewer fouls you make, the more chance you have to win the game easily.

The game of football gives us good exercise. We have to be vigilant and alert. It encourages team spirit. It gives a very good exercise to all the limbs of our body It keeps us fit for all the times. No wonder, then, I have a special preference for my favorite game football.

13. A Cricket Match

Cricket is one of the most popular games’of the present century. Of late, it has become quite popular in our country Wherever you may go, when the cricket match is on, people are glued to their transistors or television sets. It appears as if the entire machinery of the Government has come to a standstill and people are concentrating on to the performance of our national heroes, the cricketers.

Cricket has introduced in India a long time ago. Previously, this game was played only by a few aristocrats. The Rajas and Maharajas only could afford this costly game.

In the last spring holidays, a friendly cricket match was played between the teams of filmstars and cricketers. It was played at the Indira Gandhi Stadium. A large number of spectators were gathered there to watch the match. I am also very fond of this game. I also went to see the match.
The match started at 10 a.m. Messrs Derby and Dick acted as umpires. The Cricketers Plus team won the toss and began to bat. The captain sent in Rohan and Chetan, the two good opening batsmen to face the bowling by Govinda and Rakesh.

They had a good start. Rohan could not face the strong and sharp bowling by Govinda. He was bowled before the score was ten. In the next fifteen minutes, Chetan was also caught in the slips.

The batsman, who followed them, played a steady game. Soon one of them opened his ; account with a boundary. He punished loose balls. He squarecut the off-balls beautifully to the boundary. He did not take liberty with the straight balls but he delighted the spectators by hitting hard the loose ones. The bowlers tried their best to dismiss the players. They kept good 1 length and line of the ball. The batsmen remained at the crease till they had scored 60 runs.

Rohan had caught one of them at the corner. The second wicket also fell quickly. After this our bowlers had an easy time. Our opponents could not stand against our hard hitting balls. There was a regular going in and coming out of the players. There were no less than five ducks. The rot did not stop till the whole team was out for a paltry 100 runs.

The second innings started with a new zeal after the interval. Our opening pair hit up 29 when one of them was caught in the slips. Rohan filled up vacancy and scored five boundaries. He was raising the score steadily when his companion went forward to hit a slow ball. He lost his balance and he was stumped by the wicket keeper.

Our next player was a good hitter. He had sent the ball over the boundary thrice and scored a dozen runs quickly. The score went up to 70. Runs came in boundaries and occasional singles were also cleverly stolen between the players. Zafar and Ajay hit out powerfully between , them and the score increased rapidly. It was a fine performance indeed. They were well set when one of the deliveries bumped dangerously high and Zafar, in trying to hit, gave an easy catch to the wicket keeper. Ajay was also caught in the slips. The rest were easily dispersed off and when the game came to an end, Film Plus team won by ten runs and three wickets. It was a hard fought victory for the our players. We returned home clapping our hands and jumping merrily.

14. Democracy in India

India is said to be the largest democracy in the world in terms of numbers. Democracy is the form of government in which people’s will is supreme. At the present day, in big countries, it is not possible for the entire population to gather at one place, deliberate, and control the whole affairs. Government is, therefore, carried on by the elected representatives of the people. Of all the political forms of governments, democracy is considered to be the best. Democracy is therefore, the most cultured and civilised political institution.

Democracy is the temple in which there is only one idol to be worshipped and that is the idol of the people. Democracy provides to its people freedom of thought, speech and action. Elections are held after a certain period. General Elections have been held in India for several times. It shows that the foundations of democracy here are stable. In comparison to most of the neighbouring countries, like Pakistan and Bangladesh, sudden overthrow of governments have been witnessed. Army rules have been imposed on these countries, which curtail people’s freedom.

It is not mere holding of elections that is important but people in India have developed i mature judgement. When they find that a particular political party failed to represent their feelings, people of India have voted that party out. In 1977, the Congress (I) was defeated at the polls. Within two and half years, when the Indian people felt that the Janata Government was unable to deliver the good, they brought back Congress again. In the recent past also, many surprising political changes have been witnessed in the State elections. In Haryana and Punjab, the Congress was defeated at the elections. This is despite the fact that the majority of the electorate is still not very highly educated. However, by and large, people in India have developed mature judgement which is imperative for the success of democracy. The Indian electorate has once again voted the Congress out of power in the recent General elections. Very recently a new trend of governance has emerged, in the sense that no political party could gain majority which resulted in the formation of coalition government continuously for two consecutive terms, first by the NDA and second by the UPA.

It is a matter of serious concern that many drawbacks have crept into our democratic structure. Majority of the political leaders in our country has become corrupt and self-seeking. At times, one finds that democracy in our country is no longer the government of the people, for the people, and by the people. It is only a handful of self-seeking leaders who are ruling the country without any regard to the public welfare, which should be the important aspect of any democracy. Once elected, the ruling party forgets the voters and starts filling up their own coffers. This is certainly not healthy for the continuance of democracy. When we compare Indian democracy with that in England, we wonder at our public morality. The politicians, here, feel reluctant to leave their seats of power once voted by the people. For the success of democracy in our country, what we require is clean public life of the politicians. The recent scandals about the 2G scam have given a shock to the democratic set-up in India. If the people of our country are vigilant, only then there lies some hope for the future of democracy in India.

15. Television and Education
Or
Educational Value of Television

Television is a wonder to our life gifted by science. It has become a craze in the present day world. It has both advantages as well as disadvantages. The educational importance of television cannot be underestimated. In all the developed and developing countries 6f the world, television is increasingly being made an important aid to education. Its audio-visual quality makes educational programmes more effective and interesting. Schools are making full use of its potential for imparting education. In our country, television is. not confined only to the cities but it has gained popularity among the villages. In all the schools in Delhi, television is being freely used as a useful means of education.

Everyone would acknowledge that television is the most effective means of imparting scientific education. The best teachers can teach the largest number of students in the most effective way at a particular given time. In subjects like Science and Geography, there are many things which can be shown on television rather than taking the students to the actual places. For example, the student can have the actual glimpse of snow-fall on the mountains through television. This demonstration of the real things is sure to have a lasting impression on the minds of the students, rather than merely telling them about those things. Scientific experiments can be shown to the students with the help of the television.

Students can be shown the celebration of important national events like the celebration of Independence Day and Republic Day. The students can listen to the important speeches of the national leaders on television. The actual scene along with the particular gestures of the leader will be remembered more vividly by the students.

Physical education is becoming an important aspect of modern education. Certain games can be taught with the help of television. Expert physical instructors can demonstrate the various body movements in various physical exercises. The popular T.V. programme presented by famous cricketer, Sunil Gavaskar has become very popular among the budding cricket players. The 24 x 7 channels makes it a point to show the direct telecast of all important national and international sports events. Test Matches on T.V. virtually hold the entire nation’s work for the duration of the match. Television can be very useful in imparting technical education to the students. Hence, one can’t deny the fact that television serves a major role in the field of education effectively.

16. If I Were the Prime Minister of India

Dreams often are unreal. Becoming the Prime Minister of a country like India may sound strange, yet if, given a choice, I would like to be one, if fortune favours me and if the public of oUr country elect me. As the Prime Minister, I would like to achieve the ideals of real democracy by bringing out many new reforms in the present set-up.

The first thing, I would like to introduce is moral education in our schools and colleges. At present, there is lack of morality. People are selfish and corrupt. Moral education to the youngsters would make them selfless and inculcate in them the idea of service to people. The youngmen and women are the future leaders and statesmen of our country. If the young people are selfless, they can inspire others by their personal example.

My second ambition after becoming the Prime Minister is to remove the curse of poverty from our society. I will have to introduce reforms in agriculture, so that more and more young men get attracted towards it. I shall provide suitable incentives and loans to the young people to start their own enterprises. I shall ensure that employment is given at least to one member in i a family, so that none starve.

Most of our countrymen are superstitious and ignorant. This is due to lack of education , and enlightenment. I shall make education absolutely free. It shall be controlled by the State. shall devise ways and means to screen the boys and girls at regular stages and provide them the.right type of education-according to their aptitude. Higher education will be restricted only to those who excel in their studies. I shall change the entire education system so that most of the young men do not run after white-collar jobs.

My efforts as Prime Minister would be directed to knit our country as a united and strong nation. I shall not give any importance to religion. In fact, I would see to it that religion remains only a personal affair of an individual. The State would not give any importance to religion as such. I will see to it that people do not fight in the name of religion and that no political party exploits the religious sentiments of the people for their advantage.

I shall set such an example of selfless and dedicated service to the people that my successive Prime Minister may emulate my example. Such is my vision if I ever get an opportunity to become the Prime Minister of India.

17. Any Burning Problem (M.P. Board 2009,10, 11,12, 15)
Or
Growing Population: India’s Menace
Or
The Problem of India’s Increasing Population :
Or
Any Current Burning Problem of India (M.P. Board 2013, 14)

Indian life has turned to be critical. There are so many problems that have made us panicky. I Increase in population is one of them. Famines, floods, earthquakes, and riots often occur. The government is doing its best to solve these problems but the problem of increasing population is the most dangerous. The population explosion has taken a rapid stride in India. According to the Census of 1971, the population of India was 54.8 crores. It became 68.4 crores in 1981 and 84.4 crores in 1991. It has crossed 100 million according to the 2011 census report. This presents a horrible situation. The explosion of population has complicated the problems of poverty, illness, unemployment, and many others.

The population in India is growing rapidly. The advancement and expansion of medical science has resulted in lower death rate. Along with it, the illiterates of our country give no thought to the national problems created by this rapid growth of population. The children are thought to be the gifts of God.

The population explosion in India has brought about many severe consequences. The health of the mother runs, down and that results in the rearing or weakening, which make a weak, dull, illiterate, and poor nation. Therefore, for the welfare of the family and the nation as a whole, it is very necessary to check the growth of population. Every citizen of India should try to limit his family. For this ‘Family Planning’ or ‘Family Welfare’ is needed.

Growth of population may be prevented by observing celibacy and self-control. However, in the present day atmosphere, it is rather impossible. So, the negative check has been chalked out by the government. Loops, Nirodh and contraceptive tablets have been invented. The government is making a vigorous propaganda for it. People are being encouraged to go under vasectomy or tubectomy operations. Family Welfare Centres have been set up in all parts of the country where ‘Nirodh’ and contraceptives are sold on nominal charges or distributed freely. Operations are also managed there.

We should realise that the children are products of choice, not of chance, or God’s gift. ‘We two and ours two’ slogan should be maintained by every citizen. We should be watchful for the future progress and prosperity of the nation and observe ‘Family Welfare’ programmes. People should be educated to be wise enough to control this situation. There is a need for public awareness which alone can solve this problem, otherwise a time will come when there will be no place even to stand on the Indian land and no food to eat for anyone in India.

