Bhagya

MP Board Solutions for 12th Textbook General English The Spectrum Solutions Chapter 13 Forest and River Questions and Answers aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 12th English as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines.

You Can Download MP Board Class 12th English Solutions Questions and Answers Notes, Summary, Lessons: Pronunciation, Translation, Word Meanings, Textual Exercises. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapterwise MP Board Solutions for 12th English and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

MP Board Class 12th English The Spectrum Solutions Chapter 13 Forest and River (Jalaluddin Rumi)

Kick start your preparation by using our online resource MP Board Solutions for 12th English Chapter 13 Forest and River Questions and Answers. You can even download the Madhya Pradesh Board Class 12th English Solutions Questions and Answers for free of cost through the direct links available on our page. Clear your queries and understand the concept behind them in a simple manner. Simply tap on the concept you wish to prepare in the chapter and go through it.

Forest And River Exercises From The Text-Book

Comprehension

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए-

Question 1.
Why does the forest envy the river? [2009, 18]
जंगल नदी से ईर्ष्या क्यों रखता है?
Answer:
The forest envies the freedom of movement that the river enjoys and regrets its own destiny of remaining chained to one place.
जंगल नदी को प्राप्त घूमने की आजादी से ईर्ष्या रखता है और एक स्थान पर बँधकर रहने की अपनी तकदीर पर तश्चाताप करता है।

Question 2.
What is the kingdom of water?
जल का साम्राज्य क्या है?
Answer:
The sea is the kingdom of water. जल का साम्राज्य समुद्र में है।

Question 3.
What is the forest’s complaint about its life? [2009]
अपने जीवन के विषय में जंगल की क्या शिकायत है?
Answer:
The forest regrets its own destiny of remaining chained to one place. It complains that it grows old in silence and die.
जंगल एक स्थान पर बँधकर रहने के अपने भाग्य पर पश्चाताप व्यक्त करता है। उसे शिकायत है कि वह इसी प्रकार शान्त रहकर बूढ़ा हो जायेगा और मर जायेगा।

Question 4.
How does the river praise the forest? [2012]
नदी जंगल की प्रशंसा किस प्रकार करती है?
Answer:
The river praises the majestic seclusion that the forest enjoys. It praises the calm and rest gifted to the forest.
नदी जंगल को प्राप्त भव्य एकाकीपन की प्रशंसा करती है। वह जंगल को प्राप्त शान्ति व विश्राम की भी प्रशंसा करती है।

Question 5.
Why does the river consider its journey meaningless? [2009]
नदी अपनी यात्रा को व्यर्थ क्यों मानती है?
Answer:
The river considers its journey meaningless because it always runs and runs and never has a moment of calm and rest.
नदी अपनी यात्रा को व्यर्थ मानती है क्योंकि यह सदैव चलती और चलती रहती है और कभी भी शान्ति व विश्राम का क्षण प्राप्त नहीं कर पाती।

Question 6.
In what way does the dialogue between the river and the forest reflect the dilemma of a passer-by?
नदी व जंगल के मध्य का वार्तालाप किस प्रकार पास से गुजरने वाले एक व्यक्ति की दुविधा को दर्शाता है?
Answer:
The dialogue between the river and the forest beautifully reflects the dilemma of a passerby. He is not able to decide as to which course of life he should choose. The freedom of movement that the river enjoys on the majestic seclusion, calm and rest that the forest enjoys.

नदी व जंगल के मध्य का वार्तालाप पास से गुजरने वाले व्यक्ति की दुविधा को खूबसूरती से दर्शाता है। वह यह निर्णय लेने की स्थिति में नहीं है कि उसे जीवन में कौन-सा मार्गदर्शन अपनाना चाहिए-नदी द्वारा उठायी जाने वाली स्वतन्त्रता का आनन्द अथवा जंगल द्वारा उठाये जाने वाले एकाकीपन, शान्ति एवं विश्राम का आनन्द।

Forest And River Summary

– Jalaluddin Runi

यह प्राकृतिक नियम है कि दूसरों का जीवन व दूसरों की स्थितियाँ हमें स्वयं से बेहतर लगती हैं। जंगल, नदी द्वारा आनन्द उठायी जा रही स्वतन्त्रता से प्रतिद्वन्द्विता महसूस करता है और अपने भाग्य पर पश्चाताप करता है कि वह एक ही स्थान पर बँधे रहने के लिए विवश है। दूसरी तरफ नदी यह महसूस करती है कि जंगल द्वारा उठाया जा रहा एकाकीपन का आनन्द उसकी निरन्तर बहने वाली स्वतन्त्रता से बेहतर है। उसे महसूस होता है कि उसकी यात्रा व्यर्थ है। नदी चाहती है कि जंगल को प्राप्त शान्ति एवं विश्राम उसे भी सुलभ हो सके। इस प्रकार नदी एवं जंगल एक दूसरे की स्थितियों की तुलना करते हैं और अपनी स्थिति से दूसरे की स्थिति बेहतर मानते हैं। यह प्रश्न मनुष्य के हृदय में भी उठता है कि उसे किस प्रकार का जीवन जीना चाहिए जंगल का या नदी का?

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MP Board Solutions for 12th Textbook General English The Spectrum Solutions Chapter 12 The Value of Man Questions and Answers aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 12th English as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines.

You Can Download MP Board Class 12th English Solutions Questions and Answers Notes, Summary, Lessons: Pronunciation, Translation, Word Meanings, Textual Exercises. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapterwise MP Board Solutions for 12th English and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

MP Board Class 12th English The Spectrum Solutions Chapter 12 The Value of Man (Govind Jha)

Kick start your preparation by using our online resource MP Board Solutions for 12th English Chapter 12 The Value of Man Questions and Answers. You can even download the Madhya Pradesh Board Class 12th English Solutions Questions and Answers for free of cost through the direct links available on our page. Clear your queries and understand the concept behind them in a simple manner. Simply tap on the concept you wish to prepare in the chapter and go through it.

The Value Of Man Exercises From The Text-Book

Word Power

(A) दिये गये अनुच्छेद में verb के सही रूप से रिक्त स्थान भरो।
Answer:
was convicted, defended, sentenced, be released, was acquitted.

(B) दी गई क्रियाओं को तीन भागों-crime, law, enforcing agencies और punishment में विभाजित करो।
Answer:

Comprehension

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए-

Question 1.
What was Ghasi’s complaint to the panchayat? [2009, 13, 15]
पंचायत के पास घासी की क्या शिकायत थी?
Answer:
Ghasi’s complaint to the panchayat was that his ass has been stolen by a man. He informed the panchs that when he went to untie the ass, he was thrashed.

पंचायत के पास घासी ने शिकायत की कि उसके गधे को एक आदमी ने चुरा लिया है। उसने पंचों को सूचित किया कि जब वह गधे को खोलने गया, तो उसकी पिटाई की गयी।

Question 2.
Why did Ghasi not buy a bicycle?
घासी ने साइकिल क्यों नहीं खरीदी?
Answer:
Ghasi did not purchase the bicycle because he had never ridden on. He also feared that if he started riding a bicycle in this old age, he may break his hands.

घासी ने साइकिल नहीं खरीदी क्योंकि उसने कभी भी साइकिल नहीं चलाई थी। उसे यह भय भी था कि यदि वह बुढ़ापे में साइकिल चलाना शुरू करेगा तो उसके हाथ-पैर टूट सकते हैं।

Question 3.
How did Ghasi lose his ass?
घासी ने अपना गधा किस प्रकार खोया?
Answer:
Ghasi had tied his ass in the Mukhiyaji’s guava tree. When he went there the next morning, he was baffled to find there was no trace of it.

घासी ने अपने गधे को मुखियाजी के अमरूद के वृक्ष से बाँध दिया था। जब वह अगली सुबह वहाँ गया तो उसे वहाँ न देखकर परेशान हो गया।

Question 4.
How did Mohan respond to his father’s request to go and look for the ass?
गधे की खोजने की अपने पिता की विनती पर मोहन की क्या प्रतिक्रिया थी?
Answer:
Mohan responded angrily. He told his father that he cannot be turned into an ass having given up his studies.
मोहन ने नाराज होकर जवाब दिया। उसने अपने पिता से कहा कि पढ़ाई छोड़कर वह गधे में स्वयं नहीं बदल सकता।

Question 5.
Where did Ghasi find the ass? घासी को गधा कहाँ मिला?
Answer:
Ghasi found the ass at Kanchhedi’s place.
घासी को गधा कन्छेदी के घर पर मिला।

Question 6.
How did Kanchhedi treat Ghasi when he tried to untie the ass?
गधे को खोलने का प्रयास करने पर कन्छेदी ने घासी के साथ कैसा व्यवहार किया?
Answer:
When Ghasi tried to untie the ass, Kanchhedi gave him a rude thrashing.
जब घासी गधे को खोलने गया तो कन्छेदी ने बेंत से उसकी पिटाई की।

Question 7.
Why did Kanchhedi say he beat up Ghasi? [2018]
कन्छेदी के अनुसार उसने घासी की पिटाई क्यों की?
Answer:
According to Kanchhedi, Ghasi tried to untie his ass, so he gave Ghasi a thrashing.
कन्छेदी के अनुसार, घासी द्वारा [कन्छेदी का] गधा खोलने का प्रयास करने पर उसने घासी की पिटाई की।

Question 8.
How did Masterji justify that he could identify asses?
मास्टर जी ने इस बात को किस प्रकार सही ठहराया कि वह गधों को पहचान सकते
Answer:
Masterji could justify this because he was an expert in tending herds of asses all day at school.
मास्टर जी इस बात को सही ठहरा सके क्योंकि वह स्कूल में पूरे दिन गधों के झुण्ड की देखभाल करने में निपुण थे।

Question 9.
Why did Ghasi curse Masterji? [2011]
घासी ने मास्टर जी को श्राप क्यों दिया?
Answer:
Ghasi cursed Masterji because he was telling a lie.
घासी ने मास्टर जी को श्राप दिया क्योंकि वह झूठ बोल रहे थे।

Question 10.
What did Mohan imply when he commented on the shine of Masterji’s dress?
जब मोहन ने मास्टर जी के वस्त्रों पर व्यंग्य कसा तब उसका अर्थ क्या था?
Answer:
Mohan implied that Masterji had taken bribe.
मोहन का मतलब था कि मास्टर जी ने रिश्वत ली है।

Question 11.
Describe in your own words how Ghasi cursed Netaji.
अपने शब्दों में घासी द्वारा नेताजी को दिए गये श्राप का वर्णन कीजिए।
Answer:
Ghasi cursed Netaji by asking God to turn him into a leper.
घासी ने ईश्वर से नेताजी को कोढ़ी में बदलने की प्रार्थना करते हुए श्राप दिया।

Question 12.
Why did Netaji present Ghasi’s ass from grazing in his orchard after the elections?
चुनाव के पश्चात् नेताजी ने घासी के गधे को अपने बाड़े में चरने से क्यों रोक दिया?
Answer:
Netaji prevented Ghasi’s ass from grazing in his orchard after his defeat in the elections.
नेताजी ने चुनाव में हार के पश्चात् घासी के गधे को अपने बाड़े में चरने से रोक दिया।

Question 13.
Why did Ghasi resort to call the Sun god as his witness?
घासी ने सूर्य देवता से अपनी ओर से गवाही देने के लिए क्यों कहा?
Answer:
Ghasi was disappointed to see the role of Masterji and Netaji who changed their colour. Thus he resorted to call the Sun god as his witness in frustration.

मास्टर जी और नेताजी का रंग बदलने का रोल देखकर घासी निराश हो गया। इसलिए हताशा में उसने सूर्य देवता से अपनी ओर से गवाही देने के लिए कहा।

Question 14.
Why did Mohan name his ass Truck Saab’? [2010, 12]
मोहन ने अपने गधे को ‘ट्रक साब’ नाम क्यों दिया?
Answer:
Mohan named his ass ‘Truck Saab’ as he could take a truck load of clothes and run like a motorcar.
मोहन ने अपने गधे को ‘ट्रक साब’ नाम दिया क्योंकि वह एक ट्रक के वजन के बराबर कपड़े ढो सकता था और मोटरकार की तरह दौड़ सकता था।

Question 15.
Why was Masterji enraged at Mohan’s suggestion of interpreting the ass’s language?
मोहन द्वारा गधे की भाषा को समझाने का सुझाव देने पर मास्टर जी क्यों नाराज हो गये?
Answer:
Masterji felt insulted. So he was enraged at Mohan’s suggestion.
मास्टर जी ने अपमानित महसूस किया। अत: वह मोहन के सुझाव पर नाराज हो गये।

Question 16.
What did Mohan suggest to be the mode of deposition of ‘Truck Saab’?
‘ट्रक साब’ से गवाही दिलाने के तरीके पर मोहन का क्या सुझाव था?
Answer:
Mohan suggested that “Truck Saab’ will stand witness to anybody, who puts the garland of cloth around his neck.
मोहन ने सुझाव दिया कि ‘ट्रक साब’ उस व्यक्ति के साक्षी हो जायेंगे जो उसकी गर्दन पर कपड़े की माला पहना देगा।

Question 17.
What happened when Kanchhedi attempted to garland the ass?
जब कन्छेदी ने गधे को माला पहनाने का प्रयास किया तब क्या हुआ?
Answer:
When Kanchhedi attempted to garland the ass, he repeatedly tried it but in vain. Finally, the ass gave him a kick and Kanchhedi started wailing bitterly on the dias.

जब कन्छेदी ने गधे को माला पहनाने का प्रयास किया, तब उसने व्यर्थ में बार-बार कोशिश की। अन्ततः गधे ने उसे लात मार दी और कन्छेदी तख्त पर जोर-जोर से रोने लगा।

Question 18.
Why did the people clap when Mohan garlanded the ass?
मोहन के गधे को माला पहनाने पर लोगों ने तालियाँ क्यों बजायीं?
Answer:
People started clapping because they had got the right answer.
लोगों ने ताली बजायी क्योंकि उन्हें सही उत्तर मिल गया था।

Question 19.
Why did the Sarpanch say he considered an ass more reliable than a man? [2017]
सरपंच ने क्यों कहा कि वह मनुष्य की तुलना में गधे को ज्यादा भरोसेमन्द मानते हैं?
Answer:
The Sarpanch said this because his logic was that a man can lie whereas an ass can never do so.
सरपंच ने यह कहा क्योंकि उनका तर्क था कि मनुष्य झूठ बोल सकता है जबकि गधा झूठ नहीं बोल सकता।

Language Practice

1. Simple और Compound Sentence चुनो।
Answer:
1. Simple Sentences
(A) She is not a fool.
(B) His silence proves his guilt.

2. Compound Sentences –
(A) The sun was setting in the west and the moon was just rising.
(B) You must not be late or you will be punished.
(c) Rajesh got up and walked away.

2. उपयुक्त Conjunctions से रिक्त स्थान भरो।
Answer:

• I would like to come but I don’t have time.
• He has not written nor has he called me.
• The sun had set yet it was still light outside.
• Sami read the book but did not understand.
• I opened the door and looked out.

3. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को दिये गये coordinating conjunctions से जोड़िए:
Answer:

• Urmila wants both money and fame.
• I like coffee but I don’t like tea.
• I was tired, so I went to sleep.
• Raju is rich yet he is not happy.
• He is neither sane nor brilliant.
• Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant.
• I went shopping but my wife went to her classes.

The Value Of Man Summary

– Govind Jha

यह एक अत्यन्त रोचक कहानी है जिसे एकांकी के माध्यम से प्रस्तुत किया गया है। कहानी में शिकायकर्ता घासीराम है। मोहन उसका लड़का है और अपराधी कन्छेदी है। नेताजी और मास्टर जी को गवाह के रूप में पेश किया गया है। कहानी घासीराम के गधे को चुराने को लेकर है। घासीराम ने गधे चुराने की घटना को पंचायत के सामने रखा और उससे न्याय की गुहार लगायी। पंचों के सामने न्याय तक पहुँचना इसलिए कठिन हो गया क्योंकि मास्टर जी और नेताजी जैसे गवाह भी घासीराम के खिलाफ हो गये। घासीराम को न्याय मिलने की आशा समाप्त हो गयी और वह पंचायत छोड़कर जाने लगा। किन्तु तभी घासीराम के पुत्र द्वारा एक गधे को पेश करने से सारा माहौल बदल गया। यह सिद्ध हो गया कि कन्छेदी अपराधी है और मास्टर जी व नेताजी ने झूठी गवाही दी है। अन्त में यह सिद्ध हो जाता है कि विशेष परिस्थितियों में गधे की कीमत मनुष्य से अधिक होती है। वर्तमान समय पर यह कहानी एक गहरा व्यंग्य है, जो हमें यह शिक्षा भी देती है कि मनुष्य तो झूठ बोल सकता है किन्तु एक जानवर कभी झूठ नहीं बोल सकता।

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MP Board Class 12th Special English Grammar Modals

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Modals एक प्रकार की auxiliary verbs हैं जो Main Verbs के साथ मिलकर कार्य करने के mode को व्यक्त करती हैं। उनकी सहायता से ability, capacity, permission, possibility, duties जैसे विचारों को व्यक्त किया जाता है। निम्न Auxiliary verbs modals कहे जाते हैं, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, used to, ought to.

Features of Modals :
(a) Modals सहायक क्रियाएँ कभी अकेली नहीं आतीं। इनका प्रयोग सदा : main verb के साथ किया जाता है;

जैसे-
” You must do this work.
I’ can solve this sum.

(b) Subject के number, gender और person का modals पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं होता; जैसे
I can go there.
We can go there.
You can go there.
They can go there.
He can go there.
She can go there.

(c) Modals के साथ verb की Ist form का प्रयोग होता है, परन्तु ought और used के साथ ‘to’ infinitive का प्रयोग होता है;

जैसे-
He will leave for Mumbai today.
You should work hard.
I can help you.
We ought to serve our country.
He used to help me in the past.

(d) Modals के साथ ‘be’ लगने पर उसके बाद verb की Ist form और ing का प्रयोग करते हैं; जैसे-
Sudha will be writing a letter.
I shall be travelling in a train tomorrow.
Poonam will be dancing.

(e) Modals के बाद ‘have’ लगने पर उसके बाद verb की IIIrd form का प्रयोग करते हैं;
जैसे-
He must have done this work.
He should have passed the test.
He may have gone to Delhi.

Uses of Modals :
Modals Auxiliary के प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हैं

1. Shall
(i) Shall का प्रयोग Ist person (I, We) के साथ साधारण future tense – को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है;
जैसे-
I shall know my result tomorrow.
We shall leave for Mumbai in the evening.

(ii) आदेश (command) के लिए 2nd person (You) और 3rd person (He, She, They, It) के साथ होता है;

जैसे-
You shall do as I say.
You shall not disobey your parents.

(iii) वचन (promise) को व्यक्त करने के लिए 2nd और 3rd person के साथ;
जैसे-
You shall get a prize.
The school shall remain closed tomorrow on account of Holi.

(iv) बाध्यता या अनिवार्यता (compulsion or necessity) को व्यक्त करने के लिए 2nd और 3rd Person के बाद;

जैसे-
You shall not enter the kitchen with dirty feet.
You shall not make a noise.