18. Value of Discipline

Discipline is a way which follows the order. No nation can be great unless its people are disciplined. Discipline in life leads to success. No country, school, college, or home without discipline can function properly. Thus, it is necessary in all walks of life. Discipline starts from home. To respect the authority is the base of discipline. Children must obey their parents and elders. Parents should guide them properly.

Discipline is very necessary for the continuance of a well-regulated and orderly life. It is needed in every phase of life. Its importance in our country today is very great. The freedom of the nation can be safe only when we learn the lesson of discipline. Discipline is required for the progress and betterment of individual in his life. It is the guide and the guardian of a man’s life. All the great men have risen to the heights of success and glory by being disciplined in their lives. Loose discipline in family, in the classroom, in the army, and the field will lead to the path of ruin.

An indisciplined army is unmanageable. It will suffer defeat in the battle field whereas a disciplined army fights unitedly and comes out victorious. The discipline of Indian army is well known all over the world.

In a classroom, no teacher can teach his or her students. It is for the class to maintain discipline. One learns discipline first at home and then at school. To obey set rules is discipline.

In a family, the head can’t run it smoothly if the members don’t maintain it. In an assembly, all the members must observe discipline if they want to do any good job successfully in time.

Discipline should be the way of life without which we. would face, complete chaos. We will make no progress at all. It would provide an order and perfection to our life. If there is no discipline in any field of life, there will be no progress. Even in family, if we lack discipline, it is sure to be doomed. Hence, we need to discipline our life.

Infact, discipline is very essential in all walks of life. In its absence there will be utter disorder, confusion, and chaos. No nation can progress in its absence. It is the key to success. Hence, it must be followed by all.

19. Politics of Coalition
Or
Indian Politics Today

At present, Indian politics is under the process of development. Although right from the time of the freedom movement, the process is on but during the last twenty years, there have been a lot of changes. Due to the selfish motto of political parties, the aim of getting power to rule things has gone the worst.

Indian politics has lost the real component of fair practice. The means should be right and pure to achieve the object but in our country, now the attraction of power is so much that no body cares for the mean. For example, for winning the election they, adopt all those malpractices which are immoral in our society. After election, horse-trading goes on to capture power. Ministers, officials and leaders of political parties adopt immoral ways and means to earn money.

After 1985 many cases of corruption were detected in public life in which leaders, – government servants, contractors, brokers, and anti-social elements were involved. The fashion and tradition of commission increased the corruption in all walks of life. During‘the last ten years, there were a lot of scandals in which so many ministers, secretaries, directors, government officers and servants are found involved. The cases .of share scandal, hawala, urea and chara are the worst which have opened the new chapter of corruption in public life. Though these scandals are mere examples, there are a lot of such scandals which are still to been brought into light. Indeed there is a lot of corruption in our public life. Bribery has become a courtesy. No work is done without it. Almost all the measures adopted to control it have failed head long because most of our leaders, political workers, government officers, public servants, contractors, brokers, businessmen, traders, industrialists are directly or indirectly involved in the cases of corruption. Some of them have been caught while the others are still beyond reach.

At present, even the representatives of people such as some of the MLAs; MB*s, ministers, government officers and servants are following the path of corruption and they are making hay while the sun shines. The whole system has become so spoiled and corrupt that it needs well planned serious efforts.

As, now-a-days, no party is getting absolute majority at the centre, so the politics of coalition is going on. It is giving us a weak government. Moreover, the country has to fall into mid-term polls due to coalition politics. This new trend now seems to be the way of Indian politics. In coalition form of government, no single party gets a majority. Many of the parties form the government. It becomes very critical for one to run the government and control the parties of different ideas. For example, two successive governments had ruled India—one, the UPA and now the NDA. This trend is not at all good to the nation.

20. The Role of Opposition Parties in a Democracy

In a parliamentary system of government, the party or the group of parties commanding majority forms the government and remains in power as long as it enjoys the confidence of popularly elected House. Regarding seating arrangement, the House is divided into two wings. On the right hand side of the Speaker, the ruling party or the parties are allotted seats and in parliamentary terminology these are called as treasury benches while on the left hand side of the Speaker,*the opposition party members or parties are allotted seats. Parties and group on either side have their own elected leaders. The Prime Minister is also the leader of the House ., while the leader of the largest opposition party enjoys the status of the leader of Opposition in _ the House. There is a prescribed procedure for this and they are accorded recognition of their status by the Speaker as per the rules and regulations and established norms in respect, thereof.

The government is free to determine the policies and programmes and make decision, so long as it retains power that is again subject to the approval of the House in a prescribed manner.

The Opposition parties play very significant role in a democracy as representatives of the people who have returned them to the House to safeguard their interests. With this view, they criticise the government in case, the latter ignores them or conceals facts and they resort to protestation in the House and at the public level. It counts very much for the awareness among the people over the specific issues of national importance and raises levels of political consciousness among them.

Most impressive and dominant role of the Opposition in a democracy is that of a ‘watch dog’ of the system. In such countries, where there is a two-party system in vogue, the opposition party forms a ‘shadow cabinet’ to exercise vigil over the performance of the government. This is more true in case of United Kingdom. Two-party system is also in vogue in United States of America. Since there is no parliamentary system of government, the Opposition party in the House of Representatives of the US Congress (the lower House of the Parliament) forms as many committees as the ruling party does and presents their views over the policies and performance of the US administration in national and international affairs before the official – committees. Joint committees are also formed on important subjects or issues.

In countries where there is multi-party system in vogue including India, the Opposition . parties try to cooperate among themselves over particular issues. Arbitrary and despotic behaviour of the government is checked by the Opposition parties demanding information and debate in the House. It is the opposition in the Parliament that has a very important role of check and balance to play in the larger public interest and correct democratic practices.

Members of the Opposition parties are also included in the advisory committees attached to the respective ministries. All the measures of the government connected with the respective ministries are discussed and finalised by them. Opposition plays a significant role in it through its recommendations.

Therefore, in shaping of the legislative measures, Opposition has a say or at least influences , it. Still, if their recommendations are ignored/they have another chance, when the bill is I introduced in the House and debated.

Opposition in the Parliament enjoys a good status and the members of the House have a privilege of raising such issues that are more relevant to the cause of public; more particularly when the government overlooks them or conceals the facts related to them. It is very clear, therefore, that the role of opposition parties is more vital to the healthy growth of democracy and in the larger public interest.

In extreme eases of confrontation, if the government is all powerful to crush the Opposition, the latter is potent enough to make a stir against the former and force them to exit by means of mass movement and agitation. Only then they can save the democracy. Plato has rightly said, “The punishment of wise men who refuse to take part in the affairs of the government, is to live under the government of unwise men.

Though the real role of the Opposition parties is to appreciate the government in its progressive works and to oppose and control its negative role but now the concept seems to have changed completely. To oppose the government has become their only prominent role. It mars the progress of the nation.

21. Pollution: A Threat to Our Life (M.P. Board 2016)
Or
Pollution: Need for Environmental Consciousness
Or
Environmental Pollution (M.P. Board 2011)

The unsustainable lifestyles and consumption patterns of the industrialized countries have led to the worst environmental degradation. As far back as in 1992, Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro 1 highlighted the facts adding that poverty is the main setback in controlling and reforming of the environmental pollution for the poor and developing countries. It called for a global partnership for environmental protection. Agenda 21 adopted at Rio de Janeiro addressed the pressing problems of the day with over 2500 recommendations for action in social and economic areas, such as combating poverty, changing patterns of production and consumption, conserving and managing natural resources, protecting the atmosphere, oceans and biodiversity, preventing deforestation, and protecting sustainable agriculture.

The major problems of the environment are recognised as global climatic change, ozone depletion, water and air pollutions, deforestation, arid resource degradation. 23 billion tons of carbon dioxide is released in the air by burning fossil fuels causing Greenhouse effect. The greenhouse gases are mainly contributed by the industrialized nations. By the middle of the 21st century, earth’s temperature at present level of heat emission would go up by one to three degree Celsius and the sea level would rise between 30 to 100 centimetres.

India has witnessed alarming environmental degradation in the last two decades. It is the sixth largest and the second fastest producer of greenhouse gases. The key environmental pollutions related to industries in India are water pollution, soil erosion, groundwater : contamination, and deforestation. Indian rivers are also suffering from high level of pollution due to enormous municipal wastes, industrial effluents, and agricultural run-offs. According to expert findings, 70 per cent of India’s surface water is severely polluted. As per the government statement in 1992, three fourths of the total waste water generation is due to the municipal waste which is half of the total pollution load.

Consequent to it, fresh water resources are depleting very fast and water-borne diseases , are on an increase, which account for 2/3rd of the total illness in India. Air pollution in India is the highest by vehicular sources to the extent, of 64 per cent, 16 percent by thermal power, 13 percent and 7 per cent by industry and by climatic sector . respectively. The average level of suspended particulate matter in Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi is very high and these are included in the list of ten metropolitans of the world in respect, thereof. These cities have reached critical level while Kanpur, Nagpur, and Ahmedabad are hitting the same. Chennai is found to be moderate.

With respect to land pollution, it is the disposal of solid and toxic municipal and industrial wastes. The average per capita solid waste generation in India is to the order of 360 to 400 grams per day. This waste leads to affliction of respiratory diseases.

In case of pollution control for environmental reform it is very important to note that a partnership of highly industrialized nations with the poverty stricken and developing countries is a must for sustainable development. It implies the help of the former to the latter, which includes transfer of the latest non-pollution technology. This has been the main stress in the Rio-Declaration. In June 1997, Earth plus five summit was held in New York to review the programme adopted in ‘Agenda 21′. the conference concluded that the targets were’ not achieved—annual emission of carbon dioxide, blamed for global warming, continued to rise, freshwater scarcity remained, and depletion of forest cover was not being checked. Another conference was held in a Japanese resort, Kyoto, in December 1997, to check global warming. Participants agreed to meet binding target between 2008 and 2012.

The steps to control pollution in India included environmental clearance for major industrial activities based to impact assessment before site selection. Introduction of unleaded petrol, low-sulphur diesel, and higher emission norms throughout the country in a phased manner is the second significant step. Besides this, efforts are to be intensified further to control ” pollution in 22 industries in various towns and cities that are critically polluted. The industries are to comply with such emission and effluent standards as may be notified in a time-bound manner.