(v) संकल्प (determination) अथवा निश्चय (certainty) को व्यक्त करने के लिए 2nd और 3rd Person के बाद;
जैसे-
He shall take revenge on his enemy.
He shall get good marks, I am sure.

(vi) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों (interrogative sentences) में shall का प्रयोग We के साथ किसी दूसरे के लिए अपनी सेवा प्रस्तुत करने के लिए प्रार्थना करने के लिए किया जाता है।

जैसे-
Shall I bring a glass of water?
Shall I carry your heavy bag?
Shall we go to see a film today?

2. Will
(i) Will का प्रयोग 2nd और 3rd Person (You, He, She, They, It आदि) के साथ simple future tense को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है;
जैसे-
He will come here at Diwali.
They will never learn good manners.
They will learn dancing from Birju Maharaj.

(ii) प्रार्थना या निमंत्रण के लिए;
जैसे-
Will you open the door, please?
Will you have a cup of tea?

(iii) Or या Otherwise वाले वाक्यों में चेतावनी देने के लिए;

जैसे-
Work hard or you will fail.
Run fast otherwise you will miss the train.

(iv) Ist person (I/We) के साथ निश्चय (certainty) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I will write a letter to her in the evening.
We will visit the theatre next week.

(v) I/We के साथ संकल्प (determination) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
I will succeed in this matter.
I will never speak to him.

(vi) इच्छा (willingness) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I will come with you if you want.
I will help you in this matter.

(vii) शर्त वाले (conditional) वाक्य के लिए;
जैसे-
If you work hard, you will pass.
If you don’t run, you will miss the train.

3. Should
(i) Indirect Speech में shall के past tense के रूप में;

जैसे-
I told him that I should help him.
He said that they should go there.

(ii) कर्तव्य (duty) की भावना प्रकट करने के लिए;

जैसे-
We should obey our parents.
We should help the poor.

(iii) सलाह तथा सुझाव (advice or suggestion) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
You should work hard.
You should take exercises.

(iv) Lest के पश्चात् उद्देश्य (purpose) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
Work hard lest you should fail.
Walk slowly lest you should fail.

(v) नैतिक उत्तरदायित्व (moral obligation) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
You should not drink wine.
You should help your sister.

(vi) कल्पना (supposition), संभावना (possibility), तथा शर्त (condition) की भावना को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
Should you see my brother teli him to send me a good book.
I think you should win the championship.

(vii) अनुमान (assumption) की भावना को दर्शाने के लिए;

जैसे-
She should be here by now. They should have reached Delhi.

4. Would
(i) Indirect speech में will के past के रूप में;

जैसे
He told me that he would go to Mumbai.
Mohan said that he would not do that work.

(ii) Past के किसी कार्य को करने की आदत को व्यक्त करने के
Gandhiji would spin for hours.
He would often study till late in the night.

(iii) विनम्र प्रार्थना (polite request) के लिए;
जैसे-
Would you open the door, please?
Would you lend me your bicycle for an hour?

(iv) किसी की इच्छा को जानने के लिए;
जैसे-
Would you have a cup of tea?
Would you like to come with me?

(v) इच्छा (wish) व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
Would that I were a king!
Would that my son were a hard worker!

(vi) असंभावित परिस्थिति (improbable condition) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
If a thief came here, he would find only books.
If I got a lottery, I would be very happy.

(vii) दृढ-निश्चय (determination) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
He would have his own way.
I would buy that car at any cost.

(viii) अधिमान (preference) को बताने के लिए;

जैसे-
I would like to have coffee.
I would rather starve than beg.

5. Can
(i) योग्यता (ability) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I can solve this problem.
He can swim across the river.

(ii) अनुमति (permission) देने के लिए;
जैसे-
You can see a film if you like.
You can go home if you have done your work.

(iii) अनुमति माँगने के लिए; जैसे
Can I use your dictionary?
Can I go home?

(iv) संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
Any team can win this match.
He can reach here any time.

मत करने के लिए. जैसे (0) क्षमता या शक्ति (capacity or power) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
I can lift this heavy table.
The Headmaster can remit your fine.

6. Could
(i) Indirect speech में can के past के रूप में;

जैसे-
Mohan said that he could solve the sum.
He asked me if I could help him.

(ii) Past की अनुमति (permission) को दर्शाने के लिए;

जैसे-
Father said that I could the film.
She asked me if she could meet me.

(iii) Past की संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
If he had money, he could buy a scooter.
I wondered whether the news could be true

(iv) भूतकाल में क्षमता (capacity) या योग्यता (ability) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I could swim when I was young.
She could solve the sum when she was only five-year-old.

(v) विनम्र प्रार्थना करने के लिए please वाले प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में-
(i) Could I talk to the Headmaster, please?
(ii) Could I change my seat, please?

7. May
(i) औपचारिक अनुमति (formal permission) लेने या देने के लिए;

जैसे-
May I come in, sir? Yes, you may.
May I use your book? Yes, you may take it.

(ii) इच्छा (wich), प्रार्थना (prayer) या आशीर्वाद (blessing) को व्यक्त करने के लिए ;
जैसे-
May you live long !
May I be able to cross the river !
May God bless her with a son !

(iii) संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
There are clouds in the sky. It may rain.
Mohan may reach here any time.

(iv) उद्देश्य (purpose) को बताने के लिए यदि so that से पहले verb की Ist Form लंगी हो तो;

जैसे-
We eat so that we may live.
I go to school so that I may become a great man.

(v) Past possibility (अतीत की संभावना) को व्यक्त करने के लिए may have का प्रयोग होता है;

जैसे-
He may have reached Kanpur.
You may have heard about Akbar.

8. Might – यह may का past रूप है। इसका प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में किया जाता है :
(i) भूतकाल में अनुमति लेने या देने के लिए;
जैसे-
I asked him if I might use his book.
My father told me that I might see a picture.

(ii) भूतकाल (past) में संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए ;

जैसे-
The doctor said that the patient might recover.
He might have done the mischief.

(iii) भूतकाल की इच्छा (wish) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
I wished that I might pass the examination.
Mohan wished that his sister might win the race.

(iv) भविष्यतकाल में किसी क्षीण संभावना (remote possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
I might go to the market, but I am not sure.
He might come, if he gets time.
The prices might fall down a little.

(v) सुझाव (suggestion) देने के लिए; जैसे-
You might consult a doctor.
You might seek legal opinion.

(vi) उद्देश्य को बताने के लिए यदि so that से पहले verb की 2nd Form लगी हो तो; जैसे He died so that his country might survive. He worked hard so that he might get good marks.

9. Must
(i) तीव्र आवश्यकता (dire necessity) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
You must take an umbrella as it is raining.
We must run if we want to catch the train.

(i) तीव्र आवश्यकता
(ii) अनिवार्यता (compulsion) या बंधन (obligation) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
A servant must obey his master.
We must obey the laws of the country.

(iii) दृढ़-संकल्प (determination) को व्यक्त करने के लिलिए;
I must finish this work by evening.
We must attack the enemy before day break.

(iv) कर्तव्य (duty) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे-
You must obey your parents.
We must serve our country.

(i) मनाही (prohibition) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;

जैसे-
You must not swim in that river.
You must not disobey your elders.

(vi) उत्तरदायित्व (obligation) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
We must serve our country.
We must pay the taxes.

(vii) संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
He must have reached Delhi.
She must have gone to bed by now.

10. Ought
Ought का प्रयोग should के स्थान पर किया जा सकता है, मगर इसके साथ to का प्रयोग आवश्यक है। इसके प्रयोग निम्नलिखित है;
(i) नैतिक एवं सामाजिक कर्तव्य (moral and social duty) के लिए;
जैसे-
We ought to obey our teachers.
You ought to help the poor and the needy.
We ought to take pity on the beggars.

(ii) Advice (सलाह) या Suggestion (सुझाव) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
जैसे-
You ought to work hard for the examination.
You ought to consult the doctor.

Ought to + have + verb की IIIrd form के द्वारा यह व्यक्त किया जाता है कि कार्य होना चाहिए था, मगर हुआ नहीं;
जैसे-
You ought to have met the principal. (but you did not).
You ought to have informed the police.

11. Need
Need एक नियमित क्रिया भी है और एक modal भी। Modal के रूप में इसका प्रयोग केवल नकारात्मक (Negative) तथा प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative) वाक्या में निम्नलिखित रूप में होता है :
(i) आवश्यकता का न होना;

जैसे-
You needn’t take an umbrella as it has stopped raining.
We need not go to England to learn English.

(ii) आवश्यकता के बारे में कोई प्रश्न पूछना; जैसे
Need you go home so soon?
Need you speak so fast?
Need she run for catching the bus?

12. Dare Need
की तरह dare का प्रयोग भी नियमित क्रिया एवं Modal दोनों प्रकार से होता है। Modal के रूप में इसका प्रयोग केवल नकारात्मक (Negative) और प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative) वाक्यों में निम्नलिखित रूप में होता है :

(i) साहस का न होना; जैसे
I dare not enter the Headmaster’s office.
The child dare not go into a dark room at night.

(ii) साहस के बारे में प्रश्न करना; जैसे
Dare you catch a lion by its tail?
How dare you insult me?

13. Used to
Used to का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में किया जाता है:
(i) भूतकाल की किसी आदत (past habitual action) को दर्शाने के लिए;

जैसे-
In the past people used to believe that the earth was flat.
Before marriage, he used to drink a lot.

(ii) भूतकाल में किसी वस्तु के अस्तित्व के लिए;
जैसे-
There used to be a big building at the corner. A fair used to be held in this ground every year.

EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks with ‘shall’ or ‘will’ :
1. We ……………… know the result tomorrow.
2. He ……………… go to Mumbai next month.
3. ……………… you help me in this matter.
4. …………….. you have a cup of tea?
5. You ……………… not enter the kitchen with muddy shoes.
6. You ……………… get all help from me, this is my promise.
7. If you desire, I ……………… come with you.
8. ………………. you do me a favour?
9. ……………… I ring him up?
10. It is my determination that I ……………. go to England for higher studies.
Ans.
1. shall
2. will
3. Will
4. Will
5. shall
6. shall
7. will
8. Will
9. Shall
10. will.

EXERCISE 2
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with ‘can’ or ‘could’:
1. He …………. come here any time without ringing the bell.
2. I wish I …………….. drive a scooter.
3. Her daughter ……………… cook well.
4. Everybody ……………… make mistakes.
5. Although the water was cold, I ……………. cross the river.
6. Although she is only five years old, she …………….. solve this sum.
7. We ……….. always visit his house any time (we had permission).
8. I ……………… climb the trees when I was a boy.
9. …………….. you lift this heavy box?
10. He ……………. come any moment.
Answer:
1. can
2. could
3. can
4. can
5. could
6. can
7. could
8. could
9. can
10. can.

EXERCISE 3
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with ‘May’, ‘Might, ‘Musť and ‘Need’ :
1. …………….. I take your book?
2. You ……………… take my book if you need.
3. I think it …………….. rain today.
4. We …………….. pay our taxes.
5. …………….. she live long !
6. A son ……………… obey his father.
7. Mohan wished that he …………….. get a lottery.
8. I ……………… visit Lucknow, but I am not much sure.
9. You ……………… work hard if you want to succeed in life.
10. You …… ………. not swim in the river as there are crocodiles in it.
11. You …………….. do this work. This is an order. 12. One ……………… respect the national flag.
13. You …………….. take the raincoat, it has stopped raining.
14. You …………….. go to Delhi to learn music, I can teach you here.
15. ……………. you take so much luggage with you?
Answer:
1. may
2. may
3. may
4. must
5. may
6. must
7. might
8. might
9. must
10. must
11. must
12. must
13. needn’t
14. needn’t
15. Need.

EXERCISE 4
Fill in the blanks with ‘Would’ or ‘Should :
1. Work hard lest you ……………… fail.
2. …………… you like to have a cup of tea?
3. …………. you mind helping me?
4. They …………… arrive here any time.
5. Mohan ………….. keep sitting near the railway line for hours.
6. I ………. like to get a good post.
7. He told me that Mohan ……………… meet me after two days.
8. I told him that I…………….. do that work.
9. We ……………… respect the elders.
10. The examinations are drawing near. You ……………. work hard.
Answer:
1. should
2.Would
3. Would
4. should
5. would
6. would
7. would
8. should
9. should
10. should.

.EXERCISE 5
Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning given in the brackets :
1. You ……………… do as you are told. (obligation)
2. He …………… rather go to the cinema than to sit here. (preference)
3. He …………….. attend the dinner. (Future)
4. I ……………… meet him tomorrow. (future)
5. He ……………. help the poor. (past habit)
6. You …………….. write an essay. (advice)
7. If he were here, he …………… help you. (possibility)
8. ……………… you please tell me the way? (polite request)
9. You …………… bring an umbrella. It has stopped raining, (absence of necessity)
10. The train …………. be late because of heavy rains. (possibility)
Answer:
1. must
2. would
3. will
4. shall
5. used to
6. should
7. might
8. Will
9. needn’t
10. may.

EXERCISE 6
Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning given in the brackets :
1. He didn’t come yesterday, he ……………… come today. (remote possibility)
2. You ………….. help your younger brother ing an in me thelp you. (advice)
3. I ………….. lend you some money if you so desire. (willingness)
4. Work hard lest you …………….. fail. (expression of fear)
5. I ……………… like to ask you something (wish)
6. You ……………. hurry, there is plenty of time. (absence of necessity)
7. I …………….. not come yesterday since I was busy. (past inability).
8. You ………….. touch those books. (prohibition)
9. You ………………. see a doctor at once.. (emphatic advice)
leave the papers here and go. (permission)
Answer:
1. might
2. should
3. will
4. should
5. would
6. needn’t
7. could
8. shall
9. must
10. may.

EXERCISE 7
Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning indicated in brackets :
1. You …………….. not disobey your father.(moral obligation)
2. I am afraid ………….. not succeed even this year.(probability).
3. He ………. tell his father the whole truth. (absence of courage).
4. You …………….. see a doctor at once. (advice)
5. Sometimes he ……………. get very angry with his children. (a frequent happening in the past)
6. I …………….. like to ask you something. : (would)
7. I ……………… rather fail in the examination than use unfair. (preference)
8. The Headmaster ………….. be in his room. The fan is on. (certainty)
9. You ………. drive fast: there is a speed limit here.(prohibition)
10. You ……………… have the money tomorrow. (promise)
Answer:
1. should
2. may
3. daren’t
4. should
5. used to
6. would
7. would
8. must
9. mustn’t
10. shall.

EXERCISE 8 Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning in brackets:
1. I …………….. help you at all costs. (determination)
2. …… meet you at the bus stand. (future)
3. You …………….. help the needy. (duty)
4. You ……………… come to my ……. come to my office. Just ring me up. (absence of necessity)
5. He ………… face the officer again. (absence of courage) …….. coor die than besan’t.
6. You …………….. have the money tomorrow. (promise)
7. I ………….. speak English well. (present ability)
8. I …………….. work hard when I was young. (past ability)
9. He …………….. come tomorrow. (slight possibility)
10. I …………… rather die than beg. (preference)
Answer:
1. will
2. shall
3. should
4. needn’t
5. daren’t
6. shall
7. can
8. could
9. might
10. would.

EXERCISE 9
Fill in the blanks with modals appropriate to the meaning in brackets:
1. You ……………… go home now. (permission)
2. You ……….. …… finish your work before going home. (compulsion)
3. I …………… not let myself become a slave to machines. (determination)
4. You ……………. run: the train is late.(absence of necessity)
5. Mohan went to Agra last week. He ……………. come today. (probability)
6. I am afraid he …………… fail even this time. (probability)
7. …………….. you lift this baggage? (present ability)
8. We do not know whether the primitive men ………. plough the fields. (past ability)
9. He ……………… tell his father the truth.(absence of courage)
10. …………….. you mind moving a little? (polite request)
Answer:
1. may.
2. must
3. will
4. needn’t
5. might
6. may
7. can
8. could
9. daren’t
10. Would.

EXERCISE 10
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with ‘dare’, ‘ought to’, ‘used to’:
1. How ……………… you say such a thing?
2. You …………… work hard for the examination.
3. We ……………… serve our nation.
4. I ……………. enter his room in his absence.
5. ……………. you go into that house at night?
6. I …………… to go for a walk daily; now I rarely go.
7. A great man …………….. to live in this house in the past.
8. You ……………. to take regular exercise.
9. I …………….. to go to the college on foot. Now I go on a scooter.
10. You ……………… to have consulted a doctor.
Answer:
1. dare
2. ought to
3. ought to
4. daren’t
5. Dare
6. used
7. used
8. ought
9. used
10. ought.

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MP Board Class 12th Special English Grammar Tenses

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Tense verb के उस form को कहते हैं जो समय के अनुसार बनता है जिस समय कार्य सम्पन्न होता है। Tense से उस कार्य, प्रक्रिया और अवस्था का बोध होता है जो Present, Past या Future में सम्पन्न होता है। ना है. इसे तीन अवस्थाओं में देखा जा सकता है:

• Present Tense,
• Past Tense,
• Future Tense.

इन तीनों अवस्थाओं में verb के अलग-अलग निम्नलिखित रूप बनते हैं:

Each of these three main tenses has four forms :

1. Simple or Indefinite
2. Continuous or Progressive
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous.

I. The Simple Present
(or The Present Indefinite)

Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + V₁ + O या S + V₁ + s/es + O.
Negative Sentences – S + do not + V₁ + या S+does not + V₁ + O.
Interrog!tive Sentences – Do + S + V₁ + O? या Does + S + V₁ + O?
S = Subject, V = Verb, O = Object.

यदि Subject (he, she, it, singular Noun हो तो V, के साथ s/es लगाते हैं;
जैसे-
My mother goes to temple daily.
My mother does not go to temple daily?
Does your mother go to temple daily?
I play cricket.
They work in a factory.

USES:
इन वाखों daily, every, always, often, usually, generally शब्द लगो होते हैं
(a) To describe habitual actions.
Ram gets up early in the morning.
Then he goes for awalk.
He always speaks the truth.

(b) To express a general universal or scientific truth.
The Sun rises in the east.
The rain falls from the clouds.

(c) To express a fact which is true at the time of speaking.
Krishna lives in Mumbai.
The Express train does not stop at this station.

(d) In describing running commentaries.
Raman passes the ball to Kamal and he hits it into the goal.

II. The Present Continuous Tense

Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + ls/Am/Are + V₁ + ing + O
Negative Sentences – S + Is/Am/Are + not + V₁ + mg + O
Interrogative Sentences – Is/Am/Are + S + V₁ + ing + O

I के साथ am का प्रयोग करते हैं।
He, She, It और singular noun के साथ is का प्रयोग करते हैं।
We, you, they और Plural Noun के साथ are का प्रयोग करते हैं;
जैसे-
Look ! the two boys are fighting.
I am doing my work.
Are you not wasting your time?
Is he playing? No, he is not playing.