22. Pollution and Human Life

Man is an important part of the biosphere. He has an intricate relationship with forests and trees. The biosphere and ecosystem are self-sustaining. Nature maintains a balance in land, ‘ water, air and all the living organisms in the world. Any imbalance in the biosphere is called environmental pollution. The grand industrial development, green revolution, transport expansion, rapid growth of cities and accidental management of natural resources have badly affected environmental balance. The pollution of air and water will soon reach a point when no place on the earth will remain safe. Due to large scale industrial and human settlements on grand scale, many rivers have become gloomy and dark. The large scale industrial water and oil poured in the sea have started killing marine life.

Undoubtedly, the modem technological development has been the main cause of polluting our air, oceans, and rivers, etc. It is a matter of great importance that our rivers are becoming dark. Fishes are rotting on the sea shores. Trees are withering and cities are filled with foul air. Toxic chemicals are finding their way into our food. When the normal composition of air is changed, air becomes polluted.

The main causes of air pollutions are combustion, manufacturing processes, agricultural ‘ activities, use of solvent, and nuclear energy programmes. Combustion can be described in three types. Fuel burning, transportation, and refuse 1 burning. All these three kinds of combustion release several types of gases. These gases pollute 1 air. They also cause pollution. Chemical plants, combustion plants and plants for waste recovery come under this category. The polluted things released from these processes make the air unfit for human consumption. Agricultural activities are another source of air pollution. The use of chemical fertilizers and manures and burning of field waste pollute the atmospherical air.

Several types of solvents are used in spray-painting, polishing of furniture/dyeing, printing, and dry cleaning. The solvents produce hydrocarbons which pollute air. Various measures can be adopted to control pollution. To trap smoke particles, chambers should be made. Lofty smoke stakes should be built. Gases should be discharged through exhaust pipes higher in the air. Chemical industries should not be allowed to be set up on the banks of rivers. Waste materials should be subjected to anti-pollution treatment.

In view of the great-danger to mankind, many countries in the world have passed laws to prevent pollution. However, it has been seen that anti-pollution laws are not being obeyed. Terrorism is the most talked-about news item in today’s life. Every morning, we come across sensational news and reports of the acts of terrorism committed by terrorists in the world. Sometimes, it is a murder of an eminent politician, sometimes it is the kidnapping of an envoy by terrorists in order to blackmail a government to concede to their just or unjust demands. Hijacking of aeroplanes is a common phenomenon nowadays. Bomb explosion, taking place in crowded areas, is yet another criminal act of the terrorists.

There are many other forms of anti-social or anti-national, inhumane activities. Fish plates are removed from the railway tracks, and the wells or water tanks are poisoned by the terrorists.

These anti-social or anti-national activities are performed by the terrorists in order to call the attention of the National Government or the world community to a certain problem and to get their just or unjust demands fulfilled.

Terrorism is an international problem which has clouded our lives and made them insecure. We do not know at what moment we may be the victims of a bomb explosion, or a railway accident or the hijacking of an aeroplane. No one has forgotten the Bombay bomb-blasts, the Godhra incident, Akshardham attack, WTC attack, and the Russian Massacre.

We may classify terrorism into two categories: positive and negative. Positive terrorism is one in which the aims are good. For example, a number of Indian patriots took to terrorism against the British government to force it to grant freedom to India. The terrorism of South Africa and North Ireland, etc. may be included in this category. This type of terrorism is understandable since its aims are good for mankind but we would not recommend such means for even right ends. In order to secure the achievement of noble ends, right means must be employed, as Mahatma Gandhi did.

Negative terrorism is one in which an unsatisfied section of a community holds the entire community to ransom in order to get its unacceptable demands fulfilled.

Terrorism has neither boundaries nor any caste, creed or culture. It can occur anytime, anywhere in the world, sometimes without any intension. Terrorists have no humane heart. They spare none not even the innocent little children. No doubt terrorists are the people who have been created by our society. It is the misguided zeal of a few genius who are spreading it into the world. We must handle .them with care, otherwise the whole world will be doomed. There is a need to spread a public consciousness.

The whole world should fight against it unitedly.

24. Dowry System—A Social Evil

Since the da\vn of civilization, dowry system has been prevalent in our society in one or the other form. It is one of the biggest evils of our society. It is an insult to the sacred institution of marriage, Parents pay huge sums of money, so that their daughter may live a happy married life. The groom’s parents try to get the maximum from the bride’s parents. Unreasonable demands have been made by the groom’s parents and sometimes, the marriage ceremony is abruptly stopped in the absence of sufficient dowry. Fabulous amount.of cash, refrigerators, cars, coloured television sets, scooters and even houses are demanded in dowry. The parents of the girls have to incur heavy debts in order to meet the demands of the greedy in-laws of their daughters. No wonder, then the, birth of a daughter is not liked by any Indian parents.

Giving dowry is a very old custom. Even in the past, the parents of the girl have been giving dowry in the form of gifts. Its supporters give a number of arguments to justify it. According to them, it is, a fine method of setting up an establishment for their newly-weds. Some say that a daughter-in-law who brings adequate dowry with her commands better respect from her in-laws. Op the other hand, a bride without sufficient dowry feels insecure and uneasy.

All these are absurd arguments and cannot, in any way, justify this social evil. There is no point setting up one establishment by upsetting the establishment of the bride’s parents. Modern girls are educated and in many cases, are not dependent upon their husbands for their upkeep. In such cases, it is foolish to insist on dowry as the regular earnings are no less than dowry. A girl can gain confidence only from her merits and not from the dowry.

It is the duty of all enlightened citizens of our country to fight out this evil. We must get rid of our society of this curse. Anti-dowry Act has been enforced but if the people do not co-operate, the evil of dowry cannot be eliminated. As a matter of fact, all dowry seekers and givers should be boycotted socially. Educated boys and girls should bow not to marry the sons or daughters of those who demand dowry.

This social evil is eating up the foundation of our society. In a country like India, it is foolish of us to promote and become a part of dowry which brings us down and make us still a developing country.

25. Politics of Religion :

‘Politics’ and ‘Religion’ are two separate concepts which have no connection. One is purely a worldly affair while the other is beyond this world. One is the human creation while the other relates to the supernatural. Let us understand in a more clear way. The term ‘religion’ applies to the belief and the way how and to whom one worships. Its origin dates back to the origin of mankind. It means to say that it grew along with the growth of human being. Primarily, there have been four major, religions—Hindu, Islam, Christianity, and Sikhism. All these religions take human beings to their salvation. The followers of these different religions follow different Gods and different ways of their worship. With the growth of humanity, a number of other sub-religions have been born but one thing is very clear that followers of all the religions believe in a superpower and try to get its blessing. It means that religion is the super concept that relates the physics to the metaphysical but there has been a very dangerous turn in the idea of religion. Politics has changed the meaning of religion and religion is being used for politics.

According to our Constitution, India is a secular country which provides all its citizens the freedom of faith and worship in their own way but in the present scenario, this religious freedom is being misused. Religious appeals are made by the leaders for securing more and more votes. Religious feelings of the people are aroused for political gains. The demolition of the disputed structure in Ayodhya is one of the examples of the misuse of religion. As a result ? there were communal riots all over the country. It was as if people had lost their mental balance and were out to destroy their religious rivals. It was forgotten at that time that India is a land of many religions and all religions are given equal respect and weightage. However, the issue was handed over to the Supreme Court and the Government was bound to follow its judgement.

Ag our life has completely been politicalised, religion has taken a prominent place in every field of our fife. Politics is the way through which we occupy the government, rule the country and establish contacts with the mass. On the other hand, religion is the most sensitive way through which we take ourselves to a completely different world which is transcendental. While politics is completely a physical phenomenon related to this world, religion is completely related to a metaphysical phenomenon which has in no way any relation to this world. It means both stand apart. However, in the present context of our way of life both have been intermingled I which has created a chaotic situation and we are completely confused.

This chaotic situation is the outcome of selfish attitude of the politicians. Today, politicians are not concerned with the welfare of the nation. Instead they think only for the next election. Hence they try to create their vote banks in either way. For this they apply every possibility and make all efforts to win over the majority of the people in their favour. They use money, caste- factor, regionalism, lingualism, etc. for this purpose. They have not spared the pious religion. Time to time religious issues are raised to blackmail the sentiments of the people following a particular religion. -There are a number of examples which our country has witnessed in recent years. Advani’s Somnath Yatra, Godhra Carnage, Mumbai blast, 1984 riots, operation blue-star, demolition of Babri Masjid are some of the well-known incidents which have haunted our minds and we are compelled to think over the misuse of religion for vested interest of a few misguided leaders or political parties. Very recently, we have witnessed the hue and cry over the arrest of Jayendra Saraswati, the Shankaracharya of Kanchikamkoti Pith. He has been the prime suspect of a murder of one of his assistants. Some of the leaders have raised their voice of protest against it. How much are these protesters justified in protecting an accused of murder? Should such persons not be treated like other criminals? It is a time for retrospection to think over the misuse of religion for such purposes. Religion should not be the way to get votes. It should be kept apart from politics. It should not be corrupted with politics.

26. Growing Fashion among the Youths
Or
Evils of Fashion

Fashion is the term which applies to the trend and style that youths adopt according to the changing world. It sets our dress, behaviour, food, likes and dislikes, etc. in order to match with the changed scenario. In old days, people mostly followed the traditional pattern of living set by our predecessors on the basis of their religious values and beliefs. So, the names like Dasharatha, Rama, Krishna, Radha were the most common in the society but now Tom, Dick, and Harry are in fashion. Now, the fashion is set according to the Bollywood and Hollywood. Actors and Actresses of the films have become the role models. Now it is very difficult to distinguish whether’Puppy’is your pet baby dog or your own son or daughter.

Fashion is not a word that is unknown to anyone today. The whole world has become crazy for fashion and tries to go ahead in this race. The Western countries in general are the homes of fashion. France is known for the latest fashion throughout the whole Europe and now our India too is in the grip of fashion where people, in general, and youth, in particular, have become so mad after it that they hardly think about decency. They must have their clothes cut according to the latest rogue, their hair made up according to the latest style. They never bother about the expenditure on their fashion.

The youths copy the actors and actresses. Some of them see a film to copy the latest fashion. They make a liberal use of cosmetics and beauty-aids. They do it in a competitive spirit to look smart, up-to-date and attract their friends. The girls are perhaps the worst sinners in this regard. They don’t hesitate to put on tight clothes, as light as possible, even though the dress is entirely inconvenient. They just wish to look like their favourite actresses. Even parents too are not less faulty. They buy the dress according to their daughter’s choice. As a result the girls have become fashion conscious, so much so that they have no time to think that the dress they have put on is decent or not. Similar is the case with young men. Wearing tight pants with latest hair-style and holding a cigarette in between the fingers feeling themselves as very smart.

These fashion-loving young men and women never realise that they are wasting their precious time and energy which are to be used for study to make life brighter. They carry their pocket combs to their classroom and comb their hair even in the course of a lecture. They put burden on their parents and spoil their hard-earned money. By and by, they become the prey of bad habits. They start drinking as a mode of fashion and sometimes they even take drugs too.

The cinema and T.V. are the most important sources of fashion. They circulate the latest style of dress and hair among the youths. These fashions exercise strong fascination over them. Most o£the cinemas and serials are exclusively based on fashion. The female characters expose their body in minimum clothes while the male characters try to overpower the young minds sometimes with their hair styles, sometimes with their art of speaking, walking, attacking their enemies, etc. All these are baseless.

Fashion no doubt is the up-to-date mode of living but one must be conscious of one’s culture and background. Everything is not acceptable everywhere. The fashion which we follow in our society- is not meant for us. So, it appears to be odd and instead of taking the young generation the right path it leads them to some kind of perversion and moral degradation. The previous generation doesn’t promote this western culture, as they think it corrupts our society’s values. Exposing dresses of girls are questioned as the men of our society did not take it as a trend. We must stop such practices by way of moral education and proper care to our young generation.

27. Energy Crisis

The growth of human being has travelled a long journey. It was the greatest achievement of primitive man when he discovered fire with the help of a stone. With this, human history moved very fast. Later on, a number of discoveries and inventions were made which changed human life completely. Energy is such a great invention which made our life more and more comfortable. It has become the -most needed necessity for us. It has created a crisis also.

In the industrially advanced world of today, the demand for energy is increasing day by day. We have machines and factories, we have buses, cars, trains and planes, and ships and submarines. Energy is needed to run them but this is not all. Man hankers for a cosy and comfortable life. Hence, he has become a little but lazy. He does not like even to wind his watch. So, energy is being used for running clocks and watches, typewriters, shaving razors, and many more things. It seems as if everything will be paralysed if there is no energy. Wood, later on, coal was the first source of energy. Then came oil and passing through the stage of atomic energy, man is now looking forward to solar energy.

We are naturally anxious to think about our future because we know the bitter truth that < a*day will ultimately come when we will have no more coal or oil. It will mean energy crisis, for which we ourselves are responsible. People who have made careful calculation feel that at present level of exploitation, the coal deposit will last till 2080 and it is also true that the poor quality coal with the carbon content of 40 per cent only, is not conducive to generate electricity.

It is also very difficult to harness the uneven distribution of coal. Hence, man is on look out for other sources of energy. Our present hope seems to rest on nuclear power.

Nuclear energy can be obtained both through fusion and fission processes. Enormous amounts of energy is released from small quantity of fuel in both these processes but we must be aware of the fact that nuclear power is full of risks. The use of nuclear energy gives rise to pollutants and hence pollutes our environment. In fact, the pollution caused by the use of nuclear energy from fission process is much more damaging than the pollution caused by burning fossil fuels. The dangerous nuclear radiations can damage and cause irreparable damage to cells and, in some cases, even lead to death.

The world will thus face with serious energy crisis. The condition of India is no better. With growing population, the demand for energy is increasing day-by-day. Since India has limited coal and oil reserve and power generation from coal and oil is also very costly, the government is taking steps to supply energy for non-commercial purposes from various sources such as bio-gas.

Scientists all over the world are trying to meet the challenge. They are trying to harness solar, water, and air reserves. Hydro-electric’power is cheaper, so are air mills. Solar energy too has bright hopes for man. However, it is very expensive to establish the necessary infrastructure for tapping solar energy. Giant discs are made to concentrate the sunlight on the thermal generators which use this sunlight to produce energy.

Thus all possible efforts will have to be made to save us from total darkness.

28. Distance Education

Distance education is a new trend of education which generally takes place when a teacher and student (s) are not face-to-face but are separated by physical distance and various electronic media are used to bridge the instructional gap. Before ten years, this system or trend was not thought as a means of education because ‘to take degree’ was not the sole aim of a student. Instead, people thought that regular classes provide real knowledge to the students and therefore, there should not exist any alternative to it but with the progress of science, electronic media, new electronic equipment, the situation has been changed. Through TV’s, educational programmes, the correspondence education can be made to be understood in a better way.

Research comparing distance education to traditional face-to-face instruction indicates that teaching and studying at a distance can be as effective as traditional instruction when the method and technologies used are appropriate to the instructional tasks, there is student to student interaction, and when there is timely teacher to student feedback. As regards with experiments in the laboratory, students can have better understanding than in school labs. Now distance education is covering the whole field of education from academic to technical fields.

Population is increasing rapidly and in this age of science, education is considered a must for all to maintain the standard and status of a happy man. Trends in education are, therefore, changing fast to make it (education) reach to everybody. As a result distance education system is getting popularity day by day and now it has been a popular mode of learning not Only for the formal courses but for professional courses too. MBA, MCA, CA, ICWA, BCA, and many other professional courses are available through distance learning these days. The modern students have accepted this new mode without hesitation due to its various advantages. The contribution of TV programmes regarding distance education is praiseworthy.

Distance education is full of possibilities. Its growing popularity itself explains the truth. Nowadays many prestigious universities and institutions are serving the society through this system. It is a boon for those students who really want to pursue their education but have no time to attend regular classes. Distance education provides them opportunity for this. It is an effective option to continue education.

However, one trend is alarming in the system. Almost all the institutes conducting this system are merely interested in inducting students and providing degrees. That’s why some say that this is merely a system to obtain degrees, anyhow but education does not mean degrees only, it is much more than that. At present this despondent method has taken a unique place.

The electronic media, new electronic equipments, conferencing facility, etc. have provided ample scope for distance education to emerge as a strong alternative, especially, in India. The key to effective distance education is focusing on the needs of the learners, the requirements of the content, and the constraints faced by the teacher, before selecting a delivery system.

However, its success depends on the integrated efforts of students, faculty, facilitators, support staff^and administrators.

29, Role of the Citizens in a Democracy

India is a country with-the largest democracy in the world. Democracy means a government by the people, of the people and for the people. They do this by electing their representatives of the government. All those citizens of the country who have attained their adulthood have the right to vote in. a democracy. This is perhaps one of the most important rights because it determines the kind of government that comes to power. Obviously, the role of the citizens is of great importance in a democracy. They have to be conscious of both rights and duties. They have to know what they should expect from their elected representatives. The citizens should be aware of the problems of their region as well as of the whole country. Only then they can understand whether the government is taking the right steps for their welfare or not. It is possible only when we give importance to our education and acquire knowledge about current events and policy making through newspapers, magazines, televisions, public meetings, etc.

As democracy allows its citizens to express their opinion in public, therefore, the citizens have full right to freely criticize the government, if they feel that it is not discharging its duties properly. However, their way of opposing the government must be decent. They should not take violent steps for this purpose. The government on the other hand should give due respect to the views of the people speaking out against it.

Sometimes, it has been seen that people neglect voting in the elections. They feel that their vote will not make any difference to the outcome. If they do not involve themselves in the electoral process, dishonest and self-seeking candidates are likely to get elected. Hence, the citizens must exercise their right to vote in a proper way. As good citizens, they must take interest in the welfare of their country. They must always remain ready to help for good causes. Democracy can be strengthened if its citizens have a clear view of their own rights and the rights of others. A democratic State particularly depends on the quality of its citizens. If citizens do not take interest in politics, a democratic State might also become undemocratic day by day. Hence, all the citizens must be loyal to their country in the best possible way.

Good citizens always respect the laws of their country. They keep an eye on the enemies who break these laws. They are, therefore, always ready to put down crime and help the guardians of law in arresting criminals. Not only this, they respect other religions too. They keep in their mind that India is a secular country and that they have to maintain its essence.

In a nutshell, the citizens must be honest, trustworthy, dutiful, and vigilant. A democratic nation can flourish only then.

30. India’s Nuclear Policy

India has always believed in peace and she has always promoted it by all mean. She was never in favour of manufacturing a nuclear bomb which only brings ruin and disaster to millions of people. However, as many countries, whether developed or developing, have conducted many nuclear tests, it became a necessity for our country to go nuclear. Further, the rising trend of intervention by the industrialised nations in the internal affairs of developing nations among which India is also one, was one of the main reasons which compelled India to divert her nuclear resources towards nuclear weapons. There was an urgent need to protect our national security because national development depends on it. Development is inseparable from national security. Finally, India conducted three nuclear tests on May 11, 1998 and two more tests on May 13,1998 in Pokhran.

However, India’s stand on the role of nuclear weapons is quite dear. She is not in race ; with any other nuclear power. She has exercised her nuclear option without violating any international obligations in order to deter the threats that would have compromised her national ’ security. India is very much clear on this point that she will employ nuclear energy for peaceful purposes only and what is more important is that India affirms her commitment to no-first-use of nuclear weapons and not using these weapons against those countries which are non-nuclear weapon States. Nuclear weapons will only be used in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian territory or on Indian forces elsewhere. Thus, India’s main objective to have nuclear weapons is to provide a solid base to the national security system. She is sure that she will never misuse her nuclear capability.

Thus, India’s nuclear policy is very much responsible. It aims at providing minimum credible deterrent. The most significant aspect of the policy is that it is intimately tied up with continued commitment to total nuclear disarmament, which is*the need of the hour. Nuclear Weapons are deadly and nuclear war would result in total destruction as the whole planet would be totally devastated and survivors would face terrible conditions. Hence, it is necessary to speak out against the nuclear armament. Nuclear energy must be used for peaceful purposes and India wishes arms race should be stopped by all meAnswer:

I However, it is unfortunate that the five major nuclear powers are reluctant to give up their monopoly over production and deployment of nuclear weapons while denying a similar ’ privilege to other countries. Under these circumstances, it is really an admirable step for India to have nuclear weapons so that others may not befool us or they may not take an aggressive turn against us.

Thus, India’s nuclear policy is highly appreciating and others should follow it in order to maintain peace in the world but we have Pakistan in our neighbourhood which has no belief in the principle of no-first use of nuclear weapons. Pakistan maintains the first strike option in its nuclear policy and has refused to sign an agreement on no-first-use. Whatever may be the attitude of other countries, India is firm in her decision and is not going to misuse her nuclear capability.

31. Science and Peace

Science has made wonders in recent times. It has revolutionised the life in every field such as travel, transport, communication, recreation, agriculture, industry, medicine, trade, and commerce. We have electricity which has made our life comfortable in various ways. We have atom bomb, a great source of power. Now, it is up to us whether we use science for good purposes or take undue advantage of it. No doubt science has placed in the hands of man extremely destructive weapons which may ruin the whole world in seconds but it neither compels man nor creates a situation to make use of them. It is our greed and madness for power that urge us to use destructive weapons because we want to finish each other.