USES :
(a) It shows what is happening now, at the time of writing or speaking.
Shubham is studying in his room, but his brother Arun is playing in the garden.

(b) To express an action which may not be actually going on at
the time of speaking, but it is going on in general.
She is writing a book on Economics.
He is building a new house.

(c) To express an action which is likely to happen in near future.
My brother is coming next week.
I am going to Delhi tomorrow.

EXERCISE
Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present tense or the present continuous tense :

1. Suman generally (wear) a white suit but today she (wear) a blue one.
2. Sugar (cost) sixteen rupees a kilo.
3. Rain (fall) from the clouds.
4. Crime never (pay).
5. The workers (repair) the road at present.
6. People (wear) new clothes at Diwali.
7. My children generally (go) to their uncle during the holidays. But they (not go) this summer as we all (go) to Shimla.
8. I usually (drink) coffee but now I (drink) tea.
9. We (have) our lunch at the Ashoka Restaurant this .. afternoon.
10. As it is good weather, children (play) in the garden.
11. The doctor (examine) the patient in the next room.
12. Do not make a noise. The baby (sleep) in the cradle.
13. I (hear) a noise from the next home. Vijay is beating his wife again.
14. Going to war (mean) killing a lot of people.
Answer:
1. wears; is wearing
2. costs
3. falls
4. pays
5. are repairing
6. wear
7. go are not going; are going
8. drink; am drinking
9. are having
10. are playing
11. is examining
12. is sleeping
13. hear
14. mean

III. The Present Perfect Tense

Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + has/have + V₃ + O
Negative Sentences – S + has/have + not + V₃ + O
Interrogative Sentences – Has/Have + S + V₃ + O?

He, She, It और singular noun के साथ has का प्रयोग करते हैं। I, We, You, They और plural noun के साथ have का प्रयोग करते हैं;

जैसे-
The Bell has gone. I have learnt my lesson.
Have you returned the library books?

USES :
(a) To express an action which has just been completed.
Have you written a letter?
Yes, I have just completed it.

(b) To express an action which began in the past and has continued upto the present. For this use of the tense, for and since can be used to denote the length of time.
For is used to show the lenth of time and since to show the point of time.
He has been a teacher since 1985.
I have known him for the last ten years.

(c) To express an action which happened in the past at an Indefinite time.
We either don’t know the time of its happening or we don’t mention it.
I have seen the Taj Mahal.
I have met the author of this book.

(d) In the sentences having ‘yet negative sentences of this are formed.
The match has not started yet. He has not come yet.
They have not visited us yet.

IV. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + has/have + been + V₁ + ing + O
Negative Sentences – S + has/have + not been + V₁ + ing + O
Interrogative Sentences – Has/Have + S + been V₁ + ing + O?

I have been living here only for five years.
No, I have not been living here since long.
Have you been living here for a long time?

USES :
(a) To express an action which began in the past but is still continuing.
Since and For are used to denote the length of time.
It has been raining since morning.
We have been waiting for the rain to stop.

(b). To express an action, which has just finished, but whose effect or result still continues
I am tired; I have been watering the plants since morning.
I am late because I have been washing my car.

EXERCISE 1
Put the verbs in the present perfect or present perfect continuous tense :
1. He (take) his meal and is playing in the garden now.
2. Please give me your pen. I (forget) mine at home.
3. I (ring) the bell for five minutes, but nobody (come) to answer.
4. This woman (visit) the shop five times, but so far she (not purchase) anything.
5. He is a famous player. He (play) football since he was ten years old.
6. I (wait) for you for the last one hour.
7. Mohan (live) in this town since 1935.
8. You cannot meet Rajesh. He (just go) out.
9. Geeta went to Delhi six months ago, but I (not hear) from her so far.
10. I (not see) the Taj Mahal but I am planning to visit Agra? next week.
11. India and Pakistan (fight) three wars.
12. You cannot go out till you (complete) your homework.
13. I (help) him five times in the past, but he (not improve).
14. He already (write) five letters and is still writing.
15. My uncle just (arrive) from Kolkata.
Answer:
1. has taken
2. have forgotten
3. have been ringing; has come
4. has visited; has not purchase
5. has been playing
6. have been waiting
7. has been living
8. has just gone
9. have not heard
10. have not seen
11. have fought
12. have completed
13. have helped; but has not improved
14. has already written
15. has just arrived.

EXERCISE 2
Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense (simple present, present continuous, present perfect or present prefect continuous)
1. A liar is a person who habitually (tell) lies.
2. He (play) for two hours and still (not stop).
3. The burglars (try) to get into the house for two hours.
4. You cannot meet him. He (write) a letter.
5. He generally (go) to college in a car, but today he (go) on a cycle.
6. I (smell) something burning.
7. I (not met) the minister so far but I (meet) him tomorrow.
8. There is no use of calling the doctor; the patient already (die).
9. The hungry child (cry) for ten minutes.
10. Mohan (like) to swim in the river.
11. He (wear) that coat for fifteen years and it (wear out) at the elbows.
12. I never (see) such a beautiful garden.
13. Everybody (admire) a smart boy.
14. I hear that Ram Lal (go) to London.
15. I want to go to the theatre; I not (see) a good play for a long time.
Answer:
1. tells
2. has been playing; has still not stopped
3. have been trying
4. is writing
5. goes; is going
6. smell
7. have not met; am meeting
8. has already died
9. has been crying
10. likes
11. has been wearing; has worn out
12. have never seen
13. admires
14. has gone
15. have not seen.

I. The Simple Past Tense

Structure :
(a) Simple past tense में subject के साथ verb की IInd form का प्रयोग होता है;

जैसे-

Mohan went to Agra.
I met Amrish Puri.
He wrote a letter.

(b) Negative (नकारात्मक) वाक्यों में subject के साथ did not + verb की
Ist form का प्रयोग होता है;

जैसे-
Mohan did not go to Agra.
I did not meet Amrish Puri.
He did not write a letter.

(c) Interrogative (प्रश्नवाचक) वाक्यों में did + subject + verb की Ist form का प्रयोग होता है; या Question word + did + subject + verb की Ist Form का प्रयोग होता है,

जैसे-
Did Mohan go to Agra?
Did I meet Amrish Puri?
Did he write a letter? !
When did you see him last time?

Some other examples :

USES :
(a) To express an action completed in the past at a definite time.
Nehru died in 1964. (die)
I met Shyam yesterday. (meet)
I visited Lucknow four years ago. (visit)
She did not visit us last year. (visit)

इन वाक्यों में भूतकाल का वर्णन करने के लिए yesterday, last, ago और in + year if you can do

(b) To express a past habit.
My grandfather always went for a walk in the morning. (go)
He always carried an umbrella. (carry)

(c) To express an action which took place at a definite time in the past even though the time is not given.
Kamal arrived ten minutes late and his officer rebuked him. ” (arrive)
I bought this suit at Connaught Place. (buy)

(d) To express some historical events.
Shahjahan built the Taj. (build)
Babar founded the Mughal Empire. (found)
Columbus discovered America. (discover)
Gandhiji span on the charkha daily. (spin)

(e) If one part of the sentence is in Past Continuous Tense.
I was taking my lunch when he arrived. (arrive)
I saw that the two boys were fighting. (see)
To express the condition of past.
He would pass if he worked hard. (work)
She would get a job if she applied for it. (apply)

(8) Connectors (neither, and, but, because, as) as Het में Verb की IInd form लगी हो तो दूसरे भाग में भी Verb की IInd form of an and I.
Neither he came nor sent any message. (send)
He failed because he did not work hard. (fail)
He came in and saw everything with his own eyes. (see)

EXERCISE :
Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past Tense :
1. I was walking along the road when suddenly I __________ (meet) an old lady.
2. The policeman __________ (ask) me where I was going.
3. I __________ (tell) him that I was going to Pindara.
4. The old man was a beggar. He __________ (beg) me to give him something.
5. “I have not eaten anything since morning.” the old man (say).
6. I __________ (take) pity on the old man and gave him five rupees.
7: I __________ (feel) happy for helping an old and hungry man.
8. I returned from Pindara after one hour and __________ (meet) the same old man again.
9. I recognised him but he __________ (not recognise) me.
10. When I came near him, he again __________ (ask) me for money.
11. He again __________ (say) that he had been hungry since morning.
12. I __________ (tell) the old man that I had given him five rupees only one hour before.
13. I __________ (rebuke) him for telling lies.
14. Then the old man recognised me and __________ (turn) pale.
15. He __________ (not stop) there and ran away.
Answer:
1. met
2. asked
3. told
4. begged
5. said
6. took
7. felt
8. met
9. did not recognise
10. asked
11. said
12. told
13. rebuked
14. turned
15. did not stop.

II. The Past Continuous Tense
Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + was/were + V₁ + ing + O
Negative Sentences – S + was/were + not + V₁ + ing + O
Interrogative Sentences – Was/Were + S + V₁ + ing + O?

The baby was sleeping in the cradle.
They were making a noise.
I was learning my lesson.
I, he, she, it और singular noun के साथ was का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
He, she, it और plural noun के साथ were का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

USES :
(a) This tense is used to express an action which was continuing at some point of time in the past.
नेट- इस Tense वाले वाखों में एक भाग में when के साथ verb की लगी होती है
The fire was burning when we came in.
He was taking lunch when I went to see him.

(b) To express two or more actions happening simultaneously in the past:
While she was writing, he was looking at her beautiful pen.
While the whole family were watching the television, Rajat was studying in his room.

III. The Past Perfect Tense.

Structure :
(a) इस tense में subject के बाद had + verb की IIIrd form का प्रयोग होता है
जैसे-
I had done his work.
He had written a letter.
She had made a plan.

(b) नकारात्मक (Negative) वाक्यों में had + not + verb की IIIrd form का प्रयोग होता है

जैसे-
I had not done his work.
He had not written a letter.
She had not made a plan.

(c) प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative) वाक्यों में had + subject + verb की IIIrd form का प्रयोग होता है
जैसे-
Had I done his work?
Had he written a letter?
Had she made a plan?

Some other examples :

 USES :
(a) To express an action that has completed before the fixed time in past.
The fire had burnt the huts before the fire brigade came. (burn)
The thief had run away before the police came. (run)
The patient had died before the doctor came. (die)
The train had left before we reached the station. (leave)

नोट-इन वाक्यों में कार्य के सम्पन्न होने का वर्णन करने के लिए before, after, already, by, till और until शब्द लगे होते हैं।

(b) To express an action that has completed before the beginning of second action.
I had already done my work by 6 p.m. yesterday. (do)
He had not met me before. (not meet)
She had not reached Agra till yesterday. (not reach)

(c) To express an unfulfilled wish of the past.
He wished that he had accepted the offer. (accept)
If only you had worked hard. (work)
I bought this suit at Connaught Place. (buy)

(d) If in past happens more than one action, for former action :
past perfect is used.
I went home after I had finished the work. (finish)
He returned after he had seen off his wife at the station. (see)

(e) To express an impossible condition of the past.
If he had walked carefully, he would not have fallen. (walk)
If you had worked hard, you would have passed. (work)
You would have caught the train if you had run faster. (run)

EXERCISE
Supply the correct Past Tense of the verb given in the brackets:
1. He told the doctor that his son just __________ (break) his leg.
2. The accident __________ (occur) at 6 o’clock this evening.
3. When I reached the house __________ (find) that thieves (break) into it.
4. I found that they __________ (take) away my T.V.
5. The thieves __________ (run) away before I reached the house.
6. The match __________ (begin) before we reached the stadium.
7. The thieves __________ (run) away before the police (arrive).
8. When I reached the cinema hall, the picture already __________ (begin).
9. I wished he __________ (help) me.
10. If he __________ (Walk) carefully, he would not have fallen.
11. When I __________ (reach) the bus stop, the bus (leave).
12. We went home after we __________ (see) the film.
13. He (becomes) happy when he __________ (know) that he (pass).
14. If he __________ (work) hard, he would have won the prize.
15. I __________ (thank) her for what she (do) for me.
Answer:
1. had just broken
2. occurred
3. found; had broken
4. had taken
5. had run away
6. had begun
7. had run away; arrived
8. had already begun
9. had helped
10. had walked
11. reached; had left
12. had seen
13. became; knew; had passed
14. had worked hard 15. thanked; had done.

IV. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Structure :
This tense is formed by using had + been + Ist form of the verb + ing. The negative is formed by putting not between had and been. In interrogative sentences, had is put before the subject.

The fire had been burning for four hours before the fire brigade arrived.
Had it been burning since morning.
No, it had not been burning since morning.

USES :
This tense is used to express the continuity of an action at a given point in the past. In other words, the action started before a. given point in the past; it was continuing at that time and probably continued after that also.
यह tense भूतकाल में किसी निश्चित समय से पहले भूतकाल की किसी अवधि’ से कार्य के जारी रहने वाले वाक्यों में प्रयोग किया जाता है। वाक्य में since/for लगा होता है।
नोट-Since या for वाले वाक्यों में एक भाग में when के साथ verb की 2nd form लगी होती है।

He had been waiting for me when I reached there.
The match had been going on for two hours when I reached the stadium.

EXERCISE
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past tense.
1. At 9 a.m. last night, I (watch) the television.
2. The players (enter) the stage carrying torches.
3. It (rain) when I went out.
4. He (cross) the room and (sit) in the chair.
5. When I was at school. I (take) part in cultural activities.
6. When he came in, we (take) dinner.
7. Last year 1′(attend) a conference at Chennai.
8. An accident (take) place at the crossroads last evening.
9. When Mohan (be) five years old, his father (die).
10. When I was walking along the road, the wind (blow) off my hat.
11. I (think) hard and (find) a solution.
12. After walking for four kilometers I (realise) that I (go) in the wrong direction.
13. I (break) my leg when I was dancing.
14. Hitler (get) a great number of Jews killed.
15. The doctor (examine) the patients when I went to see him.
Answer:
1. was watching
2. entered
3. was raining
4. crossed; sat
5. took
6. were taking
7. attended
8. took place
9. was; died
10. blew off
11. thought; found
12. realised; was going
13. broke
14. got
15. was examining.

Future Tense

I. The Simple Future Tense

Structure :
Simple Sentence – S + will/shall + V₁ + O
Negative Sentences. – S + will/shall + not + V₁ + O
Interrogative Sentences – Will/shall + S + V₁ + O?

I और we के साथ shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है और अन्य noun/pronouns के साथ will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
I shall go to school tomorrow.
He will visit us next week.
They will not help me.
Will you do it for me?

USES :
(a) To show future.
He will go to Mumbai next week.
I shall not to go school tomorrow.

(b) To express the speaker’s opinions or assumptions about the future.
I think he will not come back.
We hope that Aman will get First Division.

(c) Sometimes, the simple future tense is used to express habitual actions or general truths.
He will always tell lies.
A dog’s tail will remain crooked.

(d) Generally, shall is used with first person (I,we) and will is used with 2nd and 3rd persons.
But will can be used with Ist person in order to express intention or promise.
Shall can be used with promise, prohibition, etc.
I will always help you in your need. (promise)
We will fight to the finish. (determination)
You shall not enter my room with muddy feet. (prohibition)

II. The Future Continuous Tense
Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + will/shall + be + V₁ + ing+O
Negative Sentences. – S + will/shall + not + be + V₁ + ing+O
Interrogative Sentences – Will/Shall + S + be + V₁ + ing+O?

Will you be playing a match tomorrow.
No, I shall not be playing.
I shall be sitting in a train at this time tomorrow.

USES :
1. (a) To express an action which is expected to take place in the normal course.
It is less definite than the present continuous.
We are seeing the manager tomorrow. (definite arrangement)
We shall be seeing the manager tomorrow. (less definite)

(b) To express an action that will be in progress at a given point of time in future :
नोट-इस tense के वाक्यों के एक भाग में when के साथ verb की Ist Form लगी होती है

When you reach Shimla, it will be snowing here.
At this time tomorrow, I shall be travelling in a train.

(c) In the Interrogative, the future continuous implies a polite request or query.
Will you be coming with me? .

III. The Future Perfect Tense
Structure :
Simple Sentences – S + will/shall + be + V₁ + O
Negative Sentences – S + will/shall + not + have + V₁ + O
Interrogative Sentences – Will/Shall + S + have + V,₁ + O ?

He will have done this work.
Will he have started the next work also?
No; he will not have started the next work. He will have gone home.

USES :
(a) To express an action which is expected to be completed by a given future time.
नोट-(By the time या before के साथ एक भाग में verb की Ist Form लगी होती है
I shall have solved the sum by that time.
By the time the doctor arrives, the patient will have died.
The bell will have gone before we reach the school.

(b) To express the speaker’s belief or guess about an action.
Mohan will have reached Delhi by now.
You will have read about Alexander the Great.

IV. The Future Perfect Coninuous Tense
Structure :
Simple Sentences – S+ will/shall + have been + V₁ + ing + O
Negative Sentences – S+ will/shall + not + have been + V₁ + ing + O
Interrogative Sentences – Will/Shall + S + have been + V₁ + ing + O?

Will the gardener have been watering the plants in the evening?
No, he will not have been watering the plants.
He will have been waiting for you for two hours when you reach there.

USES :
(a) To show future.
This tense is used to express an action which will begin before a certain time in the future, will be continuing at that certain point of time and will continue even after that. When you reach the ground, the match will have been going on for one an hour.

(The match will begin, one hour before you reach, will still be in progress at the time of your reaching there and will continue even after your arrival.)

EXERCISE
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future form :
1. I wonder if I (get) tickets in advance.
2. I (know) the results in a week’s time.
3. If you work hard, you (pass).
4. Perhaps he (arrival) in time for lunch.
5. At this time tomorrow I (travel) in a train.
6. By six p.m. tomorrow, I (do) this work.
7. You (open) the door, please?
8. There is going to be a bus strike. Everyone (look) for taxis and rickshaws next week.
9. I don’t like that man and I (not help) him.
10. Mohan says that he (not lend) me the book, because I never return the books.
Answer:
1. shall get
2. shall know
3. will pass
4. will arrive
5. shall be traveling
6. shall have done
7. will you open
8. will be looking
9. will not help
10. will not lend.

EXERCISE
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future form (future simple, future continuous, future perfect, future perfect continuous):
1. If you walk fast, you (catch) the train.
2. When you reach there, he (read) a book.
3. By evening I (read) half the book.
4. At 7 p.m. he (ring) for two hours.
5. I (return) your book tomorrow.
6. I (help) you in your difficulty.
7. You (know) your result next week.
8. A number of tourists (arrive) Shimla next summer.
9. The train (leave) by the time you reach the station.
10. As you sow, so you (reap).
11. The gardeners (water) the plants before the sun rises.
12. The sun (rise) before we reach the top.
13. I (do) the washing tomorrow morning.
14. If he is clever enough, he (get) his answer.
15. By Monday he (stay) at this hotel for three weeks.
Answer:
1. will catch
2. will be reading
3. will have read
4. will have been ringing
5. will return
6. will know
7. will know
8. will arrive
9. will have left
10. shall you reap
11. will have watered
12. will have risen
13. will do
14. will get
15. will have been staying.