Undoubtedly science has contributed a lot towards world peace to which we must be obliged. Science has given quick means of transport and communication which help us in winning wars more quickly. Hence no long war is possible. Railways, steam ships and aeroplanes make it easy to send troops and food supplies to distant places in a very short time. Thus, the enemy is promptly checked.

The means of communication such as telegraph, telephone and wireless play a significant role in checking war or war-like situation. The speedy means of communication help the administrators in bringing the critical and violent situation under control. Once Eisenhower, the than President of America, had told that atom and hydrogen bombs have secured world peace in a more viable way. The people of the world could not apprehend the meaning and were greatly surprised to read this comment but the President was very much right. It is a fact that nuclear weapons are destructive. If war breaks out and these deadly weapons are used, then it is certain that the whole civilisation will come to a complete destruction. This horror of modern science compels the nations to think several times before going to war.

The means of recreation can be used for establishing peace in the world. The horrible scenes of war, the miserable conditions of people after war, and the scenes of destruction can be depicted on the screen so that the people can take some lessons from them. The after effects of war can be broadcasted from the radio. All these things can make man to determine not to wage war.

Scientific inventions have given us valuable machines. With their help, production has been increased manifold and now even the backward and poor countries have begun to enjoy a better standard of living. War is no doubt a curse and it must be avoided at any cost. It is possible when the good of each individual is brought out to the fore. We do not suffer with split atom but from split mind. It is in the mind of man where war is first fought, then on field. When the sense of brotherhood passes away from mind and when we forget kindness, goodness and fellowship, we enter into wars. So, we are responsible for wars, not science. However, man today has become more conscious of the necessity of world peace than ever before. He has begun to use his scientific knowledge for peaceful purposes.

32. Status of Women in Society

There are two main pillars of human life-man and woman. Both share equal responsibility in the making of society and hence, both are supplement to each other but from the very beginning, there has been a big question mark on the status of women in our society. Everyone talk about their role and responsibility but none care for their position. They have been exploited and ill- treated right from the beginning of the creation.

No doubt in the days of the epic age, women enjoyed great respect among people. Even in the great modern books, their position remained respectable. In Manusmriti, it has been said, “God resides where women are respected” while in modern age Napoleon Bonaparte told, “The hands that rock the cradle rule the world.” However, the reality is something else. Women have been put behind walls from ages. ‘Sati Pratha’ is the bitter truth which shows to what extent our women folk has been exploited. Child marriage and a contemptuous attitude towards the widows are another examples of women exploitation. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the first who raised voice against these unhealthy systems prevalent in Indian society. He took up the cause of the women and worked hard to abolish ‘Sati Pratha.’ It was due to his courageous work that Indian women dared to come out of Purdah. They got education which provided them opportunities to develop themselves at all levels and in due course, they surpassed the men. Today, we see women in every field. They are marching shoulder to shoulder in every walk of life.

Apart from teaching school children, women are now pilots, receptionists, police officers, doctors, engineers, etc. The elevation in the status of the women sometimes creates confusion among us if Sita and Draupadi had been born in the same country. The previous condition was due to the lack of education but now the spread of education among jvomen has completely changed the scenario. They are occupying key positions almost every field of society. Our country is progressing undoubtedly in this way but sometimes, it appears that over-exposure of women is a suicidal attack for our future. On the one hand, we are not still ready to forget the image of Sita and Savitri and on the other, we are tempted to watch the over exposed movies on TV screen with the little kids of our family. Our modern progressive girls are imitating the fashion very fast which is still not acceptable in our society. As a result it creates lots of problems in society. We must allow women to stand by themselves but they should also be taught our culture arid civilization.

This imitation creates problems since the society is still standing on those controlling customs which has only suppressed women. Women are controlled but the men who cast their lustful eyes on are spared saying the clothes were too appealing for men to handle.

33. The Place of English in Modern India

After India got Independence, a controversy was at its peak whether English should continue or not. There were two views which gave their own arguments for and against the existence of English in India after freedom. Some people opposed English because they thought that it Was a foreign language, the language of the British and therefore, with the end of their rule, their language should also be abolished but it was not easy to abolish it at once. Hence it was given a lease of fifteen years and after that it was to be replaced by Hindi as the national and official language of the country. However, when the time for the replacement of English by Hindi came, there were lots of opposition from all sides, especially from the South. Nothing could be done in such an atmosphere and finally it was decided that English would remain the official language along with Hindi.

English, thus got a permanent position in India. It was also felt that in a country where there are many languages, cultures and religions, English would be used as a link language. It was necessary for the existence of unity of our country. In the present scenario, English has . become the most influential language. Anybody who has good knowledge of English can easily establish himself or herself in the society.

In the field of education, science, technology, engineering, law, medicine, commerce, , industry and the diplomatic services, English continues to enjoy commanding position. Without English we can’t imagine to enter in these fields. Most of the books are available in English. , Hence, its knowledge enables us to read more and’more books on different subjects.

English is also an international link language. This is the only language which is used to 1 establish communication all over the world. It is the library language too. Most of the books of technical subjects, science, history, etc. have been originally written in English. It is used as code and instruction in the management of library. Hence, to gain more and more efficiency in * any field of life only English language can be helpful.

English has become the only widely accepted means of communication in the world. It makes interaction easy. Interaction among the people, living in different parts of the world, ‘ promotes enrichment of culture. We learn differentway^of living and we update our knowledge only through interaction. Thus English has occupied the most significant place in India. Once Nehru said that we should keep our windows open to see the world. English is that window which shows us the world. English has become our necessity. We can neither do nor improve without it. It is the second widely spoken language. Hence, we cannot ignore it if we wish to achieve great success in life. It must be there for its practical advantages.

34. The Educational Value of Travelling
Or
The Advantages of Tourism

The knowledge we get from books is mere theoretical knowledge. It is not sufficient to be ‘ successful in life. To get complete success we require practical knowledge too and it is travelling which takes us from the field of bookish knowledge to the field of practical knowledge. It is not only concerned with pleasure, holidays, travel, and going or arriving somewhere but it makes us know about the habits, manners/and ways of living of other people. We get an opportunity ‘ to learn about others by coming in contact with these things.

Travelling takes us from the world of imagination to the wTorld of reality. It gives us a chance to adjust in the changed circumstances. Books even if they are very good, cannot give us this chance. We come across many difficulties but we successfully overcome them. We never mind minor problems.

A man who has never gone or who avoids to go an excursion develops a narrow outlook. His nature becomes complicated and he feels that his own lifestyle is the best. He fails to understand the effect of environment on the life of man. Through travelling, he can broaden his outlook. When he comes in contact with different people of different cultures, he knows about them and tries to understand them. For a well-travelled man the world is not vast but small. He feels that he is very close to others and the whole world is like a large family.

Thus, from the point of view of national integration, travelling is essential. It establishes x mutual understanding among people of different parts and therefore causes of friction are – softened. It is not necessary that everything should be of our choice. Sometimes, we get things of our choice but most of the times we don’t. Sometimes, we do not find a suitable place for our lodging. At other times, we get food which is not to our taste. On occasions,.language comes in between and creates problems in establishing contacts. When we face such difficulties, we begin to develop our resourcefulness, initiative and tact. And then, we see that there is a solution for every problem. We become more confident and feel spirited.

We say that seeing is believing. In books, we only read about various subjects such as Science, History, Geography, etc. We read that there is the Taj Mahal in Agra and there is the Niagara Falls in the U.S.A. More reading does not affect us to such intensity but when we see them with our eyes, they make an everlasting impression on our minds.

It is, therefore, in May 1992 an ambitious National Action Plan was drawn by the government of India for the growth and development of the Indian Tourism. As a result, the tourism industry has become the third biggest export industry and our country earns large sums of foreign exchange through it.

35. Global Wanning

Global warming means the rise in the mean global temperature to a level which affects the life- forms on the earth’s surface. The factors responsible for this may be both natural and manmade. Warming of the earth due to natural factors is not an unusual phenomenon. The earth’s climate is variable. For example, about 18,000 years ago, the earth was about 5°C cooler than it is today and that was the last glacial period on the earth. Thereafter, the global temperature began to rise.

The earth is kept warm due to what is known as the Greenhouse Effect. Without it the earth would be a frozen wasteland. The short wavelengths or ultraviolet radiation coming from the fun penetrates the atmosphere and is absorbed by the earth. This absorbed energy is also radiated back to space at infrared wavelengths. The earth’s atmosphere contains gases which trap some of the outgoing radiations and thereby, warm the earth. These gases are known as greenhouse gases. Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, CFCs and halogens are prominent examples that maintain the global energy balances, both the atmosphere and the surface will warm until the outgoing energy equals the incoming energy.

The increase in the quality of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can reinforce the greenhouse effect (increase in temperature of the earth) and lead to global warming. Carbon dioxide is the largest contributor to global warming, as it holds the largest share among the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The reason behind it is the natural disorder as well as man-made activities. Volcanic eruptions and forest fire are some of the natural reasons which cannot be checked but the current global trend i.e., deforestation, along with increased combustion of fossil fuels have a cumulative effect on the net increase in carbon dioxide content. We know forests are the areas where the green leaves efficiently utilize carbon dioxide to make their own food. Deforestation reduces this utilization of carbon dioxide. Consumption of fossil fuels and household fuels gives off considerable amount of carbon dioxide. Hence, reduction in the use of fossil fuels is very necessary. Equally necessary is afforestation. It should be encouraged and we, the people, should realize its importance.

Along with reduction in the use of fossil fuels, the use of the household fuels like wood coal, kerosene should also be reduced by encouraging LPG stove and bio-gas plants. They cause less atmospheric pollution. If these methods are not applied, we will have to face serious consequences such as floods, droughts, storms and extremely warm summer. Not only this, the sea levels may increase due to the rise in global temperature.

We cannot control natural happenings but we can control ourselves. We can reduce the threat of global warming to a great extent by applying the ways which have been mentioned above. We have to think as a whole to get rid of this problem. ‘ . ,

36. Internet: The New Revolution
Or
Uses of Internet

The word ‘Internet’ flashes many images upon the canvas of the human mind. The dominant one may be hundreds or thousands of computers and computer networks connected with each other exchanging information. This is the hardware aspect of internet. Its application aspect is the multitude of different services internet offers, by E-mail and others. Yet another image is that of everyone doing their own thing. Through internet, any type of information can be ‘i exchanged like text, audio-video signals on data, etc. Every country has an information network through which it is connected to internet.