Mixed Solved Exercise

EXERCISE 1
Use the correct form of the verbs given in brackets :
1. The policeman (catch) the thief red-handed.
2. Students (stay away) from their classes in protest against the principal.
3. The whole day yesterday the boys (listen) to the cricket commentary.
4. A bomb scare (cause) a delay of about 2 hours of the Delhi-Bangalore flight.
5. The Jawahar Lal Nehru Stadium (reverberate) with dance, music and song.
6. Jim Corbett (love) animals but he (kill) many man-eaters.
7. I (learn) Tamil from my friend who is settled in Tamil Nadu.
8. Last year they (build) a high wall around the house.
9. I (read) a number of stories, when I was a child.
10. Last evening some wicked people (smuggle) brown sugar into the town, but they were arrested.
Answer:
1. caught
2. stayed away
3. were listening
4. caused
5. reverberated
6. loved; killed
7. learnt
8. built
9. read
10. smuggled.

EXERCISE 2
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense in the following sentences :
1. The train (leave) at 6.50 a.m.
2. He (buy) a new house recently.
3. I (buy) a new car last week.
4. If you (go) to the city, bring a toy for me.
5. The patient (die) before the doctor came.
6. She (study) for the last three hours.
7. Go to bed if you (finish) your work.
Answer:
1. leaves
2. has bought
3. bought
4. go
5. had died
6. has been studying
7. have finished.

EXERCISE 3
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in brackets :
1. When I (go) to the hospital, the doctor already (perform) the operation.
2. After getting into the bus we (discover) that we (board) the wrong one.
3. I (finish) the assignment before the sun (set).
4. Deepak (want) to join the medical college, but he (fail) to get admission.
5. The farmers sowed the seeds after they (plow) their fields.
6. I asked my friend what film he (see).
7. I tore up your letter after I (read) it.
8. He (shell) all the peas before I cut the potatoes.
Answer:
1. went; had already performed
2. discovered; had boarded
3. had finished; set
4. wanted; failed
5. had plowed
6. had been
7. had read
8. had shelled all the peas.

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1. Robert of Class XII is not coming to school because he is suffering from fever. He wants you to write an application to the Principal to excuse his absence from school for a week: Write this letter on his behalf. (M.P. Board 2009)
Answer:
The Principal
Sr. Sec. School
XYZ Block
New Delhi
19th December, 20xx

Subject: Leave application due to fever.

Sir,
I am David of Class XII. I am, on behalf of Robert writing this letter to you g. to inform you that he will be unable to attend the school from 17 Dec. 20xx as he has been suffering from typhoid fever. He is taking strong medicines to relieve himself of the disease but it will still take him about one more week to get well. At present he is unable to even write, so I am writing this application on his behalf. Please grant him one week’s leave. He will make up for the classes. I am sure you will understand his plight and grant him leave.

Thanking you.

Yours sincerely
‘David,
XII-A

2. Abhishek of 8, Indira Nagar, Bhopal is not happy with the sanitary conditions of his locality. He decides to write a letter to the local sanitary Inspector of the town to look into the sorry state of affairs. Write a letter on his behalf. (M.P. Board 2009)
Answer:
The Sanitary Inspector
Bhopal Municipal Corporation
Bhopal
27th November, 20xx ,

Subject: Complaint regarding poor sanitary conditions.

Sir,
I am Abhishek, a local resident of 8, Indira Nagar, Bhopal. It is unfortunate that the local civic bodies have remained indifferent towards the cleaning of Indira Nagar locality. Our area presently is in a sorry state of affairs. There are no sweepers to clear the heaps of garbage that lie unattended and start emitting foul smell. The garbage also attracts street dogs and pigs who are keen on rolling over there. The drains of our locality are perpetually blocked and this creates totally insanitary and unhygienic conditions. Installation of dust-bins in the locality has not really helped to improve the situation because even if people make use of these dustbins to dispose of garbage, these dustbins are rarely emptied. It is advisable to supply big polythene litter bags, instead of dustbins, which make the disposition of garbage easier. The water-logging in the locality has proved an ideal breeding place for mosquitoes. The need of the hour is to have regular visits of officials from your department to inspect the locality and to have meetings with the residents of the locality in order to make our locality a better and hygienic place to live in.

I hope you will personally supervise this situation and we hope to hear from you soon.

Yours sincerely
Abhishek

3. Srishti has been asked to write an information brochure for her classmates who plan an excursion to Fatehgarh in summer. She has made the following notes. Use these notes together with your own ideas and write the brochure.

Answer:
This summer, as usual, we have planned an excursion for the class—a visit to FATEHGARH which is not only beautiful but also has a historical significance. Fatehgarh lies in the State of Uttar Pradesh. It is an eight-hour journey by bus; On reaching Fatehgarh we will be lounged in a Government Guest House. From there we shall proceed to visit the most famous place in Fatehgarh, the Maharani’s Palace, which includes the Wax Palace. It was built in 540 A.D. and it is known for its whispering galleries and the beautiful sculptures of ancient rulers. These sculptures are ancient, so it is not surprising that the limbs of a few rulers in some of these sculptures may be found missing. This palace is indeed one of the few examples of ancient Indian art and gives us a peep into the glorious and rich cultural art of ancient Indian history.

To cool you in the summers, we shall visit the Varsha waterfalls which fall from a height of 500 feet. It is a splendour to watch the water as it lashes down on to the ground and presents the most delightful sight. We also plan a visit to a stream which lies on the outskirts of Fatehgarh. Besides this, our excursion will include a visit to the beautiful rose gardens, fruit orchards and vineyards to view the flowers and the fruits in their full bloom. It promises to be an excursion which should not be missed and I can assure you that Our visit to Fatehgarh will be the most exciting and informative.

4. Sumit lives in a village. The entire village is worried about the degradation of Nila Lake in the village. He writes an article for publication in the local newspaper highlighting various factors responsible for the degradation of the lake. Use the information given below and write the article.

Answer:
I am being compelled to write this article to voice the concern of our entire village, Rampur, regarding the degradation of Nila Lake. This lake has been a part and parcel of our lives for numerous years and so it is very natural that our entire village is concerned about its degradation.

To provide an easy access to our village the construction of numerous roads and bridges has been taken up in recent years. Unfortunately, this has led to flooding almost every year during the rainy season and has also disturbed the natural drainage system. Due to deforestation of a large portion of the catchment area around the lake, the water level of the lake has decreased and there has been an increase in ’ the growth of weeds. There is also a considerable amount of reduction of fish in the lake. Illegal occupation of land around the lake has led to blockage of canals and shortage of drinking water. The lake water has become very polluted and there is a loss of water organisms. The number of migratory birds visiting the area has also decreased. So, it is indeed pathetic to see this slow but sure degeneration of Nila Lake which has been a major source of sustenance of our entire village.

We sincerely hope that after going through this article in your esteemed newspaper, concerned environmentalists will surely come forward to save Nila Lake from total degradation and effective measures will be taken up to improvise upon the present situation.

5. You are required to write an article for your school magazine on ‘Importance of Music in Life.’ Write it with the help of these notes in about 150-175 words.
Answer:
Music, be it vocal or instrumental, has indeed assumed a place of importance in , our complicated and hectic lives. It acts as a stimulant which activates our body ’ and mind. Music is also regarded as a fine art which attracts people of all age groups to pursue it not only as a hobby but also as a profession. A person endowed with musical capabilities regards this attribute as a natural gift which provides food for his soul. Some of the great musicians are held in very high esteem irrespective of the kind of music they propagate, whether Western, Oriental, Classical, Pop or Light. These musicians organise their concerts which attract people from all walks of life. These concerts can also be of great benefit to the children, who are interested in pursuing music as a hobby or career in their lives and receive musical training at the school level itself. By receiving training in music from a very young age, the basics of music will be instilled in a child and he will be able to relate to music very easily at a later stage in life. Therefore, each school should have the facilities needed .to give proper musical training to children. It is true that life these days is full of tensions and worries at every age. If there is no stimulating diversion in the form of music for a person, his life will become dismal and monotonous.

6. John writes a page of his diary recording his first experience of a public exami-nation. Below are listed his experiences. Write out a page of his diary.
Answer:
5th March, 20xx, 2 p.m.
On entering the examination hall/1 was appearing for my first public examination, the Science Olympiad, I had an extremely nervous feeling. The examination hall presented a rather dreary look. The only saving grace, in my opinion, Was a beautiful and enchanting portrait of Virgin Mary With Baby Jesus in her arms, hung inside the examination hall, to invoke a sense of confidence in the students and to remind us that we had the guidance and blessings of the Lord. I prayed to God fervently uncaring about the noise around me. The other students were rushing towards the examination hall and were busy in finding the correct seats in a hall that looked huge and overwhelmingly frightening. Once everyone had been seated, the examiner gave us some instructions regarding what we were required to do and what we were strictly prohibited from doing.

Then I received the Question Paper and I sat thoughtfully reading and reflecting on it. After I had giveh a thorough reading to the Question Paper, I began to answer it keeping in mind the fact that I had three hours to complete the paper. I managed to complete the paper fifteen minutes before the stipulated time and then began revising my paper. I spotted and corrected the few silly mistakes and errors that I had made and re-wrote some lines. After being totally satisfied with all that I had written, I finished my paper, took God’s name for yet another time and finally submitted it to the examiner.

Yours sincerely,
John

7. Gopal of 12, Raja Ki Mandi, Agra, wants to express his displeasure to the Newspaper Editor regarding the news that the bus stand near the railway station is being shifted to a new location. He feels that this would cause great hardship to the passengers. He made these notes for writing a letter to the Editor, The Times of India, New Delhi.Write that letter with the help of given notes.
Answer:
The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi
19th December, 20xx ,
Subject: Regarding the news of bus stand near railway, station.

Sir,
Through the medium of this letter I wish to express my displeasure at the news that the bus stand, which is near the railway station, is being shifted to a new location. This will indeed be a cause of great hardship to the passengers who are commuting daily by bus and train. The present location of the bus stand is very convenient for the people who have to travel by train from their homes to their place of work. These daily commuters find it extremely easy to board a bus from the near by railway station where they disembark from the train. If the bus stand is shifted, the common « man will be forced to waste his time, energy, and money unnecessarily. Many shops have also come up in the vicinity of the bus stand. These shopkeepers will also lose their earnings if the bus stand is shifted because their regular customers are those people who commute daily by bus and the tourists who come to visit Agra in order to see one of the seven wonders of the world, The Taj Mahal. Even the commuters have An easy access to the market from where they can purchase the goods for their daily needs easily.

I suggest a solution to this problem. If the urgency is felt, it is advisable to add one more bus stand at a distance instead of shifting the present bus stand to a new location and causing a great deal of inconvenience to all.

Yours sincerely
Gopal

8. Special repairs are required in your rented house. You have to write a letter to your landlord asking him to undertake the repair work immediately. Take the help of these notes and write a letter in not more than 100-125 words. (M.P. Board 2014,16)
Answer:
A-394, XYZ Colony .
ABC Block
11th June, 20xx –

Dear Mr. Dev,
I had written to you earlier also to get some repair work done in your house, which you have rented me.

Now since the rainy season is at the onset, I reiterate my request to you to undertake this repair work immediately. The roof is leaking at various places and the wall’s ‘ plaster has also come off. Not only this, the floor has pot-holes, which cause a lot of inconvenience. The window panes of three windows are broken making the house an easy prey to the warm winds and dust from outside. The switches too are loose and there is a danger of short circuit. The premises also needs white-wash and paint on the doors and windows. The house is indeed in a pathetic and appalling state and requires urgent repairs. I am willing to share the cost of the repairs with . you. With your permission I can get the repairs done myself and the expenditure can be later deducted in the rent in monthly instalments.
I request you to give priority attention to this matter and hope to hear from you at \ the earliest.

Yours sincerely
ABC

9. You had sent a Money Order of ? 100 to M/s Subroto Publishing House, 36, Tagore Gardens, Kolkata as per the details given below. But it has not reached them till date. The details are: Money Order Registration No. 119 dated 2-l-20xx. Your address is 11, Teachers’ Colony, Naraingarh, (Punjab).
Write a letter of complaint to the Post Master in about 100-125 words.
Answer:
The Post Master
Naraingarh (Punjab)
31th January, 20xx

Subject: Complaint regarding delay of money order.

I would like to give in a written complaint regarding a misplaced Money Order that I had sent from your Post Office to Kolkata.

The Money Order Registration No. is 119 dated 2nd January 20xx. I had sent this Money Order of ₹100 to M/s Subroto Publishing House, 36, Tagore Gardens, Kolkata for a book that I needed urgently. On enquiring from them yesterday I found out that they had not dispatched the book because they have not received the required payment yet, whereas I have already sent ₹100 through a Money Order to them almost one month ago. Due to some negligence on the part of the Post Office Department, my Money Order has not yet reached them. I need the book urgently to prepare for my exams scheduled to start in the middle of March. So, it is my earnest request to you to look personally into the matter and make sure that my Money Order is received in Kolkata as soon as possible.

I hope you will ensure that my complaint is attended to at the earliest.

Thanking you.

Yours sincerely,
XYZ.

a sincere effort to keep our city clean, as a beautiful and clean city beckons the tourists.
By making these simple, but significant things possible, I am sure, tourism in our city can be improved.

Yours faithfully,
XYZ.

12. In an inter-school debate you have to speak in favour of the motion ‘Modem Gadgets have made us slaves tp machines’. Write a speech in favour of this motion,
Answer:
‘Modern Gadgets have made us slaves to machines’. Respected Principal, dear – teachers and my dear friends, today I am here to speak in favour of the topic ‘Modern Gadgets’ have made us slaves to machines’. I am endorsing the following points in favour of the given topic.

Modem gadgets have made us slaves to machines, without which it is as if our lives will undoubtedly come to a standstill. They have made the world jump forward with a leap, built up a glittering civilization, opened up innumerable avenues for the growth of knowledge, and added to the power of man to such an extent that it is possible to conceive that man could triumph over and shape his physical ! environment. Through the astonishing discoveries of these modern gadgets, man has been able to give a definite form to his imagination. It is indeed a fact that as a result of the invention of modern gadgets the tone and temper of life has changed beyond recognition. Through wireless telegraphs and fax machines messages can now be easily sent to any part of the world.

Modem gadgets incorporate all fhe comforts and highest standards in engineering innovation and reliability that have greatly contributed tp man’s welfare. New equipment for navigation, data-processing, computer-controlled radar system providing information on a variety of new products for use at construction sites are only some of the advantages of the modern gadgets. They have also greatly contributed’to our entertainment as radios, televisions, compact discs both audio and visual—are now no longer considered as luxury items but have assumed the status of being referred to as necessities. Indeed the advantages of these gadgets ate so many that they appear to have revolutionised every phase of life.

13. Anite johri of class X has just returned from a visit to Ooty which is in the grip of a severe water crisis. She finds that her hometown is also facing the same problem. She had picketl up th e following pamphlet from her hotel room and wants it tp be publicised.
WATER IS LIFE

She decides to write a letter to the editor of the local newspaper highlighting ways and means of saving water.
Answer:
13, Baird Road
Pune, Maharashtra
The Editor
National Herald
Pune
11th June, 20xx ‘

Subject: Pamphlet publication regarding water crisis.

Sir,
I have returned from a visit to Ooty recently, which was in the grip of a severe water crisis. On returning to Pune, I found that the water problem is equally pathetic here. So, I would like to sugges* certain measures to save water. I had picked up a pamphlet from the hotel where I was staying at Ooty which highlighted the ways to save water and I want it to be publicised through your esteemed newspaper. Washing our hands and face under a running tap for only two minutes wastes about 27 litres of water whereas a half filled basin can do this work with only 2 litres of water. While brushing our teeth, if we let the tap run for five minutes, we waste 45 litres of water but if we use a glass of water, we consume only half a litre of water. If we turn off the tap while soaping our body before bathing, we use only f. 20 litres of water, whereas if we let it run we waste about 90 litres. We should avoid using bath-tubs as a filled bath tub wastes 110 litres of water. A leaky tap must be j repaired immediately because if the tap is allowed to leak slowly, it wastes 400 litres of water a day and a fast drip wastes 3,000 litres of water a day.

If each and every one of us understands it and decides to follow this simple but very important rule, we are sure to remedy our present water crisis to a great extent.

Yours sincerely
Anita Johri

14. Read the following extract from an article in a magazine and then using your own ideas as well, write an article for your school magazine on the Delights and Usefulness of Walking.
Answer:
The saying aptly goes, ‘A healthy body has a healthy mind’. So, it is imperative for each one of us to keep good health if we want our mind to be alert. In today’s hectic and busy life, it may, at times seem difficult to devote time for activities that keep us fit. This is where walking proves to be the most useful and easy activity.

Walking not only keeps our body healthy by the circulation of blood but also provides a delightful respite for us by the sheer delight it gitves. However, it is indeed a pity that some people who are most interested in walking refrain from it because in India walking is associated with deprivation and poverty. The false pride and wrong thinking then make them travel by car for even the shortest of distance. They would prefer to miss out on the delights of walking and prefer not to care about the good it would do to their health so as not to endanger their false prestige. It is high time that the educated lots of Indians put aside these petty notions and live their life for themselves and live it according to what they feel i s the best for them. Walking does not indicate deprivation and poverty and it is only the thinking of certain narrowminded people who have categorised the people walking or pedestrians as second class people.

Walking should be enjoyed as it gives pleasure and provides a wonderful opportunity for us to be in direct contact with nature, unlike at times the irksome ahd suffocating journey in a closed vehicle.

15. Read the following summary of a study conducted titled, ‘The Impact of Television Advertising on Children’. Write an article for the school magazine titled ‘Children and TV Advertising’.
Answer:

Children and TV Advertising

Television has become a very popular mode of entertainment which is unfortunately also making children more and more addicted to watching it. The television programmes pose to dominate their daily routine and many a time children do not even hesitate to ignore their studies because of their passion to stay glued to the television sets.

Almost seventy-five per cent of the children, who watch television most eagerly, are essentially interested in seeing various types of advertisements on the television. Children in the younger age group, below ten years of age, view the advertisements with more interest and enthusiasm than they watch any other programme on television. This is so because they see these advertisements as wonderful and short pictures with story lines and their inquisitive nature is so impatient that they can easily endure these short ad films with a lot of patience. These young children are totally taken in by the vibrant and glorious world shown in the various ad films. Also sometimes the content of an advertisement is not apt for children which further takes a toll their innocent minds.

It is only the older and mature children who understand that the ad films’ mere intention is to lure the consumer into buying their products by elevating their goods to a high scale where they appear most appealing and attractive. So, it is our moral responsibility to make sure that the young children’s innocent and ignorant minds are not impressed by what the ad films have to offer, but they view them solely for their entertainment.

16. Maria of 7, Gandhi Road, Jaipur, is very interested in sports and concerned about the state of sports in the country. She decides to write a letter to the editor of The Herald, Jaipur, on Why can’t we win an Olympic Gold? Write out the letter on her behalf.
Answer:
The Editor
The Herald
Jaipur
12th September, 20xx

Subject: Letter regarding India’s poor performance in Olympic Games.

Sir,
I write this letter to you as a concerned sports enthusiast to express my anguish at the poor state of sports in our country, as a result of which we have been unable to win only a gold medal in the Olympic Games held so far.

I feel that there is no sports culture in our country, in general, and so we are not able to nurture and groom the plenty of talent that our nation has. When the sportspersons of our country have to play and compete with international players in the World Olympics, their training and coaching should also match to that of their international counterparts, whereas in ctur country, the facilities for training and coaching are lacking and to a certain extent expenditure to enhance these fa cilities is sometimes considered as not necessary., We may fail to realize the importance of coaching centres in our day-to-day life but our inability to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games so far should make us realize the importance, of trainirig centres. It is also very unfortunate that the funds and sports scholarships available to budding sportspersons are very few. Political intervention at the time of selection also at times prevents the selectors in selecting the better players to play at the international level. Last but not the least, the public in general and the selectors and trainers in particular, do not seem to be affected by the lack of this’sports culture’in our country. Through your esteemed newspaper, I wish to appeal to the sports enthusiasts as well as people in general to boost up the sports culture in our country.

Yours sincerely
Maria

17. Vi jay witnessed an accident near theschool gate where a child fell down and was hurt quite badly. Many people were standing around but did not knoVift what to do. Finally, , someone who had a car quickly took him to hospital. However, Vijay felt that at least some of the students should have been able to render first-aid. He decided to write a letter to the editor about the importance of knowing first-aid. Using your own ideas write out Vijay’s letter in not more than 100-125 words.
Answer:
The Editor
News Week
17th October, 20xx

Subject: Indias regarding importance of knowing first-aid.

Sir,
Last week, I witnessed an accident near the school gate where a child fell down and hurt himself badly. The people standing around were unable to do anything except look on helplessly. It was at this moment that I realized the importance of knowing first-aid.

I feel that it is imperative for students specially and the people in general to at least ’ have the basic knowledge of rendering first-aid in case of an emergency. The use of first-aid often helps us to sustain a life till proper medical aid is available. The knowledge of first-aid will prove helpful not only in case of an accident but also to treat a burntictim, help a drowned casualty, and at times just to stop one from bleeding. The importance of first-aid should be instilled into the minds of children : at the school stage itself so that they do not panic in an accidental situation but cautiously and sensibly put their knowledge about rendering first-aid to the person who requires it into practice. Nothing is more precious to a person than his life and if timely use of first-aid can help someone till the time professional medical help is : available, it can prove to be the life-saving remedy.

Hence, everyone must have the knowledge of first-aid.

Yours sincerely
veerendra

18. Gaurav read the following in a newspaper article:
At the heart of the literacy campaign is the volunteer, who as instructor, resource person or local organiser, gives freely of her or bis time and puts in enormous effort to make the campaign succeed. He decided to speak at the school assembly on the experience of students who volunteer to take literacy classes. Write out his speech.
Answer:
Respected principal, dear teachers and my dear friends, today I wish speak on the problem of illiteracy in our country and the role of volunteers, organisers, who put their enormus efforts to eradicate this problem. You all are humbly advised to contribute your spare time to make this literacy mission a success.

Illiteracy is one of the major problems that confront our country. This problem assumes alarming proportions because of the democratic rule in our country. Democracy, which postulates enlightenment, is by and large a blessing, and illiteracy, which implies ignorance is therefore a curse.

To eradicate illiteracy to some extent, various students volunteer to take literacy classes and feel proud to help their unfortunate countrymen who have been deprived of the privilege of being educated. These voluntary workers, after receiving certain incentives and being provided with the requisite facilities ensure better results in the social arena. They have adopted new paths and motivated a large section of – masses towards their literacy classes. This voluntary service on the part of students has proven to be an effective measure for reaching out to the uneducated masses and thereby, further helped the illiterate persons to eradicate their constant exploitation and humiliation at the hands of society. The students have helped these people to become aware of the benefits of being literate/educated. They have also helped the illiterate people to move towards a positive change.

By undertaking this creditable but herculean task, these students feel a sense of pride in being able to make their contribution to take their country on the path of fast growth and progress.

19. You are required to speak on the subject ‘Pollution’ in the school morning assembly.
You may use ideas contained in the unit ‘Environment’. Write your speech.
Answer:
Environment
Environmental pollution is one of the major hazards that are threatening the ecological balance. The air that we inhale is polluted, the water we drink is contaminated and noise pollution has managed to take away the calmness and serenity from our otherwise hectic and tense lives. One of the main of pollution is the heavy and congested traffic which causes concentration of smoke and harmful particles in the atmosphere which is a permanent or chronic cause of various respiratory disorders. The incessant felling of trees, building of dams and the upcoming unplanned congested localities have disturbed the ecological balance to an alarmingly high level. To remedy this situation the urgent need of the hour is to plant as many trees wherever possible and to shift the factories and mills to places where their effect of pollution of the environment is minimum. To control traffic, car pools must be made so that the emission-levels from vehicular traffic can be reduced to the desired levels.

20. Write a letter to your friend inviting him to spend his vacation with you.
Answer:
56/4, Nehru Nagar,
New Delhi.
26th April, 20xx

Dear Ramesh,
Hope your examinations are over by now. What do you plan to do during the coming summer holidays? If you are hot going anywhere else, why don’t you come and . stay with us duringihese holidays? It shall indeed be of great fun. My Mummy and Daddy have been insisting me to invite you. Now, that you will be free, you must plan to visit Delhi. We shall move about and see various historical places in the capital. You would love to see the Red Fort, the Qutab Minar, Jama Masjid, and other places which attract numerous foreign tourists. You must be interested in watching these tall buildings. Don’t disappoint us this time. Do come down.

Your best friend,
Prakash

21. Write a letter to your father requesting him to allow you to go on an educational tour.
School Hostel
Govt. Boys Sr. Sec. School
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
8th May, 20xx

Respected Father,
I am fine here and hope you all to be well. You will be glad to know that I have done very well in the First Terminal Test which was held last week. I hope to get very good marks in all the subjects. Our school is organizing an educational tour to South India during the coming Autumn Break. Most of the students of my class are joining this tour. I, too, wish to join it. I am a student of history, so this tour will be of great practical advantage to me. This tour will be of about two weeks duration. We shall travel by a special railway boogie which is being reserved for us. Two senior teachers of the school will go with us on the tour. Each participant is to contribute ₹ 2,000 to meet the tour expenses.

With respect to mother and grandfather and love to Diplo.

Yours affectionately
Aakash

22. Write a letter to the Editor of a local daily complaining about loudspeakers’ nuisance in yoUr area.
E-49, Model Town
Bhopal
27th February, 20xx
The Editor
The Hindustan Times,
Bhopal.

Subject: Complaint regarding nuisance caused by loudspeakers.

Sir,
I shall feel grateful if you kindly publish the following few lines in the columns of your esteemed daily. I wish to draw the attention of the public through your daily about the nuisance of loudspeakers in the city. Loudspeakers have become great nuisance in the city of late. I wonder why some people do not bother about other’s convenience. They have no right to disturb our peace by constant noise made by loudspeakers. The Police – authorities appear to be silent about this nuisance. Not>ody can play loudspeakers after 10 pm but the loudspeakers fitted on the religious places continue to disturb the public throughout the night. In the interest of studies of- students, I pray to the public not to play loudspeakers at a high pitch during the night and early in the morning so that the students can prepare for their examinations well.

Yours faithfully
K.S. Bains.

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5.1 Messages

See WorkbookPages 127-130

Exercises

Write messages on the themes given below:

Question 1.
Shweta is leaving for office when suddenly she realizes that some guests would becoming for dinner. She requires 1 kg of potatoes and some fresh fruits from the market but as she would be late, she leaves a message for her husband who would be returning in the afternoon asking him to buy the same.
Answer:
25th September, 20xx
10 a.m.
Dear Sumit
Some guests are coming to dinner. I may be late. So, please purchase one kilogram of Potatoes and some fresh fruits from the market.

Shweta

Question 2.
‘HelIo, may I speak to Amit, more, please. I am Junaid All.’ Mr. Ah, Pm afraid Amit is not at home. Could I take a message, please? I am his sister, Kirti.
See Workbook Page 7
Answer:
20th September. 20xx
3 p.m.
Amit
Mr. Junaid All had called you to inform that there would be no tuition classes today arid for tomorrow he is going away for two days.

Kirti

Question 3.
You are personal assistant to Mr. S.S. Saxena, the Principal of K.G.N School, Khandwa. Using the following notes from his note-pad, draft a message on his behalf for Mr. Shriniwasan, the Vice-Principal of the school.
See Workbook Page 131
Answer
12th September, 20xx
8 a.m.
Dear Vice-Principal,
The principal wants to meet the entire Science Faculty urgently In the staff room at 2 pm to discuss the event for science exhibition and do the planning for the same.

P. A to Principal

Question 4.
You are Vinita. The students of your class are being taken on an excursion to ‘Sanchi’. our friend Arti was absent on the day when a few instructions were given. Write a message to your friend using the following information.
See Workbook Page 132
Answer:
12th September, 20xx
10 a.m.
Dear Arti
All the students of our class are going on an excursion to Sanchi. Reach the railway station at 9 am. Carry your lunch, water bottle. You need not bring more than 100. We are expected to be back by 6 pm.

Vinita.

Question 5.
You are Arushi. You and your friend Mahuri love to read books. You see the following advertisement in a newspaper and you wanted to visit this Book Fair with ‘our friend. Write a message for your friend inviting her to join you. Also, fix date, time, and place to meet.
See workbook Page 132
Answer:
10th September, 20xx Mahuri
We are going to visit the National Book Fair, Bhopal today at 12 noon. Please meet us at the main gate. We have booked your ticket too.

Arushi.

Question 6.
You are Sahil Kapoor. You have come across the following advertisement for a television Course in Physics, Chemistry and Maths on a banner. You think it will benefit you and your friend, Parag Jam. Write a message using the information given in the advertisement, to suggest to your friend that she joins the course with you.
See book Page 133
Answer:
12th September, 20xx
2 p.m.
Parag
Learner’s Institute offers a Revision Course for the students of 9th to 12th classes. It will run for 30 days, starting from 10th May at 245, Gulmohar Villa, B Sector, Patel Nagar. I think that we should not miss this opportunity. I am going to contact the office tomorrow at 10 am. Come and join me.

Sahil.

5.2 Notices

See Workbook Pages 134-136

Exercises

Write notices on the themes given below:

Question 1.
You are Sunil Agarwal studies in Class XII in Govt. Excellence H.S.S., Barnagar
(Ujjain). You have lost your blazer at the playground bn the Annual Sports Day. Write a notice to be put up on the School Notice Board. (M.P, Board 2010)
Govt. Excellence Higher Secondary School Barnagar, Ujjain
Answer:

Question 2.
You are Abraham John, the Secretary of your school’s Science Club. A science exhibition is being organized in your school. Write a notice for the school notice-board inviting projects and models from the students. Also, encourage them to volunteer their services in managing the event. The exhibition is to be held on 25th September, 20xx.
Answer:

Question 3.
You are Alok Yadav, President of a Cultural Organization called Progressive Theatre, Bhopal. Write a notice for publication in a newspaper inviting interested students between 15 and 17 years for an audition to be held at Ravindra Bhawan, Bhopal on the 15th of June.
Answer:

Question 4.
A boy is missing. The police are trying to trace him out. They enquire of his father about his details. Read the conversation between the Policeman and his father. Draft a notice to be broadcast over the T.V. Put the notice in a box.
See Workbook Page 138
Answer:

Question 5.
Ajay Chouhan of class XII B has lost his watch somewhere in the school premises. Besides being valuable, the watch has an emotional valuator. He puts up a notice on the school noticeboard, promising a good reward to one who finds it. Write the notice and put it in a box.
Answer:

Question 6.
You are Taruna Vyas, incharge of the cultural committee, Paramount Public School,
Sagar. Your Principal gave you a letter about an Inter-School Cultural Competition in which your school has to take part. Taking relevant details from the letter, write a notice asking students to appear for selection.
See Workbook Page 139
Answer:

Question 7.
Explain the notices below. Where would you happen to find each of these notices?

Answer:
On the road – In hospital, clinic, School.

5.3 Articles

See Workbook Pages 141-144

Question 1.
Write an article for your school newsletter on the positive as well as negative aspects of using cell phones. (M.P. Board 2010)
Answer:
Using Cell Phones A Dilemma—by John Abraham
Cell phones have become the basic need of today’s society. Everyone is seen busy with it every time. In a very short duration of not more than a few decades, it has occupied the center stage. It is a boom in communication technology. It has made easy access to the whole, world at fingertips. Now with the advancement of technology, it has become a mini-computer, a complete media house, and a device for social networking. It has made our life connected to everyone all the time but we can’t deny that it has also damaged us. We use it while driving and invite accidents and slow down traffic. We use it in the office and hamper our prime duties. Sticking to cell phones also damages our nervous system to lose concentration. Sometimes, we are vexed. It has both negative and positive aspects. We need to be wise while using it. Great care is needed.

Question 2.
You are Frakash Ojha of class XII. You observe that there is a steep decline in reading habits amongst children. The major cause for this is the T.V. You decide to write an article in a newspaper on ‘Ways to Promote Reading’.
Answer:
Ways To Promote Reading—by PrakashOjha, class XII
Since a few decades it has been a major concern that there has been a rapid decline in the reading habits amongst children. As reading is a bliss and gives the real ecstasy it should be maintained. However due to the thrilling and exciting TV Programmes children are diverted. They pay more attention to TV than on reading. Moreover, books are becoming costly. It also causes this decline. Hence, there is a need to promote reading habit by providing books at low price. Children should be attracted to the library by arranging various entertainment cum education programmes there.

Question 3.
You are Ajay Sinha. You happened to see the following news in a local newspaper and were prompted to write an article describing the rising trends in drowning deaths and lack of concern on the part of authorities near picnic spots.
See Workbook Page 145
Answer:
Drowning Death: Lack Of Concern Of Authorities—by Ajay Sinha
During the last few months a number of drowning cases have been reported. These incidents occur due to the canal located at the Khargaun village. As the canal has developed some ditches and uneven floor, it should be mended but the authorities are blind to this fact. They fail to provide security to the children who go there for swimming. All cries of the people fail to convince them. If this situation continues more deaths shall be caused.

Question 4.
You happened to overhear the following conversation:
See Workbook Page 146
On hearing this dialogue, you decide to write an article in the local daily on the need to provide security at tourist spots. Also, suggest the ways and means to fight terrorism.
Answer:
Security To Tourists—by ABC
Our country has been victimized by terrorism since a few decades, though the whole world is shattered with this problem, India has suffered a lot. We fear to go even out of our house during festivals. Nobody knows what is to happen in the next moment. Even the top security agencies of the government fail to save people. The terrorists are so bold that they send messages through e-mails about their attacks. Even then the government fails to provide protection. Now it is the prime time that the civilians should take their own way to protect themselves. Arms should be generalised.

Question 5.
You are Sonia Nigam, while watching a news channel covering a rally of ‘Green Peace Activists’, you saw the following intriguing posters that prompted you to write an article for a newspaper on ‘It’s Worth, Saving the Earth’.
See Workbook Page 147
Answer:
Saving The Earth—by Sonia Nigam
We live on earth. It is our mother. We get all our resources from it. However, it is our own fault that we are destroying it. Population is growing so rapidly that we are consuming earth’s resources rapidly to compensate our need. The speed of consuming earth and its resources is greater than its capacity to compensate. Hence it is being exhausted and a day will come when it will fail to fulfill our need. Then you can imagine what would happen to our life. Naturally everything will be finished one day. So, we need to be wise to save our earth so that we can love more.

Question 6.
You are Mokit Joshi. Traffic jams and road accidents are a common feature in your city as people don’t follow the traffic rules and don’t drive in proper lanes. As a concerned citizen, you decided to write an article on ‘Art of Safe Driving’. You can take help from the following tips.
See Workbook Page 148
Answer:
Safe Driving: Safe Life—by Mohit Joshi
Reckless and speed driving has been a growing craze among people specially the young generation. It causes accidents and traffic jams. Safe driving saves you a lot. You save time as there is no traffic jam. It also saves petrol consumption. There are no chances of risk, heated arguments, and traffic hazards. You can reach your destination safely and in time too. So, we should follow the norms of safe driving.

Question 7.
You are Preeti Tandon, a resident of a posh colony. Adjacent to the colony is a slum. You are taken aback by the unhygienic conditions prevailing there, specially when you come to know that the garbage of your colony is being dumped in that area. Using the photograph given below as an aid, write an article for a national newspaper highlighting the problems.
See Workbook Page 149
Answer:
Unhygienic Condition Of The Colony—by Preeti Tandon
I live in the locality of Ankur Vihar. There is a slum locality adjacent to it. The hygienic condition of this area has been so affected that living appears to be a curse. The corporation has worsened the situation by making the place a dumping area. It is causing nuisance as it has become a place for pigs and dogs. It is breeding mosquitoes. There is a threat of spreading diseases and deadly hazards. Hence, I wish to attract the attention of the authorities to these hazards.

5.4 Speech Writing

See Workbook Pages 150-153

Exercises

Question 1.
As one hailing from rural background, prepare a speech for your morning assembly describing the difference between urban and rural India. You can use the following visual for clues.
See Workbook Page 153
Answer:
A View Of Rural India
Respected Principal, teachers, and my fellow students! It is my privilege to speak on the topic ‘Difference between Urban and Rural India. India is a land of agriculture and most of the v people related to it live in rural areas but it is their ill-luck that they don’t get proper facilities to live a proper life. The government doesn’t pay attention to them. You can just imagine how rural people live. The teledensity of rural areas is only 1.67 percent in comparison to urban which is 25-30 percent. High monthly rentals and poor infrastructure are also to blame. Punjab shines with 87-99 percent of its rural homes wired while it is 17.82 percent for Orissa. Assam gets power for 16 percent of the time. 2,17,000 villages do not get safe drinking water. 71 percent villages in Madhya Pradesh are not connected with township. All these facts I put to show the differences between the rural and urban areas. This disparity compels the rural people to migrate which causes badly to our economy.

Thank you.

Question 2.
You are Sohan/Sonia. You have seen the following news in the newspaper. Using this and your own ideas, write a speech describing both the benefits and drawbacks of using these high-tech devices.
See Workbook Page 154
Answer:
The technologies are growing fast. Science has invented a lot which provide all comforts to us. However it has also invented things like video games, Internet, cell phones, and lots of other things which are causing hazards. No doubt internet is useful but it depends upon its use. These itenus can corrupt one by sensitizing the young generation. The growth of crime is a great danger. The children know a lot through them. Crime and violence grow in them. There is ameed to educate children to use them properly.

Thank You.

Question 3.
You are required to speak on ‘Pollution’ in an inter-school competition. Prepare your speech taking help from the following points.
You are required to speak on “Need for Environmental Consciousness” in an inter-school speech competition. Prepare your speech taking help from the following points: (M.P, Board 2012)
(i) Pollution.
(ii) Sources of pollution.
(iii) Ecological balance.
(iv) Suggestions.
See Workbook Page 155
Answer:
Respected Principal, teachers, and fellow students! Pollution has become a great threat to our life. We have polluted land, water, air, noise. The major sources for it are garbage, smoke, and chemicals. Growing industries create many problems. We are also damaging ecological balance by felling trees, building dams, and congesting localities. We are damaging our own habitats. We need to be conscious in order to enjoying good health. We need plantation, parking, and shifting of factories and mills.