Internet is mostly used for Electronic mail, i.e., E-mail messages can be sent to anyone connected to internet. This also helps in development of software data base, which is the base of internet. With the development of multimedia, the interest of people in internet has increased. Through the use of internet and joining of computer, telephone and electronic techniques and development of optical fibre, it is now easy to store and exchange text, Sounds, and pictures.

So, internet is a network of computers joined by optical fibres, through which it is possible to send messages, sounds, text and pictures with the speed of light. Internet arrived in India on 15th August 1995. For three years from 1995-1998, the government had the monopoly of providing internet services but in 1998, it allowed private companies to provide this service to people. Internet is most beneficiary for businessmen, doctors, teachers, students and scientists.

Internet is very useful for common people. By sitting at home, a person can send letters and cards to the members of the family and to friends. They can chat with the like-minded N people on any particular topic. Students can get information on various subjects on internet for their studies. They can even browse through books on internet. Visiting different websites on . internet is known as surfing. Nowadays, one can do anything and everything on internet. One can do even marketing by sitting at home. There are thousands of cyber-shops and e-commerce portals on internet which sell from flowers to even foods on net. A person can watch movies, television, listen to songs and radio, etc.

Thus, internet is gradually becoming a part of our daily lifestyle. In cybercafes, one can .) pay money and surf the net. Nowadays, internet service providers are also providing internet services through cable lines, which are faster to access. However, it is the businessmen who are using internet the most and making it more popular. The fast and economically reliable way of x accessing internet has given a new direction to international business. All the business j transactions and purchases that are going on the internet is known as e-commerce. The biggest * advantage of doing business on it is that the businessmen do not have to sit for the whole time on the shop. With PM Modi, one more step is taken ahead to make Digital India. It has become a major contributor to GDP growth of India. Recent demonetization helped in making the online transaction more in demand.

The Internet has revolutionized every field. Its surprising growth seems to continue in the years to come because it provides great benefit and convenience to the users.

37. Information Technology

What does the term ‘Information Technology’ really mean? Information technology is that technology by which information is processed, communicated, exhibited and retrieved in a fast, error-free and proper-way. Information technology is a technology in Which both telecommunication and computer technologies work together to provide information. Today the world is of information and telecommunication. Everyday new technologies and inventions are being made in the area of information, processing and travelling. There is * hardly any area which has not been affected by this. Due to all this, the word distance sounds ironical in a present-day context. The whole world has become a small place today. Any information can be exchanged by people in a few seconds and that too in proper and effective way without any loss of data while it is being processed. On one hand, all these different ways of telecommunication and information exchange have highlighted the necessity for multipurpose development and growth of information technology, and on the other, the easy access and use of it has boosted the network of information exchange. All this has been possible through information technology like telephone, fax, telex, computers, internet, e-mail, photocopier, printer, scanner, cellular phones, pagers, videophone, digital camera, multimedia, etc.

These technologies are becoming a part and parcel, of our lives and are transforming lifestyles and habits of people all over the world.

The use of computers has increased by leaps and bounds worldwide. Internet and multimedia have now become playthings for children. The internet has revolutionized every field of the world. The government has allowed private companies to provide internet services to people in order to boost up information technology. The internet has put an unprecedented amount of buying and selling power in the hands of all those within a keystroke distance of a computer. Never in the history of commerce have solitary buyers and sellers been able to engage so effortlessly in commerce on all points whether one is a scrap dealer or a collector with an obsession for antiques, the internet is a solution.

Digital technology is playing a vital role in our day-to-day life. In supermarkets and helps for faster processing of films. In the field of agriculture, a digital moisture meter records the moisture in-the soil and tells when harvesting should start. For people who are suffering from hearing loss, digital technology is of great help. It processes sounds that reduce noise, improves clarity of speech, and controls unwanted loudness.

The government of India is very keen to achieve a great deal in the field of information technology. The Indian Institute of Information Technology is being set up at various places in the country. Now we can hope that India will become an information technology superpower in the near future.

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In this article, we share MP Board Class 12th Maths Book Solutions Chapter 11 प्रायिकता Ex 11.2 Pdf, These solutions are solved by subject experts from the latest MP Board books.

MP Board Class 12th Maths Book Solutions Chapter 11 प्रायिकता Ex 11.2

प्रश्न 1.
दर्शाइए कि दिक् कोसाइन \(\frac{12}{13}, \frac{-3}{13}, \frac{-4}{13}\) \(\frac{4}{13}, \frac{12}{13}, \frac{3}{13} ; \frac{3}{13}, \frac{-4}{13}, \frac{12}{13}\) वाली तीन रेखाएँ परस्पर लम्बवत्
हल:
माना


अतः तीनों रेखाएँ परस्पर लंब हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
दर्शाइए कि बिन्दुओं (1, – 1, 2), (3, 4, – 2) से होकर जाने वाली रेखा बिन्दुओं (0, 3, 2) और (3, 5, 6) से जाने वाली रेखा पर लंब है।
हल:
बिन्दुओं (1, – 1, 2) तथा (3, 4, – 2) से होकर जाने वाली रेखा के दिक् अनुपात 3 – 1, 4 + 1, – 2, – 2 या 2, 5, – 4
माना a₁ = – 2, b₁ = 5 तथा C₁ = – 4
अब बिन्दु (0, 3, 2) तथा (3, 5, 6) से होकर जाने वाली रेखा के दिक् अनुपात
3 – 0, 5 – 3, 6 – 2 या 3, 2, 4
अब a₁ a₂ + b₁ b₂ + c₁ c₂
= 2 x 3 + 5 x 2 + (- 4) x 4
= 6 + 10 – 16 = 0
∴ रेखाएँ परस्पर लंब हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
दर्शाइए कि बिन्दुओं (4, 7, 8) (2, 3, 4) से होकर जाने वाली रेखा बिन्दुओं (- 1, – 2, 1), (1, 2, 5) से जाने वाली रेखा के समांतर है।
हल:
बिन्दुओं (4, 7, 9), (1, 2, 5) से जाने वाली रेखा के दिक् अनुपात 2, – 4, 3 – 7, 4 – 8 या – 2, – 4, – 4
माना a₁ = – 2, b₁ = – 4 तथा c₁= – 4
अब बिन्दुओं (- 1, – 2, 1) (1, 2, 5) से होकर जाने वाली रेखा के दिक् अनुपात 1 + 1, 2 + 2, 5 – 1 या 2, 4, 4
माना a₁ = 2, b₂ = 4, C₂ = 4

∴ रेखाएँ परस्पर समांतर हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
बिन्दु (1, 2, 3) से गुजरने वाली रेखा का समीकरण ज्ञात कीजिए जो सदिश \(3 \hat{\mathbf{i}}+2 \hat{\mathbf{j}}-2 \hat{\mathbf{k}}\) के समांतर है।
हल:
दिया है

यही रेखा के समी० का कार्तीय रूप है।

प्रश्न 5.
बिन्दु जिसकी स्थिति सदिश \(2 \hat{\mathbf{i}}-\hat{\mathbf{j}}+4 \hat{\mathbf{k}}\) से गुजरने व सदिश \(\hat{\mathbf{i}}+2 \hat{\mathbf{j}}-\hat{\mathbf{k}}\) की दिशा में जाने वाली रेखा का सदिश और कार्तीय रूपों में समी० ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
दिया है

यही रेखा के समी०का कार्तीय रूप हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
उस रेखा का कार्तीय समीकरण ज्ञात कीजिए जो बिन्दु (- 2, 4, – 5) से जाती है और \(\frac{x+3}{3}=\frac{y-4}{5}=\frac{z+8}{6}\) के समांतर हैं।
हल:
बिन्दु (- 2, 4, – 5 ) से होकर जाने वालों और रेखा
\(\frac{x+3}{3}=\frac{y-4}{5}=\frac{z+8}{6}\) के समांतर रेखा के समीकरण का
कार्तीय समीकरण
\(\frac{x+3}{3}=\frac{y-4}{5}=\frac{z+5}{6}\) हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
उस रेखा का कार्तीय समीकरण \(\frac{x-5}{3}=\frac{y+4}{7}=\frac{z-6}{2}\) है। इसका सदिश समीकरण ज्ञात 37 2 कीजिए।
हल:
दी गई रेखा का कार्तीय समीकरण
\(\frac{x-5}{3}=\frac{y+4}{7}=\frac{z-6}{2}\)
इससे स्पष्ट होता है कि रेखा बिन्दु A (+ 5, – 4, 6) से होकर जाती है तथा यह सदिश \(\vec{a}=3 \hat{i}+7 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}\) के समांतर है। तथा A का स्थिति सदिश \(\hat{\mathbf{i}}+2 \hat{\mathbf{j}}-\hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
∴ रेखा का सदिश समी० \(\vec{r}=\vec{a}+\lambda \vec{b}\)
या \(\vec{r}=(5 \hat{i}-4 \hat{j}+6 \hat{k})+l(3 \hat{i}+7 \hat{j}+\hat{2} \hat{k})\)

प्रश्न 8.
मूल बिन्दु और (5, – 2, 3) से जाने वाली रेखा का सदिश तथा कार्तीय रूपों में समी० ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना O(0, 0,0) तथा A (5, – 2, 3) दो बिन्दु है।

जोकि रेखा का कार्तीय रूप है।

प्रश्न 9.
बिन्दुओं (3, – 2, – 5) और (3, – 2, 6) से गुजरने वाली रेखा का सदिश तथा कार्तीय रूपों में समीकरण ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना P(3, – 2, – 5) और Q(3, – 2, 6) दो बिन्दु स्थिति सदिश हैं।

यही अभीष्ट कार्तीय समीकरण है।

प्रश्न 10.
निम्न रेखायुग्मों के बीच का कोण ज्ञात कीजिए–

हल:

(ii) माना \(\overline{b}_{1}=\hat{i}-\hat{j} \times 2 \hat{k}\), \(\overline{b}_{2}=3 \hat{i}-5 \hat{j}-4 \hat{k}\) तथा दोनों रेखाओं के मध्य कोण θ है इसलिए

प्रश्न 11.
निम्नलिखित रेखायुग्मों के बीच का कोण ज्ञात कीजिए

हल:
(i) पहली रेखा के दिक् अनुपात 2, 5, – 3 तथा दूसरी रेखा के दिक् अनुपात – 1, 8, 4 हैं।
माना इनके बीच का कोण θ है, तब

या θ = \(\cos ^{-1}\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)\)

प्रश्न 12.
p का मान ज्ञात कीजिए ताकि रेखायें \(\frac{1-x}{3}=\frac{7 y-14}{2 p}=\frac{z-3}{2}\) और \(\frac{7-7 x}{3 p}=\frac{y-5}{1}=\frac{6-z}{5}\) परस्पर लम्ब हों।
हल:
समी० को व्यापक रूप में लिखने पर