Thank You.

Question 4.
You are Ira/Arun. Write a speech to be delivered at the morning assembly of your school about the increase in road accidents in your city. Use the following data and your own ideas. Also, give suggestions to curb them.

Year- No. of road accidents

• 2003 – 110
• 2004 – 155
• 2005 – 204
• 2006 – 265
• 2007 – 316

Answer:
Respected Principal, teachers and fellow students! Today I, Ira will like t:o speak about an increase in road accidents in our city. Accidents have become a day-to-day news of life. Everyday’ we get through them in the newspaper, on TV, or even on roads. In 2007, the reported cases were 316 in comparison to 110 in 2003. The data shows growth in road accidents year after year. There are various causes for it growing number of vehicle, specially small vehicles, reckless driving habits, and improper traffic signal are some of them. If such a thing continues, the situation will be even worse. We need to be alert.

Thank You.

Question 5.
You are Prabhakar Goel. Your class team has conducted a survey to find out how teenagers spend their free time. Following results were observed. Below is; a pie-chart. Using the data given in it together with your own ideas, write a speech on the topic- “How teenagers spend their free time?”
See Workbook Pages 156
Answer:
Respected Principal, teachers and fellow students. I Prabhakar Goel with my class team have got an opportunity to conduct a survey and express my views on ‘How teenagers spend their free time.” So far as the data show 40 percent of them spend it on watching TV while 20 percent on talking to friends and 20 percent on playing indoor and outdoor games. It is a major concern to think that only 10 percent spend their free time on reading course books while 5 percent on reading GK books and 5 percent on doing some creative activities. It is really shocking that the inclination to reading is becoming lesser. TV viewing causes violence in society. It is spoiling our new generation. We need to be alert and take care of our children.

Thank You.

5.5 Letter Writing

See Workbook Pages 157-160

Exercises

Question 1.
You are Rakesh Pandey residing at 69/B Sai Nath Colony, Barwani. Write a letter of complaint to the Supervisor, M.P. Electricity Board, Barwani regarding the frequent break down in electricity supply in your area. (M.P. Board 2011)
Answer:
69/B, Sai Nath Colony Barwani (M.P.)
25th March, 20xx
The Supervisor
M.P. Electricity Board
Subject: Frequent Power-cut.
Dear Sir,
I wish to draw your attention to a very serious problem that we are facing for the last six months. There is an acute shortage of electricity in our area. Frequent power cut has become a regular feature. We can do nothing in day or at night. It is the examination period. Students are Very much distressed. We don’t get power for even two hours in a day. You can imagine the life of people living in this area. We have made several complaints but all of no effect. I request you to take special care to our problem.

Thanking you

Yours sincerely
Rakesh Pandey.

Question 2.
You are Jayant Garg living at 12/F, Silver Hills Colony, Dhar. You are class XII student in St Mary’s Convent School. There was an Annual Sports meet in your school and you had participated in it. Write a letter to your friend Manish Shah describing the Annual Sports held in your school. (M.P. Board 2011)
Answer:
12/F, Silver Hills Colony Dhar
20th March, 20xx
My Dear Manish
I am very excited to share some of the unforgettable moments of my life. I participated in the Annual Sports Meet of my school last week. Every year our school celebrates this occasion with great pomp and show. This time the Sports Minister of State was the Chief. Guest. I participated in many categories and luckily, I won the first prize in four of them. It was really a great moment for me. I missed you on the occasion. I am sending some clips of photographs to you.

Yours
Jayant

Question 3.
You are Naveen Pratap Singh, a resident of 27, Rishi Nagar, Ujjain. You came across the following histogram in a magazine. The histogram shows that deaths due to violence have increased considerably during recent years. Write a letter to the editor of the magazine ‘World Today’, suggesting how educated youth can play a major role in establishing peace in society.
See Workbook Page 160
Answer:
The Editor World Today
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462001 25th September, 20xx
Subject: Deaths due to violence Dear Sir
Through your esteemed magazine, I wish to draw the, concern of the people to the growing violence in society. As the available data shows most deaths caused by violence in 19xx were only 2 in 1000 which doubled to 4 in 20xx and in 20xx it grew to 8. It means the number is doubling very fast. I think the violence among youth is a major cause. We need to be alert. A social awareness camp should be organised every month in schools. Parents need to becoming too. Otherwise, the situation would be more grim.

Thanking You

Yours sincerely
Naveen Pratap Singh

Question 4.
You are Ritesh, a student of class XII, residing in sector A, Tilak Colony, Bhopal. You read the following clipping in a daily newspaper. You are worried as you commute to school by bus. Write a letter to chairman, State Transport Corporation (STC) to reconsider the decision in the interest of the passengers and students.
See Workbook Page 161
Answer:
The Chairman
State Road Transport Corporation Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462001
Date
Subject: Hike in Bus Fare.
Dear Sir,
I would like to draw your attention that the decision of 40 per cent hike in bus fare has shattered us. A lot of passengers are being adversely affected due to it. Most of the daily commuters on this route are from middle class and students. Hence, they will have to face great problems. So, I request you to reconsider this decision, otherwise, there may be mass agitation. I will be grateful to you if you ponder over our problem and quick decision in our favour.

Thanking You

Yours sincerely
Ritesh

Question 5.
You are Vartika residing at 275, Railway Colony, Itarsi. You are distressed to see wild-life becoming extinct due to hunting and poaching and its adverse effect on human life, taking ideas from the given poster, write a letter to the editor of a daily newspaper, expressing your concern over the issue offering some suggestions.
See Workbook Page 162
Answer:
The Editor
The Times
Raipur
Dear Sir,
Subject: Saving of Wildlife From Extinction.
I wish to highlight the issue of the extinction of rare species through your esteemed newspaper. Due to the madness of people, we are losing the species which are rare. Animals are dumb. They can’t tell their sufferings. They are an integral part of our ecosystem. If we kill them, we kill ourselves too. We kill them for fun, for.commercial use but we are also damaging nature. We must know they are good creatures and have the right to live as we do. There is a need to spread this concern to protect our life too by putting a ban on hunting and poaching. I will be very grateful to you if you will help in drawing the attention of people through your newspaper by giving data (statistics), posters of life after the extinction of wildlife and conducting various education drives.

Thanking You

Yours sincerely
Vartika

Question 6.
You are Anand Sharma. You live in a rented house which requires special repairs after monsoon. Write a letter to your landlord Mr. Dubey asking him to undertake the repair work immediately. Take the help of these notes and write your letter. (M.P. Board 2012)
See Workbook Page 163
Answer:
275, Anand Apartment Jabalpur
Dear Sir,
I would like to remind you that the house I live in has become completely damaged. It needs reparing after this rain. The roof is leaking, plasters are felling, wiring is damaged, and the switches are loose. It has become very insecure to live now. Please be serious for its repair.

Thanking You

Yours truly,
Anand Sharma

Question 7.
You are Maria of 7, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Ratlam. Write a letter to your friend Asma, enclosing this newspaper cutting. Ask her whether she thinks such “so-called researchers” should be given importance in the print media.
See Workbook Page 164
Answer:
7, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Ratlam
Dear Asma,
Today, I saw a news article about a research paper. The researcher has given a new dimension by showing how dancing calms down hyperactive kids. It is really good news. As you know, kids are becoming hyperactive due to TV and videos. We are very anxious about them. Parents fail to control them. They can’t pay attention to them. They have no time to spare for children. It is a major cause for the kid’s derailment. The new dancing theory can help the kids a lot. It will improve their concentration. It will also encourage their inclination to our culture. Such researchers should be promoted. They should be given opportunity to explore their theory. It will create a new generation. I hope you would agree to my view. Give regards to uncle and aunty and love to Jawed.

Your friend,
Maria.

Question 8.
You are Rajat Sharma, a student of class XII, as you are appearing for the board examination, you are worried on the declaration of power cut from 7 am to 9 pm every day in your area. Write a letter to the Collector to intervene and order the MPSEB authorities to postpone the schedule of power cuts until examinations are over.
Answer:
The Collector Indore
Date
Subject: Power cut in our locality.
Sir,
I would like to draw your attention to the announcement of MPSEB regarding daily power cut between 7 am to 9 am. Please note that there are a number of students appearing for the Board exams. As it is the peak hour of the study the power cut schedule would cause a great problem for us. Please interfere in this matter and divert the schedule for few months till the exams are over or shift the time. I will be highly obliged if you look into this matter as soon as possible and take the decision for the same for the betterment of the student.

Thanking You

Yours sincerely
Rajat Sharma.

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MP Board Solutions for 12th Textbook General English The Spectrum Solutions Chapter 11 The Rightful Inheritors of the Earth Questions and Answers aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 12th English as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines.

You Can Download MP Board Class 12th English Solutions Questions and Answers Notes, Summary, Lessons: Pronunciation, Translation, Word Meanings, Textual Exercises. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapterwise MP Board Solutions for 12th English and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

MP Board Class 12th English The Spectrum Solutions Chapter 11 The Rightful Inheritors of the Earth (Vaikom Muhammad Basheer)

Kick start your preparation by using our online resource MP Board Solutions for 12th English Chapter 11 The Rightful Inheritors of the Earth Questions and Answers. You can even download the Madhya Pradesh Board Class 12th English Solutions Questions and Answers for free of cost through the direct links available on our page. Clear your queries and understand the concept behind them in a simple manner. Simply tap on the concept you wish to prepare in the chapter and go through it.

The Rightful Inheritors Of The Earth Exercises From The Text-Book

Word Power

पशु और पक्षियों की एक सूची दी गई है। क्या आप उनकी ध्वनियों का मिलान कर सकते हैं।
Answer:

Comprehension

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए
Question 1.
What made the author feel secure and why? [2009, 15]
लेखक को किस बात से महसूस हुआ कि वह सुरक्षित हैं और क्यों?
Answer:
When the author became the owner of a tiny little piece of the wide earth, he felt secure. He felt so because it was compulsory for him to have a piece of earth to live.

जब लेखक इस विशाल पृथ्वी के एक छोटे से टुकड़े का मालिक बन गया तब वह सुरक्षित महसूस करने लगा। वह ऐसा महसूस इसलिए करने लगा क्योंकि उसे जीने के लिए पृथ्वी पर एक जगह की नितान्त आवश्यकता थी।

Question 2.
Who were the first visitors to the farm? [2017]
फार्म हाउस पर सर्वप्रथम आने वालों में कौन लोग थे?
Answer:
The first visitors to the farm were birds and butterflies. The birds were of a wide variety.
फार्म हाउस पर सर्वप्रथम आने वालों में चिड़ियाँ और तितलियाँ थी। चिड़ियाँ अनेक प्रकार की थीं।

Question 3.
Write two ways in which the crows irritated the author. [2011, 14]
वह दो बातें बताइए जिनसे कौओं को लेकर लेखक नाराज हुआ।
Answer:
The two ways in which the crows irritated the author were first, their loud and rough sound; and second, their habit to fly quickly or suddenly downward.
पहली, उनकी तेज व कर्कश आवाज और दूसरी, उनकी अचानक नीचे उड़ जाने की आदत।

Question 4.
What similarities did the hawks share with the crows?
बाज और कौओं में क्या समानताएँ थीं?
Answer:
The hawks perched on the coconut trees like crows. They also flew quickly or suddenly downward. Their intentions were the same.
बाज भी कौओं की तरह नारियल के पेड़ों पर बैठते थे। वे भी कौओं की तरह बहुत तेजी से ऊपर-नीचे उड़ते थे। उनका उद्देश्य भी कौओं की तरह ही था।

Question 5.
What was the majestic creature that the author encountered?
लेखक का सामना किस विशाल जीव से हुआ?
Answer:
The majestic creature that the author encountered was a fierce creature without hands or legs or wings. It was a cobra.
लेखक का सामना जिस विशाल जीव से हुआ वह एक भयानक जीव था जिसके हाथ, पैर व पंख नहीं थे। वह कोबरा सर्प था।

Question 6.
How did the author react to his wife’s complaint that the fruits were being consumed by birds and mammals?
पत्नी की इस शिकायत पर कि चिड़िया व अन्य जीव फलों को खा जाते हैं, लेखक ‘ने किस प्रकार की प्रतिक्रिया दी.?
Answer:
The author said that fruits, roots, grass, grain, flowers, water, air, warmth and light have been created by God. He told his wife that birds, beasts and insects too are entitled to the produce of the earth.

लेखक ने कहा कि फल, घास, अनाज, फूल, पानी, हवा, गर्मी व प्रकाश ईश्वर ने बनाए हैं। उसने अपनी पत्नी से कहा कि चिड़िया, जानवर व कीड़े-मकोड़े भी धरती की उपज को खाने के हकदार हैं।

Question 7.
How did the author justify the killing of rats? लेखक ने चूहों को मारने को किस प्रकार उचित ठहराया?
Answer:
The author justified the killing of rats as they destroy nine hundred coconuts every month, the sole means of our livelihood.
लेखक ने चूहों के मारने को उचित ठहराया क्योंकि वे हर माह नौ सौ नारियल नष्ट कर देते थे, जोकि उनकी जीविका के एकमात्र साधन थे।

Question 8.
What were the consequences of poisoning the rats in and around the house?
घर के अन्दर और बाहर चूहों को जहर देने के क्या परिणाम हुए?
Answer:
In four days two hundred rats died. Dead rats rotted in the attic. Death was everywhere. The stench spread all over the house.
चार दिन में दो सौ चूहे मर गये। मरे चूहे घर के कमरों में सड़ने लगे। चारों ओर मृत्यु ही मृत्यु थी। घर के चारों ओर बदबू फैल गयी।

Question 9.
Why did the poisoning not stop tender coconuts to fall?
जहर देने के बावजूद कोमल नारियलों का गिरना बन्द क्यों नहीं हुआ?
Answer:
The tender coconuts continued to fall due to bats. After dusk, huge bats came in swarms and clung to tender coconuts. They bit the tender flask and had their fill of coconut water. They ate the kernels and flew away.

कोमल नारियल चमगादड़ों के कारण गिरते रहे। शाम के बाद चमगादड़ के झण्ड आकर कोमल नारियल पर बैठ जाते थे। वे नारियल को खाते थे, व उसका पानी पी जाते थे। वे नारियल के अन्दर का भाग खाकर भाग जाते थे।

Question 10.
How did the author react to his wife’s suggestion of buying a gun?
अपनी पत्नी के बन्दूक खरीदने के सुझाव पर लेखक ने किस प्रकार की प्रतिक्रिया दी?
Answer:
The author rejected the idea. He said that the gun was a symbol of cruelty. It was the child of sin. He wished that man should never have invented it.

लेखक ने विचार नकार दिया। उसने कहा कि बन्दूक क्रूरता की प्रतीक है। यह तो पाप का उद्गम है। उसने कल्पना की कि मनुष्य को इसकी खोज कभी करनी ही नहीं चाहिए थी।

Question 11.
What was the cousin’s remedy for ridding the farm of bats?
चमगादड़ों की फसल से मुक्ति हेतु चचेरे भाई का क्या सुझाव था?
Answer:
The cousin had a different remedy. He was of the opinion that within a ten-mile circumference, nearly three thousand coconuts are being destroyed every day. There is no point in shooting the bats at that spot, he said. He informed that at least three thousand bats hang on the two trees of banyan. If they are shot at, they will be finished if not in one day, in two or three days.

चचेरे भाई के पास एक अलग उपाय था। उसने सुझाव दिया कि दस मील की परिधि में लगभग तीन हजार नारियल प्रतिदिन नष्ट किये जा रहे हैं। उसने कहा कि ऐसे स्थान पर चमगादड़ों को गोली मारने से कोई लाभ नहीं है। उसने बताया कि बरगद के पेड़ पर तीन हजार चमगादड़ बैठते हैं। यदि उन्हें मारा जाये तो एक दिन में न सही दो-तीन दिन में ये खत्म हो जायेंगे।

Question 12.
How were the bats saved?
चमगादड़ किस प्रकार बचाये जा सके?
Answer:
The bats were saved by a hundred people armed with lethal weapons swing around the temple.
मन्दिर के चारों तरफ रहने वाले हथियारों से लैस लोगों के द्वारा चमगादड़ों को बचाया जा सका।

Question 13.
What conclusion did the author derive after the incident at the islet?
टापू पर घटना के पश्चात् लेखक ने क्या निष्कर्ष निकाला?
Answer:
After the incident at the is let, the author drew the conclusion that all living beings are the rightful inheritors of the earth.
टापू पर घटना के पश्चात् लेखक ने निष्कर्ष निकाला कि सभी जीवित जीव-जन्तु पृथ्वी के सही अर्थों के उत्तराधिकारी हैं।

Language Practice.

(A) जोड़ी मिलाओ।
Answer:

• Petrol prices have been increased.
• This jacket was made in Hong Kong.
• Competition ! 5000 prizes to be won.
• Five people were killed in the rally.
• The telephone has been disconnected.
• It appears the phone bill had not been paid.
• Further information will be sent to candidates.
• Before the storm, everyone was told to stay inside their homes:
• Smoking is not permitted anywhere on this station.
• The old town theatre is currently being rebuilt.

(B) Verb की सही Passive form का प्रयोग करते हुए कोष्ठक में दिए गये Verb से रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करो
Answer:

• Application forms should be returned by 12 December.
• Further particulars may be obtained from the senior tutor.
• Only candidates with the relevant experience can be considered.
• You would be expected to take part in some sports.
• This post will be funded initially for three years.
• Names of two referees should be given.
• Interviews will be held in early January.
• Applications should be made in this form only.
• Teachers might be offered accommodation in college.

(C) कोष्ठक में दिये गये शब्दों का प्रयोग करते हुए निम्न वाक्यों को प्रश्न में बदलिए :
Answer:

• Where was the book left?
• When was the bridge constructed?
• By whom was it designed?
• In which month was it completed?
• How was it destroyed?
• At what time the mail is delivered?

[D] निम्न वाक्यों को Passive voice में बदलिए :
Answer:

• The room is cleaned every day.
• All flights were canceled because of fog.
• This road is not used very often.
• I was accused of stealing money.
• How a language is learned?
• We were advised not to go alone.

The Rightful Inheritors Of The Earth Summary

– Vaikom Muhammad Basheer

यह अध्याय पृथ्वी पर मनुष्य एवं जानवरों के सह-अस्तित्व पर प्रकाश डालता है। अध्याय में लेखक ने अत्यन्त प्रभावशाली ढंग से इस बात को सिद्ध करने का प्रयास किया है कि. मनुष्य ने धरती को अपनी जागीर समझ लिया है। कहानी के माध्यम से लेखक ने यह समझाने का प्रयत्न किया है कि जानवर भी मनुष्य की भाँति जीने के हकदार हैं। यह दुर्भाग्य है कि हम उन्हें अपने जीवन में दखलअंदाजी करने का दोषी ठहराते हैं। यदि जानवर हमारे बाग-बगीचों अथवा अन्यत्र उग आये पेड़ों अथवा फलों को खाकर अपना गुजारा करते हैं तो इसमें क्या गलत है। आखिर ईश्वर ने उन्हें भी जीने का अधिकार दिया है। लेखक इस बात से बेहद दु:खी हैं कि हम अपने क्षुद्र स्वार्थों हेतु जानवरों को मारने का प्रयत्न करते हैं-कभी दवाइयों के द्वारा, कभी हथियारों के द्वारा। मरे हुए जानवरों को देखकर हमारा हृदय द्रवित भी नहीं होता। अत: लेखक इस अध्याय में जानवरों को अपना जीवन जीने देने की पुरजोर वकालत करता है और हम सभी से उन्हें न तो मारने और न निकाल देने की अपील करता है। लेखक का तर्क है कि जानवर भी हमारे समान इस धरती के बराबर के उत्तराधिकारी

We believe the information shared regarding MP Board Solutions for 12th English Chapter 11 The Rightful Inheritors of the Earth Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.

MP Board Solutions for 12th English Unit 4 Reading Questions and Answers aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 12th English as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines.

You Can Download MP Board Class 12th English Solutions Questions and Answers Notes, Summary, Lessons: Pronunciation, Translation, Word Meanings, Textual Exercises. Enhance your subject knowledge by preparing from the Chapterwise MP Board Solutions for 12th English and clarify your doubts on the corresponding topics.

MP Board Class 12th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 4 Reading

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4.1 Passages

See the following passages carefully and answer the questions given below each passage:

Passage 1

See Workbook Pages 98-99

Question 1.
What objects are called unidentified flying objects?
Answer:
The unexplained aerial phenomena are generally called unidentified flying objects.

Question 2.
Which was the first documented sighting of UFO? How was the phenomenon described by the people?
Answer:
The first documented sighting of the UFO was the one that occurred in 1561 in, Nuremberg, Germany. The people’s description about the phenomena ranged from, glowing wheels to closed balls of light to cigar, disk or crescent-shaped objects.

Question 3.
When was the UFO named as ‘Flying Saucer’? Who first saw it? How did he; describe it?
Answer:
UFO was named as ‘Flying Saucer’ in 1947. Kenneth Arnold, a businessman first saw it. He described that he saw nine objects flying over the mountain information at a speed of more than 1600 miles (2,500 km) per hour. He further said that the objects were moving like a saucer skipping across the water.

Question 4.
Why were the reports on the UFO sightings classified as secret?
Answer:
Because UFOs were considered a potential security risk the reports on these sightings were originally classified as secret.

Question 5.
How did the scientists explain 90 percent of the UFO sightings?
Answer:
The scientists explained that 90 percent of the UFO sightings were celestial objects like stars, bright planets, atmospheric events, or meteors.

Question 6.
What kind of weather conditions prevailed at the time of most of the sightings?
Answer:
Some unusual weather conditions prevailed at the time of most of the sightings.

Question 7.
Why are UFO sightings unreliable?
Answer:
As there is no authentic eyewitness the sightings are unreliable.

Question 8.
What do most of the UFO reports say about the sightings?
Answer:
Most of the UFO reports say that a bright light often appears to move through a clamped telescope or a sighting bar shows it to be fixed.

Question 9.
When can we consider the sightings reliable?
Answer:
We can consider the sightings reliable if there are two or more independent eyewitnesses present.

Question 10.
Find out the words in the passage which have the following meanings:
1. not recognized or known
2. awed shape -that is wide in the middle and pointed at the ends
3. a newspaper printed on large sheets of paper
4. to put things into particular groups according to their features.
5. a large piece of rock from space that passes into the Earth’s atmosphere and appears as a bright light in the sky
6. the experience of seeing or hearing something that is not really there
Answer:

1. unidentified
2. disk
3. broadsheet
4. classify
5. meteor
6. hallucination.

Passage 2

See Workbook Page 100

Question 1.
What inherent qualities are found in all of us?
Answer:
Tamas, Rajas, and Sattva are the three inherent qualities found in all of us.

Question 2.
What is represented by Tamas and Rajas?
Answer:
Tamas is inertia or resistance or transformation while Rajas is aggressiveness, relentlessness or result-oriented action.

Question 3.
What does Sattva denote?
Answer:
Sattva denotes the characteristic of purity inside us.

Question 4.
We get peace of mind from being (choose one)
(a) Rajas
(b) Tamas
(c) Sattvic
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) Sattvic.

Question 5.
What do Tamas and Rajas result in?
Answer:
Tamas results in total confusion, problems, and worries while Rajas results in lack of peace.

Question 6.
What are the advantages of following Sattvic life?
Answer:
Sattvic life empowers us to cope with problems in a very systematic way.

Question 7.
How can our minds be preserved?
Answer:
Our minds can be preserved by using the energy of Sattva.

Question 8.
How does Sattva teach us to react to people’s accusations?
Answer:
Sattva teaches us to never allow our inner peace get destroyed to whatever people may say.

Question 9.
The force of divine vibration changes people and situations- Sattva comes out of us in the form of (choose one)
(a) meditation
(b) vibrations
(c) energy
(d) peace.
Answer:
(d) peace.

Question 10.
Find out the words in the passage which have the following meanings:
(a) holy writings of a religion (scriptures)
(b) change – (transformation)
(c) peace – (tranquility)
(d) not decreasing in amount or intensity – (depleting)
(e) to manage -(cope with)
(f) the action of deep thinking – (meditation)
(g) a substance used for preserving- (preservation)
(f) a continuous rapid shaking movement or sensation (vibration)

Question 12.
Give a suitable title to the passage.
Give a suitable title to the passage.
Ans.
Attain Perfection.

Passage 3

See Workbook Page 102

Question 1.
In the passage there occurs the sentence-“One evening she had a visitor”. Who does ‘she’ refer to?
Answer:
‘She’ refers to the narrator’s mother.

Question 2.
Why did Indira’s mother return the dress brought by the visitor?
Answer:
Because it was foreign-made and they preferred wearing hand spun and handwoven material only.

Question 3.
Who said, “I think you have all gone mad?” In what background was it said?
Answer:
The visitor said it. It was said in the background of their choice of wearing khadi clothes and boycotting foreign material.

Question 4.
What were the Indian freedom fighters doing with the foreign articles during the Freedom Movement?
Answer:
They were burning them.

Question 5.
To what extent did Indira, as a child, love her foreign doll?
Answer:
She was passionately fond of the doll.

Question6.
What three things had Indira to struggle between for her attachment to the doll?
Answer:
The three things were: the love of the doll, the pride in the ownership of such a lovely thing and duty towards her country.

Question 7.
What prevailed in the end India’s love for her doll or her conscience?
Answer:
Her conscience prevailed in the end.

Question 8.
Narrate Indira’s inner struggle between her innocent childhood love for the dress and the doll and her mother’s insistence on not using them.
Answer:
Indira passionately loved the doll. On the other hand, she was also in the love of her country Her conscience and duty for nation insisted her not to use the foreign dress and burn the doll finally

Question 9.
Explain the significance of the words’my first encounter with conscience and S- duty’. Can it be a fit title to the passage?
Answer:
It was the sense of conscience and duty that Indira had to face for the first time as a child. It shows how she could keep her sense of duty. It can be a fit title to the passage.

Question 10.
Choose the correct option:
(i) The word ‘encounter’ in the text means
(a) a fight with something or somebody.
(b) to make a counter-attack.
(c) to meet with something difficult.
(d) end and then counter.
Answer:
(c) to meet with something difficult.

(ii) The other word for ‘handspun and handwoven material’ used in the text is.
(a) embroidered dress.
(b) khadi.
(c) mill cloth.
(d) foreign material.
Answer:
(b) khadi.

(iii) In the text, the phrase ‘rest of us’ refers to
(a) all the persons resting in the family.
(b) all including Indira.
(c) all in the family, excluding Indira.
(d) all in the family, excluding the visitor.
Answer:
(d) all in the family, excluding the visitor.

(iv) At first sight, Indira, as a child, had.
(a) a natural temptation to own the dress.
(b) a fear of her mother and so she threw away the dress.
(c) a strong sense of repulsion.
(d) a sense of revolt against the dress.
Answer:
(a) a natural temptation to own the dress.

(v) The expression ‘All right, Miss Saint’ implies a feeling of
(a) appreciation for Indira.
(b) the glorification of Indira’s love for the dress.
(c) thoughtless casualness on the part of the visitor.
(d) sainthood for Indira.
Answer:
(c) thoughtless casualness on the part of the visitor.

(vi) What won in the end?
(a) Indira’s love for the doll.
(b) Indira’s conscience and sense of duty.
(c) the visitor’s point of view.
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(b) Indira’s conscience and sense of duty.

Passage 4

See Workbook Pages 104-105

Question 1.
Majority of people in India do not speak English, yet it is the second language here. Why?
Answer:
India even after six decades of its independence maintains English as the medium of instruction for approximately half of its total higher education. Hence it is the second language here.

Question 2.
How many people in the world use English as a native language?
Answer:
Nearly three hundred million people in the world use English as a native language.

Question 3.
Define ‘Second language’.
Answer:
Second language means a language necessary for certain official, social, commercial, or educational activities in a country.

Question 4.
Which language is more often used in the general working of the United Nations?
Answer:
English language is more often used in the general working of the United Nations.

Question 5.
In what activities is English generally used as a foreign language?
Answer:
English is used for communication across frontiers or with people who are alien, listening to broadcast, reading books or newspapers, commerce or travel.

Question 6.
How can you say that English is the Universal language of literacy and public communication?
Answer:
As English has overpowered almost all fields of the world it can be said to be the Universal language of literacy and public communication.

Question 7.
Give a suitable title to the above passage.
Answer:
Importance of English.

Question 8.
Say whether the following statements are true or false:
(a) For many Welsh and Irish people English is not the second language.
(b) India is not a commonwealth country.
(c) In India only a few people use English as their native language.
(d) In India almost half of the schools have English as a medium of instructions.
(e) In the passage the term U.N. has been used for America.
(f) In India, majority of people use English as a native language.
Answer:
(a) False (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) False (f) False.

Question 9.
Find antonyms from the text for the words given below. The first letter of the antonym is given against each word.
(1) indistinct: a……
(2) slavery: i ……..
(3) regularly: f…….
(4) foreigner: n
(5) uniformed : d……
(6) secondary : p……
(7) lower: h ………
(8) bigger: s ………..
Answer:

1. apparent
2. independence
3. frequently
4. native
5. deformed
6. primary
7. higher
8. smaller

Question 10.
Match the words with their meanings:
Words – Meanings
(i) sole – (a) position
(ii) former – (b) very near to a quality or number
(iii) divergent – (c) one and only
(iv) status – (d) different
(y) notable – (e) of an earlier period or stage
(vi) approximately – (f) remarkable
Answer:
(i) c (ii) e (iii) d (iv) a (v) f (vi) b.

Passage 5

See Workbook Pages 106-107

Question 1.
Give a suitable title to the passage.
Answer:
Ideals of democracy.

Question 2.
What harm may be caused to democracy if we trust a great man and leave our liberties at his will?
Answer:
We may love democracy and liberty.

Question 3.
To what extent should a nation show someone its gratefulness?
Answer:
A nation should show its gratefulness to the extent its liberty is not lost to such a man.

Question 4.
What are the dangers of hero-worship in politics?
Answer:
It leads to degradation and eventual dictatorship.

Question 5.
Explain the term ‘hero-worship’.
Answer:
Hero-worship is one’s devotion to a great man as a God.

Question 6.
What is the counterpart of political democracy which makes it a reality?
Answer:
Social democracy is the counterpart of political democracy.

Question 7.
What are the three fundamentals of social democracy?
Answer:
Liberty, equality, and fraternity are the three fundamentals of social democracy.

Question 8.
Elaborate the statement, “they form a union of trinity.”
Answer:
The principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity are not to be treated as separate items of a trinity. They form a union of trinity in the sense that to divorce one from the other is to defeat the very purpose of democracy.

Question 9.
Point out. the danger of separating equality from liberty, while implementing them.
Answer:
Without equality, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many.

Question 10.
What, according to you, ought to be the constitutional methods of achieving our objectives?
Answer:
We must follow the path of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Question 11.
Use the following idiomatic expressions in sentences so as to make their meaning clear:

(i) to hold fast to
Answer:
We must hold fast to constitutional ideals for success.

(ii) to play a part in
Answer:
Equality plays a vital part of democracy.

(iii) a great deal of
Answer:
Our country has a great deal of opportunity.

(iv) at the cost of
Answer:
We should not allow him to do it at the cost of our safety.

(v) a way of life
Answer:
He follows a pious way of life.

Question 12.
Form nouns from the following words:
Answer:

1. require – requirement
2. maintain – maintenance
3. obey – obedience
4. devote – devotion
5. judge – judgement
6. recognize – recognition

Question 13.
Fill in the blanks with the words given below:
merely, achieve, interested, subvert, devotion, salvation.
1. To feel the pain of others is a way to the ……….. of soul.
2. He asked me, “Which subjects are you ………..in?”
3. We have no right to ……….. the liberty and dignity of others.
4. Reading ……….. for pleasure is not enough. It must be for gaining knowledge too.
5. A man of strong will power can ……….. success.
6. ……….. to work is the key to success.
Answer:

1. salvation
2. interested
3. subvert
4. merely
5. achieve
6. Devotion.

Question 14.
Find words from the passage for the following expressions. The first letter of each word is given against each word:

(i) Targets aimed at.
Answer:
Objectives

(ii) Brotherly feeling.
Answer:
Fraternity

(iii) Warning for avoiding danger or making mistake.
Answer:
Caution

(iv) A person who loves and is ready to defend his country.
Answer:
Patriot

(v) Liberation from the bonds of earthly existence or sin.
Answer:
Salvation

(vi) Guiding rule for man’s behaviour.
Answer:
Principles

4.2 Poems

Read the following poems carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Poem 1

See the Workbook Page 109

Question 1.
For whom has the word ‘brave’, been used in the poem?
Answer:
Brave is used for a patriot.

Question 2.
How are the brave who die for the nation blessed?
Answer:
They get the blessings of the whole nation.

Question 3.
What is meant by the word’hallow’d mould’?
Answer:
‘Hallow’d mould’ means human body at rest in grave.

Question 4.
In what sense does the poet use the phrase ‘Fancy’s feet’ in the poem? (Choose the right option.)
(a) thinking deeply
(b) imagination
(c) fresh ideas
(d) fancy thoughts and ideas
Answer:
Imagination.

Question 5.
What does the phrase’fairy hands’ mean?
Answer:
It means tender touch of imagination.

Question 6.
Who sings the farewell song at the grave of the brave?
Answer:
A weeping hermit sings a song at the grave of the brave.

Question 7.
In what forms does ‘honour’ come to the place where the brave are laid to rest?
Answer:
The grave is honoured like a pilgrimage.

Question 8.
Who shall come to the grave as a mourning saint?
Answer:
A hermit.

Question 9.
What type of poem is this? (Choose the right option.) ‘
(a) a nature poem
(b) a romantic poem
(c) a patriotic poem
(d) a descriptive poem
Answer:
(c) a patriotic poem

Question 10.
Find words for the following expressions from the text:

(a) a season of colours, flowers and joy
Answer:
Spring.

(b) to come back
Answer:
Return.

(c) made pious/consecrated
Answer:
Bless.

(d) unsubstantial heavenly creature
Answer:
Fairy.

(e) a song of mourning sung on the death of somebody ‘
Answer:
Dirge.

(f) a man who goes to visit the religious places
Answer:
Pilgrim.

Poem 2

See Workbook Page 110

Question 1.
What has knowledge been compared to?
Answer:
Knowledge has been compared to wealth.

Question 2.
What does knowledge bring in silently?
Answer:
It brings peace.

Question 3.
Is knowledge a safe treasure? If yes, how?
Answer:
No robber can rob it, while giving away it gains and when the world perishes away; it survives.

Question 4.
Who cherish knowledge?
Answer:
The wisemen cherish knowledge.

Question 5.
Whose fall is survived by knowledge?
Answer:
World’s fall is survived by knowledge.

Question 6.
Whose pride has been referred to in the poem?
Answer:
The king’s pride has been referred to in the poem.

Question 7.
……… to give it is gain. It then grows most when parted with, ” What does the poet imply in these
lines?
Answer:
The poet means to say that knowledge regains much when it is parted with. It multiplies when distributed.

Question 8.
Why does the poet say,’ with sleepless hand fills gloriously its lord’?
Answer:
The poet says so because the lord of knowledge fills gloriously and regularly.

Question 9.
What qualities of human beings have been referred to in the poetic passage?
Answer:
Wisdom, pride, royalty.

Question 10.
Personification is a figure of speech in which the attributes of human beings are ascribed to inanimate or abstract things. Mention the lines in which we find instances of personification.
Answer:
Not this which dies / It cherishes / It then grows.

Question 11.
Match the words in column A with their meaning in column B.
A – B
(i) cherish- (a) to compete
(ii) unutterably – (b) related to king or queen
(iii) survive – (c) to keep fresh in memory :
(iv) vie – (d) to live or exist after someone or something
(v) royalty – (e) silently
Answer:
(i) c (ii) e (iii) d (iv) a (v)b.

Poem 3

See Workbook Pages 111-112

Question 1.
Pick out the phrases used by the poet to describe the following features of Kuroop:
Answer:

• Colour- greeny-brown
• Grin – gentle grin
• Legs – stubby legs
• Skin – scaly skin
• Eyes – tepid eyes

Question 2.
Why did the crocodile test the water, when he saw his prey of large size?
Answer:
He did it in order to know the taste of his prey.

Question 3.
What, according to the poet, was the prime pleasure of Kuroop’s life?
Answer:
When he grabs, snaps and sips his prey dead, he feels the prime pleasure of life.

Question 4.
Find the words in the poem that mean:

(a) a piece of land surrounded by water on all sides.
Answer:
Isle.

(b) move forward suddenly.
Answer:
Glide.

(c) large in amount or value.
Answer:
Substantial.

(d) the dead body of an animal.
Ans.
Carcass.

Question 5.
The poet says “On the Ganga’s greenest isle “. In the word ‘isle’ the sound of the letter ‘s’ is silent. Write two more such words from the poem.
Answer:
Island.

Question 6.
How did the crocodile catch his prey?
Answer:
The crocodile glides slowly like a floating log. He remains completely silent till he comes nearer and nearer and then it grabs the prey in a single length and kills it.

Question 7.
Why does the poet compare the crocodile with a tadpole?
Answer:
As it remains completely silent only with a raised head the poet compares it with a tadpole.

Question 8.
Give the antonyms of the following words:
(1) thin
(2) above
(3) alive
(4) far
(5) harsh
(6) noisy.
Answer:

1. fat
2. beLow
3. dead
4. near
5. gentle
6. silent.

Poem 4

Workbook Pages 113-114

Question 1.
The poem is titled ‘A Psalm of Life’. In what way may it be called a psalm?
Answer:
It is a song of life.