प्रश्न 13.
दिखाइये कि रेखाएँ \(\frac{x-5}{7}=\frac{y+2}{-5}=\frac{z}{1}\) और \(\frac{x}{1}=\frac{y}{2}=\frac{z}{3}\)
हल:
पहली व दूसरी रेखा के दिक् अनुपात 7, – 5, 1 तथा 1, 2, 3 हैं।
तब a₁ a₂ + b₁ b₂ + c₁ c₂ = 7 · 1 + 2 · – 5 + 3 · 1
= 7 – 10 + 3 = 10 – 10 = 0
अतः रेखायें परस्पर लम्ब हैं।

प्रश्न 14.
रेखाओं \(\vec{r}=(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+\hat{k})+\lambda(\hat{i}-\hat{j}+\hat{k})\) और \(\vec{r}=2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}-\hat{k}=\mu(2 \hat{i}+\hat{j}+2 \hat{k})\) के बीच की न्यूनतम दूरी ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
दी गई रेखाएँ-

रेखाओं के बीच की दूरी

प्रश्न 15.
रेखाओं \(\frac{x+1}{7}=\frac{y+1}{-6}=\frac{z+1}{1}\) और \(\)\frac{x-3}{1}=\frac{y-5}{-2}=\frac{z-7}{1} के बीच की न्यूनतम दूरी ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:

प्रश्न 16.
रेखाएँ, जिनके सदिश समीकरण निम्नलिखित हैं, के बीच की न्यूनतम दूरी ज्ञात कीजिए।

हल:

प्रश्न 17.
रेखाएँ जिनकी सदिश समीकरण निम्नलिखित हैं, के बीच की न्यूनतम दूरी ज्ञात कीजिए।

हल:
पहली रेखा का समीकरण


इसका मान (1) में रखने पर

In this article, we share MP Board Class 12th Maths Book Solutions Chapter 13 प्रायिकता Ex 13.2 Pdf, These solutions are solved by subject experts from the latest MP Board books.

MP Board Class 12th Maths Book Solutions Chapter 13 प्रायिकता Ex 13.2

प्रश्न 1.
यदि P (A) = \(\frac{3}{5}\), P (B) = \(\frac{1}{5}\) और A तथा B स्वतंत्र घटनाएँ हैं तो P (ARB) ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
∵ A तथा B स्वतंत्र घटनाएँ हैं
∴ P(A ∩ B) = P (A)x P (B)
= \(\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{1}{5}=\frac{3}{25}\)

प्रश्न 2.
52 पत्तों की एक गड्डी में से यादृच्छया बिना प्रतिस्थापित किए गए दो पत्ते निकाले गए। दोनों पत्तों के काले रंग का होने की प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
पत्तों की कुल संख्या = 52
गड्डी में काले पत्तों की कुल संख्या = 26
∴ एक पत्ता यादृच्छया खींचने पर काले पत्ते की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{26}{52}\)
P(E₁) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
एक पत्ता खींचने पर शेष पत्तों की संख्या = 52 – 1 = 51
तथा काले पत्तों की संख्या = 26 – 1 = 25
∴ दूसरा काला पत्ता होने की प्रायिकता F₂ = \(\frac{25}{51}\)
अतः दोनों पत्ते काले रंग के होने की प्रायिकता
= E₁ x E₂
= \(\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{25}{51}=\frac{25}{102}\)

प्रश्न 3.
संतरों के एक डिब्बे का निरीक्षण उसमें से तीन संतरों को यादृच्छया बिना प्रतिस्थापित किए हुए निकाल कर किया जाता है। यदि तीनों निकाले गए संतरे अच्छे हों तो डिब्बे को बिक्री के लिए स्वीकृत किया जाता है अन्यथा अस्वीकृत कर देते हैं। एक डिब्बा जिसमें 15 संतरे हैं जिनमें से 12 अच्छे व 3 खराब संतरे हैं, के बिक्री के लिए स्वीकृत होने की प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
डिब्बा जिसमें 12 अच्छे और 3 खराब सन्तरे हैं।
12 संतरों में से 3 अच्छे संतरे निकालने के प्रकार = 12C₃
15 सन्तरों में से 3 सन्तरे निकालने के प्रकार = 15C₃
स्वीकृत होने की प्रायिकता =3 अच्छे सन्तरों को चुनने की प्रायिकता

प्रश्न 4.
एक न्याय्य सिक्का और एक अभिनत पासे को उछाला गया। मान लें A घटना ‘सिक्के पर चित प्रकट होता है’ और B घटना ‘पासे पर सख्या 3 प्रकट होती है’ को निरूपित करते हैं। निरीक्षण कीजिए कि घटनाएँ A और B स्वतन्त्र हैं या नहीं?
हल:
घटना A पर, चित आने की प्रायिकता P(A) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
घटना B पर 3 प्रकट होने की प्रायिकता P(B) = \(\frac{1}{6}\) जब पासे और सिक्के को उछाला जाता है, तब कुल संख्या
= [HI, H2, H3. H4, Hz, H6 ]
= [TI,T2,T3,TA,TH,T6]
अब H₃ का प्रकट होना एक ही तरीके से हो सकता है।
3 और चित आने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{12}\)

अतः A और B स्वतन्त्र घटनाएँ हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
एक पासे पर 1,2,3 लाल रंग से और 4, 5, 6 हरे रंग से लिखे गए हैं। इस पासे को उछाला गया। मान लेंA घटना ‘संख्या सम है’ और Bघटना संख्या लाल रंग से लिखी गई है’ को निरूपित करते हैं। क्या A और B स्वतन्त्र हैं?
हल:
पासे पर सम संख्याएँ 2, 4, 6 हैं।
घटना A पर सम संख्या आने की प्रायिकता
P(A) = \(\frac{3}{6}=\frac{1}{2}\)
पासे पर दो रंग लाल और हरा है।
घटना (B) पर लाल रंग आने की प्रायिकता P(B) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
लाल रंग में सम संख्या 2 है।
लाल रंग और सम संख्याएँ होने की प्रायिकता
P(A ∩ B) = \(\frac{1}{6}\)
≠P(A ∩ B)
A और B स्वतन्त्र घटना नहीं है।

प्रश्न 6.
मान लें E तथा F दो घटनाएँ इस प्रकार हैं कि P(E) = \(\frac{3}{5}\), P(F) = \(\frac{3}{10}\) और P(E ∩ F) = \(\frac{1}{5}\) तब क्या E तथा F स्वतन्त्र हैं।
हल:
∵ P(E) = \(\frac{3}{5}\) तथा P(F) = \(\frac{3}{10}\) तथा P(E ∩ F) = \(\frac{1}{5}\)
∴ P(E) x P(F) = \(\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{3}{10}=\frac{9}{50}\)
∵ P(E ∩ F) ≠ P(E) x P(F)
अतः E तथा F स्वतन्त्र घटनाएँ नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
A और B ऐसी घटनाएँ दी गई हैं जहाँ P(A)= \(\frac{1}{2}\), P(AUB) = \(\frac{3}{5}\) तथा P(B) = P
p का मान ज्ञात कीजिए यदि
(i) घटनाएँ परस्पर अपवर्जी हैं
(ii) घटनाएँ स्वतन्त्र हैं।
हल:
माना P(A ∩ B) =x
अब P(A) = \(\frac{1}{2}\), P(A ∪ B) = \(\frac{3}{5}\), P(B) = P
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)

(i) जब घटनाएँ A और B परस्पर अपवर्जी हैं x = 0
∴ P = \(\frac{1}{10}\)
(ii) जब घटनाएँ A और B स्वतन्त्र हैं
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) x P(B)

प्रश्न 8.
मान लें A और B स्वतन्त्र घटनाएँ हैं तथा P(A) = 0.3 और P(B) = 0.4 तब .
(i) P(A ∩ B)
(ii) P(A U B)
(iii) \(P\left(\frac{A}{B}\right)\)
(iv) \(P\left(\frac{B}{A}\right)\) ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
(i) दिया है :
P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4
जब A और B स्वतन्त्र घटना है
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) x P(B)
= 0.3 x 0.4 = 0.12
(ii) P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= 0.3 + 0.4 – 0.12
= 0.7 – 0.12 = 0.57

= \(\frac{0.12}{0.3}=\frac{12}{30}=\frac{2}{5}\)

प्रश्न 9.
दी गई घटनाएँ A और B ऐसी हैं, जहाँ P(A) = \(\frac{1}{4}\), P(B) =\(\frac{1}{2}\) और P(A ∩ B) = तब P(A – नहीं और B – नहीं) ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:

अत: P(A – नहीं और B – नहीं) = \(\frac{3}{8}\)

प्रश्न 10.
मान लें A तथा B स्वतन्त्र घटनाएँ हैं और P(A) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) तथा P(B) = \(\frac{7}{12}\) और P(A – नहीं और B – नहीं) = \(\frac{1}{4}\) क्या A और B स्वतन्त्र घटनाएँ हैं?

A और B स्वतन्त्र घटनाएँ नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 11.
A और B स्वतन्त्र घटनाएँ दी गई हैं जहाँ P(A) = 0.3, P (B)= 0.6 तो
(i) P(A और B)
(ii) P(A और B – नहीं)
(iii) P(A या B)
(iv) P(A और B में कोई भी नहीं ) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
दिया है : A और B स्वतन्त्र घटनाएँ हैं
(i) ∴ P (A और B) = P(A ∩ B)
=P(A) × P (B) [∵P (A)= 0.3, P (B)= 0.6]
= 0.3 x 0.6 = 0.18
(ii) P (A और B नहीं)
=P(A ∩ \(\overline{\mathbf{B}}\))
= P(A) – P(A ∩ B)
= 0.3 – 0.18 [∵ P(A ∩ B) = 0.18]
= 0.12
(iii) यहाँ P (A) = 0.3, P (B) = 0.6,
P (A ∩ B) = 0.18
∴ P(A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
= 0.3 + 0.6 – 0.18
= 0.72
⇒ P(A या B) = 0.72
(iv) P(A और B में कोई नहीं) = P(\(\overline{\mathbf{A}}\) ∩ \(\overline{\mathbf{B}}\))
= P(\(\overline{\mathbf{A}}\))x P (\(\overline{\mathbf{B}}\))
∴ P(\(\overline{\mathbf{A}}\) ∩ \(\overline{\mathbf{B}}\)) = P (\(\overline{\mathbf{A}}\)) x P(\(\overline{\mathbf{B}}\))
= [1 – P (A)] x [1 – P (B)]
=[1 – 0.3] x [1 – 0.6]
= 0.7 x 0.4
= 0.28