Question 2.
What is the poet’s attitude to life expressed in the first stanza? Use the words ‘empty dream’, ‘real’ and ‘earnest’ in your answer.
Answer:
The poet’s attitude to life is optimistic. He says that life is not an empty dream. It is real and earnest.

Question 3.
How can a man make the best use of life? Use the word ‘striving’ in your answer.
Answer:
A man can make the best use of life by working and striving to achieve his goal.

Question 4.
What should be a man’s approach towards the past which is dead and the future of which is rosy?
Answer:
One should learn from the lives of great men.

Question 5.
What should be a man’s approach towards the present?
Answer:
One should work With devotion.

Question 6.
Explain the metaphors contained in the words, “In the world’s broad field of battle” and say what a man is like In it.
A man is a soldier in the world’s broad field of battle.

Question 7.
How should a man act in the world’s battlefield?
Answer:
He should fight with courage and hope.

Question 8.
Explain what the poet means when he says, “Be not like dumb, driven cattle!”
Answer:
The poet says to us to be conscious and alert. He doesn’t want people follow anyone blindly.

Question 9.
What has life been compared to in the line ‘Sailing over life’s solemn main’?
Answer:
Here it is compared to the journey of a boatman whose ship is wrecked.

Question 10.
How do great men Inspire us?
Answer:
They teach us to have patience and make an effort. Success is sure. We can also make our life sublime.

Question 11.
Make nouns from the following adjectives:
(1) broad
(2) real
(3) brave
(4) earnest
(5) solemn
(6) long.
Answer:

1. breadth
2. reality
3. bravery
4. earnestness
5. solemnity
6. length.

Question 12.
Use each of the following words first as a noun and then as a verb:

• act: This drama has three ac. He acted well in the play.
• beat: Today the postman’s beat is not in this area. Don’t beat him.
• battle: Alexander won many battles. He battled bravely.
• present: I gave him a fine present. I presented a fine speech.
• sail: The boat was on sail. I sailed across the sea.

Question 13.
Make sentences with the following expressions:

• an empty dream: Life is not an empty dream.
• destined end: Death is the destined end of life.
• stout and brave: Be stout and brave and you will win all battles.
• sands of time: Don’t re on sands of time they are fleeting.
• a hero in the strife: Prove yourself to be a hero in the strife.

Question 14.
Find out words with the following meanings in the text:

• sad: mournful
• swiftly moving: fleeting
• temporary camp without tents: bivouac
• without the power of speech: dumb
• extremely good and beautiful: sublime

Poem 5

See Workbook Pages 116-117

Question 1.
How many ways of laughing have been mentioned in the poem? Bring out the distinction between them.
Answer:
Three ways of laughing have been mentioned in the poem. ‘Laughing with hearts means’inner pleasure,’Laughing with eyes’means expression of pleasure and . ‘laughing with teeth’ means weak laugh.

Question 2.
Which parts of human anatomy have been referred to in the poem?
Answer:
Anatomy of face and heart has been referred to in the poem.

Question 3.
Why does the poet say, ‘they only laugh with their teeth’?
Ans.
Now they have no inner strength. So, they express they’re laughing only by showing their teeth.

Question 4.
What do these expressions convey?
Answer:

• ice-block cold eyes: tired and exhausted
• a snake’s bare fangs: rage without effect.

Question 5.
What attitude do the expressions,’ feel at home and come again’ suggest?
Answer:
The express unwilling welcome to someone.

Question 6.
What does the poet want to be like and why?
Answer:
The poet wants to be what he used to be as a child.

Question 7.
What does the expression, ‘there will be no thrice’ imply?
Answer:
It implies that a frequent visit bores them.

Question 8.
What has the poet learnt to do?
Answer:
The poet has learnt to wear many faces like dresses.

Question 9.
What does the poet want to relearn?
Answer:
The poet wants to relearn how to laugh.

Question 10.
What message does the poem convey?
Answer:
The poem conveys that the world is very materialistic and professional. There is just a formal relationship.

4.3 Pictures, Pie Charts, Bar Diagrams Etc.

I. Read the poster carefully. On the basis of the information provided in the poster and using your own imagination, answer the questions that follow:

See Workbook Page 119

Question 1.
What is the goal of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
The goal of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is to spread quality elementary education.

Question 2.
What strategy is being adopted for bridging social and gender gaps?
Answer:
The strategy is to focus on girls, especially belonging to SC/ST communities and other minority groups.

Question 3.
Is this poster designed for a specific section of the population (target group)? If yes, mention the group.
Answer:
The group is of the girls from SC/ST and other minority groups.

Question 4.
Give your suggestions for improving the layout of the poster.
Answer:
This poster should highlight some avenues that one can explore after getting. education. The layout can be improved by images of hazards already prevalent in the society of the lack of education.

Question 5.
How can you help the State in Sarva Shiksh Abhiyan?
Answer:
We can spare some of our time for educating the children. We can also donate our used books and stationery for them.

Question 6.
Enlist the facilities being offered to the girl child?
Answer:

• Free textbooks
• Special coaching remedial classes with congenial environment
• Special funds for innovative projects for girls education
• Recruitment of female teachers

Question 7.
What does sensitisation of the teachers aim at?
Answer:
It aims at encouraging the girls coming to school.

Question 8.
Why are 50 percent of posts of teachers being reserved for women?
Answer:
They are more tolerant and can cooperate with the children with their motherly care.

II. The following process diagram gives the stepwise process of asthma attacks. Read it carefully and answer the questions that follow.

See Workbook Page 121

Question 1.
What causes an asthma attack?
Answer:
An asthma attack is caused by an allergic reaction to pollin, smog or other substances.

Question 2.
What is the normal function of the lungs? How do they work?
Answer:
The normal functions of the lungs is to inhale fresh oxygen. Oxygen travels through bronchial tubes and enters blood through the alveoli walls. Carbon dioxide passes from blood into alveoli and is exhaled from blood.

Question 3.
Write three factors hindering normal breathing process.
Ans.
The complex process that is under both conscious and uncondouscontrol.lt involves three factors are: inhalation, exhalation and rest period.

Question 4.
What are:
(a) Bronchiole: Smaller branch of bronchial tube.
(b) Alveoli: Air sacs.
(c) Trachea: Wind pipe

Question 5.
How do the two pictures of the bronctual tube differ?
Answer:
One shows a healthy bronctual while the other is diseased.

III. Read the dictionary entries from the Webster’s Student Dictionary on the word ‘ship’ and y related words.
See Workbook Page 123

Now answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What are the three different meanings given for the wordship used as a noun.
Answer:

1. Any large vessel suitable for deep water navigation.
2. The crew and officers of such a vessel.
3. An aircraft or spacecraft.

Question 2.
What is the old English word (indicated by the abbreviation OE) for ship?
Answer:
Scip.

Question 3.
Give one word for:

(a) The captain of a merchant ship.
Answer:
Shipmaster.

(b) One whose work is to construct or repair ships.
Answer:
Shipbuilder.

(c) A fellow sailor.
Answer:
Shipmate.

(d) One who ships goods.
Answer:
Shipper.

Question 4.
Write three other words derived from the word’ship’? ‘
Answer:
Shipping, shipwreck, shipyard

Question  5.
Read the entry-ship, where ship is used as a suffix. Now try to define the word ‘workmanship’ (a workman is one who earns his living by working with his hands).
Answer:
Friendship

Question 6.
Write three other words where ‘ship’ is used as a suffix.
Answer:
Scholarship, Studentship, Apprenticeship.

IV. The pie chart given below shows the results of a health check-up conducted in a school

See Workbook Page 124

Read it carefully and answer the questions given below on the basis of the information given in the chart and using your own imagination.

Question 1.
Which problem is most severe among the school children?
Answer:
Dental problem is the most severe.

Question 2.
Which is the least severe problem?
Answer:
Underweight.

Question 3.
Which problems are directly related to the eating habits of the children? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer:
Underweight and obesity are the problems directly related to the food habits of children because if they eat less or improper, they become underweight and if they eat more then they become obese.

Question 4.
Which problems are related to hygiene? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer:
Skin problem and dental problem. They are caused due to hygienic habits.

Question 5.
How many children are obese and how many are underweight?
Answer:
Ten percent are obese while ten percent underweight.

Question 6.
Which problem is a less serious-dental problem or eye problem?
Answer:
The dental problem is less serious.

V. On the basis of the flowchart given below answer the questions that follow:

See Workbook Page 125

Question 1.
What is the ultimate source of energy? Why?
Answer:
Sun is the ultimate source of energy because every object on this earth gets energy from it.

Question 2.
Trace the relationship between solar and hydro-electric energy.
Answer:
Solar energy is directly gained from the sun while hydro-electric energy is produced by water which processes through solar energy.

Question 3.
How is energy stored in plants rendered as heat energy?
Answer:
Through photosynthesis.

Question 4.
How is hydro-electricity is produced?
Answer:
Hydro-electricity is produced through the current of flowing water.

Question 5.
Plants use light for the process of photosynthesis. How is this energy changed in muscular energy?
Answer:
Through animals.

Question 6.
How is gobar gas obtained?
Answer:
Gobar gas is obtained by processing the animal waste.

Question 7.
What are the different sources of heat energy?
Answer:
Wind, tide, sea waves, water are the sources of heat energy.

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MP Board Class 12th English The Spectrum Solutions Chapter 10 The Hill-Top Temple (Sri Aurobindo)

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The Hill-Top Temple Exercises From The Text-Book

Word Power

(A) निम्न शब्दों के विलोमार्थी लिखिए :
Answer:

• brilliant – dull
• eternity – moment
• mystic – manifest
• vast – narrow
• summary – expansion

(B) निम्न मैट्रिक्स को पूरा कीजिए। जहाँ क्रॉस हो वहाँ प्रयत्न मत करिए।
Answer:

Comprehension

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए-

Question 1.
How can one reach the temple? [2009, 17]
मन्दिर पर कैसे पहुँचा जा सकता है?
Answer:
One has to climb numerous steps to reach the temple as it is built on the top of a hill.
मन्दिर पर पहुँचने के लिए बहुत-सी सीढ़ियाँ चढ़नी पड़ती हैं क्योंकि यह टीले के ऊपर बना है।

Question 2.
What did the poet see when he reached the temple? [2009]
मन्दिर पर पहुँचने के पश्चात् कवि ने क्या देखा?
Answer:
After reaching the temple the poet saw the Goddess in the house of stone. The poet found the loneliness, the atmosphere of the temple conducive to achieving spiritual heights.

मन्दिर पहुँचने पर कवि ने देवी को पत्थर से निर्मित घर में स्थापित देखा। कवि ने महसूस किया कि मन्दिर का वातावरण व एकाकीपन आध्यात्मिक ऊँचाइयों को प्राप्त करने के लिए उपयुक्त है।

Question 3.
How did the poet react?
कवि ने किस प्रकार प्रतिक्रिया व्यक्त की?
Answer:
The poet reacted surprisingly. He was amazed to see the beauty of the Goddess, the atmosphere and loneliness there.
कवि ने आश्चर्य व्यक्त किया। वह देवी की सुन्दरता देखकर, वहाँ का वातावरण एवं एकाकीपन देखकर आश्चर्यचकित हो गया।

Question 4.
What does the poet compare the human body with?
कवि मानव शरीर की तुलना किससे करता है?
Answer:
The poet compares human body with the Infinite [God].
कवि मानव शरीर की तुलना अनन्त [देवता] से करता है।

Question 5.
How does the secret spirit operate in human body? [2012]
मानव शरीर में रहस्यमयी आत्मा किस प्रकार कार्य करती है?
Answer:
The secret spirit operates in many ways. It can write a page and summary of the infinite. It is the centre of eternity, lifelong and death.

रहस्यमयी आत्मा अनेक प्रकार से कार्य करती है। यह अनन्त शक्ति की गाथा लिख सकती है। यह निरन्तरता अर्थात् मृत्योपरान्त जीवन का केन्द्र बिन्दु है।

Question 6.
What does the poet say in the last two lines?
अन्तिम दो पंक्तियों में कवि क्या कहता है?
Answer:
The poet says that in human body the secret spirit is the centre of life continuing after death, and this is expressed through an image shaped from wood, stone or metal.

कवि कहता है कि मानव शरीर में रहस्यमयी आत्मा मृत्योपरान्त जीवन के अनवरत् चलते रहने का केन्द्र-बिन्दु है, और यह लकड़ी, पत्थर अथवा अन्य पदार्थ से बने बुत से झलकता है।

The Hill-Top Temple Summary

– Shri Aurobindo

कविता में टीले की चोटी पर स्थित मन्दिर के विषय में वर्णन किया गया है। वहाँ तक पहुँचने के लिए कई सीढ़ियाँ चढ़नी पड़ती हैं। पवित्र हृदय वाले ही इस ऊँचाई पर चढ़ने का साहस कर पाते हैं। कवि को महसूस होता है कि मन्दिर का एकाकीपन और वहाँ का वातावरण आध्यात्मिक उत्कर्षों को पाने के लिए उपयुक्त है। उसे लगता है कि दुनियादारी से परे इस. उच्च स्थान पर देवी को स्थापित करना श्रेयस्कर है। देवी पवित्रता व गुणों की प्रतिमूर्ति है। प्रत्येक मानव शरीर इसके भीतर अनन्त की चमक को महसूस करता है।

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MP Board Solutions for 12th English Unit 2 Knowing about Words Questions and Answers aids you to prepare all the topics in it effectively. You need not worry about the accuracy of the Madhya Pradesh Board Solutions for 12th English as they are given adhering to the latest exam pattern and syllabus guidelines.

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MP Board Class 12th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 2 Knowing about Words

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2.1 Word Formation

See Workbook Pages 22-26

Exercises

I. Form two new words with a prefix and a suffix from the following, taking them as root words:

II. Notice in the above exercise whether conversion (change of part of speech) is taking place in the
new words. For example
im — (prefix) + pure (adj.) = impure (adj.)
pure (adj.) + Ify (suffix) = purify (verb)
Use all the newly formed words in the above exercise in sentences of your own. For example,
impure (adj.)— Don’t drink impure water.
purify (verb)—We can purify water with potassium permanganate.
Answer:
Do yourself.

III. Frame new; sentences with the underlined words in the given sentences, using them as different parts of speech.

Question 1.
Why don’t ‘you visit Pachmarhi?
Answer:
My visit to Kashmir is a memorable experience.

Question 2.
Nobody can doubt his integrity.
Answer:
Don’t have any doubt about my integrity.

Question 3.
The children were quarreling in the street.
Answer:
Quarreling of children caused a great uproar in society

Question 4.
The apple tasted sour.
Answer:
The taste of this fruit is not good.

Question 5.
My friend wanted a favour.
Answer:
Robert is now a wanted criminal.

IV. Examine and detail the processes involved in the formation of the following words:

Answer:
Do yourself.

V. Using proper nouns in a generic sense (as common nouns) as well as adjectives makes the language effective and impressive. For example:

Bohemian: (a native of Bohemia in erstwhile Czechoslovakia typified by nomadic and informal qualities) My friend is a Bohemian in outlook.

Shylock: (the ruthless usurer in William Shakespeare’s play, “The Merchant of Venice” Modem multinational banks are Shylocks for the common man. Given below is a list of some proper nouns used either as common nouns or adjectives.

Look up a dictionary for their generic sense and use them in sentences of your own.

1. Philistine
2. Daniel
3. Amazon
4. El Dorado
5. Hamlet
6. Samaritan
7. Santa Claus
8. Uncle Sam
9. Puck
10. Don Juan
11. Achilles’ heel
12. Machiavellian
13. Lilliputian
14. Sphinx riddle
15. Aladdin’s lamp
16. Satan

Answer:
Do yourself.

2.2 British And American English

See Workbook Pages 31 – 36

Exercises

I. Give the American variants for the following words used in British English:

1. toilet
2. queue
3. holiday
4. pavement
5. motorway
6. taxi
7. shop
8. underground
9. trousers
10. eraser.
Answer:

1. lavatory
2. line
3. vacation
4. sidewalk
5. highway
6. cab
7. trade centre
8. subway
9. pants
10. rubber.

II. Give the English spelling of the following American words:

1. honor
2. valor
3. humor
4. traveler
5. counselor
6. characterize
7. agonize
8. analyze
9. optimize
10. caliber.
Answer:

1. honour
2. valour
3. humour
4. traveller
5. counsellor
6. characterise
7. agonise
8. analyse
9. optimise
10. calibre

III. Give the American English variants of the following British English sentences:

Question 1.
Have you seen him?
Answer:
Did you see him?

Question 2.
Rina has done a good job.
Answer:
Riña did a good job.

Question 3.
Hasn’t he just finished?
Answer:
Didn’t he just finish?

Question 4.
We have already eaten.
Answer:
We already ate.

Question 5.
Have you got a mobile phone?
Answer:
Did you get a mobile phone?

Question 6.
No, we haven’t got one.
Answer:
No, we didn’t get one.

Question 7.
I have got a new car.
Answer:
I got a new car.

Question 8.
He has bought a new tie.
Answer:
He bought a new tie.

Question 9.
I got just home.
Answer:
I get just house.

Question 10.
I already ate.
Answer:
I already eat.

2.3 What’S The Right Word?

See Workbook Pages 38 – 39

Exercises

I. Select words from brackets fo fill in the blanks:

1. She is a woman with habits. (lovely/lovable)
2 people are not very to praise or blame. (sensitive/sensible)
3. All efforts of the doctor to find the went in (vain/vein)
4. Revising this will my burden. (lessen/lesson)
5. We should not our vote in favour of a candidate who believes in the system. (cast/caste)
6. The wound in the took a long time to (heel/heal)
7. It was difficult for her to remain even for a few minutes. (quiet/quite)
8. A is a man of (principle/principal)
9. The boy creates problems. (knotty/naughty)
10. Please till I have noted down the …… of the first child. (weight/wait)
Answer:

1. lovely, lovable
2. sensible, sensitive
3. vein, vain
4. lesson, lessen
5. cast, caste
6. heel, heal
7. quite, quiet
8. principal, principle
9. naughty, knotty
10. wait, weight.

II. Fill in the blanks with the suitable Words:

I. I felt insulted when she did not my invitation. (accept/except)
2. The eagle can spot it’s from a great height. (pray/prey)
3. When he reached the hospital he found the baby (all rightfaLright)
4. His conduct did not show that he belonged to a family. (respectable! respectful)
5. Giving dowry is a bad (habit/custom)
6. Indore is an important city of Madhya Pradesh. (industrious/industrial)
7. Sincerity and hard work can make any respectable.(vacation / vocation)
8. 1 the success of your plan. (doubt/suspect)
9. Mother Teresa won many International (awards/rewards)
10. The story has no (moral/morale)
Answer:

1. accept
2. prey
3. all right
4. respectable
5. custom
6. industrial
7. vocation
8. doubt
9. awards
10. moral

We believe the information shared regarding MP Board Solutions for 12th English Unit 2 Knowing about Words Questions and Answers as far as our knowledge is concerned is true and reliable. In case of any queries or suggestions do leave us your feedback and our team will guide you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on several state board Solutions at your fingertips.