प्रश्न 12.
एक पासे को तीन बार उछाला जाता है तो कम-से-कम एक बार विषम संख्या प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
पासे को एक बार उछालने पर विषम संख्या प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{3}{6}=\frac{1}{2}\)
तथा सम संख्या प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{3}{6}=\frac{1}{2}\)
इसलिए पासे को तीन बार उछालने पर सम संख्या प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{8}\)
अतः पासे को तीन बार उछालने पर कम से कम 1 बार विषम संख्या प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता = \(1-\frac{1}{8}=\frac{7}{8}\)

प्रश्न 13.
दो गेंद एक बॉक्स से बिना प्रतिस्थापित किए निकाली जाती है। बॉक्स में 10 काली और 8 लाल गेंदें हैं तो प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए-(i) दोनों गेंदें लाल हों, (i) प्रथम काली एवं दूसरी लाल हो, (iii) एक काली तथा दूसरी लाल
हो।
हल:
(i) प्रथम गेंद लाल होने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{C_{1}}{^{18} C_{1}}=\frac{8}{18}=\frac{4}{9}\)
दूसरी गेंद भी लाल प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{4}{9}\)
दोनों गेंद लाल प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{4}{9} \times \frac{4}{9}=\frac{16}{81}\)
(ii) प्रथम गेंद काली प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{10}{18} C_{1}=\frac{10}{18}=\frac{5}{9}\)
दूसरी गेंद लाल प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{^{8} C_{1}}{^{18} C_{1}}=\frac{8}{18}=\frac{4}{9}\)
प्रथम काली एवं दूसरी लाल गेंद प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{5}{9} \times \frac{4}{9}=\frac{20}{81}\)
(iii) प्रथम गेंद काली और दूसरी लाल प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{10}{18} \times \frac{8}{18}=\frac{5}{9} \times \frac{4}{9}=\frac{20}{81}\)
प्रथम गेंद लाल औ दूसरी गेंद काली प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{8}{18} \times \frac{10}{18}=\frac{4}{9} \times \frac{5}{9}=\frac{20}{81}\)
∴ एक काली तथा दूसरी लाल गेंद प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{20}{81}+\frac{20}{81}=\frac{40}{81}\)

प्रश्न 14.
एक विशेष समस्या को A और B द्वारा स्वतन्त्र रूप से हल करने की प्रायिकताएँ क्रमशः \(\frac{1}{2}\) और \(\frac{1}{3}\) हैं। यदि दोनों, स्वतंत्र रूप से, समस्या हल करने का प्रयास करते हैं तो प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि –
(i) समस्या हल हो जाती है।
(ii) उनमें से तथ्यतः कोई एक समस्या हल कर लेता है।
हल:
(i) A द्वारा समस्या हल करने की प्रायिकता =\(\frac{1}{2}\) = P(A)
∴ A के द्वारा समस्या हल न होने की प्रायिकता
= \(1-\frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{2}\) = P(A)
तथा B के द्वारा समस्या हल करने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{1}{3}\) =P(B)
∴ समस्या हल न करने की प्रायिकता = \(1-\frac{1}{3}=\frac{2}{3}\) = P(B)
स्वतन्त्र रूप से प्रश्न हल नहीं होने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{2}{3}=\frac{1}{3}\)
इसलिए समस्या हल हो जाने की प्रायिकता = \(1-\frac{1}{3}=\frac{2}{3}\)
अत: दोनों द्वारा समस्या हल होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{2}{3}\)
(ii) उनमें से तथ्यत: कोई एक प्रश्न हल करने की प्रायिकता
= P(A\(\overline{B}\)) + P(\(\overline{A}\)B)
= P(A).P(\(\overline{B}\)) + P(\(\overline{A}\)).P(B) (∵A तथा B स्वतन्त्र घटनाएँ हैं)
= \(\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{2}{3}+\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{3}=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{6}=\frac{1}{2}\)

प्रश्न 15.
ताश के 52 पत्तों की एक सुमिश्रित गड्डी से एक पत्ता यादृच्छया निकाला जाता है।
निम्नलिखित में से किन दशाओं में घटनाएँ E और F स्वतन्त्र हैं?
(i) E : ‘निकाला गया पत्ता हुकुम का है’
F : ‘निकाला गया पत्ता इक्का है’
(ii) E : ‘निकाला गया पत्ता काले रंग का है’
F : ‘निकाला गया पत्ता एक बादशाह है’
(iii)E : ‘निकाला गया पत्ता एक बादशाह या एक बेगम है’
F: “निकाला गया पत्ता एक बेगम या एक गुलाम है’
हल:
ताश के 52 पत्तों की एक गड्डी है।
(i) हुकुम के पत्तों की संख्या = 13
∴ निकाले गए हुकुम के पत्ते की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{13}{52} \frac{C_{1}}{C_{1}}=\frac{13}{52}\)
∴ P (E) = \(\frac{13}{52}=\frac{1}{4}\)
ताशों की एक गड्डी में चार इक्के हैं।
निकाला गया पत्ता इक्का की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{^{4} C_{1}}{^{52} C_{1}}=\frac{4}{52}=\frac{1}{13}\)
⇒ P(F) = \(\frac{1}{13}\)
केवल एक पत्ता है जिसमें हुकुम का एक इक्का है।
निकाला गया हुकुम का इक्का की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{52}\)
∴ P(E ∩ F) = \(\frac{1}{52}=\frac{1}{4} \times \frac{1}{13}\)
= P(E) x P(F)
⇒ P(E ∩ F) = P(E) x P(F)
E तथा F स्वतन्त्र घटनाएँ हैं।
(ii) ताश के 52 पत्तों की गड्डी में 26 काले रंग के पत्ते हैं।
एक काला पत्ता खींचने की प्रयिकता = \(\frac{26}{52} \frac{C_{1}}{C_{1}}=\frac{26}{52}=\frac{1}{2}\)
∴ P(E) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
ताश के 52 पत्तों की एक गड्डी में 4 पत्ते बादशाह हैं।
∴ एक बादशाह खींचने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{^{4} C_{1}}{^{52} C_{1}}=\frac{4}{51}=\frac{1}{13}\)
∴ P(F) = \(\frac{1}{13}\)
यहाँ काले रंग में दो बादशाह हैं।
∴ काले रंग की एक बादशाह खींचने की प्रायिकता
= P(E ∩ F) = \(\frac{2}{52}=\frac{1}{26}\)
अब, P(E) x P(F) = \(\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{13}=\frac{1}{26}\)
= P(E ∩ F)
अतः P(E ∩ F) = P(E) x P(F)
⇒ E और F स्वतन्त्रघटनाएँ हैं।
(iii) यहाँ 4 बेगम और 4 बादशाह के पत्ते हैं।
∴ एक बादशाह या एक बेगम खींचने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{^{8} C_{1}}{^{52} C_{1}}\)
= \(\frac{8}{52}=\frac{2}{13}\)
∴ P(E) = \(\frac{2}{13}\)
यहाँ 4 बेगम और 4 गुलाम के पत्ते हैं।
∴ एक बेगम या एक गुलाम की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{8}{52}=\frac{2}{13}\)
यहाँ दोनों ही दशाओं में 4 बेगम उभयनिष्ठ हैं।
∴ एक बेगम का पत्ता खींचने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{4}{52}=\frac{1}{13}\)
= P(E ∩ F)
P(E) x P(F) = \(\frac{2}{13} \times \frac{2}{13}\)
= \(\frac{4}{169}\) ≠ P(E ∩ F)
अतः E और F स्वतन्त्र घटनाएँ नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 16.
एक छात्रावास में 60% विद्यार्थी हिन्दी का, 40% अंग्रेजी का और 20% दोनों अखबार पढ़ते हैं। एक छात्रा को यादृच्छया चुना जाता है।
(a) प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि वह न तो हिन्दी और न ही अंग्रेजी का अखबार पढ़ती है।
(b) यदि वह हिन्दी का अखबार पढ़ती है तो उसके अंग्रेजी का अखबार भी पढ़ने वाली होने की प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए।
(c) यदि वह अंग्रेजी का अखबार पढ़ती है तो उसके हिन्दी का अखबार भी पढ़ने वाली होने की प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
(a) माना छात्रों के हिन्दी और अंग्रेजी के अखबार पढ़ने की घटनाओं को क्रमश: H और E से निरूपित करते हैं।
P(H) = 60% = \(\frac{60}{100}\) =0.6
P(E) = 40% = \(\frac{10}{100}\) = 0.4
P(H ∩ E) = 20% = \(\frac{20}{100}\) = 0.2
छात्रों के कम से कम एक अखबार पढ़ने की प्रायिकता
=P(H U E)
P(H) = 0.6, P(E) = 0.4, P(H U E) = 0.2
∴ P(H U E) = 0.6 + 0.4 – 0.2
=1 – 0.2 = 0.8
∴ छात्रों के न तो हिन्दी और न ही अंग्रेजी का अखबार पढ़ने की प्रायिकता
=1 – P(H U E) = 1 – 0.8
= 0.2 = 20%
स्पष्ट है कि 20% विद्यार्थी अखबार नहीं पढ़ते
(b) यदि वह हिन्दी का अखबार पढ़ती है तो उसमें अंग्रेजी का अखबार भी पढ़ने वाली होने की प्रायिकता

(c) यदि वह अंग्रेजी का अखबार पढ़ती है तो उसके हिन्दी | का अखबार भी पढ़ने वाली होने की प्रायिकता

प्रश्न 17.
यदि पासों का एक जोड़ा उछाला जाता है तो प्रत्येक पासे पर सम अभाज्य संख्या प्राप्त करने की प्रायिकता निम्नलिखित में से क्या है?
(A) 0
(B) \(\frac{1}{3}\)
(C) \(\frac{1}{12}\)
(D) \(\frac{1}{36}\)
हल:
यहाँ समअभाज्य संख्या केवल 2 है। जब पासा उछाला जाता है तब सम अभाज्य संख्या प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{6}\)
जब पासों का एक जोड़ा उछाला जाता है तब समअभाज्य संख्या प्राप्त करने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{1}{6}=\frac{1}{36}\)
अतः विकल्प (D) सही है।

प्रश्न 18.
दो घटनाओंA और B को परस्पर स्वतन्त्र कहते हैं, यदि
(A) A और B परस्पर अपवर्जी हैं
(B) P (A’B’ ) = [1 – P(A)][1 – P(B)]
(C) P (A) = P(B)
(D) (A) + P(B)=1
हल:
दो घटनाएँ स्वतन्त्र हैं।
यदि P(A ∩ B) = P(A)x P(B)
या P(A’ ∩ B’) = P(A’). P(B’)
= [1 – P(A)] [1 – P(B)]
अतः विकल्प (B) सही है।